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Sistemática Del Género Rhytidhysteron Speg

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Sistemática Del Género Rhytidhysteron Speg INSTITUTO PLITÉCNICO NACIONAL ESCUELA NACIONAL DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS Sección de Estudios de Posgrado Sistemática del género Rhytidhysteron Speg. (Dothideomycetes: Ascomycota) en México. Tesis de Maestría en Biociencias PRESENTA: Licenciada en Biología: AURORA COBOS VILLAGRÁN DIRECTORES DE TESIS: DRA. TANIA RAYMUNDO OJEDA DR. CÉSAR HUGO HERNÁNDEZ RODRÍGUEZ CIUDAD DE MÉXICO, SEPTIEMBRE 30 DE 2019 0 El presente estudio se realizó en el Laboratorio de Micología del Departamento de Botánica de la Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional y en el Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de Bacterias y Levaduras del Departamento de Microbiología de la Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional y fue financiado por los siguientes proyectos: Hongos de los bosques templados y tropicales de México su ecología, importancia forestal III. Director: Dr. Ricardo Valenzuela Garza del Proyecto SIP-20170845. Diversidad de hongos en los bosques de Niebla de México, ecosistema en peligro de extinción. Importancia forestal Fase I. Directora: Dra. Tania Raymundo Ojeda del Proyecto SIP-20170846. Diversidad de hongos de los bosques templados y tropicales de México, su ecología, importancia forestal y médica Fase IV. Director: Dr. Ricardo Valenzuela Garza del Proyecto SIP-20180243. Diversidad de hongos en los bosques de Niebla de México, ecosistema en peligro de extinción. Importancia forestal Fase II. Directora: Dra. Tania Raymundo Ojeda del Proyecto SIP-20180244. Diversidad de hongos de importancia forestal de los bosques tropicales y templados en México: especies comestibles, tóxicas, medicinales, micorrizógenas y patógenas Fase I. Director: Dr. Ricardo Valenzuela Garza del Proyecto SIP-20195222 0 Diversidad y distribución de Xylariales en la Región Neotropical de México y su importancia en la identificación bioactivos de interés farmacéutico. Fase I. Directora: Dra. Tania Raymundo Ojeda del Proyecto SIP-20195221. Taxonomía, filogenia y extracción de metabolitos secundarios biológicamente activos de los hongos de las familias Xylariaceae e Hymenochaetaceae del bosque tropical caducifolio y del bosque mesófilo de montaña en México. Director: Dr. Ricardo Valenzuela Garza. Proyecto CONACYT Ciencia Básica: 252934 Con todo mi cariño y admiración: A mis padres Moisés Cobos y Cecilia Villagrán. Por ser ejemplo de esfuerzo, trabajo, dedicación y constancia. Gracias por todo su apoyo y confianza brindada, por creer en mí y siempre inspirarme a ser mejor. A mis hermanos J. Alfonso y Mariana. Por todo el apoyo y cariño incondicional que siempre me han dado. Gracias por acompañarme y ser cómplices de aventuras y adversidades en esta vida. Agradecimientos: A la Dra. Tania Raymundo Ojeda por ser mi directora de tesis, por mostrarme más del maravilloso y fascinante mundo de los hongos, particularmente de los ascomicetos y de los Dothideomycetes, gracias por tantos aprendizajes, aventuras y viajes en busca de estos asombrosos organismos. Y por supuesto por el tiempo y dedicación brindado en esta etapa de mi formación. Al Dr. Ricardo Valenzuela Garza por contar siempre con su apoyo profesional y personal, por hacerme participe en los proyectos de investigación, sin duda fueron más que viajes de prácticas ya que estuvieron llenos de aprendizaje, aventuras y buenos momentos. Y por todos los conocimientos brindados a lo largo de estos años. Al Dr. Cesar Hugo Hernández Rodríguez y la Dra. María de Lourdes Villa Tanaca, por otorgarme la confianza y facilidades para realizar el trabajo de laboratorio, y las aportaciones a la mejora del presente trabajo. A la Dra. Luz Elena Mateos Cid por el apoyo brindado durante los años de mi formación profesional (licenciatura y maestría), así como el tiempo y la dedicación para la mejora del presente trabajo. A la Dra. Rosa Paulina Calvillo Medina por los conocimientos brindados, así como la revisión y mejora del presente trabajo. Al posgrado Maestría en Biociencias de la Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, por aceptar el proyecto de tesis y poder realizar mi postgrado. A Alonso Tolentino, por seguir siendo un pilar en mi vida, creer en mí, gracias por todo tu apoyo y amor. A los M. en B. Pamela y Alfonso por ser compañeros y cómplices en esta etapa, por tantos buenos momentos llenos de aprendizajes, gracias por su amistad. A las maestras Silvia Hernández y Magda Contreras por compartir conocimientos, viajes y aportaciones de recolecciones. A todos mis compañeros del laboratorio de Micología, en especial a Andy por su amistad y recolectas aportadas, a Uriel, Alexis y Marcos por sus recolectas y ayuda brindada. A mis amigos de toda la vida, Gerard, Esme, Jocelyn, Yeya, Pau y Paloma. A toda mi familia por ser personas integras, respetables y admirables. En algún lugar algo increíble está esperando a ser descubierto. Carl Sagan. Contenido. RESUMEN ....................................................................................................................... 0 ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... ii I. INTRODUCCIÓN ........................................................................................................ 1 I. 1. Estatus taxonómico de Rhytidhysteron ..................................................................... 1 I.2. Caracteres morfológicos ............................................................................................. 2 I.3. Características del marcador molecular ITS .............................................................. 7 I.4. Distribución ................................................................................................................ 8 I.5. Importancia médica del género Rhytidhysteron ......................................................... 8 II. ANTECEDENTES ...................................................................................................... 9 III. JUSTIFICACIÓN ..................................................................................................... 14 IV. HIPÓTESIS .............................................................................................................. 15 V. OBJETIVO GENERAL............................................................................................. 15 V. 1 Objetivos particulares ............................................................................................. 15 VI. MÉTODOS. .............................................................................................................. 16 VI.1. Zonas de estudio .................................................................................................... 16 VI.2. Trabajo de campo .................................................................................................. 18 VI.2.A. Recolección de especímenes ....................................................................... 18 VI.2.B. Obtención de especímenes en fresco .......................................................... 18 VI.3. Trabajo de laboratorio .......................................................................................... 19 VI.3.A. Estudio morfológico ................................................................................... 19 VI.3.B. Preservación y conservación. ..................................................................... 19 VI.3.C. Extracción de ADN, amplificación por PCR, purificación y secuenciación. ................................................................................................................................. 19 VI.4. Trabajo de gabinete............................................................................................... 21 VI.4.A. Descripciones ............................................................................................. 21 i VI.4.B. Conservación de los ejemplares ................................................................. 21 VI.4.C. Elaboración de la base de datos de Rhytidhysteron .................................. 22 VI.4.D. Diseño de Oligos ........................................................................................ 22 VI.4.E. Análisis filogenético .................................................................................... 23 VII. RESULTADOS ....................................................................................................... 24 VII.1. Taxonomía de Rhytidhysteron ............................................................................. 24 VII.2. Descripciones de las especies .............................................................................. 26 VII.3. Filogenia ............................................................................................................... 58 VII.4. Distribución de las especies de Rhytidhysteron ................................................... 61 VIII. DISCUSIÓN .......................................................................................................... 65 VIII.1 Taxonomía ........................................................................................................... 65 VIII.4. Distribución ........................................................................................................ 69 IX. CONCLUSIONES.................................................................................................... 71 X. LITERATURA CITADA .......................................................................................... 72 XI. ANEXOS .................................................................................................................
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