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OREGON ESTUARINE INVERTEBRATES an Illustrated Guide to the Common and Important Invertebrate Animals
OREGON ESTUARINE INVERTEBRATES An Illustrated Guide to the Common and Important Invertebrate Animals By Paul Rudy, Jr. Lynn Hay Rudy Oregon Institute of Marine Biology University of Oregon Charleston, Oregon 97420 Contract No. 79-111 Project Officer Jay F. Watson U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 500 N.E. Multnomah Street Portland, Oregon 97232 Performed for National Coastal Ecosystems Team Office of Biological Services Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Department of Interior Washington, D.C. 20240 Table of Contents Introduction CNIDARIA Hydrozoa Aequorea aequorea ................................................................ 6 Obelia longissima .................................................................. 8 Polyorchis penicillatus 10 Tubularia crocea ................................................................. 12 Anthozoa Anthopleura artemisia ................................. 14 Anthopleura elegantissima .................................................. 16 Haliplanella luciae .................................................................. 18 Nematostella vectensis ......................................................... 20 Metridium senile .................................................................... 22 NEMERTEA Amphiporus imparispinosus ................................................ 24 Carinoma mutabilis ................................................................ 26 Cerebratulus californiensis .................................................. 28 Lineus ruber ......................................................................... -
Are the Traditional Medical Uses of Muricidae Molluscs Substantiated by Their Pharmacological Properties and Bioactive Compounds?
Mar. Drugs 2015, 13, 5237-5275; doi:10.3390/md13085237 OPEN ACCESS marine drugs ISSN 1660-3397 www.mdpi.com/journal/marinedrugs Review Are the Traditional Medical Uses of Muricidae Molluscs Substantiated by Their Pharmacological Properties and Bioactive Compounds? Kirsten Benkendorff 1,*, David Rudd 2, Bijayalakshmi Devi Nongmaithem 1, Lei Liu 3, Fiona Young 4,5, Vicki Edwards 4,5, Cathy Avila 6 and Catherine A. Abbott 2,5 1 Marine Ecology Research Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, G.P.O. Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia; E-Mail: [email protected] 2 School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, G.P.O. Box 2100, Adelaide 5001, Australia; E-Mails: [email protected] (D.R.); [email protected] (C.A.A.) 3 Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, G.P.O. Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia; E-Mail: [email protected] 4 Medical Biotechnology, Flinders University, G.P.O. Box 2100, Adelaide 5001, Australia; E-Mails: [email protected] (F.Y.); [email protected] (V.E.) 5 Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University, G.P.O. Box 2100, Adelaide 5001, Australia 6 School of Health Science, Southern Cross University, G.P.O. Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +61-2-8201-3577. Academic Editor: Peer B. Jacobson Received: 2 July 2015 / Accepted: 7 August 2015 / Published: 18 August 2015 Abstract: Marine molluscs from the family Muricidae hold great potential for development as a source of therapeutically useful compounds. -
Intertidal Zonation Does Species Diversity Decrease with Tidal Height?
Intertidal Zonation Does Species Diversity Decrease with Tidal Height? Biology 4741574 Summer 2004 Student Report by Wendy Cecil, Kate Olsen, Susan Shrimpton, Laura Wimpee Jonathan ~eischner, Matthew Osborne-Koch, Sylvia Yamada and Alicia Helms, Instructors - Perhaps no other community has captured the attention of field ecologists like the rocky intertidal zone. This fascinating transition zone between land and sea allows ecologists to study patterns of species distributions, abundance and diversity. The most striking observation one makes when visiting a rocky seashore is that organisms are distributed in horizontal bands. From the low to the high tide mark one can readily identifl zones dominated by the brown kelp Laminara, pink encrusting coralline algae, dark blue mussel beds, white barnacles, littorine snails, and finally black lichens (Figure 1). Linoflna/Pelvetia/Chrhamalusbelt Figure 1. Typical Pattern of intertidal zonation of organisms. Intertidal zonation, just like altitudinal and latitudinal zonation, is a reflection of organisms' responses to physical gradients and biological interactions (Merriam 1894, Whitta.ker 1975). Intertidal zonation is unique in that the physical gradients are very steep (e.g. a 12 ft. tidal range versus hundreds of miles in latitudinal zonation). Organisms living in the low tidal zone spend over 80% of their time in the benign and constant marine environment, while the reverse is true for organisms living in the high zone (Figure 2). At Mean Sea Level organisms spend equal amounts of time being immersed in seawater and exposed to air. Since intertidal organisms (with some exception such as mites and insects) originated in the sea, species diversity decreases up the shore. -
Interactive Effects of Ocean Acidification and Multiple Stressors on Physiology of Marine Bivalves
INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF OCEAN ACIDIFICATION AND MULTIPLE STRESSORS ON PHYSIOLOGY OF MARINE BIVALVES by Omera Bashir Matoo A dissertation submitted to the faculty of The University of North Carolina at Charlotte in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biology Charlotte 2013 Approved by: ______________________________ Dr. Inna M. Sokolova ______________________________ Dr. Matthew W. Parrow ______________________________ Dr. Mark G. Clemens ______________________________ Dr. Stanley S. Schneider ______________________________ Dr. Andy Bobyarchick ii ©2013 Omera Bashir Matoo ALL RIGHTS RESERVED iii ABSTRACT OMERA BASHIR MATOO.Interactive effects of ocean acidification and multiple stressors on the physiology of marine bivalves (Under direction of Dr. INNA M. SOKOLOVA) The continuing increase of carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the atmosphere leads to increase in sea-surface temperature and causes ocean acidification altering seawater carbonate chemistry. Estuarine and shallow coastal areas, which are hotspots for biological productivity, are especially prone to these changes, because of low buffering capacity of brackish waters, biological CO2 production, and large fluctuations of temperature and salinity in these habitats. These additional stressors may exacerbate the acidification trend and significantly affect the physiology of marine calcifiers. Bivalves are a key group of marine calcifiers that serve as ecosystem engineers and key foundation species in estuarine and coastal environments. However, the interactive effects of elevated CO2 and other stressors, including elevated temperature and reduced salinity, are not yet fully understood in bivalves and require further investigation. This study focused on the physiological responses in two ecologically and economically important bivalve species - the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) and hard shell clam (Mercenaria mercenaria). -
An Ecological Transition During Juvenile Life in a Marine Snail
MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Vol. 157: 185-194,1997 Published October 16 Mar Ecol Prog Ser -- - - An ecological transition during juvenile life in a marine snail Louis A. Gosselin* Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9 and Bamfield Marine Station, Bamfield, British Columbia, Canada VOR 1BO ABSTRACT: Ecological shifts occurring after metamorphosis in benthic marine invertebrates have received much less attention than the more conspicuous transition occurring at metan~orphosisand set- tlement. It remains unclear whether postmetamorphic shifts occur simultaneously or at different times, and whether the shifts occur over brief, discrete periods or are extended or even continuous through juvenile life. The present study of the muricid gastropod Nucella emarginata exarmnes the ontogeny of \r.ulnerabillty to desiccation, of susceptibll~tyto hatchling predators, of shell coloration, and of distribu- tion among microhabitats as a function of snail size. All the above parameters changed substantially over approximately the same size range. Individuals acquired the ability to survive direct exposure to desiccation for the duration of a low tide over the 3.1-6.5 mm shell length (SL) size range, and also became virtually invulnerable to hatchling predators when they reached 6.5 mm SL. The shift in mor- tality factors was paralleled by a change in shell colour over the 3-7 mm SL size range, and in distrib- ution over the 3-8 mm SL size range. All shifts were therefore completed by the time individuals reached 8 mm, or by the age of -4 n~obased on growth rates in the laboratory. -
15 Temperature Sensitivity, Rate of Development, and Time to Maturity: Geographic Variation Inlaboratory-Reared Nucella and a Cr
15 Temperature Sensitivity, Rate of Development, and Time to Maturity: Geographic Variation in Laboratory-Reared Nucella and a Cross-Phyletic Overview A. Richard Palmer ABSTRACT Unlike most other physiological processes, the rate of development generally shows little evidence of temperature compensation—the tendency, for example, for physiologi cal processes at the same temperature to proceed more rapidly in cold-adapted than warm- adapted organisms. As a consequence, a substantial fraction of the variation in rate of develop ment can be explained on the basis of taxonomic affinity and temperature. These patterns suggest rather strong taxon-dependent constraints on the duration of the prehatching period. I report here that the rate of development in the laboratory of a rocky-shore thaidine gastropod, “northern” Nucella emarginata, lies very near that predicted from other muricacean gastropods. In spite of this close agreement, however, at temperatures less than 10°C, N. emarginata from southeast Alaska hatched in significantly less time (up to 15 percent less at 8°C) than snails from Barkley Sound, British Columbia. Over a rather narrow temperature range (8°—i 1°C), seasonal variation in laying frequency was more pronounced in Alaskan snails. On the other hand, rate of development (1/days to hatch) was less sensitive to temperature in Alaskan than British Columbian snails (Q values of 2.63 versus 4.66, respectively). These data thus provide evidence for intraspecific latitudinal temperature compensation in the average rate of develop ment, as well as evidence for geographic variation in the temperature sensitivity of development rate. A review of the literature suggests that, in spite of considerable variation in reproductive characteristics, direct-developing muricacean gastropods not only develop more slowly than many other marine organisms but also exhibit a more precise relationship between temperature and rate of development. -
Nucella Lamellosa Class: Gastropoda, Prosobranchia Order: Neogastropoda the Wrinkled Or Frilled Dogwinkle Family: Muricidae
Phylum: Mollusca Nucella lamellosa Class: Gastropoda, Prosobranchia Order: Neogastropoda The wrinkled or frilled dogwinkle Family: Muricidae Taxonomy: Nucella was previously called groove. Thais. Thais is now reserved for subtropical Anterior (Siphonal) Canal: Short, but longer and tropical species. For a more detailed than other Nucella species; narrow, slot-like, review of gastropod taxonomy, see Keen and not spout-like (i.e. with edges touching, Coan (1974) and McLean (2007). making a closed tube: see Possible Misidentifications). Not separated from large Description whorl by revolving groove (fig. 1). Size: To 50 mm in California (Abbott and Aperture: Almost 1/2 length shell; ovate to Haderlie 1980), 100 mm Puget Sound and quadrate in outline, with a siphonal notch, but north (Kozloff 1974); largest specimen no anal notch (fig. 1). Widest part of aperture illustrated, 54 mm (fig. 1). Largest of the (generally near its middle) at least half as Nucella genus. wide as shell (Kozloff 1974). Color: White to brown, some are pink, Umbilicus: Small, often closed (fig. 1). lavender or orange tan; not highly polished. Operculum: Usually large enough to close Inside whitish, sometimes with color showing aperture; conspicuous, with strong spiral through. lines; with nucleus on one side (fig. la). Shell Shape: Shell heavy, solid, strong; Eggs: Vase-shaped, yellow, about 10 mm spirally coiled, fusiform (spindle-shaped). 5-7 long; in clusters on underside of rocks (Abbott whorls; nuclear whorl small, inconspicuous. and Haderlie 1980); called "sea oats"; (fig. Spire usually high; siphonal canal relatively 1B). long for genus; aperture ovate, almost 1/2 shell length. Possible Misidentifications Sculpture: Extremely variable. -
Drilling Predation Intensity and Feeding Preferences by Nucella (Muricidae) on Limpets Inferred from a Dead-Shell Assemblage
PALAIOS, 2009, v. 24, p. 280–289 Research Article DOI: 10.2110/palo.2008.p08-074r DRILLING PREDATION INTENSITY AND FEEDING PREFERENCES BY NUCELLA (MURICIDAE) ON LIMPETS INFERRED FROM A DEAD-SHELL ASSEMBLAGE YURENA YANES1* and CARRIE L. TYLER2 1Savannah River Ecology Laboratory (SREL), University of Georgia, Drawer E, Aiken, South Carolina 29802, USA; 2Department of Geosciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), 4044 Derring Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT 1986; Palmer, 1988; Yamamoto, 2004; Schiffbauer et al., 2008). In the present study we calculate, for the first time, drilling predation intensities Although limpets are common in rocky intertidal shores, little is and predator preferences by quantifying predatory drill holes recognized known about drilling predation on them. Drilling intensity and pref- on limpets collected from a modern dead-shell assemblage. erences by Nucella (Muricidae) on three Lottiidae species (Lottia pel- Evidence of drilling predation on mollusk shells is commonly used to ta, L. digitalis, and Tectura scutum) were explored in a modern limpet study predator-prey interactions in both modern (Bank, 1978; Palmer, death assemblage from False Bay (San Juan Island, Washington, 1988; Ishida, 2004; Kowalewski, 2004; Yamamoto, 2004; Schiffbauer et USA). Of the 1,531 shells, only 61 (4%) were drilled, with drilling al., 2008) and fossil communities (Sheehan and Lesperance, 1978; Ausich frequencies of 5.9% (L. digitalis), 2.4% (L. pelta) and 0.5% (T. scu- and Gurrola, 1979; Kowalewski, 1993; Kowalewski et al., 1998; Kowa- tum). The higher drilling frequency observed for L. digitalis may re- lewski and Kelley, 2002; Leighton, 2002, 2003; Kelley and Hansen, 2006; flect spatial differences in prey distribution within the intertidal zone. -
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MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Vol. 128: 213-223, 1995 Published November 23 Mar Ecol Prog Ser Distribution and dispersal of early juvenile snails: effectiveness of intertidal microhabitats as refuges and food sources Louis A. Gosselin*,**, Fu-Shiang Chia* Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9 and Barnfield Marine Station, Barnfield, British Columbia, Canada VOR 1BO ABSTRACT: In Barkley Sound, British Columbia, Canada, newly hatched Nucella emarginata, a direct developing prosobranch gastropod, are almost exclusively located within 3 structurally complex micro- habitats: the filamentous algae Cladophora columbiana, clusters of mussels Mytilus spp., and dense assemblages of the barnacle Semibalanus cariosus. When exposed to desiccation or predators for 4 to 5 h, mortality of hatchlings located in these microhabitats (1.7 to 36% mortality) was considerably lower than for individuals on open surfaces (99 to 100%). Also, food (prey species) in C. columbiana, mussel clusters, and S. cariosus microhab~tatswas more abundant but of similar energetic value to that on open rock surfaces. The microhabitats used by early juvenile N. emarginata thus provide the double advantage of a considerably reduced risk of mortality and abundant prey. The means by which hatch- lings disperse after emerging from their egg capsules were established by laboratory observations and by deployment of collectors in the field. Hatchlings do not actively initiate dispersal by drifting in the water column. Crawling is the usual means of travelling from the capsule to protective microhabitats, with hatchling crawling speed averaging only 3.7 mm min-' on smooth rock surfaces in the laboratory. The abundance and distribution of microhabitats that protect early juveniles could therefore be impor- tant determinants of the local abundance and distribution of N. -
Characterization of the Rocky Intertidal Ecological Communities Associated with Southern California Areas of Special Biological Significance
Characterization of the Rocky Intertidal Ecological Communities Associated with Southern California Areas of Special Biological Significance Peter Raimondi Ken Schiff Dominic Gregorio Technical Report 703 - May 2012 Characterization of the rocky intertidal ecological communities associated with southern California Areas of Special Biological Significance Peter Raimondi Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California, Santa Cruz Long Marine Laboratory 100 Shaffer Road Santa Cruz CA 95060 [email protected] Ken Schiff Southern California Coastal Water Research Project 3535 Harbor Blvd Costa Mesa, CA 92626 www.SCCWRP.org Dominic Gregorio Watershed, Ocean, and Wetland Section Division of Water Quality State Water Resources Control Board 1001 I Street Sacramento, CA 95814 [email protected] Technical Report 703 May 2012 Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 1 The Regulatory Environment .................................................................................................................... 1 The Ecological Environment ...................................................................................................................... 2 Methods ........................................................................................................................................................ 3 Results .......................................................................................................................................................... -
Studies on Spawning and Larval Rearing of the Whelk, Babylonia Spirata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Neogastropoda: Buccinidae)
STUDIES ON SPAWNING AND LARVAL REARING OF THE WHELK, BABYLONIA SPIRATA (LINNAEUS, 1758) (NEOGASTROPODA: BUCCINIDAE) Thesis submitted to Mangalore University in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Under the Faculty of Biosciences. By Sreejaya.R. M.Sc, Department of Post Graduate Studies and Research in Biosciences Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri Karnataka, India-574 199 December, 2008 Certificate This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Studies on spawning and larval rearing of the Whelk, Babylonia spirata (Linnaeus,1758) (Neogastropoda: Buccinidae)” is an authentic record of research work carried out by Sreejaya.R under my guidance and supervision in Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Ph.D degree under the Faculty of Biosciences in Mangalore University. The thesis or part thereof has not previously been presented for the award of any Degree in any University. Cochin Date: Dr.K.Sunilkumar Mohamed, Supervising Guide, Principal Scientist & Head, Molluscan Fisheries Division, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin-682 018. Declaration I do hereby declare that the thesis entitled ““Studies on spawning and larval rearing of the Whelk, Babylonia spirata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Neogastropoda: Buccidae)” is an authentic record of research work carried out by me under the guidance and supervision of Dr. K. Sunilkumar Mohamed, Principal Scientist & Head, Molluscan Fisheries Division, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi in partial fulfillment for the award of Ph.D degree under the Faculty of Biosciences of Mangalore University and no part thereof has been previously formed the basis for the award of any diploma or degree, in any University. -
Final Report on Intertidal Invertebrates in Tillamook Bay
Final Report on Intertidal Invertebrates in Tillamook Bay A Report to the Tillamook Bay National Estuary Project Becky Houck, Linda Fergusson-Kolmes Steven Kolmes, and Terra Lang Department of Biology, University of Portland, 5000 N. Willamette Blvd., Portland, OR 97203 1 Table of Contents Introduction………………………………………………………………………………...3 Survey of Organisms found in two Habitats, Information on Organisms Pictured on Photo CD………………………………………………………..4 Information Theory Analysis (Seasonal Comparison of a Rocky Intertidal Habitat, and Calculations of Biological Diversity Indices for Different Habitats in Tillamook Bay)…………………………………..38 Tillamook Bay as a Long-Term Ecological Site…………………………………………….50 2 Introduction This report incorporates information about a series of related activities intended to survey some of the intertidal invertebrates of Tillamook Bay, to provide teaching tools about these invertebrates to the local school system in the forms of labelled specimens, a photo CD, and a set of slides, and to document quantitatively some aspects of the ecological diversity of Tillamook Bay’s intertidal invertebrates in the period immediately following the great inrush of sediment and low salinity water that accompanied the flood of 1996. It is the authors’ intention to help provide local educators with some tools and information to help them develop among the youth of the area an appreciation for the wonderful natural resources that are part of their daily existence, and also to produce a data set that might in future be a baseline for an understanding of how Tillamook Bay’s invertebrate community changed in time after a flood event of rare proportions. 3 Survey of Organisms found in two Habitats Tillamook Bay contains a number of different habitats for marine organisms.