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The Biology of Seashores - Image Bank Guide All Images and Text ©2006 Biomedia ASSOCIATES
The Biology of Seashores - Image Bank Guide All Images And Text ©2006 BioMEDIA ASSOCIATES Shore Types Low tide, sandy beach, clam diggers. Knowing the Low tide, rocky shore, sandstone shelves ,The time and extent of low tides is important for people amount of beach exposed at low tide depends both on who collect intertidal organisms for food. the level the tide will reach, and on the gradient of the beach. Low tide, Salt Point, CA, mixed sandstone and hard Low tide, granite boulders, The geology of intertidal rock boulders. A rocky beach at low tide. Rocks in the areas varies widely. Here, vertical faces of exposure background are about 15 ft. (4 meters) high. are mixed with gentle slopes, providing much variation in rocky intertidal habitat. Split frame, showing low tide and high tide from same view, Salt Point, California. Identical views Low tide, muddy bay, Bodega Bay, California. of a rocky intertidal area at a moderate low tide (left) Bays protected from winds, currents, and waves tend and moderate high tide (right). Tidal variation between to be shallow and muddy as sediments from rivers these two times was about 9 feet (2.7 m). accumulate in the basin. The receding tide leaves mudflats. High tide, Salt Point, mixed sandstone and hard rock boulders. Same beach as previous two slides, Low tide, muddy bay. In some bays, low tides expose note the absence of exposed algae on the rocks. vast areas of mudflats. The sea may recede several kilometers from the shoreline of high tide Tides Low tide, sandy beach. -
Urchin Rocks-NW Island Transect Study 2020
The Long-term Effect of Trampling on Rocky Intertidal Zone Communities: A Comparison of Urchin Rocks and Northwest Island, WA. A Class Project for BIOL 475, Marine Invertebrates Rosario Beach Marine Laboratory, summer 2020 Dr. David Cowles and Class 1 ABSTRACT In the summer of 2020 the Rosario Beach Marine Laboratory Marine Invertebrates class studied the intertidal community of Urchin Rocks (UR), part of Deception Pass State Park. The intertidal zone at Urchin Rocks is mainly bedrock, is easily reached, and is a very popular place for visitors to enjoy seeing the intertidal life. Visits to the Location have become so intense that Deception Pass State Park has established a walking trail and docent guides in the area in order to minimize trampling of the marine life while still allowing visitors. No documentation exists for the state of the marine community before visits became common, but an analogous Location with similar substrate exists just offshore on Northwest Island (NWI). Using a belt transect divided into 1 m2 quadrats, the class quantified the algae, barnacle, and other invertebrate components of the communities at the two locations and compared them. Algal cover at both sites increased at lower tide levels but while the cover consisted of macroalgae at NWI, at Urchin Rocks the lower intertidal algae were dominated by diatom mats instead. Barnacles were abundant at both sites but at Urchin Rocks they were even more abundant but mostly of the smallest size classes. Small barnacles were especially abundant at Urchin Rocks near where the walking trail crosses the transect. Barnacles may be benefitting from areas cleared of macroalgae by trampling but in turn not be able to grow to large size at Urchin Rocks. -
OREGON ESTUARINE INVERTEBRATES an Illustrated Guide to the Common and Important Invertebrate Animals
OREGON ESTUARINE INVERTEBRATES An Illustrated Guide to the Common and Important Invertebrate Animals By Paul Rudy, Jr. Lynn Hay Rudy Oregon Institute of Marine Biology University of Oregon Charleston, Oregon 97420 Contract No. 79-111 Project Officer Jay F. Watson U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 500 N.E. Multnomah Street Portland, Oregon 97232 Performed for National Coastal Ecosystems Team Office of Biological Services Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Department of Interior Washington, D.C. 20240 Table of Contents Introduction CNIDARIA Hydrozoa Aequorea aequorea ................................................................ 6 Obelia longissima .................................................................. 8 Polyorchis penicillatus 10 Tubularia crocea ................................................................. 12 Anthozoa Anthopleura artemisia ................................. 14 Anthopleura elegantissima .................................................. 16 Haliplanella luciae .................................................................. 18 Nematostella vectensis ......................................................... 20 Metridium senile .................................................................... 22 NEMERTEA Amphiporus imparispinosus ................................................ 24 Carinoma mutabilis ................................................................ 26 Cerebratulus californiensis .................................................. 28 Lineus ruber ......................................................................... -
Are the Traditional Medical Uses of Muricidae Molluscs Substantiated by Their Pharmacological Properties and Bioactive Compounds?
Mar. Drugs 2015, 13, 5237-5275; doi:10.3390/md13085237 OPEN ACCESS marine drugs ISSN 1660-3397 www.mdpi.com/journal/marinedrugs Review Are the Traditional Medical Uses of Muricidae Molluscs Substantiated by Their Pharmacological Properties and Bioactive Compounds? Kirsten Benkendorff 1,*, David Rudd 2, Bijayalakshmi Devi Nongmaithem 1, Lei Liu 3, Fiona Young 4,5, Vicki Edwards 4,5, Cathy Avila 6 and Catherine A. Abbott 2,5 1 Marine Ecology Research Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, G.P.O. Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia; E-Mail: [email protected] 2 School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, G.P.O. Box 2100, Adelaide 5001, Australia; E-Mails: [email protected] (D.R.); [email protected] (C.A.A.) 3 Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, G.P.O. Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia; E-Mail: [email protected] 4 Medical Biotechnology, Flinders University, G.P.O. Box 2100, Adelaide 5001, Australia; E-Mails: [email protected] (F.Y.); [email protected] (V.E.) 5 Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University, G.P.O. Box 2100, Adelaide 5001, Australia 6 School of Health Science, Southern Cross University, G.P.O. Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +61-2-8201-3577. Academic Editor: Peer B. Jacobson Received: 2 July 2015 / Accepted: 7 August 2015 / Published: 18 August 2015 Abstract: Marine molluscs from the family Muricidae hold great potential for development as a source of therapeutically useful compounds. -
Cirral Length and Wave Exposure in the Barnacle, Semibalanus Cariosus
Cirral Length and Wave Exposure in the barnacle, Semibalanus cariosus By: Jennifer Maciejeski Introduction Barnacles are very prevalent on many coasts throughout the world's oceans. They are suspension feeders that filter food from the water column. They are attached to rocks, wood, or even living organisms in the water. During their larval stage oflife, barnacles are mobile and at this stage find a substrate to land on and spend the rest of their adult life on. They attach onto a surface with their heads and cement themselves down and then secrete the shell material to make their calcareous plates that protect their soft bodies. Since they are non-mobile for most oftheir lives as an adult, barnacles depend on water flow to bring food to them. To collect food from the water, barnacles use their feet (cirri) which are facing upward from their calcareous plates, to bring in particles (Ingram 2007). In order for the cirri to work, barnacles must have some form of water flow. An example ofa large species ofbarnacle is the thatched barnacle, Semibalanus cariosus. The thatched barnacle is found in the mid intertidal to shallow subtidal, many times underneath the thickest band ofacorn barnacles in the low intertidal. They range from Alaska to Central California on the West Coast ofthe United States as well as in some parts ofJapan. They are generally found on rocks, floats, or pilings with a high number found on steep shores with current and waves, though on the open ocean they are usually in cracks or protected areas. S. cariosus can be found often times in aggregations with other individuals, and can be tall and narrow when in large groups. -
SPECIAL PUBLICATION 6 the Effects of Marine Debris Caused by the Great Japan Tsunami of 2011
PICES SPECIAL PUBLICATION 6 The Effects of Marine Debris Caused by the Great Japan Tsunami of 2011 Editors: Cathryn Clarke Murray, Thomas W. Therriault, Hideaki Maki, and Nancy Wallace Authors: Stephen Ambagis, Rebecca Barnard, Alexander Bychkov, Deborah A. Carlton, James T. Carlton, Miguel Castrence, Andrew Chang, John W. Chapman, Anne Chung, Kristine Davidson, Ruth DiMaria, Jonathan B. Geller, Reva Gillman, Jan Hafner, Gayle I. Hansen, Takeaki Hanyuda, Stacey Havard, Hirofumi Hinata, Vanessa Hodes, Atsuhiko Isobe, Shin’ichiro Kako, Masafumi Kamachi, Tomoya Kataoka, Hisatsugu Kato, Hiroshi Kawai, Erica Keppel, Kristen Larson, Lauran Liggan, Sandra Lindstrom, Sherry Lippiatt, Katrina Lohan, Amy MacFadyen, Hideaki Maki, Michelle Marraffini, Nikolai Maximenko, Megan I. McCuller, Amber Meadows, Jessica A. Miller, Kirsten Moy, Cathryn Clarke Murray, Brian Neilson, Jocelyn C. Nelson, Katherine Newcomer, Michio Otani, Gregory M. Ruiz, Danielle Scriven, Brian P. Steves, Thomas W. Therriault, Brianna Tracy, Nancy C. Treneman, Nancy Wallace, and Taichi Yonezawa. Technical Editor: Rosalie Rutka Please cite this publication as: The views expressed in this volume are those of the participating scientists. Contributions were edited for Clarke Murray, C., Therriault, T.W., Maki, H., and Wallace, N. brevity, relevance, language, and style and any errors that [Eds.] 2019. The Effects of Marine Debris Caused by the were introduced were done so inadvertently. Great Japan Tsunami of 2011, PICES Special Publication 6, 278 pp. Published by: Project Designer: North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES) Lori Waters, Waters Biomedical Communications c/o Institute of Ocean Sciences Victoria, BC, Canada P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, BC, Canada V8L 4B2 Feedback: www.pices.int Comments on this volume are welcome and can be sent This publication is based on a report submitted to the via email to: [email protected] Ministry of the Environment, Government of Japan, in June 2017. -
1 Guide to Common California Intertidal Invertebrates & Algae
MARINe Workshop – October 22-23, 2005 SWAT Team Guide to common California intertidal invertebrates & algae: distinguishing characteristics Information adapted from various sources and personal observations of the SWAT Team http://cbsurveys.ucsc.edu Anthopleura elegantissima Anthopleura sola (Brandt, 1835) (Pearse and Francis, 2000) • 6 cm diameter for aggregating • to 25 cm diameter, 51 cm high individuals, occasionally larger • up to 10 cm diameter (large solitaries Size range almost certainly A. sola, but if tentacles are touching adjacent animals that have the same disk pattern, then A. elegantissima) • column light green to white • longitudinal rows of adhesive tubercles (verrucae) that are often bearing debris Appearance tentacles of various colors, often several distinctive white, while most greenish; often pink, lavender, or blue tipped • insertions of mesentaries evident as lines radiating from around mouth Oral disk color brownish or greenish • rock faces or boulders, tidepools or • mid to low intertidal, extending well crevices, wharf pilings subtidally • usually in dense aggregations. • often attached to rocks covered with layer of Habitat sand • base nearly always inserted into crevice or holes. • tubercles round, arranged in • identical to A. elegantissima except grows to longitudinal rows and often bearing larger size and does not clone attached debris • can not distinguish two species when solitary • small to medium sized anemones, and below about 5 cm diameter-- probably commonly densely massed on rocks in best to call such individuals A. elegantissima, sand especially if there are lots present, certainly if • identical color pattern as seen in A. they have identical color patters Distinguishing sola • larger animals that are solitary with clear characteristics • can only be sure of identity if tentacles space between them and others almost interdigitate with adjacent clonemates. -
Keystone-Species-2016-Poster.Pdf
DISCOVERING KEYSTONE SPECIES EXPERIMENT KEYSTONE SPECIES In 1963, Robert Paine embarked on a landmark experiment at the tip This experiment demonstrated the importance of top-down of the Olympic peninsula in Washington’s Mukkaw Bay. The bay control by the predatory starfish Pisaster ochraceus on the features intertidal zones where members of a diverse community structure and composition of the community. When starfish of invertebrates compete for resources. The concept of the were removed, the diversity of the community plummeted. experiment was simple: remove all the starfish from one Because of its large effect relative to its population size, area. Paine was testing the top-down view of community Paine coined the term keystone species to describe species regulation, in which predators at the top of the pyramid that, like the starfish, have large disproportionate impacts on limit the herbivores below them and indirectly control their communities. primary producers at the base. This was contrary to the then-popular bottom-up view, in which the Removal of the starfish revealed their role in controlling availability of producers at the bottom controls species that they prey upon, which in turn had an impact on the numbers of herbivores, which in turn species the next level down in the food web. Paine named regulates predators at the top. these strong but indirect top-down effects trophic cascades. BEFORE STARFISH REMOVAL 1 YEAR AFTER REMOVAL 5 YEARS AFTER Starfish Anemone Gooseneck Gooseneck barnacle Pisaster ochraceus Anemone Sea slug barnacle Mussel Anthopleura Archidoris xanthogrammica Sea slug montereyensis Anthopleura Sea Snail xanthogrammica Mytilus californianus Pollicipes Limpets Sponge polymerus Chitons Mussel Pollicipes polymerus Archidoris Lottia pelta montereyensis Mussel Tonicella lineata Barnacles Mytilus californianus Sponge Haliclona sp. -
Intertidal Zonation Does Species Diversity Decrease with Tidal Height?
Intertidal Zonation Does Species Diversity Decrease with Tidal Height? Biology 4741574 Summer 2004 Student Report by Wendy Cecil, Kate Olsen, Susan Shrimpton, Laura Wimpee Jonathan ~eischner, Matthew Osborne-Koch, Sylvia Yamada and Alicia Helms, Instructors - Perhaps no other community has captured the attention of field ecologists like the rocky intertidal zone. This fascinating transition zone between land and sea allows ecologists to study patterns of species distributions, abundance and diversity. The most striking observation one makes when visiting a rocky seashore is that organisms are distributed in horizontal bands. From the low to the high tide mark one can readily identifl zones dominated by the brown kelp Laminara, pink encrusting coralline algae, dark blue mussel beds, white barnacles, littorine snails, and finally black lichens (Figure 1). Linoflna/Pelvetia/Chrhamalusbelt Figure 1. Typical Pattern of intertidal zonation of organisms. Intertidal zonation, just like altitudinal and latitudinal zonation, is a reflection of organisms' responses to physical gradients and biological interactions (Merriam 1894, Whitta.ker 1975). Intertidal zonation is unique in that the physical gradients are very steep (e.g. a 12 ft. tidal range versus hundreds of miles in latitudinal zonation). Organisms living in the low tidal zone spend over 80% of their time in the benign and constant marine environment, while the reverse is true for organisms living in the high zone (Figure 2). At Mean Sea Level organisms spend equal amounts of time being immersed in seawater and exposed to air. Since intertidal organisms (with some exception such as mites and insects) originated in the sea, species diversity decreases up the shore. -
Interactive Effects of Ocean Acidification and Multiple Stressors on Physiology of Marine Bivalves
INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF OCEAN ACIDIFICATION AND MULTIPLE STRESSORS ON PHYSIOLOGY OF MARINE BIVALVES by Omera Bashir Matoo A dissertation submitted to the faculty of The University of North Carolina at Charlotte in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biology Charlotte 2013 Approved by: ______________________________ Dr. Inna M. Sokolova ______________________________ Dr. Matthew W. Parrow ______________________________ Dr. Mark G. Clemens ______________________________ Dr. Stanley S. Schneider ______________________________ Dr. Andy Bobyarchick ii ©2013 Omera Bashir Matoo ALL RIGHTS RESERVED iii ABSTRACT OMERA BASHIR MATOO.Interactive effects of ocean acidification and multiple stressors on the physiology of marine bivalves (Under direction of Dr. INNA M. SOKOLOVA) The continuing increase of carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the atmosphere leads to increase in sea-surface temperature and causes ocean acidification altering seawater carbonate chemistry. Estuarine and shallow coastal areas, which are hotspots for biological productivity, are especially prone to these changes, because of low buffering capacity of brackish waters, biological CO2 production, and large fluctuations of temperature and salinity in these habitats. These additional stressors may exacerbate the acidification trend and significantly affect the physiology of marine calcifiers. Bivalves are a key group of marine calcifiers that serve as ecosystem engineers and key foundation species in estuarine and coastal environments. However, the interactive effects of elevated CO2 and other stressors, including elevated temperature and reduced salinity, are not yet fully understood in bivalves and require further investigation. This study focused on the physiological responses in two ecologically and economically important bivalve species - the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) and hard shell clam (Mercenaria mercenaria). -
Intertidal Zones Cnidaria (Stinging Animals)
Intertidal Zones Cnidaria (stinging animals) Green anemone (Anthopleura anthogrammica) The green anemone is mainly an outer-coast species. Microscopic algae live symbiotically inside this anemone, give the anemone its green color, and provide it with food from photosynthesis. The green anemone can be solitary or live in groups, and are often found in tidepools. This anemone only reproduces sexually. Touch the anemone very gently with one wet finger and see how it feels! Aggregating anemone (Anthopleura elegantissima) The aggregating anemone reproduces both sexually and asexually. It reproduces sexually by releasing eggs and sperm into the water. To reproduce asexually, it stretches itself into an oval column, and then keeps “walking away from itself” until it splits in half. The two “cut” edges of a half-anemone heal together, forming a complete, round column, and two clones instead of one. Aggregate anemone colonies are known for fighting with other colonies of these asexually- produced clones. When different clone colonies meet they will attack each other by releasing the stinging cells in their tentacles. This warfare usually results in an open space between two competing clone colonies known as “a neutral zone”. Aggregate anemones also house symbiotic algae that give the animal its green color. The rest of the food it needs comes from prey items captured by the stinging tentacles such as small crabs, shrimp, or fish. Genetically identical, clones can colonize and completely cover rocks. Be very careful when walking on the rocks…aggregating anemones are hard to spot at first and look like sandy blobs. Watch where you step so you don’t crush anemone colonies. -
An Ecological Transition During Juvenile Life in a Marine Snail
MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Vol. 157: 185-194,1997 Published October 16 Mar Ecol Prog Ser -- - - An ecological transition during juvenile life in a marine snail Louis A. Gosselin* Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9 and Bamfield Marine Station, Bamfield, British Columbia, Canada VOR 1BO ABSTRACT: Ecological shifts occurring after metamorphosis in benthic marine invertebrates have received much less attention than the more conspicuous transition occurring at metan~orphosisand set- tlement. It remains unclear whether postmetamorphic shifts occur simultaneously or at different times, and whether the shifts occur over brief, discrete periods or are extended or even continuous through juvenile life. The present study of the muricid gastropod Nucella emarginata exarmnes the ontogeny of \r.ulnerabillty to desiccation, of susceptibll~tyto hatchling predators, of shell coloration, and of distribu- tion among microhabitats as a function of snail size. All the above parameters changed substantially over approximately the same size range. Individuals acquired the ability to survive direct exposure to desiccation for the duration of a low tide over the 3.1-6.5 mm shell length (SL) size range, and also became virtually invulnerable to hatchling predators when they reached 6.5 mm SL. The shift in mor- tality factors was paralleled by a change in shell colour over the 3-7 mm SL size range, and in distrib- ution over the 3-8 mm SL size range. All shifts were therefore completed by the time individuals reached 8 mm, or by the age of -4 n~obased on growth rates in the laboratory.