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Microscopía Y Principales Características Morfológicas De Algunos Ectoparásitos De Interés Veterinario

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Microscopía Y Principales Características Morfológicas De Algunos Ectoparásitos De Interés Veterinario Rev Inv Vet Perú 2016; 27(1): 91-113 http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/rivep.v27i1.11449 Microscopía y Principales Características Morfológicas de Algunos Ectoparásitos de Interés Veterinario MICROSCOPY AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME ECTOPARASITES OF VETERINARY INTEREST Adriana del Pilar Pulido-Villamarín1,5, Rubiela Castañeda-Salazar1, Humberto Ibarra- Ávila3, Luis David Gómez-Méndez2, Angélica María Barbosa-Buitrago4 RESUMEN Los ectoparásitos afectan de manera importante el estado sanitario de los animales debido a que sus efectos exfoliatrices, tóxicos y alérgicos causan un detrimento en su bienestar y, adicionalmente, pueden tener un efecto negativo en los índices de conver- sión alimenticia en animales de producción. Las ectoparasitosis pueden afectar animales de todas las especies y edades; sin embargo, los jóvenes son los más susceptibles. La importancia de un adecuado diagnóstico de estos problemas sanitarios está dada no solo por la incomodidad que generan en sus hospederos, sino por la posibilidad que tienen de transmitir otros agentes patógenos. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue presen- tar imágenes donde se describen algunas características morfológicas de determinados ectoparásitos de interés en Medicina Veterinaria, especialmente bajo las condiciones de Colombia. Palabras clave: diagnóstico, parásitos externos, microscopía óptica, microscopía elec- trónica de barrido ABSTRACT The ectoparasites significantly affect the health status of the animals due to their toxic and allergic effects that cause a detriment in their welfare and additionally may have a negative effect on feed conversion rates in farm animals. Ectoparasites can affect animals of all species and ages, being the young animals the most susceptible. The importance of a proper diagnosis of these health problems is given not only by the 1 Unidad de Investigaciones Agropecuarias –UNIDIA–, 2 Grupo Biotecnología Ambiental e Industrial, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá DC, Colombia 3 Corporación Micros, Villa Emilita, Chía, Cundinamarca, Colombia 4 Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá DC, Colombia 5 E-mail: [email protected] Recibido: 23 de setiembre de 2014 Aceptado para publicación: 25 de setiembre de 2015 91 A. Pulido-Villamarin et al. discomfort they generate in their hosts, but by the fact that they can transmit other pathogens. The aim of this paper was to describe some morphological characteristics of specific ectoparasites that have veterinary importance, especially under the prevailing environmental conditions in Colombia. Key words: diagnostic, external parasites, optical microscopy, scanning electronic microscopy siones activas. Debe usarse un bisturí afilado INTRODUCCIÓN para raspar profundamente la parte externa de la dermis junto con las raíces de los pelos, Los ectoparásitos se localizan en el teji- donde la profundidad dependerá del inicio del do subcutáneo o en la superficie dérmica, sangrado. Para esto, conviene humedecer la pelaje o plumas de los hospederos (Balashov, piel con glicerina o aceite mineral para per- 2006; Wall, 2007), donde se alimentan de mitir que los ácaros se adhieran al bisturí y se descamaciones o de sangre, produciendo le- evite la movilidad y su posible pérdida (Curtis, siones de forma directa. La mayoría perte- 2001; Ballweber, 2006). La muestra se reco- nece al grupo de los artrópodos, donde las ge de forma directa en una lámina porta-ob- familias clínicamente implicadas en medicina jetos, en un tubo pequeño o en un frasco her- veterinaria son Chelicerata (ácaros, garrapa- mético; asimismo, si se sospecha de tas) y Mandibulata (insectos) (Cordero del ectoparásitos en la oreja se debe obtener Campillo et al., 1999; Balashov, 2006). material escamoso del oído externo con un hisopo o un trozo de algodón sujetado con El mecanismo de acción patógena se unas pinzas (Curtis, 2001; Ballweber, 2006). basa en efectos sustractores o exfoliatrices, tóxicos, alérgicos y mecánicos (masticadores, El objetivo del presente trabajo fue pre- hematófagos, etc) (Balashov, 2006). Por sentar imágenes donde se describen algunas ejemplo, pueden producir reacciones características morfológicas de determinados inflamatorias con alopecia, formación de cos- ectoparásitos de interés en medicina veteri- tras (Fig. 1), prurito y alergias en los hospe- naria que fueron obtenidas durante la prácti- deros, ya sea por los antígenos salivales o ca diaria, especialmente bajo las condiciones fecales del artrópodo; donde además existe de Colombia. la posibilidad de transmisión de diversos agen- tes infecciosos (Wall, 2007). ALGUNOS ECTOPARÁSITOS DE IMPOR- El diagnóstico depende, en todos los TANCIA CLINICA VETERINARIA casos, de la obtención e identificación del parásito, sea mediante la observación directa macroscópica o mediante un raspado profun- Ácaros do de piel (Fig. 1B, C, D) y su visualización en el microscopio (Figs. 2 y 3) (Bergvall, Los ácaros pertenecen al Phylum 2005; Ballweber, 2006; Demeller et al., Arthropoda, Subphylum Chelicerata, clase 2012). Arachnida, subclase Acari. En el Superorden Anactinotrichida están los órdenes Ixodida y En el caso de los ácaros, la zona de elec- Mesostigmata, y en el Superorden ción para la toma de muestra es la parte más Actinotrichida los órdenes Prostigmata, húmeda del borde de la lesión, debido a que Astigmata y Oribatida. Asimismo, basados en la mayoría de los ectoparásitos pueden en- la morfología de los artrópodos se reconocen contrarse en las zonas periféricas de las le- ácaros sarcópticos y no sarcópticos, los pri- 92 Rev Inv Vet Perú 2016; 27(1): 91-113 Morfología de ectoparásitos de interés veterinario Figura 1. Lesiones cutáneas por ectoparásitos en el cerdo. A. Lesión costrosa en piel. B, C y D. Toma de muestras de piel para diagnóstico de laboratorio meros con un cuerpo redondo a ovalado con pisos, así como de madres a sus crías duran- extremidades articuladas, características te el periodo de lactancia (Mullen y Durden, opuestas al segundo grupo (Bergvall, 2005; 2009; Saari et al., 2009; ESCCAP, 2012). El Balashov, 2006). Dentro de cada orden se ciclo de vida de los ácaros puede durar cua- encuentran numerosas especies específicas tro semanas, incluyendo uno o varios esta- de hospedero (Cuadro 1). dios: huevo (eclosiona en 4 a 6 días), pre- larva (3 a 6 días), larva (3 a 5 días), protoninfa Su implicación en sanidad animal está (4 a 5 días), deutoninfa (6 a 10 días), tritoninfa dada por la incomodidad generada en el hos- y adulto. El desarrollo de huevo a adulto pue- pedero debida a la irritación, prurito y a las de durar de 2 a 3 semanas. Los huevos pue- lesiones ocasionadas por la penetración sub- den ser depositados externamente o son man- cutánea de los ácaros ante la creación de tú- tenidos en el útero de la hembra hasta la eclo- neles en el estrato córneo de la piel, o como sión (Fig. 3). en el caso de Demodex gatoi por su locali- zación en el estrato córneo. Adicionalmente, El cuerpo del adulto está dividido en dos se presentan infecciones bacterianas secun- secciones: la sección anterior llamada darias (Cortinas y Jones, 2006; Saari et al., gnatosoma y la sección posterior llamada 2009; Hernández et al., 2010). idiosoma. El gnatosoma (Fig. 4A) consta de palpos (órganos sensoriales para estímulos La transmisión ocurre por contacto di- químicos y táctiles), generalmente con cinco recto con animales infectados o por medio secciones, y quelíceros, empleados para la de materiales contaminados como camas y sujeción del alimento, con tres segmentos, que Rev Inv Vet Perú 2016; 27(1): 91-113 93 A. Pulido-Villamarin et al. Cuadro 1. Especies comunes de ácaros y sus hospederos animales, reportadas en la literatura científica1 Localización y Nombre científico Nombre común Hospedero sintomatología Chorioptes bovis Ácaro de la sarna Bovinos, equinos, En los espolones y la Chorioptes sp del ganado ovinos base de la cola. Causa inflamación y lesiones escamosas. Dermanysus gallinae Ácaro rojo de las Aves de corral, Mayormente en cabeza gallinas canarios, pericos, y patas, donde se Acaro de las palomas, humanos, desarrollan pápulas palomas equinos, caninos, pruriginosas y costras. felinos, roedores Demodex canis Ácaro folicular Caninos, felinos, Con mayor frecuencia Demodex cati Demodicosis ovinos, porcinos, en cara y cuello. Demodex gatoi bovinos, caprinos Signos clínicos más Demodex bovis evidentes en caninos. Demodex caprae Causa diversos grados Demodex aurati Hámster de alopecia con o sin Demodex criceti descamación leve. Sarcoptes scabiei Ácaro de la sarna Caninos, ovinos, En zonas con poco var. bovis Sarna sarcóptica caprinos, porcinos, pelo, principalmente var. ovis Sarna de la cabeza equinos, conejos, en miembros var. aucheniae roedores, especies posteriores y abdomen. silvestres, alpacas, Enrojecimiento de la llamas piel, pústulas, pápulas, lesiones costrosas y severo prurito. Notoedres cati Sarna notoédrica o Lesiones en orejas, de la cabeza cara, cuello y hombros, pudiendo llegar al abdomen, patas y periné. Psoroptes equi Ácaros de la sarna Equinos, roedores, Lesiones con inicio en Psoroptes ovis psoróptica bovinos, ovinos, orejas, cara, cuello y Psoroptes cuniculi conejos tronco. Causa prurito, pápulas, alopecia, excoriaciones, supuración y costras. Neotrombicula Ácaros de la Equinos Afecta cara, abdomen autumnalis cosecha y extremidades N. alfreddugesi Otodectes cynotis Ácaro de la sarna Caninos, felinos Inflamación del oído de la oreja externo, seborrea. 1 Bergvall, 2005; Cortinas y Jones, 2006; Mullen y Durden,
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