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President's Page 3 Front Cover Information 3 What Can the Flying Head Still Tell Us? by Stanley W. Baker 4 Mick Van Steen Three Hopewell Bird Effigy Pipes From Squier & Davis1 Collection in the British Museum by Michael Rusnak 8 The Goodfellow Home Site, Clark County In this issue of the Ohio Archaeologist is another article by tireless scholar, by Jim Bartlett 12 researcher and writer Mike Rusnak. Through his contacts with the British Artifacts From Destroyed Sites by Bill Lamantia 17 Museum and Dr. Barbara Harkness of Kent State University we are privileged A Large Sandstone Artifact From Near Fort Ancient to present some of Ohio's most priceless Hopewell artifacts from the by Alan Day, Eric W. Law and Dirk Morgan 18 Squier and Davis collection. These are considered to be among the finest Personal Finds by Rob Greer 21 artistic artifacts in the New World. The images are copyrighted by the Artifacts From An Old Collection Trustees of the British Museum and cannot be reproduced without their by Larry Swann 22 express permission. They are used in this publication with permission The Total Solar Eclipses of 957 and 985 A.D. And the Serpent Mound Effigy under their terms and conditions. We thank them for the opportunity to by Hal Povenmire 23 share them with the people of Ohio. European Cave Bears by Jim Mills 24 A Vintage Picture of Part of the Wehrle Collection by Robert Converse 25 Sands Hill Zaleski Flint Quarry Mutt Located in Richland Township, Vinton County, Ohio by Richard Walker 26 Mick Van Steen, President It Took Me 20 Years, But I Finally Found One! by Brian Mickey 30 A Knox County Effigy Paint Cup by Doug Stowers 31 Two Grooved Adzes by Ernie Riley 31 Front Cover Two Madison County Artifacts by Bob Montgomery 32 This is the third issue of the Ohio Archaeologist featuring artifacts from the A Crawford County Painted Pendant Peabody and British Museums, most of which have never been published by Gary Wagner 32 in full color. We thank both the Peabody Museum and the Directors of the Biconcave Slate Bars by Ron Thiebeau 33 British Museum for permission to share these priceless Ohio artifacts with A Reworked Adena Point our readers. The two Hopewell effigy pipes on the cover are part of the by Raymond A. Yoder 33 A Vintage Photograph of a Darke County Collection famous Squier and Davis collection which were collected in the mid-1800s by Elaine Holzapfel 34 and are now in the British Museum. The top pipe is called a heron and the A Madison County Miniature Pendant bottom example is a raptorial bird. These unique pipes are the epitome of by Doug Stowers 34 A Variety of Ohio Artifacts prehistoric art and are carved so faithfully that modem experts are able to by Col. Matthew W. Nahorn 35 tell the exact species represented. More on these and other artifacts from ASO Summer Show Marks Johnny Appleseed Chapter Anniversary the British Museum can be seen on pages 8 through 11 in this issue. We, by Michael Rusnak 36 and the people of Ohio, thank Mike Rusnak of Stow, Ohio, for this and A Darke County Fluted Point by Jim Stephan 38 other major contributions to our journal. Dr. John White Obituary 38

Hopewell Portable Cores Editor Robert N. Converse by Elaine Hozapfel 40

Front Cover Top Image: Hopewell pipe depicting a heron. Front Cover Bottom Image: Hopewell platform pipe of a raptorial bird.

3 WHAT CAN THE FLYING HEAD STILL TELL US? by Stanley W. Baker 109S. Galena Road Sunbury, OH

Unquestionably typology is one of the ethnic interpretation by the chance recovery carved this exotic material and other red most important tools in archaeological of native made objects. Craft items quite siltstones as early as 1630. Excavations analysis and interpretation. Typological in­ often possess a suite of traits providing an have proved the Seneca had a predilection terpretation has been most successful in opportunity for a more focused interpreta­ for true catlinite as early as 1650 (Wray and addressing temporal change or in docu­ tion. One example of a locally produced item Schoff 1953: 57 and 62). The earliest re­ menting evolving material culture pat­ hosting a suite of traits is the smoking pipe. ported catlinite pipe from New York state terns through time. Due to the absence of is a specimen from the Dann Site (a tradi­ contextual data in the prehistoric record, With this avenue of study in mind, an tional Seneca site dated to ca. 1650-1675), it cannot always be determined why two obviously related trait to more deeply ex­ Honeoye, New York which is now housed morphologically similar artifacts might be plore typological interpretation is the use the New York State Museum collections found in two physically distinct regions, of catlinite for carving stone pipes. This (Witthoft et al. 1953:91). the "how they got there" question. However, brilliant red, easily carved stone first saw repetitive findings sometimes suggest a limited use across the southern shores of There is also archaeological evidence level of inter-regional cultural continuity on the upper Great Lakes during the prehis­ for the contemporary use of catlinite on which further speculation can be made. toric era. This area, or the current states of Susquehannock Indian sites found along Wisconsin and Minnesota, was the point the headwaters of Chesapeake Bay. Dis- Obviously historic archaeologists can of geologic origin for this stone. During coidal-shaped beads have been found at access contextual data sometimes giving the subsequent protohistoric-era, its use the Schultz Site, Lancaster County, Penn­ them the ability to understand how artifact became more widespread. Catlinite pipes sylvania with an estimated use date range types may have drifted across the land­ are a common item across the upper of A.D. 1575-1600 (Kent 1984:167). In fact, scape. Even with this enhanced perspec­ Midwest and throughout the Great Plains a calumet bowl of catlinite was also found tive, individual historic cultural groups, region. Stylistically similar calumet pipe at the Schultz Site in a firmly datable con­ even linguistically distinct ones, cannot bowls have been reported from the Deep text (Kent 1984: 167-168 and Figure 31). always be identified through typical forms South or lower Mississippi Valley from ar­ The stone's continued use is evidenced of typological analysis alone. In eastern chaeological sites dating to the early 18th by the common occurrence of pipes and North America for example, the mate­ century. Similar bowls were continuously ornaments of this material on later Cones- rial culture of many aboriginal groups was produced through the 18th and 19th cen­ toga Indian town sites (Lancaster County, rather quickly overwhelmed by European turies. In fact, modern 20th century catlin­ Pennsylvania) known to date to first half of products spreading across a broad ar­ ite replicas are still being made. the 18th century (Kent 1984: 165-171). chaeological "Horizon" in theoretic termi­ nology. While it is usually quite easy for The presence/absence of catlinite is The production of catlinite pipes dating the archaeologist to determine when a a rough chronologic indicator across the to the late 18th and early 19th century is historic site was occupied, it can be ex­ lower Great Lakes region and along the not limited to just the upper Midwest. There tremely difficult to demonstrate the ethnic St. Lawrence River. Early French accounts is evidence they were also being made at identity of the people who lived there, es­ report the use of an easily polished "red eastern native reservations post-dating pecially if the only evidence is hard goods marble," surely catlinite, in the creation the removal era for many eastern native on which to base an interpretation. This of pipe bowls throughout the upper Great populations (see for example Witthoft et al paradox raises an important question: are Lakes region and upper Midwest during 1953: Plate 2, Number 4 and 5). One may there areas in the material culture record the last quarter of the 17th century (West conclude that catlinite is a good indicator that harbor traits that transcend rapid 1934: 232-235). One can further surmise of a post 16th century date. However, its technological change which allow ethnicity that catlinite itself was just one of several near universal occurrence does not allow to be assigned from evidence in the ar­ commodities introduced from the west and an archaeologist to ascribe a typical catlin­ chaeological record? northwest along well-established trade ite artifact to any one tribal group. This fact networks which extended into the lower requires the archaeologist to look at other The anthropological study of culture Great Lakes region at a time well before the stylistic traits if further interpretations are change or acculturation suggests that French penetrated the continent's interior. sought. certain typological traits might survive archaeologically on which to document Further east, catlinite, red shales, and Earlier this year, I had the opportunity to ethnicity. Though change is a product reddish siltstones were sought by most examine an engraved catlinite pipe (Figures of social conjunction and direct cultural Iroquoian speaking peoples from at least 1 and 2). I was particularly interested in so­ transmission (see the SSRC 1954: 974 A.D. 1600 onward. Catlinite beads have liciting the cultural identity of the carver. definition of acculturation), the resultant been reported from the Onondaga County The pipe itself is small (less than 2 inches patterns of change are dynamic with se­ (Indian Castle Site - ca. 1650) in upstate high) and can be described as trapezoidal- lected adaption of individual values. Ac­ New York (Grumet 1995: 391). The stone shape. The bowl and stem perforations are culturation exhibits differentiation or a was increasingly used by the Onondaga at a right-angle. The bowl cross section long process of integration with patterns after 1663. Furthermore, catlinite appears is rectangular and was made on a tabular and sequencing. Furthermore, Hallowell to have been the preferred medium by A.D. fragment of stone. Small trapezoidal pipes (1945: 187) suggests that in many cases, 1682 in the production of beads, pendants, are not a common form prehistorically. So acculturation " .... takes place on a modest and effigies (Bradley 1987: 102, 130, and conversely, its historic origin seems with­ scale through selective processes.... with­ 206). Though the extent of use was said to out question. Functionally, the size is indic­ out radical re-adaptation in the behavior be limited, catlinite first appears in the ar­ ative of a specimen that was not created of individual or a re-shaping of the total chaeological record on neighboring Oneida for a communal or necessarily a ceremoni­ mode of life." Hypothetically, the survival sites by ca. A.D. 1634 (Pratt 1976: 143). al purpose. Its use as a personal smoking of a trait might have ethnic overtones. So, The Seneca, or the western neighbors pipe suggests the specimen dates from there seems to be a glimmer of hope for of the Onondaga and Oneida, seemingly the late 18th but more likely the early 19th

4 century. These general characteristics Later Dah-qwa-nonh-en-yend spoke the iconic story, the pipe engraving also provide little evidence to demonstrate the to a younger warrior and future chief in a exhibits Cusick's transcendent style which pipe's cultural origins. As a result, my in­ dream requesting the Iroquois to forever is less pictographic in nature and more re­ terests were drawn to the engraving style. sing his favorite song, Ka-nonh-in-o-wih, alistic. When we look at the entire series of The pipe was cataloged as exhibiting an as an offering during a ceremony lately native drawn illustrations it is easy to see the engraved design depicting the profile of an known as the "Dark Dance". The Flying strong similarity of the face on the pipe with Indian head and headdress. Head can be said to have been conceived how several facial profiles were engraved in to describe the power of the wind as a liv­ Cusick's Ancient History (Figure 5). Upon further reflection, I was not con­ ing spirit. This tale is accompanied by a vinced the engraving depicts a human graphic rendition of the scene (Figure 3). We will probably never know what indi­ self-portrait. The engraving might not be vidual carved the pipe but the artist was wholly realistic. So conversely, the design There is no concrete evidence to deter­ obviously exposed to both: 1) the Iroquois may depict a mythical being, one com­ mine just how old this myth might be but mythology and symbolism; and 2) tradition­ monly known as the Flying Head in Iro­ surely it pre-dates the early 19th century, al stories of the Flying Head. Furthermore, quois legend. This alternative hypothesis or the estimated age of the catlinite pipe it is not too hard to see the pipe engraver seems quite valid based on artistic traits in question. Other legends also describe may have been influenced by Cusick's de­ and comparison of form and style through the Flying Head and were written as early sign style. Though a rather rare book to­ other artistic lines of research. If true, the as 1825. These were later printed in the day, Sketches of Ancient History of the Six pipe may be directly attributable to the Iro- Sketches of Ancient History of the Six Na­ Nations, was printed in three editions be­ quoian mythology because of the subject tions (Cusick 1828). David Cusick (1786- fore the mid 19th century and the second matter involved but also in the way the en­ 1831) was a Tuscarora Indian living near edition (1828) states the book was printed graving was executed. Niagara Falls, New York. Cusick's book and into seven thousand copies. Though such other 19th century evidence further links a number now seems a polemic claim (see To explore this hypothetical relationship, the pipe engraving to this mythical being. Parker 2007), unquestionably copies of the following question must be asked: what Sketches of Ancient History of the Six Na­ is the Flying Head in Iroquois mythology? David Cusick not only rendered oral tions ... were widely circulated and forever Jesse Cornplanter (1938: 86-92) states the tradition into written history, he was also influence both historic researchers and na­ myth of the "Flying Head" explains why the known to have illustrated scenes of daily tive artists alike. wind came to be and retells of the origin life and traditional encounters with the spirit of "Dah-gwa-nonh-en-yend", the spirit of world (Figure 4). These published engrav­ Regardless, David Cusick's work was the wind. The myth further describes when ings were based on his own designs since known to permeate the visual arts, litera­ the Flying Head was first seen. The event he was a well known native artist using ture, and Iroquoian ideology. All Iroquoian was said to have happened long ago when watercolors to visually preserve scenes in artists in any media rely heavily on Cu­ a war party was approaching the Oh-ya- Iroquois life. Several 19th century writers sick published work for inspiration. David dah nation, or the Cherokee, the Iroquois' comment on their acquisition of graphic seemingly influenced all later generations former enemy. While in the land of the works at Cusick's home (see Sturtevant of native artists. Today, the Flying Head is Oh-ya-dah, a strong wind began to blow 2007: 132 or McKenney 1827: 433 for still a well understood icon (Figure 6) and and the war party found shelter under a example). Today, there are known to be a Cusick has left an indelible mark on Iro­ stream bank in a narrow ravine. Then as series of 20 to 25 watercolor drawings and quoian arts. I would further offer that the the storm grew more violent the warriors secondary engravings that can be directly recognizable similarities might be termed noticed what seemed to be sparks of fire or indirectly related back to Cusick's work. a generic school of art, the Niagara School flying with the wind. All at once they saw if you will, since there are temporal impli­ a monster head with long hair flying in the Cusick's depictions have been de­ cations and the style developed out of the storm. Jesse Cornplanter (1938: 88-89) scribed as naive presentations, not true association of naive artists and local en­ further states: folk art. Stylistically, they resemble com­ gravers. In summary, the Flying Head can mon engravings of the period limited in be a powerful voice in archaeological in­ Now it seem[s] that this monster style with a flat or a two-dimensional qual­ terpretation. Though we cannot always tell head was the power of this ity. These drawings also emphasize facial what population produced certain catlinite wind-storm, as the trees of the profiles. The portrayals typically show pipes, the Flying Head in this case sug­ forest just snapped in two before awkwardly posed postures (Sturtevant gests the origin of this particular pipe must this head reached the tree. And 1007:129). Furthermore, one should refrain have been an Iroquois carver. they saw that it did have sparks of from calling this stylistic trend in Iroquoian fire issuing from its mouth as it art a folk art form which would imply: 1) References Cited: blew the wind. This monster Head a traditional form or craft, and 2) the use with its long hair whirling all of primitive techniques in its execution. Bradley, James W. directions was the center of the Though the subject matter is based on 1987 Evolution of the Onondaga storm. It would go this way, then native scenes, how they are executed has Iroquois: Accommodating Change would change its course. little to do with traditional artistic styles. 1500-1655. Syracuse University Here at its origin, we have new mediums Press, Syracuse, New York. After Dah-qwa-nonh-en-yend had left, of execution (i.e. watercolor drawing and the war party could see the storm's path engraving). These drawings were not in a Cusick, David by the up-rooted and snapped trees left quintessential native abstract style which 1828 David Cusick's Sketches of level to the ground. The leader then gave can be considered to be more pictograph- Ancient History of the Six Nations ... the following order that: ic in nature. This new style was a naive Second Edition.Tuscarora Village, representation having evolved multicultur- Lewiston, New York. Cooley and We shall return to our homes, we ally and from contact conditions faced by Lathrop Printers, Lockport, the Iroquois on reservations, melting pots shall each carry back to our New York. relatives a message of peace, and of assimilation that were slowly simmering in western upstate New York. we shall celebrate the event of our Cornplanter, Jesse J. close connection of this monster 1938 Legends of the Longhouse. head with due ceremony, which I This artistic context allows one to directly I.P. Lippincott, Philadelphia think is the reason we are spared compare the pipe engraving to Cusick's vi­ (Cornplanter 1938: 90). sual work. Though still a naive rendition of

5 Grumet, Robert S. 1995 Historic Contact: Indian People and Colonists in Today's Northeastern United States in the Sixteenth through Eighteenth Century. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.

Hallowell, A. Irvine 1945 Sociopsychological aspects of acculturation. In The Science of Man in World Crisis. Columbia University Press, New York.

Kent, Barry 1984 Susquehanna's Indians. Anthropological Series 6. The Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.

McKenney, Thomas L. Figure 1 (Baker): Obverse view showing the profile found engraved on an early 1827 Sketches of a Tour to the Lakes, 19th century trapezoidal shaped catlinite pipe. of the Character and Customs of the Chippeway Indians .... Baltimore, Maryland and later reprinted in 1959 by Ross and Haines, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Parker, Robert D. 2007 The Hum of Routine: Issues for the Study of Early American Indian Print Culture: A Response to Phillip H. Round. Oxford Journals, Oxford University Press, on-line at Advance Access Publication.

Pratt, Peter P. 1976 Archaeology of the Oneida Iroquois, Volume 1. Occasional Publication on Northeastern Anthropology, Number 1. Man in the Northeast, George's Mill, NH.

SSRC Figure 2 (Baker): Reverse view of the catlinite pipe in Figure 1 showing the abstract (The Social Science Research Council) engraving of hair, or possibly the blowing wind. 1954 Acculturation: an exploratory formulation. American Anthropologist 56(6): 973-1002.

Sturtevant, William C. 2007 Early Iroquois Realist Painting and Identity Marking. In Three Centuries of Woodland Indian Art, pp.129-143. Edited by J .OH. King and Christian F. Feest. ZKF Publishers, Altenstadt.

West, George A. 1934 Tobacco, Pipes, and Smoking Customs of the American Indian. Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee, Number 17. Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Figure 3 (Baker): Jesse Cornplanter's depiction of the wind storm associated with the myth of the Flying Head.

6 Figure 4 (Baker): David Cusick's early 19th century depiction of the Flying Head from Iroquois mythology.

Figure 6 (Baker): The Flying Head motif is still a well recognized symbol in modern 20th century Iroquois art.

Figure 5 (Baker): Detail from one of David Cusick's drawings to illustrate the artistic design similarities with the engraving shown in Figure 1. THREE HOPEWELL BIRD EFFIGY PIPES FROM SQUIER & DAVIS' COLLECTION IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM by Michael Rusnak 4642 Friar Rd. Stow, OH 44224 [email protected]

As is well documented, Ephraim Squier dently designed for the insertion of feath­ in low relief. Feathering and facial features and Edwin Davis, the authors of Ancient ers or other ornaments." are indicated with light incisions." The Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, exca­ piece measures 5 cm. in length, 3.7 cm vated a number of animal effigy pipes of The Museum's notes state the pipe in width, and 5 cm. in height. It was also the Hopewell Culture from Ohio mounds was assembled from fragments found in found at Mound City in Mound 8. before 1860. As was discussed in a pre­ Mound 8 at Mound City. It is made from vious article, much of their collection was grey pipestone, and measures 9.5 cm. in The Hopewell Culture in Ohio generally purchased by William Blackmore of Salis­ length, 3.3 in width and 5.8 cm. in height. is dated from 200 B.C. to 400 A.D. during bury, England in 1864 for $10,000, and later the Middle Woodland Period. acquired by the British Museum in 1931. Heron Pipe A side and top view of a pipe that Squier All British Museum photographs used in Photographs and catalog data of many of and Davis identify as a "tufted heron" eat­ this article are copyright of the Trustees of these extraordinary artifacts are now avail­ ing a fish are shown in figures 6 and 7 the British Museum and are used with per­ able on the British Museum's website http:// found also in Mound 8 of Mound City. The mission under their terms and conditions. www.britishmuseum.org/. Simply clicking Museum notes state that this effigy pipe the "research" tab and entering a keyword was reconstructed from fragments, but search for such terms as "Hopewell," or is "largely intact," and that "The fish and "Ohio" easily locate photographs of many bird's feet are carved in relief on the plat­ Ohio pieces both common and rare. A form," and that "the legs are also indicated search can also be narrowed by using such in relief against a column supporting the features as the "image only" preference or body," and that "the wings are shown with by links to related categories. quite deep incisions, while the feathering is depicted quite lightly and selectively." Sitting Bird Pipe The pipe measures 9.3 cm. in length, 5.1 As you study these fresh photographs em. in height, and 3.8 cm. in width. from the British Museum, each effigy pipe of the Hopewell Culture reveals in­ Figure 8 is the black line drawing of the dividual qualities and characters of the pipe from Ancient Monuments and figure animal depicted. 9 is from Flint Chips, an early museum guide. This pipe was obviously greatly Figures 1 -4 are British Museum photo­ admired by Squier and Davis. They com­ graphs of a bird effigy pipe depicted in a ment, "He is represented in the attitude of kind of sitting or perhaps nesting position, striking a fish," and that "Nothing can sur­ appearing quite stable near the far end of pass the truthfulness and delicacy of the its platform. The top view depicts the fold­ sculpture." ed wings in a neatly carved relief, which also give the impression of the bird at rest. From the photographs, their excitement Of particular note is the special attention about this particular pipe is easily under­ that was paid in carving of the bird's feet. standable. The familiar Crosshatch pattern neatly represents the rough-looking texture of As is the case with most of these Hopewell the skin over the bird's legs and feet. In effigies, the ancient artisans who carved addition, the individual toes and gripping them had accomplished skills. They ob­ claws are depicted. The British Museum served the animals depicted, visualized notes relate a similarity in style to other their likeness and crafted the stone into pieces saying the legs are depicted "in a such elegant forms. The prominent arch­ shape often seen also in mica and copper ing neck of the bird for example creates a cut-outs from the same culture period." sense of movement, making it seem as if the fish was just pulled from a river. The Museum's notes state the pipe was assembled from fragments found in Bird Pipe Fragment Mound 8 at Mound City. It is made from Another fine example of movement grey pipestone, and measures 9.5 cm. in suggested in stone can be seen in the length. pipe fragment photographs in figures 10- 13. The head appears especially detailed. Figure 5 is the black line drawing of the It is slightly tilted as if it suggests a little pipe from Ancient Monuments. Squier and movement. The pipe is reconstructed from Davis comment that the pipe "is well fin­ fragments where much of the platform is ished in every respect." Although not vis­ absent. According to the Museum notes ible in the photographs, Squier and Davis "The upper effigy is formed around the also note "At the tail are two holes, evi­ bowl, with wings and head feathers carved

8 Figures 1 and 2 (Rusnak) Two views of a Hopewell effigy pipe.

Figure 5 (Rusnak) Squier and Davis' drawing of pipe in Figs. 1,2,3.4. Figures 3 and 4 (Rusnak) Top and front views of bird effigy pipe.

9 Figure 8 (Rusnak) Drawing of heron pipe by Squier and Davis. Figure 9 (Rusnak) Drawing of pipe from the 1369 book Flint Chips. 10 Figures 10-13 (Rusnak) Four views of a Hopewell platform pipe of a raptorial bird.

Figure 14 (Rusnak) Squier and Davis' drawing of raptorial bird pipe.

11 THE GOODFELLOW HOME SITE, CLARK COUNTY by Jim Bartlett Cable, OH

This home site was excavated from leaving the foundation of the house about sterile soil. We discovered that the founda­ the spring of 2001 through mid-summer 25 feet from the current edge of the dropoff tion, measuring 18' by 20', was construct­ of 2003. It is located on an elevated site (Fig 1). ed of four layers of brick with large field above Beaver Creek in Harmony Town­ stones at the corners (Fig. 5). A brick stoop ship, eastern Clark County, Ohio. Beaver The first several hours of metal detect­ was discovered in the middle of the south Creek is a tributary of Buck Creek which ing the top of the hill above the eroded foundation, evidently the main entrance to flows into Mad River on the west side of stream bank yielded many larger pieces of the house (Fig. 6). Over the course of the Springfield. The property is about a mile metal including a large hand forged hinge, next three months, working evenings and south of US 40, the National Road, al­ spikes and several examples of tableware, on the weekends, the entire area within though the main east/west road at the along with pieces of cast iron and un­ the foundation was excavated. Luckily, the time this house was built was the Lon- identifiable pieces of sheet metal. Further work had been completed when the owner don-Plattsburg Road to the south. The sweeps of the site yielded brass buttons announced that the excavation would have Manring Mound, partially destroyed by and buckles, pewter spoon fragments and to be filled in by July 1 because he had the building of the National Road and sal­ hundreds of iron nails. During the spring decided to buy feeder cattle and pasture vage excavated by Arthur Altick in 1940, and fall of 2002 the investigation of the site the site. The area was filled in by hand by could have been seen from this farm­ was limited to metal detecting because the deadline and grass took hold quickly to stead. Several articles about the Manring the owner pastured the site from April un­ protect the site once again. Mound, written by Clark County resident til November with 60 head of beef feeder Robert Morris, have recently appeared in cattle. Each signal was dug and the hole In the spring of 2004 the owner pro­ the Ohio Archaeologist (54/1 & 56/3). immediately refilled. Signals that led to a tected the entire length of the stream on cluster of artifacts or a feature were filled his property through a fencing project This part of Clark County was settled by back in at the end of each visit. partially funded by the US Department of the Goodfellow family in the early 1800's, Agriculture. Eight acres of tree planting as early as 1805. There is an abandoned The largest feature found early on in the were completed within the fence, with the family cemetery west of the home site on dig was a trash pit containing an interest­ home site fenced in but unplanted. This an adjoining farm and several members ing combination of artifacts. A strong sig­ has allowed further investigation of the of the Goodfellow family are buried in nal indicated a large piece or pieces of iron site. Significant recent finds have includ­ Wraggs Cemetery a little more than a mile fairly deep in the ground at the edge of the ed three pierced one cent coins from the to the southwest. The dates on the Wraggs drop off into the creek. The pit contained 1830's and 40's found in a small cluster Cemetery headstones are from the 1850's an early felling axe and splitting wedge, a in the pasture southwest of the home site and 1860's. This information was gleaned spatterware bowl, other broken saucers and a Civil War era cuff button found just from the current owner who was aware of and plates, broken glass bottles, a scroll northwest of the house foundation. These the past ownership of the tract. A member flask, part of a redware jar, a gun flint and a are shown in Fig. 7. of the Goodfellow family did not have any small medicine bottle. Two large one cent knowledge of the site when contacted by pieces dated 1826 and 1845 were also Artifacts the owner. found in this feature (Fig. 2). Some of the more interesting artifacts of daily life in the 1800's will be highlighted After many metal detecting visits, and and pictured below. While everything was the cattle closely grazing the grass on the Description of Site and Excavation kept for study and add to the "big picture", site, concentrations of brick were discov­ My son Dan and I had permission to the more unique pieces will be discussed ered at and just under the surface of the metal detect an old mill site along the here. The complete grouping of artifacts ground. We could tell approximately where creek in another part of the pasture, but will hopefully be displayed at a future the chimney fell from the slight rise and chapter or Columbus meeting. did not find much period material except amount of bricks, brick dust and mortar. for a few links of chain and nails. The brass Test pits yielded bone scales of knives, hair From the construction methods and ma­ ends of old shotgun shells were found in combs, several kinds of beads, slate pen­ abundance, the result of clay pigeon tar­ terials used in the house, and the artifacts cils and pieces of a slate tablet, a gun flint, found during the excavation, I believe that get practice sessions. After digging over a bone crochet tool and a locket. (Fig. 3). a dozen of these strong signals, we had the house was built in the 1820's and was lost our ambition to detect this part of occupied until after the Civil War, possibly The owner informed us that he wasn't go­ the property. The eroded stream bank on into the 1870's. There may have been a ing to invest in feeder calves in the spring the south side of the creek caught our at­ log structure on the site that preceded this of 2003. The site would be available for tention. We thought that this area looked house, but the brick foundation, large brick further investigation if we wanted to do a good as a prehistoric occupation site. We hearth and great number of cut nails found more thorough dig. It was decided to start found a few flint flakes on the slopes of the during the excavation and metal detecting at the slight rise where we located all the stream bank, but were further encouraged point to a frame house with clapboard sid­ brick to see if that area was indeed the by the number of bricks, broken china and ing and wooden shingles on the roof. One base of the chimney. After several days redware we saw at the top of the eroded recent 6' by 6' excavation in the area of the of shovel work, using trowels to "piece bank. We soon realized that we had found northwest corner of the foundation yielded pick" the artifacts, the entire hearth area an undisturbed early home site dating to over 125 cut nails of 2-3". was excavated (Fig 4). A jumble of animal the early 1800's. Unlike many other early bones, broken china, bone, brass and cabin sites we had metal detected over Prehistoric Artifacts china buttons, nails and coins were found the years, this site had not been scattered The earliest artifacts found on the among the large field stones and brick. It by agricultural tillage practices. The ero­ site indicate that the high ground above was decided to excavate the entire foun­ sion of the stream bank over the years has Beaver Creek attracted inhabitants for dation and the living area inside down to been the greatest influence on the site, thousands of years before the Goodfel-

12 low family picked the spot for their farm­ two tines, with the bone handles showing his farms. As an absentee owner living stead. The tools and points found during some refinement over time. Pewter spoons over 600 miles away on the east coast, he the dig were manufactured from a variety were in the minority with only three pieces is delighted to hear about new finds and of flint and chert sources including Flint in the assemblage. No silver spoons were enjoys speculating about the sites and Ridge, Upper Mercer, Logan County chert, recovered. about further discoveries. Delaware chert and possibly Indiana horn- stone. Archaic through late Woodland Children's Items After locating up to a dozen sites from point types were found. The Delaware The children of the homestead used this era in agricultural fields while sur­ chert point shown in the bottom row, third slate tablets and pencils that marked the face hunting for Indian relics in the last from the right, in Fig. 8 resembles a lance­ slate a lighter shade of gray than the slate 20 years, it was rewarding to find one in olate. It is less than 1.5" long, and is most itself. Ten of these pencil pieces were a pasture undisturbed by row crop farm­ likely a variation of a triangle. found along with two pieces of slate. Four ing. There is no evidence that the structure clay or china marbles were found, one with burned so it is interesting to speculate why Tableware concentric bands of blue and red. A china the site was abandoned and whether tim­ The china patterns date from the late doll's arm and leg were also excavated. bers and boards were salvaged for other eighteenth century through the middle Vic­ Several of the small pocket knives may construction off of the site. Other homes torian period. The earliest china includes have been lost by the boys at play. from this period were occupied for a much hand painted patterns and early transfer longer time, even into the 20th century. ware. There are several feather edge pat­ Aside from a few fishing lures and pull tabs Buttons & Beads from beverage cans, this site remained as terns, seaweed mocha, spatter ware and The materials and styles of the buttons later, thicker ironstone transfer ware with a time capsule of daily life during the first recovered from the site give an indication 50 years of Ohio's statehood. one pattern entitled "Athens" (Fig. 9). of the period of occupation of the home Some of the more interesting pieces of site. A total of 80 buttons are in the collec­ pottery (Fig. 10) include an illustration on tion. The earlier buttons found are of brass a rim sherd that depicts two men possibly (several show gilding), pewter and bone traveling on the road. One man is smoking and the later buttons are of china and a pipe and the other is carrying luggage. shell. Two iron buttons were found. The Four cup or saucer bottoms have attrac­ only military button found is a cuff button tive decorations. Another sherd has the showing the Federal eagle, probably dat­ words Columbian and In. Ridgway on one ing to the Civil War. side along with the date October 28th, 1840. A log cabin is on the other side. The earliest beads recovered from the After my son and I checked with another site may be the two blue seed beads avocational archaeologist and collector followed by the faceted white and blue we found out that the pattern was called beads which are often found on sites Columbian star by an English maker by from the 1830's and 1840's. The fairly the name of John Ridgway. This could large diameter dark glass beads and the possibly have been made for the Presi­ clear amber colored bead appear to have dential campaign of William Henry Har­ been wound rather than drawn during rison in 1840 when the log cabin symbol their manufacture. was prominent. Several finials were also found. With so many patterns represent­ ed the china may have been purchased Coins as individual pieces rather than as larger A total of 11 coins were found during sets with multiple place settings, espe­ metal detecting, in the excavation of the cially in earlier years. A detailed account trash pit or in the area within the founda­ of table ware from the period has recently tion. All are one cent pieces with dates of been presented by Cyndie Gerken in the 1826 to 1862. Three are the smaller sized Ohio Archaeologist issue 56/2 in her ar­ one cent pieces including a 1858 flying ea­ ticle about Springfield's Pennsylvania gle and two Indian head pennies of 1859 House tavern. and 1862. A fractional piece of a silver coin, showing evidence of being in a fire, was found a good distance south of the Glassware home site. Glassware found during the excava­ tion is mainly clear and aqua and, besides Miscellaneous Artifacts window glass, is mainly pieces of pontil Some other interesting pieces from the bottomed patent medicine bottles and dig are stem pieces of clay smoking pipes, scroll flasks. Several earlier cylindrical part of a settler's clay pipe, scissors, two medicine bottle bottoms were also found. razors, part of a bridle and a silvered spur. The patent medicine bottles with inscrip­ tions were from Cincinnati and New York and contain the words "elixir" and "for Summary the skin and hair". An identifiable piece While the discovery of this site and its of a local bottle was from the N. Span- artifacts may not add significantly to the genberger Company from Springfield, knowledge of the way of life in Clark Coun­ Ohio which started to bottle beverages in ty in the first half of the 19th century, it has the early 1860's. Only a few examples of taught my son and me much about the pressed glass were found. period and has given us the confidence to take on a large project and see it through to completion. It has also shown the land­ Utensils owner that we can be entrusted with this About a dozen iron spoons or parts of kind of work on his property. This has led spoons were found along with an equal to further excavation on several other of number of knives. Forks of the period had

13 Figure 1 Elevated home site above Beaver Creek, Harmony Township, Clark County, Ohio.

Figure 2 Contents of trash pit excavated in Spring, 2001 showing early felling axe, splitting wedge, tableware, glassware, earthenware, coins and amber colored gun flint.

Figure 3 Items from 2002 test pits on perimeter of house foundation including slate and slate pencils, bone scales from knives, rubber combs, glass beads, locket, crochet tool and amber colored gun flint.

14 Figure 4 Brick hearth uncovered early in spring 2003 excavation.

15 F/g/. 7 Three pierced one cent pieces metal detected by Dan Bartlett in pasture south of fenced home site. Civil war era cuff button metal detected by Jim Bartlett near eroded creek bank. Both in 2007.

Fig. 8 Prehistoric chert artifacts found during excavation of home site.

Fig. 9 Ceramics from site from the period 1780 to 1860's, ranging from hand painted china and early transfer ware to later ironstone transfer patterns with classical themes.

Fig. 10 Cup and saucer bottoms, finials and interesting sherds of pottery found on the site.

16 ARTIFACTS FROM DESTROYED SITES by Bill Lamantia Box 105 Hopedale, OH 43976

In the accompanying pictures are artifacts from sites in my area which are gone with a brief description of each.

1. Obverse and reverse of a Coshocton flint fluted point. Deersfield, Ohio 2. A Flint Ridge flint Paleo spurred end scraper Richmond, Ohio. 3. A small drill, Connersville, Ohio. 4. Notched mussel shells, Costonia, Ohio. 5. Bifurcate, Richmond, Ohio. 6. A re-notched Adena Point, Unionport, Ohio. 7. A re-worked Lanceolate Point, Mingo Junction, Ohio. 8. Flint Ridge points

1/ A LARGE SANDSTONE ARTIFACT FROM NEAR FORT ANCIENT by Alan Day Eric W. Law Dirk Morgan 647 Highland Avenue Geology Department 6146 Gilmour Road Cambridge, OH 43725 Muskingum University Morrow, OH 45152 New Concord, OH 43762

On 14 April 2009 Dirk Morgan, who ground and removed the soil within its Morgan then e-mailed them photos of the lives along the Little Miami River about a V-shaped cavity, Mr. Morgan rotated it to object. They recognized its resemblance mile south of the Fort Ancient earthworks a position in which it sat firmly upright, to the head of a snapping turtle, but in Warren County, Ohio, unearthed this whereupon he was startled to see a huge doubted that it was of human workman­ sandstone boulder on his property, origi­ grinning head like that of a snapping tur­ ship because the eyes were of slightly dif­ nally intending to place it in his wife Lori's tle - and with eyes in the right places on ferent sizes and not in precisely the same rock garden. Upon close inspection, he each side, one of them with a round cen­ location on each side, the head was pro­ quickly changed his mind. tered iris. portionally narrower than that of a real-life snapping turtle, and the apparent carving The object measures 27" long, 18" high, Realizing that he might have uncovered was too crude. Mr. Morgan persisted, so and 10" wide. It was roughly 75% buried, an artifact of considerable age, given a week later a local museum's curator of and inverted from the position in which it its depth of deposition and proximity to archaeology was sent to inspect it. The is shown above. Its exposed surface gave the Ft. Ancient earthworks, Mr. Morgan curator looked it over for about three min­ the appearance of being nothing more showed his find to the manager of that utes, then declared it to be nothing more than a rounded rock typical of glacial er­ site, who immediately recognized its pos­ than a product of natural erosion. ratics left in that area by the lllinoian ice sible importance and contacted profes­ sheet. Having pried the stone from the sional archaeologists in Columbus. Mr.

Mr. Morgan offered to transport the ob­ In May 2009 the stone was transported The presence of a rock inclusion of any ject to Columbus for an in-person assess­ to Muskingum University's geology labo­ type is unlikely. There is no penological/ ment by the archaeologists there, but re­ ratory. After an almost two-hour examina­ geological reason for the presence of ceived this reply: "I see no reason at this tion, Prof. Law concluded that in addition this large wedge-shaped recess. The in­ time to pursue further investigations of your to compelling but not entirely conclusive nermost part of the mouth, the throat, is enigmatic stone object." This was to have circumstantial physical evidence, distinct a cave-like indentation with parallel up­ been the final judgment, but in the mean­ tool marks at the back of the figure's per and lower planes. There is no natural time photos of the object had appeared in mouth, perpendicular to the crevice, give process that can produce this kind of ero­ the on-line edition of the Cincinnati Enquir­ clear indication of artificial modification. sion. Further, highly probable tool marks er, and a link to these had been posted in are observable and well preserved. Cut­ an archaeology forum on the Internet. Alan Dr. Law's observations follow: ting the rectangular notch at the back of Day, an avocational archaeologist with Major arguments for human modifica­ the mouth would probably have required some academic training and fieldwork ex­ tion of this rock include: 1. Except for the a 0.5-cm-wide hafted chisel bit; for ex­ perience, brought these to the attention of bedding surface that defines the width of ample, a piece of flint. Prof. Eric Law at Muskingum University in the head, straight faces are not conform­ Ohio, a specialist in petrology, the branch able either with rock bedding or with rock There is, unfortunately, no material within of geology that deals with the origin, com­ joints. 2. Angles between straight faces the rock that can provide for a determina­ position, structure, and alteration of rocks. are either too wide or too narrow, not be­ tion of the time of human modification. Dr. Law observed that the appearance of ing characteristic of natural fractures. Judging from the location of the find site the stone as seen in the photos and some 3.The wedge-shaped indentation within and circumstantial contextual evidence, better ones that had been taken suggest­ the left eye (appearance of an iris) is pet- there seems little doubt that this sandstone ed at least an 85% probability of artificial rologically unexplainable other than by an block is an artifact created by aboriginal modification, natural erosion into the cur­ unlikely natural impact mechanism. 4. The inhabitants of the Fort Ancient area. rent form seeming somewhat difficult. most convincing evidence is the mouth.

18 In July 2009 Dr. Robert Riordan of Wright of determining the time at which the stone thousands of years before the Hopewell, State University, an archaeologist and was modified, one can only speculate on and the production of simple (as well as prominent researcher of the Hopewell, ex­ its temporal and cultural affiliation. Given often quite refined) zoomorphic imagery in amined the Turtle Head in person and said its close proximity to the Fort Ancient site, lithic material is well known from at least as he had no doubt that it had been human- one could conjecture that it is a product far back as the Archaic Period. One could modified. He did not venture a guess as to of the "Fort Ancient culture," but then the also speculate that the stone was carved when it had been worked, or by whom. earthworks apparently were constructed by members of a relatively recent tribe in by the Hopewell as much as a thousand the area (e.g., Shawnee), although we are Since current dating technologies do years earlier (roughly 100 BC to 400 AD). not aware of historical accounts of such not (as far as we know) provide a means Of course humans inhabited the area activity. (And labor-intensive zoomorphic

creations seem to have been more char­ For at least a century this hill has been occupational hazard to be dealt with as ex­ acteristic of aboriginal inhabitants hun­ known locally as "The Ark" because of its pediently as possible, typically by present­ dreds of years before that time, prior to a resemblance to an upside-down boat. In ing (as in the case of this find) a superficial cultural decline.) the context of the carved rock, it takes and facile explanation in terms of natural little imagination to see the hill's form as erosion, differential weathering, etc. Usu­ It seems likely that the "Turtle Head" had that of an upright turtle carapace. (And ally this suffices to send the finder on his or remained in place for quite a long time, this venue by the river is home to an abun­ her way. Citing "images in clouds" is usu­ given its size and weight, and its prove­ dance of turtles.) Of course this image is ally part of the routine, conveniently ignor­ nience at least fifteen feet above the flood common in Native American tradition, and ing a likewise real part of the human con­ plain. And there is no indication in prop­ there is their well-known creation story in dition, "psychological set," to which even erty records that the immediate terrain which the earth itself emerges on the back professional archaeologists are subject; had seen activity in historical time likely to of a turtle. i.e., one generally sees only what one is cause major perturbation. A properly exe­ expecting to see. And one all too often be­ cuted search for temporally diagnostic ar­ The evidence of human agency revealed lieves one really understands what people tifacts in the stratum might be helpful, but by proper scientific assessment of this hundreds or thousands of years ago could then this object could have been present crude but compelling piece that was so or could not have been thinking and doing, in situ long before these were deposited. hastily dismissed as a "geofact" seems to while it is a pretty safe bet that they just did Altogether it is a bit of a mystery. suggest that a common practice among whatever they did with little consideration professional/academic archaeologists of what we might think about this in the It is interesting (maybe meaningfully, should be reconsidered. These are often twenty-first century AD. maybe not) that this stone was situated approached by avocationals and casual near a large and symmetrical hill (aban­ finders seeking an opinion on stones hav­ Altogether, it seems that at least the more doned meander core) about 100' high, ing the appearance of artificial modification compelling "figure stones" should, when shown on the topographic map below. into zoomorphic or even anthropomorphic practical, be subjected to close examina­ The approximate location of the "Turtle forms, and many if not most professionals tion by specialists in the physical proper­ Head" is indicated by the red X. have more or less understandably come ties of the lithic material. Of course given (or have been taught?) to regard this as an the ravages of weathering, erosion, and

19 other attrition ("taphonomy" in general), it such suspected artifacts that have been cases). Whether or not an object match­ is, in most cases, much less a matter of dismissed as geofacts, not fitting ac­ es textbook pictures of pre-recognized establishing the certainty of artificiality cepted "Indian" artifact paradigms, artifact material, if it is human-modified than of trying to assess a level of prob­ have, upon close (often microscopic) it is in fact a part of the archaeological ability. In the past few years it has been inspection, revealed a high probability of record. these authors' experience that several human modification (near certainty in some

20 PERSONAL FINDS by Rob Greer Columbus, OH

I found the knife at left in a freshly-picked soybean field near Amanda in Fairfield County. It measures 5 inches long and is made of Coshocton flint. The banded slate panel banner at top of page was found between Alum and Big Walnut Creeks (Franklin County) in late October. It was such an exceptional artifact that I had it restored. At right is an Adena cache blade made of Coshocton flint. I picked it up the day before Christmas (temperature was ten degrees below zero) next to Big Walnut Creek in Franklin County. The granite Hopewell celt came from Reedsville, in Meigs County, along the Ohio River.

21 ARTIFACTS FROM AN OLD COLLECTION by Larry Swann Indiana

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 111111111111111 I I I | I I I I I M I M I I I I I I I

INCHES Ralph Burnsworth, born in 1900 in Perry County, Ohio, started collecting artifacts when he was only ten years old. Notes from his catalog state that the two gorgets (G-601) were recovered from two adjoining mounds on the William Long farm two and a half miles south of Thorneville, Perry County, Ohio.

L= tf

Pentagonal points (E-432) from the Burnsworth collection came from near Hebron, Ohio.

22 THE TOTAL SOLAR ECLIPSES OF 957 AND 985 A.D. AND THE SERPENT MOUND EFFIGY by Hal Povenmire Florida Institute of Technology 215 Osage Drive Indian Harbour Beach, FL 32937 [email protected]

In south central Ohio is the world's The statistics on these two eclipses are References largest effigy Indian Mound. This Serpent as follows: (1) Squier, Ephraim G. and Davis, shaped mound is 1370 feet long, three Edwin H. (1848) Ancient Monuments feet high and has an object in its mouth. July 29,957 A.D. Duration 5 min 46 sec, of the Mississippi Valley Smithsonian The purpose of this mound has been a altitude 69°, path width 156 miles Institution Press Washington D.C. matter of speculation for many years but July 20, 985 A.D. Duration 1 min 31 sec, (reprinted 1998) astronomers who observed it thought this low in morning sky, path width 38 miles. must represent an eclipse of the sun. The There were no other good candidate (2) Espenak, F. and Meese, Jean (2006) age of this mound is not well known but eclipses for more than 153 years on either Goddard Space Flight Center Five several radio carbon 14 estimates indicate side of these two. Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses about 1070 years A.D. While the theory of NASA Government Printing Office this dating is sound, it is very difficult to The two eclipses would have made a Washington D.C. get uncontaminated specimens to date. profound effect as many members of this Bioturbation, burrowing animals and frost group could have witnessed both events. (3) USGS 7,'5 Sinking Spring. Ohio cracks can reverse the structural timeline The Indians during this period were known topographic map of an earthen mound making the earth­ as the Moundbuilders and the most likely work appear younger. The shifting carbon group were ones known as the Fort Ancient (4) Multiple notes from the annals of the left over from a later culture on the surface culture. These people were knowledgeable Ohio Historical Society migrates deep into the mound contami­ of astronomy, religious and were sophis­ nating the specimen. Groundhogs are par­ ticated. There were two other important (5) Povenmire, H. (2000) The Serpent ticularly destructive in this manner. They astronomical events which occurred near Mound Ohio Astrobleme-New Access, make their burrows on top of raised earth this time. These were the appearance of Refined Data. M&PS Abstract mounds, then burrow very deep and often the brilliant Crab Nebula Supernova in July expose bones and artifacts on the surface 1054 and Halley's Comet in 1066. The oval (6) Povenmire, H. (2003)The Sacred Ring from inside a mound. With these thoughts to head areas of the Serpent are aligned to Effigy Mound. Zaleski State Park, in mind, I started examining earlier dates. the summer solstice sunset. The other ef­ Vinton Co. Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist It is important for researchers to go back figy mound in Ohio is the Opossum mound Vol. 53 no. 4 p.21 and attempt to get more specimens which and is attributed to the Fort Ancient culture. are not contaminated. The Fort Hill structure is also located just (7) Povenmire, H. (2003) The Alligator to the north of Serpent Mound. There are Effigy Mound, Granville, Licking Co., To determine what eclipse might have many prominent mounds in this area but Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist Vol. 52 been responsible for this event the paths many were produced by two earlier cul­ no. 2 p.25. of 3,620 solar eclipses between the years tures, the Adena and the Hopewell. These of 4 B.C. and 1538 A.D. were examined. effigy mounds were not burial mounds so (8) Povenmire, H. (2001) The Tarlton, Ohio skeletal evidence and artifacts cannot be Indian Effigy Cross Mound LPSC After surveying the solar eclipses which used to date these structures. Abstract Houston, TX. passed near the site area, a total of 43 were selected. Nearly all of these can be The Serpent effigy is located in a state (9) The Slithering Serpents Sky and eliminated easily because they were not in park just west of the town of Locust Grove Telescope (2000). the right time era, were annular instead of in Adams County, Ohio. This is just north of total eclipses or the altitude was not favor­ Rt. 73 and the Serpent is on a plateau that able. overlooks Brushy Creek. The approximate coordinates of this site are long. 83d25.8' The following assumptions were made: W., and lat.39d 01.5' N. (WGS-84). This is on the USGS 7.'5 Sinking Spring, Ohio (1) This must have been a very topo. spectacular event (2) It was visible at or nearby the location By remarkable coincidence, the loca­ of Serpent Mound. tion of this mound is on the western flank of the ancient Serpent Mound astrobleme (3) The effigy mound was constructed which is an asteroid impact scar of the soon after the event. Permian era, possibly 266 ± million years of age and has no connection except by Almost immediately an interesting se­ name. quence appeared. There were two total eclipses which occurred over this site separated by 28 years. This is a rare event because on average, any site on the Earth usually gets only one total solar eclipse every 360 years.

23 EUROPEAN CAVE BEARS by Jim Mills Berholz, OH

The Cave Bear as a species of bear which lived in Europe during the Pleistocene and became extinct at the beginning of the Last Glacial Maximum about 27,500 years ago. This specimen came from the Bihor Mountain Region-Romania. They were comparable in size to the largest modern day bears. They were worshiped by the Neanderthals, as several collections of bones and skulls were arranged by them as various grave offerings. They were also probably preyed upon by the Neanderthals.

24 A VINTAGE PICTURE OF PART OF THE WEHRLE COLLECTION by Robert Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, OH

The collection of prehistoric artifacts amassed by A. E. Wehrle of Newark, Ohio, was one of the largest ever owned by one collector. A. E. Wehrle was a wealthy Newark, Ohio, industrialist who owned the Wehrle Stove Company. He also hired a crew of local residents, most of whom worked for him, to excavate mounds in the Licking County area. This excavation crew was headed by the late Jess Walker of Newark. Wehrle bought numerous sizable collections during the 1920s and 1930s among which were the Buck collection and the Hill collection of Delaware, Ohio, and the Kistler collection of Newcomerstown, Ohio. The Wehrle collection gradually became one of the largest in the United States. The collection was sold in the early 1950s after Wehrle's death. Although hundreds of Wehrle artifacts grace Midwestern collections, and the name Wehrle is still well-known, there are few extant photographs of the collection when Wehrle owned it. Recently a photograph of part of the Wehrle collection was found among the papers of Dr. John Kistler of Newcomerstown, Ohio. The accompanying undated photograph shows part of the huge Wehrle collection when it was in Wehrle's possession.

Fig. 1 (Converse) Vintage photograph of part of the Wehrle collection in Newark, Ohio.

25 SANDS HILL ZALESKI FLINT QUARRY LOCATED IN RICHLAND TOWNSHIP, VINTON COUNTY, OHIO by Richard Walker P.O. Box 25 Jackson, OH 45640

In February 2008 I visited the Southeastern portion of Section 2, Richland Township quarry site that I had read of in the GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF OHIO, FOURTH SERIES BULLETIN 31. GEOLOGY OF VINTON COUNTY. BY WILBER STOUT, COLUMBUS 1927, where on page 182, Mr. Stout noted several aborigine quarry pits as being evident in 1925, and quarrying in the Zaleski flint deposits.

The Sands Hill flint deposits are located in the high knobs of a high ridge that flows in a general north-south direction in the west central portion of Vinton County. The quarry deposits are located on the western rim of the ridge known locally as Sands Hill. At this location there are many pits in the ground where prehistoric aborigines have dug and extracted Zaleski Flint from the diggings. The flint pits are extensive and cover two large portions of the western rim of the ridge. The pits flow from one pit to another. The following photos show just a few of the many extraction pits located in this area.

Figure 1 (Walker) Quarry pit filled with water and ice located in the eastern portion of the western rim of pits

j}*'*, „ . T? T^r

w, » m. - '

±A M -fVA'i F/'gure 2 (Walker) Discarded flint in freshly broken ground, from the recent logging operation, in the edge of a quarry pit, located in the western rim of pits.

26 Figure 3 (Walker) Quarry pits along the flint outcrop located in the western extent of the western rirn of pits. Please note the depression on the right side of the photo is the outcrop pit. and please observe the rim of more pits along the left edge of the photo.

Figure 4 (Walker) Discarded flint in leaf mulch along a rim of a quarry pit.

27 Figure 5 (Walker) Quarry pit with puddle of water and ice, located in the western extent of the western portion of pits.

Figure 6 (Walker) Discarded flint in leaf mulch along a rim of a quarry pit. 28 Figure 7 (Walker) Partial plat of Allensville Quadrangle map of Sands Hill area of Richland Township, Vinton County, Ohio. The blue outline represents the estimated outcrop edge of the Zaleski flint vein. Extensive quarry pits with large amounts of debitage labeled PITS are located in the southeastern portion of Section 2, Richland Township.

It should be noted that this quarry site is just one of many such quarry sites in the Zaleski flint vein, many of which are quite extensive in size. The Zaleski flint outcrop was accessed by prehistoric flint knappers across an area that is nine miles wide, east to west, and fourteen miles plus long, north to south. South of the village of Zaleski the Zaleski flint vein goes under drainage along Raccoon Creek. The Zaleski flint raises to the northwest as do all the rock layers in this part of the Pennsylvania geologic rock formation. Four miles west of the village of McArthur the Zaleski flint outcrops in the top of the ridges that flow in a general north-south direction. It is not unusual to find reduction flakes of Zaleski flint as far away as present day Chillicothe.

Figure 8 (Walker) Large rock of Zaleski flint.

29 IT TOOK ME 20 YEARS, BUT I FINALLY FOUND ONE! by Brian Mickey Amherst, OH

This slate birdstone was a personal find of March 21, 2009, in Erie County, Ohio. It measures 33/4" long and 11/2" high. There is some damage to the beak and a couple of nicks on the tail, but in otherwise very good condition for a surface find. There is a repair hole drilled in the front right side. Birdstones date to the Glacial Kame period (approx. 3000BC to 500BC).

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Birdstone found March 21, 2009 in Erie County, Ohio.

30 A KNOX COUNTY EFFIGY PAINT CUP by Doug Stowers Grove City, OH

This unusual piece was found in 2004, in the gravel bank of the Kokosing River on the west side of Mt. Vernon, Knox County, Ohio, by Timothy Cornell. On one side it looks like a common paint cup but on the reverse side there are eyes carved in the stone. I am not sure what animal is depicted here, possibly a snake's head.

Without Tim's sharp eye we would not have this wonderfully curious artifact.

Its measurements are 7/8" wide and 1" in length.

Figure 1 (Stowers) Effigy Paint Cup, Knox County Ohio. Obverse and reverse views.

TWO GROOVED ADZES by Ernie Riley Jefferson County, OH

The two grooved adzes shown in Figure 1 were found in the Upper Ohio River Valley west of Steubenville in Harrison County. Both were found at the same time by a ^^ farmer cultivating corn around 1960. INCH" fs A: I acquired them after they had been forgotten for Ml nearly fifty years. - h

Both are made of igneous stone. The largest is 5 inches 2 long and the smaller one is 3V2 inches long. ' '^h4 ..*'' 3

4

H U I Figure 1 (Riley) Two rare grooved adzes from Harrison County, Ohio.

31 TWO MADISON COUNTY ARTIFACTS by Bob Montgomery 1421 Lunbeck Road Chillicothe, OH

The Pentagonal in Figure 1 is made of Nethers flint and is 23/4 inches long. It won Best Flint Projectile Point at the 2006 ASO meeting. The Lanceolate is made of Indiana Hornstone. It is 35/8 inches long.

Figure 1 (Montgomery) Two Madison County flint artifacts.

A CRAWFORD COUNTY PAINTED PENDANT by Gary Wagner

The pendant shown in Figure 1 was found by Richard Watts in a dry creek bed near the Sandusky River in northern Crawford County in the 1990s. It appears to be made of brown slate and has a pictograph painted in black on one side. It is slightly less than two inches long.

The figure is not cut into the stone but painted. Much of it is faded but it could have been solid black at one time. The animal represented may be a deer and resembles j—if> some engraved pendants found on Fort Ancient sites. A pipe was also found in the same area.

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Figure 1 (Wagner) Painted pendant from Crawford County.

32 BICONCAVE SLATE BARS by Ron Thiebeau Reed Road Versailles, OH

The biconcave bars made of banded slate in my collection appear to be completed artifacts which are never drilled. They are polished and thin, ranging from 1/8 to 1/4 inch thick. Two of the four are tally marked on both ends, one is tally marked on only one end, and the other has no tally marks. Biconcave slate bars, because they are so similar to one another, may represent a type, although an uncommon one.

The first biconcave bar (at left) measures 5% inches long. Provenience left to right: Huron Co., Morrow Co., west of Angola, IN, and unknown.

A REWORKED ADENA POINT by Raymond A. Yoder 11428 Salt Creek Rd. Fredericksburg, OH 44627

I found this Adena point in May, 2008. It is made from Flint Ridge chalcedony. The size of the stem indicates that it probably was originally much larger. As was the custom among early people, when a point was damaged or broken it was sometimes salvaged into a smaller, but effective, point.

Figure 1 (Yoder) Flint Ridge chalcedony point found in 2008.

33 A VINTAGE PHOTOGRAPH OF A DARKE COUNTY COLLECTION by Elaine Holzapfel Greenville, OH

This old photograph shows the collection of Leonard Marker which includes prehistoric artifacts and tomahawks, as well as guns and keys. Leonard Marker lived in Versailles, Darke County, Ohio, and this photograph features bannerstones, pendants, gorgets, and other artifacts many of which probably originated in Darke County.

A few specimens from the extensive collection of curios of Leonard Marker, who has been for many years an enthusiastic collector of relics.

A MADISON COUNTY MINIATURE PENDANT by Doug Stowers Grove City, OH

This miniature pendant (fig. 1) was found February 8, 1987, near Kiousville, \ Madison County, Ohio. It is trapezoidal in outline, 13/4 inches long and a little over an inch wide. It is smoothly finished on the obverse side - the reverse is 6 slightly concave with many fine scratches but no discernible pattern.

Figure 1 (Stowers) Miniature trapezoidal pendant.

34 A VARIETY OF OHIO ARTIFACTS by Col. Matthew W. Nahorn, Director New Indian Ridge Museum 46900 Cooper Foster Park Road Amherst, OH 44001 [email protected]

In the following plates are a few arti­ well represents the beauty of our state's small fossil is evidenced in the right side facts from Ohio. They were all previously outstanding Flint Ridge material. of the piece. This fossil is further shown in a part of Col. Raymond Vietzen's Indian figure four. Ridge Museum in Elyria, Ohio. The follow­ Figure two shows three pieces, from ing pieces are now preserved at the New left to right; a fine Adena found in Lorain Figure five shows a small, polished slate Indian Ridge Museum in Amherst, Ohio. County, Ohio (3V4 inches); another 3V8 pipe that was found on the Franks Site, They are examples of unique and impor­ inches long Adena made of a Chert, found Brownhelm, Lorain County, Ohio, measur­ tant artifacts representing our state's rich in or near the Huron River in Milan, Ohio ing 13/4 inches. Col. Vietzen conducted ar­ prehistory. (Col. Vietzen's inscription is contained on chaeological research on the Franks Site, the piece); and finally a 2V8 inches long located along the high cliffs of the Vermil­ In figure one, a typical sized arrowhead Flint Ridge Hopewell piece from Licking ion River, during the 1940s. is shown, made of Flint Ridge flint, mea­ County, Ohio. suring 17/8 inches long. It was found in Figure six shows a broken drill of black Sandusky, Erie County, Ohio. The arrow­ In figure three, a stemmed lance made flint that was found in Erie County, Ohio. It head was mounted by Col. Vietzen — this of Nellie Chert is shown, measuring 35/8 is approximately 3?/8 inches long. is the manner in which he displayed this inches long. This piece was found in particular piece in his museum. The color Lorain County, Ohio. Please note that a

Figure 2

Figure 1

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 3

Figure 6

35 ASO SUMMER SHOW MARKS JOHNNY APPLESEED CHAPTER ANNIVERSARY by Michael Rusnak 4642 Friar Rd. Stow, OH 44224 [email protected]

The Johnny Appleseed Chapter of the in Ohio archaeology when he acquired a In addition, there were some fine examples ASO sponsored a summer show in August number of them (about half of the frame) of locally found artifacts including a group at the Kingswood Center in Mansfield. that were found in fields around Shreve, of pieces found on a hilltop site on Black President Bob Bright remarked that the Ohio. Some extraordinary examples were Fork in Ashland County by Chuck Walton, Chapter was celebrating its 30th anniver­ included in the frame, including the scrap­ and Jeff Zimrock's display of Wayne and sary this year, and that the majority ofthe er made from striped white and gray Flint Richland County pieces. Other displays by Chapter's members were participating in Ridge Nethers Flint pictured in figure 2. Chapter members included a collection of the summer show. slate artifacts by Jerry Ball, a grouping of Colorful Flint Ridge material was found Ohio slate and hardstone tools by Dennis There were several fine exhibits of pre­ in other displays as well. Figure 3 shows Link, and a display by Marty McKinney. historic Ohio artifacts and a few displays an extraordinary group of Flint Ridge pieces of pieces found in other states as well. by ASO member Charlie Fulk. Just one Chapter and ASO member Neil Jones of these truly fine examples is the blade The show also included prehistoric presented an extensive grouping of Ohio pictured in figure 4, which was originally pieces from other states. Ken and Pam material that included the large frame of in the Jack Hooks collection. Additionally, Rodgers' exhibit contained frames of hafted scrapers pictured in figure 1. In Steve Fuller contributed several frames of Oregon points and tools made from Ohio Flint Types, Robert Converse notes Hopewell bladelets, many exhibiting a wide obsidian, and Rick Schwardt brought some that "from Paleo ... to the Late Woodland, range of Flint Ridge colors. Frank Meyer of his pieces of translucent Florida blades prehistoric people made scrapers from displayed much of his extensive collection and a collection of fossils. broken projectile points," and that they are of Ohio dovetail points, and ASO member "chipped from one side of the broken edge Don Potter (figure 5) - who noted that he The good participation in this summer leaving a sharp angular scraping surface." "especially enjoys collecting colorful Flint show is testament that the Johnny Apple- Jones commented that it was this curi­ Ridge artifacts" - shared several frames of seed Chapter is doing well at 30 years. ous tool type that first got him interested Archaic points.

Figure 1: Neil Jones' frame of Ohio hafted scrapers.

36 ^^pF

Figure 2: Hafted scraper of Nethers Flint

Figure 4: Detail of colorful blade i^WlffU

Figure 3: Charlie Fulk's group of colorful Flint Ridge pieces

Figure 5: Don Potter shares a frame of Archaic points

37 A DARKE COUNTY FLUTED POINT by Jim Stephan Bradford, OH

This 43/4 inch fluted point was found by Sara Hohlbein in the early 1960s, when she was plowing on her farm approximately 8 miles northeast of Greenville in Darke County, Ohio. The terrain where it was found is gently rolling with a small creek (Indian Creek), that drains into the Stillwater River approximately 7 miles away. The material is Zaleski Upper Mercer flint. I acquired this artifact at the Hohlbein family estate auction in July 2009.

OBITUARY - DR. JOHN WHITE

NORTH LIMA - Dr. John Robert White, 72, died peacefully at his North Lima home Saturday, Aug. 22, 2009, from complications due to Parkinson's disease. Dr. White was born in Philadelphia on Aug. 1,19371955 and served four years in the U.S. Navy before obtaining his Associate Degree at the City College of San Francisco. He continued his education and in 1963, he earned his Bachelor of Arts degree from San Francisco State University. He later received his Master of Arts and finally his PhD in Anthropology from Oregon State University in 1974. Dr. White began teaching Anthropology at Youngstown State University in 1971 and gained Full Professor status by 1977. He became the Chair of the Anthropol­ ogy and Sociology Department in 1995 until he retired to Emeritus status in 2005. During his tenure, he was honored with the Distinguished Professor award in 1979, 1981, 1985 and 2005. Additionally he was honored with Research Professor each year from 1979 through 1989, gained the Outstanding Professor Award in 1989, the Honors Professor Award in 2003, and the Golden Key National Honor Society in 1988. A prolific writer, John personally authored over 100 separate articles and books during his academic career including Hands on Archaeology-Real Life Ac­ tivities For Kids, a text book for teaching archaeology to children. Additionally, his name has graced articles from the Ohio Archaeologist to regional archaeology and international journals on education. John's work took him extensively throughout the United States, Ireland, Costa Rica, Canada, and Israel. In addition to survey­ ing hundreds of archaeological sites he excavated a myriad of sites including the Eaton (Hopewell) furnace, Austin Log House, Barnhisel House, Quakertown, Lanterman's Mill, the Kern (Sun Serpents) Effigies NO.2 and NO.3, Hubbard House, Cherry Valley Coke and Ironworks Site, Damascus Friends Burying Ground, Mill Creek (Trumbull) Furnace and the on-going Mercer (Springfield) Furnace.

John leaves behind his only daughter, Kathryn Yvonne "Kak" White; a son-in law, David Ryan Mauerman; his loyal dog, companion-

t0-the-end, Molly McWaggles. Per Dr. White's wishes, he will be buried in a pine coffin in a private green burial at Foxfield Nature Preserve in Wilmot, Ohio.

38 Origin and Evolution of the Cumberland Palaeo-American Tradition Proposed Sequence of Earliest Stone Technology in Eastern North America, West of the Appalachians

by Richard Michael Gramly

. ORIGINS EVOLU of the CUMBERtANL r^teiio-ArM^rtTirddito £ 60 pp. with 21 figures (some full-page) by illustrators Steve Wallmann and Val Waldorf; coated paper and UV-coated cover on heavy stock; perfect binding with side-wiring for strength and durability.

2009. ISBN 1-882903-15-3

Limited to 750 copies.

$15.00 (plus $4.00 postage)

"There have been many models of Palaeo-American dispersal but none that posit Cumberland as the main stock, from which technology and other aspects of culture developed As many have suspected, but none have proved, Palaeo-American roots may lie deep - certainly much deeper than Clovis."

To order: Persimmon Press, P.O. Box 821, N. Andover, MA 01845.

39 HOPEWELL PORTABLE CORES by Elaine Holzapfel 415 Memorial Drive Greenville. OH 45331 [email protected]

Although cores such as those in Figures or mound-shaped silhouette. The chalky to southern Indiana, selected nodules 1, 2, and 3, are infrequently seen, their cortex which surrounded the outer layer eroding from hillsides, reduced them to similarity to one another suggests that they of the nodule is retained on the upper compact ready-to-use cores, and quickly represent a unique artifact type. All are surface of the core, as seen in Figures 1, had a canoe full of them to transport for made of gray vitreous flint which occurs 2, and 3. This cortex appears rounded or later use, for gifts, or for trade. in nodules (Figure 4) as small as golf balls smoothed, which may have been done to as large as soccer balls in Harrison purposefully or could have been the result Portable cores rarely survived in their County, Indiana, along the Ohio River. This of bag wear if the cores had been carried original shape because they were used raw material is known by various names, for an extended period of time. Cortex is up, or expended; the manufacture of including Indiana hornstone, Wyandotte also present on the distal end of bladelets bladelets would have obliterated the form. chert, and Harrison County flint. Highly removed from cores (Figure 5). I would appreciate feedback from readers desirable, flint from Harrison County was who have further information about these "widely traded and had more mobility than Because bladelets are among the distinctive tools. any other chert" (DeRegnaucourt 1998). most diagnostic of all Hopewell artifacts (Converse 2007), these tools must have Many thanks to Russell Strunk of Batavia The cores appear to have been prepared been fashioned by Hopewell flint knappers for sending the photo of the gigantic core by first splitting a nodule, then striking 2.000 years ago. Almost any member of in Figure 1. blades from the edges to form a cone the Hopewell culture could have trekked

References Cited

Converse, Robert N. - 2007 Ohio Flint Types, pp. 146-147.

DeRegnaucourt, Tony and Jeff Georgiady - 1998 Prehistoric Chert Types of the Midwest, pp. 109-113.

Figure 1: (Holzapfel) Large portable dome-shaped core made of Harrison County, Indiana flint, from which 22 blades have been removed. It measures 4'h inches wide, 2 inches high, and was found near Deer Park, a small town near Cincinnati in Hamilton County.

40 I ?.. J

Figure 2 (Holzapfel) Side, bottom and top views of cone-shaped core which measures 2 inches wide and 1 'A inches high. The center of the nodule from which it was made can be seen on the base. Removal of 12 flakes shaped the core. No provenience.

Figure 3 (Holzapfel) Side, bottom and top views of dome-shaped core which measures 3 inches wide and 1 'h inch high. Blades were struck off irregularly. An old number written in black ink (137) can be seen on side. No provenience.

A IN( Figure 5: (Holzapfel) Hopewell bladelet which was struck from a core of 1 Harrison County flint. f flv 2

^

Figure 4 (Holzapfel) Nodule of Harrison County flint at left measures 6 inches wide. Broken nodule at right shows conchoidal fracture of gray flint inside. 3 \

41 PALAEO-AMERICANS and PALAEO-ENVIRONMENT at the Vail Site, Maine

A New and Updated Study of a Fluted Point - Using Culture in New England PALAEO-AMERICANS AND PALAEO-ENVIRONMENT AT THE VAIL SITE, MAINE

FOREWORD by J. C. Lothrop, PhD and CHAPTERS by K. A. Puryear, MS and R. M. Gramly, PhD

Ch. I - The Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene Vegetational History of the Vail Site Ch. II - Corpus of Fluted and Unfluted Bifaces, Vail Site Ch. Ill - Radiocarbon Dates from the Vail Site Ch. IV - Gallery of Magalloway Valley Site Photos, 1980-2006

130 pp., landscape format, hundreds of illustrations, quality softcover with reinforced binding and original artwork.

Only 900 copies (of 1,000 produced) will be offered for sale. Cost is $20 copy plus $4 postage (in USA only).

To order: Persimmon Press, PO Box 821, N. Andover, MA 01845

42 PLANS FOR 2010 ASO SYMPOSIUM NEARLY COMPLETED

The bi-annual ASO symposium and dinner will be held at the Columbus Airport Marriot Hotel on May 14* and 15th

More information will appear in the Ohio Archaeologist for the Friday and Saturday presentations The Archaeological Society of Ohio In association with Dr. Richard Sisson and Ron and Jan Helman presents Prehistoric Cultures May 14-15, 2010 Columbus Airport Marriott - Columbus, Ohio Friday: 5:00-9:00 pm Saturday 8:00am-5:00pm Dinner/Keynote: 6:00pm

We invite you to join us for our fourth archaeological symposium. This event continues to be well received, and we have selected some of the top scholars in the country to present their latest research on prehistoric cultures in the Americas. The speakers for this symposium include:

Dr. Tom Dillehay - Keynote Speaker Dr. William F. Romain Dr. Darrin Lowery Dr. R. Michael Gramly Dr. Michael Wiant Dr. John Halsey Robert N. Converse John C. Rummel Michael Rusnak Greg Shipley

THE GARST MUSEUM OF GREENVILLE PRESENTS A SYMPOSIUM

ARCHAEOLOGY OF WESTERN OHIO SYMPOSIUM GARST MUSEUM, GREENVILLE, OHIO SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 6, 2010 FREE - NOON TO 5:00

SPEAKERS: ROBERT N. CONVERSE - PALEO PERIOD TONY DEREGNAUCOURT - ARCHAIC PERIOD CHRIS RUMMEL - HOPEWELL GREG SHIPLEY - HISTORIC INDIAN AND TRADING POST PERIOD

SEVERAL PROMINENT WEST-CENTRAL OHIO ARTIFACT COLLECTIONS WILL BE ON DISPLAY, INCLUDING MUSEUM DISPLAYS.

EVERYONE IS WELCOME TO BRING ARTIFACTS FOR DISPLAY OR FOR IDENTIFICATION BY EXPERTS!

43 w

This 6 Va inch dovetail was found in 1966 north of Hickman in Licking County. Collection of Jim Miller, Chagrin Falls, Ohio.