THE HUI OF KAHANA

by bob stauffer ABSTRACT this district encompasses a large valley and the ocean fishery offshore from it the mission and membership of the church of jesus the valley is drained by the major kahana river which is christ of latter day saints in the hawaiian islands were in turn fed by the kawaKawa and kahana streams which flow from confronted early on with two epic cruises first there was the wet forked backbackcounttybackcountrycountry valleys in addition to these loss of the colony on the island of lanai in the early 1860s irrigation sources the hawaiians had constructed two major then came the sundering and temporary loss of about half of rocklinedrock lined auwaiahwai watercourseswatercourses of 151.5 and 252.5 miles in the faithful from the laie mission in the 1870s through the length helping to create an intensive agricultural community socalledso called awa rebellion 1 this paper picks up the thread with a relatively high precontactpre contact population of about 1000 of the churchs breakaway mormon colony in kahana in people doing so light is also shed on the broader debate over defining altogether the valley system was some eight square miles the traditional hawaiian system of land ownership and 5200 acres in size with another 232 3 square miles of bay and management offshore fishery A traditional lifestyle appears to have been practiced with the peoples time spent largely with gardening taro in irrigated BACKGROUNDbackgrounds2 terraces iolaliloi&li tending to other agricultural produce and harvesting the rich fishery and the acquaticacquatic produce of rock some ten miles down along the windward coast of oahubahu sugar walled fishpondsfishponds from the old laie mission and plantation lies the gm class which provided adnaanadministrative land A chiefly alii existed dnistrative ahul2uaaahupuaaahupuaa district of kahana As was common in coordination for the upkeep of the auwaiahwai and the fishery helped in the mediation of disputes and enforceenforcementmi ent of societys rules and in the exercise of certain religious observances the people of the valley the makaamakaainanainana class appear to have had certain operativecooperativeco interests and rights to itheataitheawaIThethe awa rebellion has been separatelyseparatelyaracely reported on by the historical the land and to making their views known and respected society it involved amongst other factors the excommunication of a although a centuryoldcentury old debate continues amongst historians large number of native members of the church over a dispute regarding and as to the extent of such interests and rights methysticum commentators the raising of awaw piperpiller methvsticum the kava plant the roots of here as elsewhere in old hawaii one popular view is that the which are used to make an intoxicating beverage makaamakaainanainana were little more than serfs with their labor and ithesthe2the hawaiian term hui means a group association club organization lives controlled by the alii in a feudal relationship society or partnership see page 7 for a fuller description of a huhuihuli aina As occurred throughout the islands the effects of disease land partnership the hui aina 0 kahana often shortened simply to diminished kahanas population by more than eighty percent the hui 0 kahana or the kahana hui was an organization formed to only about 150 people in 35 families remained in the ahupuaaahupuaa purchase the land division of kahana and operate a community within it by the mid 19th century such land huishuls of a century ago should not be confused with their modem namesakes which are little more than land speculation schemes

13 THE HUI OF KAHANA

it was 1848 when the great kahelemahele dividing of the land greatgreatgreatgreat great great grandchildren of the homesteader named began prior to the kahelemahele there were no private lands in kadadakapadakapapa hawaii through the kahelemahele every acre became owned by nearly all of the descendants of these kahelemahele era families someone the king 245 of the high alii and the government who remained in kahana later joined the church of jesus took 99 percent of the islands land for themselves leaving the christ of latter day saints some also joined the breakaway remaining one percent to the makaamakaainanainana mormon group huihulhuihul which brought out the 5000acre5000 acre kahana fared no differently the homesteads kuleanakukuheanaleana kahana interest of the high chief keohokalole in the 1870s awarded to the valleys families totalled under two hundred keohokalole had sold her interest in 1857 to the chinese acres and the districts high chief got the remainder of the land merchant ahsing in honolulu aldaidakanaapakanaapadanaApAiDakana in hawaiian buying including the rights to the fishery the fishfishpondsponds and to the for 2500 he sold his interest a decade later for 6000 J surplus supplies of surface and underground water cheang chuck locally known as achuck was the buyer A high chiefs had vested interests in keeping the wealthy businessman in the portugese colony of macao his makaamakaainanainana homesteads within their districts as small as local partnership afong and achuck was a leading trading possible because all homesteadnonhomesteadnon land went to them aiding house in honolulu easily equalling any of the white 11aolehaole them in this were government rules excluding from homestead firms of his day awards those formerlytilledformerly tilled familyy lands which lay untended kahana was being used for rice farming and a local due to declines in family population those gardens which chinese rice farmer H ahheeahmee bought achuck out in 1872 were laying fallow and the large upcountry lands which having taken a hawaiian wife ahheeahmee personally worked his families utilized for nonintensivenon intensive agricultural production fields along with his hired hands he made a good enough the name of the high chief of kahana at the time of cook business of it to keep his mortgage payments current but he is lost to history although we know that he or she would have eventually yearned to return to his native china and so he been a chief of oahubahu0ahu through the right of conquest was open to an offer from the breakaway mormons from laie kamehameha I1 and his group of big island chiefs had since who had been temporarily cast out from the church due to the 1795 appointed the ruling chiefs of kahana in 1848 this was events of the awa rebellion A keohokalole coming from the hilo area keohokalole was mother of the kalakaua dynasty king kalakaua queen liliuokalaniLiliuokalani THE hulHUI OF KAHANA princess likelikelakelikeLikelike and prince leieiohokuleleiohoku II11 keohokalole received several dozen ahul2uaaahupuaaahupuaa of land on all the major the group which made the offer to ahheeahmee was an odd islands on the windward coast of oahubahu0ahu area she got the bundle of native hawaiiansHawaiians there were some local kahana kahana and malaekahanaMalaekahana districts it is doubtful if she ever residents or others living nearby all homesteaders or their visited those outlying areas more likely she managed these heirs who undoubtedly wished to regain a broader say and districts through local land agents konohikikonohiki influence over the land district than had been granted them appendix A lists the 35 families of kahana at the time of through the kahelemahele the kahelemahele and shows their original requests and the many of the group hujihuihulchuji members were those who had left trimmedtrimmeddowndown sizes of their final homestead awards at least laie and were interested in establishing their own gathering one of these families has descendants who still live in the place and in fanningfarming the area but there were also friends or valley john gorai kapapa and beatrice gorai soga each of family from other districts on oahubahu0ahu as well as the islands of whom are grandparents in their own right are two of the hawaii and who joined in

14 THE HUI OF KAHANA

with the concurrence of brigham young and the central kamakaniauKamak aniau in return he agreed to abide by the bylawsby laws church authorities the members of the officially unrecognized established by the hui and unorthodox colony were quickly welcomed back into the the final settlement of the mortgage and exchange of the fold the colonys chapel bomborn in heresy to succor heretics deed occurred on october 31 1881 it was at this time that stands today as the oldest standing mormon structure on hui members were clearly listed as holding operativecooperativeco oahubahu shares in the 5000acre5000 acre parcel and its associated water and the huishulshurshues administrative leader was george william fishing rights appendix B lists the hui membership as of kamakaniauKamakaniau sometimes known as kamaka niau on 1875 and 1881 august 1 1874 on behalf of the huis membership he most of the current residents of kahana are descendants or signed an intent to purchase the ahul2uaaahupuaaahupuaa from ahheeahmee otherwise heirs to either the original kahelemahele families or the hui inadequate funds were raised but a year later a preliminary members or both adella johnson and lilliana vincent both sale was made with ahheeahmee holding the deed until a mortgage slated to be on our afternoon panel are heirs to the for the remaining half of the sale price had been settled with laeasolomona and mahelona shares respectively the him many of the group members began farming the area vierra family who currently live by the kahana fishpond that A separate 1875 document listed the relationship between we visited this morning are descended from makanoa kamakaniauKamakaniau and the members of the hui As it was not proper for all of the members to sign the purchase agreement with ahheeahmee they expressed their great confidence in WHAT IS A HUI kamakaniauKamakaniau to act on their behalf as he was a good and conscientious person the contract agreed that it was traditional hui employ legal arrangements which are Kamakanikamakaniausaus responsibility to collect members payments to uniquely hawaiian they have been described as being the hui and to use these funds to make payments and settle similar to partnerships corporations or the systems of some accounts with ahheeahmee rather like priordayprior day aliiam who had old new england towns where each family got a house and collected tribute for payment to higher aliiailtalij kamkamakaniauKamakakaniauaniau was yard but the commons were held by everyone and also called upon to collect and pay each members share of the everyone came together in town meetings to make important government land taxes decisions with the daytodayday to day events taken care of by elected while the 5000 acres were legally unsubdivided and held officials in common by the hui members it would be incorrect to huis were use primarily by makaamakaainanainana who felt their assume these were purely communal lands it is true that as homesteads kuleanakuheanakuleana were inadequate and who banded was the case under traditional landuseland use patterns the members together to buy out the rest of their land districts the groups expected things like the backbackcountrycountry lands to be a commons were common in hawaii until the mid 1920s when the area but exclusively set aside for each member for a houselotbouselothouselot hawaii premesupremesu court ruled against their legality nearly all nahalnahaipahalhahalepapahalehaiehalehaicS and for taro gardens &loteioloa014104lo40 i reminiscent of the role of have since been phased out within the immediate area that we ancient aliiaillailialpi the 1875 hui contract called upon kamakaniauKamakaniau to are in today kahana hakipuuHakipuu and waisanewaikane were all owned settle the division and assignment of the lands to the member by a hui at one time families the kahana hui had certain unique aspects the role of recognizing the difficulties inherent in dealing with a the awa rebellion in giving impetus to the movement to mortgage holder surveyors and government land and tax purchase the valley was certainly unrivaled it also appears to officials all members agreed to try hard and be patient with have been the only mormondominatedmormon dominated hui in hawalthawaii

15 THE HUI OF KAHANA

certain parts of the kahana hui bylawsby laws deal with an bound to the land of their chief they were instead free to move enforcement of rules of conduct usually reserved for the away from an oppressive administrator likewise there are judicial system of the government review of these bylawby law clear indications of a operativecooperativeco management the districts of sections can lead to an interpretation within the mormon old hawaiihawalt we forget perhaps because the kahelemahele utilized tradition of calling members together for the protection and hawaiian words that the entire theory and practice of the survival of the church that this place was the members own kahelemahele was instigated and largely carried out by whites it is sort of gathering place a colony with its own system ofbf incorrect to look at the shares of land ownership awarded by administration separate from civil authorities this may the kahelemahele and think that this reflected traditional powers and however simply trace to makaamakaainanainana concerns over a interests of the alii and makaamakaainanainana classes foreignerdominatedforeigner dominated government often seen as being one of the very few precise descriptions of hui policies to unfavorable to their interests survive to the present day is the 1882 edition of the kahana the bylawsby laws called for hui members to be mormon hui bylaws see appendix QC As we read these bylawsby laws meetings were held at the chapel following the ringing of the today we are struck as much by what was not included in them chapel bell oldoldtimerstimers attest to the chapel being the cultural as by what was in contrast to modem corporate or partnership and social center of valley life such makaamakaainanainana connections charters and bylawsby laws there are little in the way of legal with religion were not uncommon however other churches technicalities and faiths primarily of the congregational missionaries it is clear however that new chiefs were being put into served identical roles in other districts place the bylawsby laws deal most completely with defining the beyond these mormon particularities however the new chiefs power in relation to the rights and authority of the kahana hui was much like others set up in the 1870s and newcommonersnew commoners 1880s as makaamakaainanainana attempted in their own way to reject the arbitrary division of land which came with the kahelemahele and THE NEW CHIEFS instead to attempt to recreatere create the operativecooperativeco land ownership and administrative system of traditional hawaii and in rural in keeping with the understanding that the ahtaliiduigui of old places like kahana at least for a little while they appear to served needed roles as administrators and coordinators with have worked shared powers with the people it is not surprising to find the it is true that late 19th century hawaiian huis were hui voluntarily setting up supervisors iunaluna1anapna over the land constrained to some extent by western legalities and by the which held powers similar to traditional alii peoples own history and the incorporation of aspects of bylawby law I11 began by saying that it shallshailshali be proper for the western civilization from horseback transportation to firearms hui to establish three members to manage the affairs of the to native influenced christianity yet the huis were formed land and as was traditional from amongst this class of by rural folk steeped in traditional life who had been bom three administrators one was the chief superintendent luna before the kahelemahele more than a reflection of the new nuinulnud who in practice exercised the principal executive role in influences it is suggested that the huis were attempts at the ahul2uaaahupuaaahupuaa A later section on the powers of the new kahana huibuihul sheds light on the scholarly debate over the rights commoners discusses the members powers to recall the and powers of the makamakaainanmakaamakaainanaainaninana in precontactpre contact times three luna the current popular theory that ancient hawaii practiced a bylawby law 5 provided regulations against letting domestic form of feudalism has its obvious weak points unlike the pigs run free and put the luna nui in charge of settling the serfs of feudal europe for example the makamakaainanmakaamakaainanainanaainan were not matter any incipient mutiny by members objecting to the

16 THE HUI OF KAHANA

bylawsby laws would be settled under bylawby law 6 with the three which was the major harvest of the kahana fishing village the managers gathering together some of the members of this membership prohibited the luna nui from leasing the akule huihulhuf and investigating and agreeing upon the proper fine for fishing rights however but she did help coordinate the the upstartsupstarts members use of the fishery she appointed the chief while the ownership of the 5000acres5000 acres was cooperative fisherman and a person kliokilo for sighting the fish the each family got two parcels of land over which they had luna nui and aisherhisher representatives were allowed to set aside exclusive use and occupancy one parcel of about one acre in some of the fish caught and sell these to raise money for the size was for taro gardengardensS Qiolloi the second of about a quarter huhuihuli as long as a portion was kept to be eaten by this hui acre was the familys houselotbouselothouselot phahalepahalepaahhalehaiealejleoieo it was the luna nui the fish kept for hui consumption was divided between the who arranged to hand out the parcels as they were surveyed families by the luna nui bylawby law 26 and according to bylawby law 9 only the luna nui the luna nui also had the right to fine chinese for could consent to allow any member to cultivate any patch unsanitary practices bylawby law 21 thereby maintaining a outside of his lot traditional role of supervising the sanitation and upkeep of an this type of social practice is similar to early descriptions area of hawaiian life which noted that a commoner was free to anyone stealing cheating or doing anything wrong and cultivate anywhere that was open as long as the local chief thereby making trouble for the hui were to be brought to the consented it being understood that the local chief consented three lunaiunaliuna who would sit in judgementjudgement if they could not on the basis of being the administrator of the area settle the matter the member would be brought before the laws kahanas luna nui also controlled the use of lands and of the hawaiians using their ahianialii as arbitrators and referring their lease to outsiders and under bylawby law 17 she was given more pressing matters to higher authorities in the hui guilty the power to lease lands of the hui which had not been set parties could be cast out much as with the outcast kaawakauwa class aside for members i of old specifically they could be driven out of the hui and the luna nui also had the old alii power under bylawby law made to forfeit their political and social rights as well as their 10 to consent to allow any member or members to do property interests bylawby law 25 anything according to theirowntheirtheirownown volition income from the land paid the government taxes just as RIGHTS RESERVED FOR THE NEW COMMONERS in ancient times taxes to higher administrative aliiaillailigo had been paid from produce from the land and so too if the land did some students of old hawaii have suggested that the alii not cover the amount due then it was the luna nui who were not absolute monarchs but rather served at the pleasure collected the balance from the members bylawby law 3 also as of the people they reigned over under bylawby law 1 it was the had been true previously the three luna got paid from the members of the hui the new commoners who elected the produce from the land and were supplied with any materials new chiefs and if they are incompetent and they have not they needed to discharge their duties and for the proper managed the land properly then it shall be right for the hui running of the huihulhufhur bylawsby laws 23 and 24 to dismiss themtheril the luna nui did not only regulate the affairs of the land each member was free under bylawby law 7 to allow a strong she also was in charge of the fishery she was allowed and healthy member of aisherhisher family to cultivate on their under bylawby law 18 to lease the fishing rights within the premises family members could also cultivate and harvest districts fishery perhaps because of the richness of the items on hui lands away from their assigned parcels and pay a bigeye scad fishery akule for which kahana was famed and levy of 25 of the value of such produce to the hui

17 THE hulHUI OF KAHANA

sickly members of a family could cultivate or harvest members were allowed just 6 head of livestock besides away from the familys parcels and pay no levy bylawby law 8 pigs sheep and goats to run free on the common lands of the houselotsHouselots hahalenahalepahalepahale were reasonable in size under bylawby law hui A fee was charged for each head of cattle or each horse 11 each member had the right to a quarteracrequarter acre lot in good land above this limit bylawby law 4 or a halfacrehalf acre lot in bad and hilly places the hui arranged pigs had to be kept in a pen or tied with a rope and were for surveying the parcels not allowed to run at large on the plains violation resulted the three luna were required to post survey bonds bylawby law in a warning the first time a fine the second and the third 14 none could lessen the benefits of this huihul bylawby law resulted in the luna nui being called in bylawby law 5 15 each had to make quarterly reports of the income from the hui family members had to pay the 25 levy to the hui if land bylawby law 16 as well as expenses bylawby law 24 hiin no case healthy or not levy is sickly for cultivating or gathering items could the luna nui lease out to anyone the parcels set aside for from the common areas bylawsby laws 7 and 8 family members the members bylawby law 17 and under no circumstances was sickly or strong also had to pay an annual fee for keeping she to sell any of the land bylawby law 22 horses or cattle to protect against insider dealing the hui membership had probably to prevent arguments over claims of unbranded to ratify the leasing bytheby the luna nui of any portion of the hui livestock which would otherwise be claimed by the hui common land to any member bylawby law 26 and the right to members were suggested to mark their livestock prior to investigate and report on losses of hui funds and property running them on the common lands members were not including presumably losses caused by the action or inaction allowed to brand mark or castrate their own animals left on of the lunaiunalunass was reserved to the hui membership which the plains bylawby law 19 the hui operated a pen however could appoint member5member5 investigatory commcommittescommittedittes bylawby law 28 and it was permissiblepermissablepermissable to brand animals within the pen by- the members also ensured that the luna could not act to law 20 water down their interest in the common property through oral traditions and old photographs attest to the increasing the membership shares the number of hui shares immaculateness of the valley in the old days the bylawby law on were fixed at 115 bylawby law 2 each member could name just the chinese rice farmers in the valley no 21 states that the one representative in aisherhisher stead representatives had to be chinamen who have leased the land of kahana are not acceptable in this case they had to be mormon bylawby law 12 permitted to raise pigs ducks chickens at any place near the any member abandoning or wishing to sell aisherhisher interest watercourseswater courses aufaiauwaicauwaiCauauwaiwal neither anything that is insanitary was limited to transferring their shares to either the hui or to shooting of guns at night was specifically banned bylawby law another hui member to facilitate such sales the transfer 27 in a regulation reflecting a clearer lawyerfreelawyer free lifestyle price was fixed bylawby law 13 bylawby law 25 banned stealing cheating or doing anything wrong additional information on kahana and its hui is contained in appendices D and E LAND regulations conclusion in order to live properly on the land the members adopted certain additional regulations these tended to deal the bylawsby laws of the kahana hui particularly provide with the questions of neighbors getting along in a operativecooperativeco assistance to us in understanding the locale lifestyle and setting and reflect an earlier rural and pastoral age of traditions thinking of the breakaway kahana colony of the church of modified only slightly by introduced species of livestock jesus christ of latter day saints

18 THE hulHUI OF KAHANA

more generally the bylawsby laws also show the great powers which were extended to the chiefs as well as the important name ff parcels requested parcels total rights which were reserved to individual commoners or to and their description awarded aggaoeacreage the group as a whole this data in turn assists us in understanding the social relationships in traditional hawaiian kaiakahikauakahiKaiakahi 2 including 2 26872.687 acres life and give us a unique and important insight into how this 2 loiidiiolidl 2 kula social system may have functioned and I11 hahalepahale

kalauawa 1 1 4 acres

kaiikailkalimaonikalirnaoniKaliKalirnaonimaoni 6 2 1191.19ilg acres

kamakukuKamakuku 5 including 1 4654.65 acres APPENDIX A 2 groups of loiiollwi 2 igkulakuiaI and I11 hahalepahale1

THE ORIGINAL KULEANA OWNERS kaopae 3 2 4854.85 acres

kaopuunaopuu 3 including 2 19641.964 acres I11 group of loiiolioli terms used loi are wetlandwet land gardens for taro kukulakuia1aaa 1 kula and are open areas usually in the uplands dah12ahalepahaleaie are housesiteshousesites one area for drylanddry land agriculture was 1 hahalepahale specifically for the wauke plant used in making tapa 2 loj and pahale 2 5.252 acres cloth kapapa loiiollot hahale 52 kapena 4 including 2 1551.55 acres 3 groups of 101 name parcels requested parcels lol total and 1 imlaimia and their description awarded acreage andlulaandrulaiulaluialula

4 1 7575.75 acres aiosiaiohi 2 2 212.1 acres kapua kaualua 4 2 19121.912 acres hohoiea 10 parcels 1 1481.481 acres including 34 10loiiol A keakuakuakua 1 1 212.1 acres hooliliamanuhooliliarnanu 2 2 212.1 acres kekaikekui 6 including 1 3535.35 acres 1 fishpond 3 3 2.121 acres hua 21 2 kula and 1 pahale kaaiawahia 3 3 4764.76 acres hahale

19 THE HUI OF KAHANA name parcels requested parcels total name parcels requested parcels total and their bescriptdescriptdescriptionion awarded acreaacreageae and their description awarded acreage kuaiokuamo 4 including 1 101.0lo acre nuhi 6 5 13651.365 acres I11 jqjjwj group 1 21 1 kikula for wauke nunu 4 including ti212.1 acres I11 other kilzkalzkaizkulakuia and 2 segments of land 1 kula and 1 mhnahaleaieale 1 wooded upland area kuamoo 8 including 5 191.9ig acres 5.271 acres estuary area okehau 4 including 2 5271 1 M19d group kuapuu 3 including a 1 455455.455 acres 1 fallow iiiloiiol group fallow loi area I11 kkulakuiaI and a hahalepahale and a wooded gulch 1 paleuapalega 2 including 1 7187.18 acres kukui 3 including a 2 2652.65 acres 1 group of ichloiiol holahola 10loiiol group a kullkulakuia and a dalepalehahalepahalepawe and a hahalepahale pine 4 including a hahalepahale 1 363363.363 acres lilipifilipi 5 including 1 iili111.11 1 acres a loilollotloj group auneepunee 2 2 36373.637 acres a fallow loi group a kula a mountain ula 2 2752.75 acres area and I11 hahalepahale baheawahea 5 including lim1101 IQ 2 2592.59 acres group I11 fallow JQJ maunuimaunus 9 including 2 1731.73 acres loiiol several kula and group 2 kula and a whale a hahale12ahalepahale many were older individuals tracing their claims napela 4 including some 3 4224.22 acres of the homesteaders 1 1819 most had passed away by fallow 16loiiol to the time of king kamehameha I d the time of the formation of the kahana hui and so it was their heirs the above homesteaders naumu 89 including 2 16491.649 acres who became involved in hui activities two of 2 groups of loi do however appear on the 1875 hui list kuamoo and napela 2 fallow groups of1ablalaabloiiol 1 drylanddry land group of gardens 2 kula and I11 nahale

20 THE HUI OF KAHANA

APPENDIX B name 1875 hui list 1881 huihul list kaauweaina yes no IM kaawa yes 2 shares yes yes HUI membership AS OF 1875 1881 kaeo no polailepolaire kahakulaniKahakulani yes yes kahalehiwaKahalehiwa yes yes yes name 1875 hui list 1881 huihul list kahanaaupuniKahanaaupuni no kaheanakuheana yes yes N ahehoi yes no 2 shares yes kahele yes no ananiniaAna Ninia no yes abildapild yes yes kahewahewanui no yes kahiamoe no yes davida no yes elena no yes kahikikaahiki yes CW elia yes no kahili yes no george yes JWH kahoohua yes no no yes haili no yes kaiaikalewa no kalapa no yes 5 shares yes hakachakao yes yes kaihekamakaKaihekamaka no yes kailiula yes yes haohauhaohao hoe no yes hapauea yes yes kaio yes yes sam kakaekahae no yes hewahewaHewahewa no yes hookaaku yes yes kalauaokalawao no yes kalaewaumoku yes yes hoopiogoopio no yes huihui yes no kaleo no ikeole yes yes samuel kaleohano yes no kalili yes no 2 shares yes riakalanibiablahiakalaniRiaHiakalani no yes kalima no yes yes kalimakuhiKalimakuhi yes no ilipolohi yes kaahanui yes yes S kaloa no 2 shares kalianakaloana yes yes kaaikaula yes yes kalua yes no yes yes samuela sam kalua yes yes kaaina yes yes kaaiulaula no yes kalua Poapoalomakalomaka yes yes kamaka kailihueKailihue yes no kaakahaaka yes yes kaanaana yes no WD kamaka niau kaauanuikahuanuiKaauanui no yes CW kamaka niau mahoe kaaukai yes yes or george william kamakaniauKamakaniau

21 THE HUI OF KAHANA name 1875 hui list 1881 hui list name 1875 hui list 1881 hui list kamakea yes yes luka yes yes kamanonahu yes yes D lucelaluwela no yes kameo yes yes mahelona yes yes kanakaole yes yes mahuka yes yes Kaninaukaninaualukaninauafiiaiualu yes yes makaalu yes no kaohimanunu yes no makakehuaMakakehua no yes kaolala yes yes makanoa yes yes kawainuikapainuiKapainui no yes makanoemakanoa no yes kapela yes yes makanui yes yes kapu yes yes makaula kaikikuiki yes no kauhaa yes yes makaula lilia yes no kaulunahalaKaulunahala yes yes makiamaidamaklamalda yes no kaawakauwa yes no JWB makuakane yes no kauwiki yes no malaea no yes kawaaikiKawaaiki yes no mano no yes kawi yes no miliama yes no keaka no yes cohoemohoe hooke yes no kealoha yes yes mua no yes JW keanu no yes naehu no yes JWH keanu yes yes naholoaaNahonaholowaaloaa yes no keawe yes yes nahooikaika yes yes keawekalanuiKeawekalanui yes yes nakao yes no keliipupuleKeliipupule no yes nakapuahiNakapuahi yes yes keokipauKeokipau yes yes naone no yes keola no yes napela yes no keonoi no yes nehemia yes no mahoe kilioekilgoe yes yes nihonui yes no S kipela yes no homalienohomalieNo yes no koinuikoknui no yes HS ohule yes yes nolea yes no oliva no yes ku yes no opala yes yes Kuarkuamoonoo yes no opu no yes kuapalahalaha yes no 4 shares kuawiliwkuawiliwili yes yes paabpaao yes yes kuhilanikuailaniKuhilani no yes pae yes no kukapu no yes paka yes yes laeagaea no yes paulo yes yes 3

22 THE HUI OF KAHANA name 1875 hui list 1881huilist1881 huihul list APPENDIAPPENDIX pauoahu no yes pelekane yes 2 shares yes pohaku yes no WHAT HAPPENED TO THE HUI pono yes no yes poo no the members of the hui were strong devout members of poolaapoolak yes no the church of jesus christ of latter day saints when the call poopaa yes no came in the late 1880s to gather at salt lake city many from puamana yes no kahana wanted to leave for utah with other hawaiian pukal yes no cormonsmormons yes Mormons records indicate that at least a third of the founders JW Puaopuaoanuianui yes of the hawaiian mormon losepaiosepaiokepa joseph colony in utah 3 shares yes were from kahana pupu yes but to have such a large number of hui members leave 2 shares yes created a crisis for the hui according to the bylawsby laws anyone solomona yes leaving1eavingbeaving had to sell his membership share to the hui or to 2 shares another member yet no member nor the hui as whole was solomona umi no yes prepared to pay off the large number of members leaving for uilama yes no utah still these members needed money in order to pay their ululaniuluhaniuluhahi yes yes yes way to salt lake wahinemaikaiWahinemaikai no complicating matters was the spread of leprosy some waiohawaiohu yes yes members were coming down with the dread disease and had to leave for they too wanted to be bought out note george kalima kapela mahoe kilgoekilioeKilioe oliva the result appears to have been a subtle and de facto pelekane solomona and of course GW kamakaniauKamakaniau were amendment of the bylawsby laws 20 shares were sold to a non listed as original founders of losepaiosepaiokepa colony the hawaiian mormon outsider a haole businessman involved with the mormon colony in utah the kekuku clan which went to schooners who brought supplies to the koolau coast this losepajosepa was also apparently related to kahana As such about was thomas foster and he purchased his shares in 1889 and a third of the original losepajosepa colonists were from kahana apparently thought little more of them foster died in 1891 leaving a childless widow mary E foster who was a prominent hapa haole kamaainakama aina member of the shipbuildingship building robinson clan mary had little to do with the valley until the late 1890s when a crisis erupted when kaneoheKane ohe ranch company moved in and began burning down the jungle in order to begin a ranching operation in the uplands of the valley the ranch claimed that it had leased all of the valley not directly used by hui members the lease was supposed to have

23 THE VOICE OF THE WAVES OF THE SEA

by lance D chase

it is likely that at this very moment unbeknownst to us one tsunami expert has called the april 119461 1946 tsunami a thousands of miles away from this beautiful spot in kahana one per two thousand years event adams 1 but another valley events are unfolding which could have a dramatic and observed that they have occurred in hawaii since 1819 at a rate lasting impact on the lives of some of us sitting here of one each year shepard macdonald cox 393 of course consider the fact that in 1815 in indonesia there was a most are too small to be observable only 15 have resulted in volcanic eruption which so affected an obscure 35 year old significant loss of life and property 1 the april 1 1946 farmer by the name of smith living in norwich vermont that tsunami was the most serious of these in fact it was the he decided to move his family to farmington in western new worst natural disaster in hawaiian history HSB 8 may york some 250 miles distant millions of lives have been 1986 p3pa changed because of his decision tsunamis remain a mystery despite the great amount of similarly an event occurring at 200 am hawaiian time study given them and the vagaries of the tsunami of 1946 add monday april 1 1946 in alaska 2200 miles from the north to the mystery wave height varied from 36 feet at kaipiowaipio shore of which could not then have been detected by valley on hawaii to so slight at kaneohe bay that a boat a foot anyone on the sea or in the air between those two points above the water was untouched at kabelakawela bay the force of forever changed many lives more particularly for this scope the waves carried a house 200 feet from its foundation yet was of this paper it impacted dramatically upon five totally so gentle that it left breakfast cooking on the stove and dishes unsuspecting individuals here in this area four of the five intact on the shelves in that same house shepard macdonald were within three miles of where we sit and three the cox 457 the loss of life was by far highest on the island of youngest of the five were no more than two or three hundred hawaii where 173 perished on kauai 15 died on maui 16 yards from this spot six on oahu HSBHSJB 23 aarapr p 1 but although the big island deservedly received most of the media attention the this distant event was a slippage in the ocean bottom of focus of this paper is on the north shore of oahubahu the aleutian trench south unimakunimanofunimakof island it sent a wave approximately half a mile from the kamehameha highway thousands of miles at nearly 500 miles per hour it was not a toward the kabelakawela bay side and daukamauka of the present turtle tidal wave exactly for it had nothing to do with the tides in bay hilton hotel in april of 1946 was a village of eight fact it is fortunate that fate determined that the waves would homes camp number three six daukamauka of the railroad strike at some time other than high tide or destruction and loss tracks were occupied by railroad workers and their families of life would have been much greater yet for residents living makai of the tracks were two homes of the employees of close to kahana bay the japanese definition of this natural hawaiian meats owners of a ranch the family of takejiro phenomenon called a tsunami would have a fatal irony shorty and asako nakamura lived in one of the six japan translated it means large waves in harbors shepard bomborn takejiro was later employed by the sugar mill at kahukukahuhu macdonald cox 393 but in 1946 helped service the oahu railway the parents of

2 THE HUI OF KAHANA been agreed to at a meeting of the hui yet marys agents mrs emma opunui grandmother to lilliana claimed she had not been informed that a quorum had not vincent owned onehalfone half share been present and that she objected to the conduct of the lincoln mccandlessmccandless11 daughter mrs loy ranch mccandless marks one and onehalfone half share mary fosters personal interest in the valley apparently traces to this period as she had not visited the place prior to note the hui had bought out ahmelsahmees 5000 acres of that time after winning her lawsuit she sought to purchase land water rights and fishing rights the original the pieces of homesteads kuleanakukuheanaleana andsharesand shares of the hui homesteads kuleanakukuheanaleana however remained in private hands which the ranch had owned she also began visiting the mrs foster andft mccandless sought to buy up the kuleanakuheana valley occasionally interests As with the shares of the hui mrs foster also things came to a head around 1912 when it was gained ownership of most of the kuleanakukuheanaleana there were a few discovered that water could be gotten from the valley for the small parcels which remained privately ownedandownedownedandand occupied planned waiahole water company tunnel system suddenly lydia delacernadeiaDelaCema and the makanoa families in kahana were the hui was worth a substantial sum as the hui owned the owners of two such parcels A few other auleankuleankuleanakuheanaq had owners water rights to the ahul2uaaahupuaaahupuaa who could never be found the old koolau railway lincoln mccandless principal owner of the waiahole companys rightsofwayrights of way was the largest remaining parcel in water company and mary foster entered into a bitter battle the valley that was nnotot owned by mrs foster the company for the control of the hui each actively attempting to buy out had gotten its land from her when it put its line in around the remaining residents mary eventually won but had to pay 1915 very large sums to mccandless in a final settlement shares which residents sold for 200 at the turn of the century or 300 in 1912 suddenly were each worth 3000 or even 10000 to mccandless as he sold them to mrs foster all this when a wage of a dollar a day was common by 1920 the ownership of the valley had been pretty well settled the ownership remained essentially unchanged until the late 1960s when the state condemned all of the ahupuaaahupuaa for the kahana state park the huihul ownership during that latter period was as follows

the 11511 5 original shares had been reduced to 105 due to various causes mary foster owned 101 of the 105 remaining shares ernest H wodehouse mrs fosters nephew owned one share laeagaea nuhi au mother of kahana resident adella johnson owned one share

24