Young and Freedman: University Physics, Eleventh Edition
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Impurity Effects in Thermal Regelation
Soft Matter View Article Online PAPER View Journal | View Issue Impurity effects in thermal regelation a ab Cite this: Soft Matter, 2020, Navaneeth K. Marath and J. S. Wettlaufer * 16, 5886 When a particle is placed in a material with a lower bulk melting temperature, intermolecular forces can lead to the existence of a ‘‘premelted’’ liquid film of the lower melting temperature material. Despite the system being below the melting temperatures of both solids, the liquid film is a consequence of thermodynamic equilibrium, controlled by intermolecular, ionic and other interactions. An imposed Received 30th March 2020, temperature gradient drives the translation of the particle by a process of melting and refreezing known as Accepted 17th May 2020 ‘‘thermal regelation’’. We calculate the rate of regelation of spherical particles surrounded by premelted DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00558d films that contain ionic impurities. The impurities enhance the rate of motion thereby influencing the dynamics of single particles and distributions of particles, which we describe in addition to the rsc.li/soft-matter-journal consequences in natural and technological settings. Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. 1 Introduction translational velocity and displacement of the particle, when it is subjected to a temperature gradient. Lastly, we develop Premelted liquid films can separate the surface of a solid from the theory to understand the combined effects of thermal a foreign substrate at temperatures below the solid’s bulk regelation and diffusion on the particle motion. In Section 3, melting temperature. The solid melts against the substrate in we describe the displacement of particles of different sizes order to minimize the free energy of the solid–liquid–substrate and impurity concentrations for various temperature gradients. -
Physics, Chapter 17: the Phases of Matter
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Robert Katz Publications Research Papers in Physics and Astronomy 1-1958 Physics, Chapter 17: The Phases of Matter Henry Semat City College of New York Robert Katz University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/physicskatz Part of the Physics Commons Semat, Henry and Katz, Robert, "Physics, Chapter 17: The Phases of Matter" (1958). Robert Katz Publications. 165. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/physicskatz/165 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Research Papers in Physics and Astronomy at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Robert Katz Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. 17 The Phases of Matter 17-1 Phases of a Substance A substance which has a definite chemical composition can exist in one or more phases, such as the vapor phase, the liquid phase, or the solid phase. When two or more such phases are in equilibrium at any given temperature and pressure, there are always surfaces of separation between the two phases. In the solid phase a pure substance generally exhibits a well-defined crystal structure in which the atoms or molecules of the substance are arranged in a repetitive lattice. Many substances are known to exist in several different solid phases at different conditions of temperature and pressure. These solid phases differ in their crystal structure. Thus ice is known to have six different solid phases, while sulphur has four different solid phases. -
Chapter 3: Supporting PPT Slides
ESO201A Department of Mechanical Engineering Thermodynamics Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Instructor: Dr. Sameer Khandekar Kanpur 208016 Tel: 7038; e-mail: [email protected] India Phase Diagrams 1 © Sameer Khandekar ESO201A Department of Mechanical Engineering Thermodynamics Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Instructor: Dr. Sameer Khandekar Kanpur 208016 Tel: 7038; e-mail: [email protected] India Increasing the temperature isobarically T-v diagram of constant-pressure phase-change processes of a pure substance at various pressures numerical values are for water. 2 © Sameer Khandekar ESO201A Department of Mechanical Engineering Thermodynamics Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Instructor: Dr. Sameer Khandekar Kanpur 208016 Tel: 7038; e-mail: [email protected] India Temperature - Volume diagram 3 © Sameer Khandekar ESO201A Department of Mechanical Engineering Thermodynamics Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Instructor: Dr. Sameer Khandekar Kanpur 208016 Tel: 7038; e-mail: [email protected] India Pressure – Volume diagram The pressure is gradually reduced by removing the weights 4 © Sameer Khandekar ESO201A Department of Mechanical Engineering Thermodynamics Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Instructor: Dr. Sameer Khandekar Kanpur 208016 Tel: 7038; e-mail: [email protected] India P-v-T surfaces Remembering: (i) The State Postulate: The state of a simple compressible substance is fixed by any two independent, intensive properties and (ii) Any equation with two independent variables in the form z = z (x, y) represents a surface 5 © Sameer Khandekar ESO201A Department of Mechanical Engineering Thermodynamics Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Instructor: Dr. Sameer Khandekar Kanpur 208016 Tel: 7038; e-mail: [email protected] India P-v-T Surface of a substance that expands on freezing. -
Preliminary Geological Feasibility Report
R. L. LANGENHEfM, JR. EGN 111 DEPT. GEOL. UNIV. ILLINOIS 234 N.H. B., 1301 W. GREEN ST. URBANA, ILLINOIS 61801 Geological-Geotechnical Studies for Siting the Superconducting Super Collider in Illinois Preliminary Geological Feasibility Report J. P. Kempton, R.C. Vaiden, D.R. Kolata P.B. DuMontelle, M.M. Killey and R.A. Bauer Maquoketa Group Galena-Platteville Groups Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY NOTES 111 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DIVISION 1985 Geological-Geotechnical Studies for Siting the Superconducting Super Collider in Illinois Preliminary Geological Feasibility Report J.P. Kempton, R.C. Vaiden, D.R. Kolata P.B. DuMontelle, M.M. Killey and R.A. Bauer ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Morris W. Leighton, Chief Natural Resources Building 615 East Peabody Drive Champaign, Illinois 61820 ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY NOTES 111 1985 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://archive.org/details/geologicalgeotec1 1 1 kemp 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Superconducting Super Collider 1 Proposed Site in Illinois 2 Geologic and Hydrogeologic Factors 3 REGIONAL GEOLOGIC SETTING 5 Sources of Data 5 Geologic Framework 6 GEOLOGIC FRAMEWORK OF THE ILLINOIS SITE 11 General 1 Bedrock 12 Cambrian System o Ordovician System o Silurian System o Pennsylvanian System Bedrock Cross Sections 18 Bedrock Topography 19 Glacial Drift and Surficial Deposits 21 Drift Thickness o Classification, Distribution, and Description of the Drift o Banner Formation o Glasford Formation -
The Ideal Gas
LectureLecture 2222 Equations of state. The ideal gas. Kinetic model of a gas. Phase Diagram State variables State variables for a system: they characterize the system macroscopically at a given time. • Pressure • Temperature • Volume • Mass or moles Important: a system is in a thermal state that can be described by these variables when ALL the system has uniform pressure, temperature, etc. Example: Gas in a tube whose ends are kept at different temperature is NOT in a thermal state. Equation of state The equation of state relates the state variables. Can be obtained: • Empirically • From statistical mechanics The ideal gas An ideal gas is one whose molecules • are very small (point-like) • do not interact with one another This is very true for any gas that is not in an “extreme” situation. The gas is NOT ideal if we have: • high density • high pressure • near transition to liquid (or solid) • molecules are very large Mole of a gass A mole (mol) is defined as the number of grams of a substance that is numerically equal to the molecular mass of the substance: 1 mol of H2 has a mass of 2 g (2*1 protons + 2*0 neutrons per moleule) 1 mol of Ne has a mass of 20 g (1*10 protons + 1*10 neutrons per atom) 1 mol of O2 has a mass of 32 g (2*8 protons + 2*8 neutrons per molecule) 1 mol of C has a mass of 12 g (1*6 proton + 1*6 neutrons per atom) 1 mol of CO2 has a mass of 44 (1*6+2*8) protons + (1*6+2*8) neutrons per molecule mass Number of moles: n = molecular mass Q: How do I know the molecular mass? A: Look at the periodic table. -
Investigating How the Role of Pressure Is Misunderstood in the Process of Regelation of Water*
POCZYTAJMY PO ANGIELSKU Investigating how the role of pressure is misunderstood in the process of regelation of water*. Karim Daw Egypt Student of Vienna International School Vienna Nov. 2008* Introduction: The process of melting due to pressure and then re-freezing when pressure is reduced is commonly called regelation. There is a substantial amount of physics that is not clearly explained. The word "regelation" means re - freezing and does not imply that pressure plays any role in it. Congelare means “to freeze” in Italian. This essay reports on investigation to what extent pressure is responsible for regelation of water**. Aspects of thermal physics will come into play in this investigation, mainly, the effects of pressure on melting point. This is because observing the effects of pressure on a body involves understanding the transport of energy and where and how it is being transferred in the form of heat. The guiding research question is: To what extent does pressure play a role in the regelation of water. The process of regelation: When a substance turns from a solid to a liquid, it usually undergoes a change in volume as well. Most substances expand when this phase change takes place and some contract. In the case of water, it contracts when changing from solid to liquid. This is well expressed by Le Chatelier's** principles: "If a dynamic equilibrium is disturbed by changing the conditions, the position of equilibrium moves to counteract the change." When there is an application of pressure on ice, the system counteracts by lowering the pressure on it in some way. -
PHYS 1400 Sample Exam Questions: Phase Change 1. Evaporation Is
PHYS 1400 Sample Exam Questions: Phase Change 1. Evaporation is the change of A) a solid into the liquid phase. B) a gas into the solid phase. C) a liquid into the gas phase. D) a gas into the liquid phase. 2. Evaporation of a liquid is a cooling process: A) the lower energy liquid molecules collide with and stick to a cooler surface, and cool that surface. B) the lower energy molecules sink, and the higher energy molecules spread out and cool down. C) the higher energy liquid molecules escape, leaving the lower energy molecules behind. D) the higher energy molecules give their energy to the lower energy molecules, lowering the average energy and thus the temperature of the liquid. 3. Wetting the cloth cover of your canteen on a hot day is A) a bad idea; it will cause the water inside to get hotter as the wet cover absorbs more heat. B) a good idea; the evaporating water cools the cloth, the canteen, and the water inside it. C) useless. This has no efect on the temperature of the water inside. D) just plain weird. Who thinks up this stuf anyway? 4. It is not possible for a solid substance to change directly to the gas phase. A) True; it must go through a liquid phase first. B) False; the process is called sublimation, and can be seen when dry ice “smokes” as it evaporates. C) False; the process is possible, but only for water and only under extreme circumstances. D) Mostly true. Only one known substance can do it: dumbledorium. -
Electrowetting Using a Microfluidic Kelvin Water Dropper
micromachines Article Electrowetting Using a Microfluidic Kelvin Water Dropper Elias Yazdanshenas 1, Qiang Tang 1,2 and Xiaoyu Zhang 1,* 1 Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA; [email protected] (E.Y.); [email protected] (Q.T.) 2 State Key Lab of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210016, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-757-683-4913 Received: 16 December 2017; Accepted: 22 February 2018; Published: 25 February 2018 Abstract: The Kelvin water dropper is an electrostatic generator that can generate high voltage electricity through water dripping. A conventional Kelvin water dropper converts the gravitational potential energy of water into electricity. Due to its low current output, Kelvin water droppers can only be used in limited cases that demand high voltage. In the present study, microfluidic Kelvin water droppers (MKWDs) were built in house to demonstrate a low-cost but accurately controlled miniature device for high voltage generation. The performance of the MKWDs was characterized using different channel diameters and flow rates. The best performed MKWD was then used to conduct experiments of the electrowetting of liquid on dielectric surfaces. Electrowetting is a process that has been widely used in manipulating the wetting properties of a surface using an external electric field. Usually electrowetting requires an expensive DC power supply that outputs high voltage. However, in this research, it was demonstrated that electrowetting can be conducted by simply using an MKWD. Additionally, an analytic model was developed to simulate the electrowetting process. Finally, the model’s ability to well predict the liquid deformation during electrowetting using MKWDs was validated. -
Geological-Geotechnical Studies for Siting the Superconducting Super Collider in Illinois : Regional Summary
LIBRARY. I ion i «">w JUN 1 2 1997 1L bcuL aunVEY < ^JUuKf^M :6/0 izz EGN 123 GEOLOGICAL-GEOTECHNICAL STUDIES FOR SITING THE SUPERCONDUCTING SUPER COLLIDER IN ILLINOIS: REGIONAL SUMMARY A. M. Graese R. A. Bauer B. B. Curry R. C. Vaiden W. G. Dixon, Jr. J. P. Kempton 1988 ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY NOTES 123 8 Department of Energy and Natural Resources DEC 1 6 ^ ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1UW0B ST ATI KOIGGKAL SURVET Graphics: Jacquelyn Hannah Graese, A. M. Geological-geotechnical studies for siting the Superconducting Super Collider in Illinois: regional summary/A. M. Graese . et al. — Champaign, IL: Illinois State Geological Survey, 1988. 100 p.; 28 cm. — (Environmental Geology Notes; 123) Bibliography: p. 89-97. 1. Geology—Illinois, Northeastern. 2. Hydrogeology— Illinois, North- eastern. 3. Engineering geology—Illinois, Northeastern. 4. SSC. I. Title. II. Series. Printed by authority of the State of Illinois 1 1988 1 1200 .OfOLOQICAL SURVEY 'limit 1 1 llil mi 3 3051 00005 5040 EGN 123 GEOLOGICAL-GEOTECHNICAL STUDIES FOR SITING THE SUPERCONDUCTING SUPER COLLIDER IN ILLINOIS: REGIONAL SUMMARY ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Morris W. Leighton, Chief Natural Resources Building 615 East Peabody Drive Champaign, Illinois 61820 A. M. Graese R. A. Bauer B. B. Curry R. C. Vaiden W. G. Dixon, Jr. J. P. Kempton 1988 ^ ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY NOTES 123 D*X i mt«08 STAT! Department of Energy and Natural Resources ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY KOlOGiGAl 8URYCT UB8AR1? Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of Illinois -
Review of Thermal Properties of Snow, Ice, and Sea
r — m <ffim | i 1 LTU ITU 1 1 llljffijlll 1 S____________________ 4 REPORT 81-10 Review of thermal properties of snow, ice and sea ice U0fMRX AU6 Z O 1981 Burlili of Reclamato» Demur, CotorMb BUREAU OF RECLAMATION DENVER LIBRARY 92056733 \ w>\ «/’ T20Sb733 / CRREL Report 81-10 Review of thermal properties of snow, ice and sea ice Yin-Chao Yen June 1981 UNITED STATES ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LABORATORY HANOVER, NEW HAMPSHIRE, U.S.A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. Unclassified SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Data Entered) READ INSTRUCTIONS REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE BEFORE COMPLETING FORM 1. REPORT NUMBER 2. GOVT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPIENT’S CATALOG NUMBER CRREL Report 81-10 5. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED A. T IT L E (and Subtitle) REVIEW OF THERMAL PROPERTIES OF SNOW, irF AND <;f a ic e 6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER 8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBERfs; 7. A U T H O R S Yin-Chao Yen 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT, TASK AREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERS U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 DA Project 4A151101A91D It. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE June 1981 11 ^ Arm v r.olH RoainrK Research and Engineering 1 aboratorv 13. NUMBER OF PAGES Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 34 14. MONITORING AGENCY NAME & ADDRESS (if different from Controlling Office) 15. SECURITY CLASS, (of this report) Unclassified 15«. DECLASSI FI CATION/DOWN GRADING SCHEDULE 16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of this Report) Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. -
Localization, Conduction, and Superfluidity
Localization, conduction, and superfluidity David Thouless University of Washington Isaac Newton Institute, Cambridge August 18, 2008 1 Crystalline solids retain shape under stress, display regular arrangement of atoms, sharp Bragg peaks, crystal facets. Fluids flow viscously under stress, take shape of container. Glasses, liquid crystals have intermediate behav- ior. Defects, such as vacancies, grain boundaries, mod- ify behavior of solids. Atoms in solid are localized, even for quantum solid. Atoms in fluid are extended, particularly for quan- tum fluid. 2 Superfluid order in solids was discussed nearly forty years ago, and a careful analysis made by An- dreev and Lifshitz (1969). I heard discussions of this problem somewhat earlier, probably from Geoffrey Chester, who published his own version in 1970. In a quantum solid the potential energy needed to produce a vacancy or interstitial might be compen- sated for by the reduction of kinetic energy due to delocalization of the defect into a Bloch state. In this case there might be spontaneous formation of vacancies, or of interstitials, or of both. This process will produce a limited density of de- fects if the repulsive interaction between like defects, due to elastic interactions and short-ranged repul- sion, dominates. In bosonic solids these defects with mutual repul- sions should Bose condense at suitably low temper- atures and produce a supersolid, which supports a superfluid gas of defects. 3 If there is preferential formation of vacancies, there will be discrepancy of lattice parameter deduced from a density measurement, and from X-ray diffraction. Standard methods for detecting a super- fluid transition should be applicable to super- solid. -
Karen Aplin1, Giles Harrison2, Jeff Lidgard1 and Graeme Marlton2
Demonstrating atmospheric electrification phenomena Karen Aplin1, Giles Harrison2, Jeff Lidgard1 and Graeme Marlton2 1 Physics Department, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH UK 2 Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6BB UK 1. Abstract 5. Lightning location Lightning is both widely experienced and commonly recognised as During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, it was electrical in origin. Studying atmospheric electrical effects in the realised that the large and fluctuating electrical currents associated classroom, however, generally requires high voltage sources and in with lightning were responsible for brief but broad-band radio signals some cases may not be possible. Generating high voltages through known as sferics (a contraction of the word ‘atmospherics’). These can electrostatics can provide good and controllable laboratory be heard as brief clicks and pops on an AM radio during a storm. demonstrations, through which phenomena related to lightning Scientists in the UK exploited this characteristic to locate lightning. As discharges can be experienced and explained. This adds an their knowledge grew, their apparatus became more sophisticated, experiential element to education in atmospheric electricity that can Fig 2 (left) A Wimshurst machine. Disks with multiple coupon electrodes counter- eventually forming the modern ATD (Arrival Time Difference) lightning be explained at a variety of technical levels, from school children to rotate,. and generate a substantial charge by friction (middle) View of the electrodes, detection system now run by the UK Met Office. The basic principles the general public to final year undergraduate students. the spacing between which can be varied to find the breakdown distance at are simple however.