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(Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) Pada Empat Penggunaan Lahan Di Lanskap Bukit Duabelas Dan Hutan Harapan, Jambi, Sumatera

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(Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) Pada Empat Penggunaan Lahan Di Lanskap Bukit Duabelas Dan Hutan Harapan, Jambi, Sumatera KEANEKARAGAMAN DAN KELIMPAHAN KUPU-KUPU (LEPIDOPTERA: PAPILIONOIDEA) PADA EMPAT PENGGUNAAN LAHAN DI LANSKAP BUKIT DUABELAS DAN HUTAN HARAPAN, JAMBI, SUMATERA RAWATI PANJAITAN ENTOMOLOGI SEKOLAH PASCASARJANA INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR BOGOR 2020 PERNYATAAN MENGENAI DISERTASI DAN SUMBER INFORMASI SERTA PELIMPAHAN HAK CIPTA Dengan ini saya menyatakan bahwa disertasi berjudul “Keanekaragaman dan Kelimpahan Kupu-kupu (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) pada Empat Penggunaan Lahan di Lanskap Bukit Duabelas dan Hutan Harapan, Jambi, Sumatera” adalah benar karya saya dengan arahan dari komisi pembimbing dan belum diajukan dalam bentuk apa pun kepada perguruan tinggi mana pun. Sumber informasi yang berasal atau dikutip dari karya yang diterbitkan maupun tidak diterbitkan dari penulis lain telah disebutkan dalam teks dan dicantumkan dalam Daftar Pustaka di bagian akhir disertasi ini. Dengan ini saya melimpahkan hak cipta dari karya tulis saya kepada Institut Pertanian Bogor. Bogor, Desember 2020 Rawati Panjaitan NRP A361160021 RINGKASAN RAWATI PANJAITAN. Keanekaragaman dan Kelimpahan Kupu-kupu (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) pada Empat Penggunaan Lahan di Lanskap Bukit Duabelas dan Hutan Harapan, Jambi, Sumatera. Dibimbing oleh PURNAMA HIDAYAT, DAMAYANTI BUCHORI, DJUNIJANTI PEGGIE, IDHAM SAKTI HARAHAP. Keberadaan kupu-kupu di alam sangat dipengaruhi oleh keberadaan pakan larva dan pakan imago. Perubahan fungsi hutan menjadi lahan pertanian memiliki dampak bagi keanekargaman hayati termasuk tumbuhan yang berhubungan erat dengan kehidupan kupu-kupu. Langkah konservasi yang dapat dilakukan oleh pelaku pertanian adalah dengan sistem agroforestri yang ramah lingkungan. Agroforestri dapat membantu kehadiran fauna yang lebih beragam dibandingkan dengan pertanian yang monokultur. Perubahan struktur habitat akan memengaruhi keanekaragaman spesies kupu-kupu, sehingga kupu-kupu juga sebagai salah satu bioindikator kerusakan lingkungan. Ordo Lepidoptera, terdiri atas 45 superfamili, dua diantaranya adalah Superfamili Papilionoidea dan Hesperioidea merupakan kupu-kupu. Superfamili Papilionoidea terdiri atas Famili Papilionidae, Pieridae, Riodinidae, Lycaenidae, dan Nymphalidae. Kupu-kupu dapat hidup pada berbagai kondisi lingkungan, tetapi pada umumnya, keanekaragaman kupu-kupu tinggi pada daerah hutan hujan tropis. Lanskap Bukit Duabelas dan Hutan Harapan merupakan bagian dari hutan tropis yang terdapat di Jambi, Sumatera. Lanskap Bukit Duabelas memiliki beberapa tipe penggunaan lahan, yaitu hutan heterogen, hutan karet, kebun sawit, dan kebun karet. Lanskap Hutan Harapan merupakan salah satu kawasan bekas pembalakan kayu yang direstorasi menjadi hutan dimulai sejak tahun 2008, dengan maksud untuk mengembalikan kondisi hutan sehingga mampu untuk menjaga keseimbangan ekosistem hutan di kawasan Jambi. Hutan Harapan diharapkan menjadi kawasan plasma nutfah bagi sumber daya alam yang terdapat di Jambi. Dengan demikian kajian keanekaragaman kupu-kupu pada berbagai penggunaan lahan: hutan heterogen, hutan karet, kebun sawit, dan kebun karet yang terdapat pada lanskap Bukit Duabelas dan Hutan Harapan perlu dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji keanekaragaman dan kelimpahan kupu- kupu pada empat penggunaan lahan, yaitu hutan heterogen, hutan karet, kebun sawit, dan kebun karet di lanskap Bukit Duabelas dan Hutan Harapan. Penelitian ini juga mengkaji pengaruh fragmentasi habitat terhadap kekayaan spesies dan kelimpahan kupu-kupu. Fragmentasi habitat telah menyebabkan perubahan lanskap sehingga timbul “pulau-pulau ekologis” (ecological islands) diantara perkebunan kelapa sawit. Penelitian dilakukan dengan eksplorasi langsung pada plot pengamatan yang terdapat di lanskap Bukit Duabelas, lanskap Hutan Harapan, dan Biodiversity Enrichment Experiment Plots (BEEP) di kebun sawit lanskap hutan Harapan. Identifikasi kupu-kupu hasil eksplorasi dari lanskap Bukit Duabelas dan Hutan Harapan dilakukan juga secara molekuler dengan sekuens DNA gen Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase-1 (mtCO1) yang terdapat pada kupu-kupu Arhopala spp. untuk melengkapi hasil identifikasi secara morfologi. Penelitian pertama dilakukan di 16 plot pengamatan di lanskap Bukit Duabelas yang terdiri atas empat penggunaan lahan, yaitu hutan heterogen, hutan karet, kebun sawit, dan kebun karet (masing-masing empat plot). Pengamatan di lanskap Hutan Harapan dilakukan pada 28 plot, yang terdiri atas 16 plot penggunaan lahan hutan heterogen, hutan karet, kebun sawit, dan kebun karet, dan penambahan khusus 12 plot riparian, yaitu: hutan riparian, kebun sawit riparian dan kebun karet riparian. Masing-masing penggunaan lahan terdiri atas empat plot. Setiap plot diamati sebanyak 2 hari. Pengamatan dilakukan dari pukul 08.00- 17.00 WIB. Pengumpulan sampel dilakukan dengan menggunakan jaring serangga dan perangkap buah. Empat perangkap buah dipasang di setiap plot mulai dari pukul 08.00-17.00 WIB (2 hari) dengan menggunakan umpan buah pisang dan nenas yang telah difermentasi selama dua hari. Penelitian menghasilkan tangkapan 198 spesies dari 6.653 individu yang terdiri atas 106 genera, 19 subfamili dan 5 famili. Keanekaragaman spesies kupu- kupu berdasarkan indeks Shannon pada lanskap Bukit Duabelas dan Hutan Harapan tergolong tinggi (Hˈ=4,15). Berdasarkan penggunaan lahan, indeks keanekaragaman kupu-kupu tertinggi ditemukan di hutan heterogen (Hˈ=4,06) dibandingkan dengan hutan karet (Hˈ=3,88), kebun sawit (Hˈ=3,40), dan kebun karet (Hˈ=3,49). Perbedaan penggunaan lahan mengakibatkan perbedaan kekayaan dan kelimpahan kupu-kupu yang ada di dalamnya. Identifikasi spesies kriptik secara molekuler dengan menggunakan sekuens DNA gen mtCO1 Arhopala spp. mempertegas hasil identifikasi secara morfologi. Hasil identifikasi Arhopala spp. secara morfologi dan molekuler menunjukkan terdapat lima spesies, yaitu: Arhopala agesias, A. agesilaus, A. paraganesa, A. pseudocentaurus, dan A. trogon. Hasil matriks identitas untuk semua spesies berkisar antara 94-99% dan didukung dengan kemiripan identitas yang terdapat di Genbank berkisar antara 94-99%. Khusus untuk spesies A. trogon belum ada sekuens DNA mtCO1 di Genbank. Data sekuens DNA mtCO1 dari spesies A. agesias, A. agesilaus, A. paraganesa, A. pseudocentaurus, dan A. trogon yang berasal dari Sumatera juga belum tersedia di Genbank, sehingga hasil penelitian ini merupakan data yang pertama masuk ke Genbank. Fragmentasi habitat menyebabkan munculnya “pulau-pulau ekologis”, dengan berbagai ukuran. Dalam penelitian ini ukuran yang diteliti adalah ukuran pulau (plot) 5m x 5m, 10m x 10m, 20m x 20m, dan 40m x 40m. Kelimpahan vegetasi dan kupu-kupu terlihat berbeda secara signifikan antara ukuran plot 5m x 5m dengan 40m x 40m. Korelasi kekayaan spesies dan kelimpahan kupu-kupu dengan vegetasi menunjukkan korelasi positif pada plot perlakuan dan plot kontrol. Analisa korelasi lebih lanjut menunjukkan bahwa luas plot berkorelasi positif dengan keberadaan spesies dan kelimpahan vegetasi dan kupu-kupu. Artinya semakin besar ukuran plot, akan semakin mendukung keberadaan kupu- kupu. Pembuatan “pulau-pulau ekologis” diantara kebun sawit dapat menjadi tempat “refugia” bagi berbagai spesies flora dan fauna, antara lain kupu-kupu, sehingga dapat mengurangi dampak negatif kebun sawit terhadap hilangnya keanekaragaman hayati. Kata kunci: Bukit Duabelas, Hutan Harapan, keanekaragaman, kupu-kupu, Sumatera. SUMMARY RAWATI PANJAITAN. Diversity and Abundance of Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) in Four Land Use in the Bukit Duabelas and Hutan Harapan Landscape, Jambi, Sumatera. Supervised by PURNAMA HIDAYAT, DAMAYANTI BUCHORI, DJUNIJANTI PEGGIE, IDHAM SAKTI HARAHAP. The existence of butterflies in nature is greatly influenced by the presence of larval food plants and adults nectar plants. Changes in the function of forests into agricultural have impacts on biodiversity, including plants that provide source of food for larvae and nectars for butterflies. Agroforestry offers a model of agriculture that includes conservation principles. A good agroforestry practice may help to preserve more diverse fauna than monoculture agriculture. Changes in habitat structures will affect the diversity of butterfly species, so that butterflies are also as a bioindicator of environmental damage. Lepidoptera consists of 45 superfamilies and two of them are Papilionoidea which together with Hesperioidea form the butterfly group. The Papilionoidea consists of the family Papilionidae, Pieridae, Riodinidae, Lycaenidae, and Nymphalidae. Butterflies can live in various environmental conditions. The most diverse habitats for butterflies are in tropical rainforests. Bukit Duabelas National Park and Hutan Harapan landscapes are part of tropical forest in Indonesia located in Jambi Province, Sumatera. The Bukit Duabelas NP landscape has several types of habitats, namely primary forest, secondary forest, rubber jungle, oil palm plantation and rubber plantation. Various habitats on the Bukit Duabelas landscape allow for a high diversity of butterfly species. Studies related to butterfly diversity in various habitats in Jambi tropical forests are still limited. The Harapan Forest landscape in Jambi is one of the former logging areas that has been restored to become a forest. The Harapan Forest in Jambi is a restoration forest in Indonesia, which began in 2008 and has been restored so that it can maintain the balance of the forest ecosystem in the Jambi region. Harapan Forest is expected to be a germplasm habitats for natural resources found in Jambi, Sumatera. Reports regarding the diversity of butterflies in various
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