A Comparative Study of the Mood Choice in Sermons of Two Charismatic Church Preachers
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University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh UNIVERSITY OF GHANA DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE MOOD CHOICE IN SERMONS OF TWO CHARISMATIC CHURCH PREACHERS BY KWAME OBENG – APPIAH (10232956) THIS THESIS IS SUBMITTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF GHANA, LEGON IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF MPhil ENGLISH DEGREE JULY, 2015 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DECLARATION With the exception of the references used in this work which have been acknowledged, I hereby declare that the views that have been expressed here are the product of my own research and no part or the whole of this work has been submitted to any other institution for the award of any degree. Student Date ………………………… ……………………….. Obeng – Appiah, Kwame Supervisors Date ………………………… .…….………………… John Franklin Wiredu (Prof.) Date ………………………… ………………………… Gladys Nyarko Ansah (Dr.) i University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my parents: J. Appiah Manu and Mary Afrakoma who have toiled so hard for my education up to this level and to my siblings: Frimpong, Opoku, Osei, M. K., Adwoa and Poloo, who have in diverse ways supported me to seeing this dream materialised. ii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Really, had it not been God almighty whose blessing, protection, guidance and knowledge that He offered me, I would not have been able to make it this far. Father God I say praise and adoration be unto your name for making my dream a reality. My second thanks goes to my supervisors, Prof. J. F. Wiredu and Dr. Gladys Nyarko Ansah, whose directions, criticisms and scholarly submissions have immensely contributed to the success of this work. I cannot forget the encouragement, inspiration and suggestions from the lecturers of the Department of English – Legon, most especially Prof Kari Dako and Mr. Kodie Frimpong, and to the staff at the Department‟s General Office, I say thank you. My appreciation will never be complete if I do not recognise the contribution of Maa Tina and Daddy Portuphy and the entire family. You have really supported me and your thanks will always be on my tongue as far as I continue to have life. I also acknowledge the unrelenting support and the diverse contributions of all my friends, especially Francis, Fred, Paul, Richard, Omega, and most especially to my special friend Hilda Kusi-Acheampong, to help me reach this far. All that I can say for now is that God richly bless you all. Amen. iii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh ABSTRACT The study sought to do a comparative analysis of how two Charismatic preachers (Archbishop Duncan Williams and Pr. Mensa Otabil) use the clause as an interactive grammatical unit to establish interpersonal relationship between themselves and their congregations. The Mood system of the clausal units of four selected sermons was analysed. The fundamental categories of the system of Mood that were analysed are the Mood, Subject, Modality, Tense, Polarity and Vocatives. The analysis indicates that both preachers made use of all the Mood types, viz. Declarative, Imperative and Interrogative, although some of the Moods were used more often than others. The preachers also use both positive and negative polarity, as well as modality and vocatives in their sermon delivery. The study reveals dominance of declaratives in all the four sermons with sparse choices of imperative and interrogatives. The sermonic discourse is characterised by lack of reciprocity of interaction, the kind of interaction one will normally find in casual conversations. Although there is dominance of declaratives in the sermons, which is typically of sermonic discourse, and which do not usually establish interpersonalness in interactions, the choice of first person plural and second person as Subjects of some of the declaratives establishes interpersonal relationship between the preachers and their congregations. The study reveals that Otabil is more informative than Duncan in the delivery of their sermons but Duncan is more interactive and demanding and hence, more interpersonal, than Otabil. Duncan uses interrogatives, imperatives and vocatives more than Otabil does. Otabil, rather, makes more assertions than Duncan in their interaction with their congregants. iv University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION…….................................................................................................................i DEDICATION.............................................................................................................................ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...........................................................................................................iii ABSTRACT……..…………..…….………………………………………………….….………iv TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………...………………...v-ix LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................................x LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................................xi-xii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS…………………………………………………………………xiii CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION…………………………………………….1 1.0 Introduction……......…………………………………………………………………….…….1 1.1 Background to the Study……………………………………………………………………1-3 1.2 Statement of the Problem…………………………………………………………………...3-4 1.3 Objectives of the Study……………………………………………………………………...4-5 1.4 Research Questions………………………………………………………………………….5-6 1.5 Significance of the Study……………………………………………………………………...6 1.6 Scope and Delimitation……………………………………………………………………..6-7 1.7 Methodology in Brief………………………………………………………………………….7 1.7.1 Data Collection…………………………………………………………………………..7-8 1.8 Limitations…………………………………………………………………………………….8 1.9 Outline of the Thesis…………………………………………………………………………..8 v University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK…...9 2.0 Introduction……………………………………………………………………..……………..9 2.1 What is Sermon?..............................................................................................................9-10 2.2 Sermon as Text…………………………………………………………………………...10-12 2.3 Sermon as Communication……………………………………………………………….12-13 2.4 The Present Study……………………………………………………………….…………...13 2.5 Theoretical Framework……………………………………………………………..……13-14 2.6 Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG)……………………………………………………14-19 2.7 Context of Situation………………………………………………………………………19-20 2.8 The Interpersonal Metafunction…………………………………………………….........20-23 2.9 Tone and Mood in interpersonal Meaning……………………………………………...23-24 2.10 Studies on Interpersonal Meaning in Sermons………………………………………….24-29 2.11 Studies Using SFG……………………………………………………..........................29-33 2.12 Metalanguages for Interpersonal Meaning……….………………………………………...33 2.12.1 Declarative Mood...………...……………………………………………………………34 2.12.2 Interrogative Mood…………..………………………………………………………34-35 2.12.3 Imperative Mood………………...…………………...………………………………….35 2.12.4 The Subject……...………………...………………………………………………....35-36 2.12.5 The Finite Element………………......…………………………………………………..36 2.12.5.1 Tense…………………………………………………………………………………36 2.12.5.2 Modality………………………………………………………………………….36-37 2.12.5.3 Polarity……………………………………………………………………………….37 2.13 Vocatives………………………………………………………………………………..37-38 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY AND DATA COLLECTION……………...……39 vi University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 3.0 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………..39 3.1 Research Design………………………………………………………………………….39-40 3.2 Study Population, Sampling Technique and Sample Size………..………………………40-41 3.3 Background Information of Preachers……………………………………………………….41 3.3.1 Archbishop Nicholas Duncan-Williams……………………………………………….41-42 3.3.2 (Dr.) Pastor Mensa Otabil…………………………………………………………………42 3.4 Research Instrument…………………………………………………………………….........43 3.5 Data Collection…………………………………………………………………………...43-44 3.6 Reasons for the Choice of Sermons………………………………………………………….44 3.7 Measurement of Data……………………………………………………………………..44-45 3.8 Data Analysis and Presentation………………….…………………………………………..45 CHAPTER FOUR: ANALYSIS OF DATA………………...………...………………………46 4.0 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………..46 4.1 Mood Choices………………………………………………………………………….…46-47 4.1.1 Declarative Mood…………………………………..…………………………………47-49 4.1.1.1 The Subject in the Declaratives……………………………….……………………49-53 4.1.1.2 Modality in the Declaratives………………………………………….…………….53-56 4.1.1.3 Polarity in the Declaratives…………………………………………………….…...56-58 4.1.1.4 Tense in the Declaratives…………………………………………………………...58-59 4.1.2 Interrogative Mood…………………………………………………………………….59-62 4.1.2.1 The Subject in the Interrogatives……………………………………………….…..62-65 4.1.2.2 Modality in the Interrogatives……………………………………………….…………65 4.1.2.3 Polarity in the Interrogatives……………………………………….………………65-66 4.1.3 Imperative Mood………...………………………………………………………………...67 vii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 4.1.3.1 The Subject in the Imperatives……….……………………………….…………….67-69 4.1.3.2 Polarity in the Imperatives……………………………………………………..……….70 4.1.3.3 Tense in the Imperatives……………………………………………………..……...70-71 4.2 Analysis of the Four Sermons………………………………………………………………..71 4.2.1 Duncan……………………………………………..……………………………………..71 4.2.1.1 Mood Types……….………………………………………………………………..71-73 4.2.1.2 The Subject……….………………………………………………………………...73-75 4.2.1.3 Modality…………………….………………………………………………………75-76 4.2.1.4 Tense…………………………….………………………………………………….76-78 4.2.1.4 Polarity…………………….………………………………………………………..78-79 4.2.2 Otabil……………………...……………………………………………………………….79