Charles Dickens, Un Auteur De Transition À La Croisée Du Gothique Et Du Policier Viviane Pingitore Gavin

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Charles Dickens, Un Auteur De Transition À La Croisée Du Gothique Et Du Policier Viviane Pingitore Gavin Charles Dickens, un auteur de transition à la croisée du gothique et du policier Viviane Pingitore Gavin To cite this version: Viviane Pingitore Gavin. Charles Dickens, un auteur de transition à la croisée du gothique et du policier. Littératures. Université Michel de Montaigne - Bordeaux III, 2018. Français. NNT : 2018BOR30051. tel-02050825 HAL Id: tel-02050825 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02050825 Submitted on 27 Feb 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Université Bordeaux Montaigne École Doctorale Montaigne Humanités (ED 480) THÈSE DE DOCTORAT EN « ÉTUDES ANGLOPHONES » Charles Dickens, un auteur de transition à la croisée du Gothique et du Policier. Présentée et soutenue publiquement le 23 novembre 2018 par Viviane PINGITORE GAVIN Sous la direction de Nathalie JAËCK Membres du jury M. le Professeur Laurent Bury, Université Lumière – Lyon 2. Mme la Professeure Béatrice Laurent, Université Bordeaux Montaigne. M. le Professeur Georges Letissier, Université de Nantes. Mme la Professeure Nathalie Vanfasse, Aix-Marseille Université. Je remercie chaleureusement Madame Nathalie Jaëck, ma directrice de thèse, pour ses conseils avisés et son suivi, ainsi que pour sa disponibilité, son écoute et son sourire. Je souhaite également remercier les membres du jury pour l'intérêt qu'ils porteront à ce projet. - - 2 Charles Dickens, un auteur de transition à la croisée du Gothique et du Policier. - - 3 Table des matières Introduction _________________________________________________________________________ 5 Première Partie – Vers la collision de deux genres littéraires _____________________ 17 Chapitre 1 – Un Gothique dickensien __________________________________________ 20 Un passé renversant 22 L'Homme à ses origines 37 Une peur bien réelle 47 Chapitre 2 – Une transition violente ___________________________________________ 58 La progression du crime 59 Une classe de l'entre-deux – les criminels 72 Une fascination pour la violence ? 85 Chapitre 3 – Une double naissance ____________________________________________ 99 Naissance de la police d'investigation 101 Le crime est partout 111 Vers la fiction policière 124 Deuxième Partie – Le Chaos ______________________________________________ 140 Chapitre 4 – Mémoires et préjudices ___________________________________________ 144 Onde de choc 145 “The Shake” 157 Trauma et détection 168 Chapitre 5 – Avoir et être ___________________________________________________ 182 Le besoin d'appartenance 184 La culpabilité en héritage 194 Affrontement et détection 206 Chapitre 6 – Univers clos ___________________________________________________ 218 Frontières mouvantes 219 Labyrinthes 228 Un monde panoptique 237 Troisième Partie – Passation de pouvoirs ____________________________________ 246 Chapitre 7 – Des hommes de loi … ____________________________________________ 249 Dickens et la loi 250 « The High Court of Chancery » 264 Les hommes de loi dickensiens 272 Chapitre 8 – … aux détectives dickensiens ______________________________________ 281 Transformation 282 Profession « Inspecteur de police » 293 L'œil de l'enquêteur 304 Chapitre 9 – Antiquaires d'un nouveau genre ____________________________________ 313 Détection et pouvoir 314 Fossiles narratifs 323 Détection et archéologie 331 Conclusion __________________________________________________________________________ 340 Bibliographie ________________________________________________________________________ 348 Index des auteurs cités _________________________________________________________________ 365 Index des nouvelles et romans cités de C. Dickens ___________________________________________ 369 Annexes ____________________________________________________________________________ 373 - - 4 Introduction Dans la plupart de ses œuvres, Dickens, par l'intermédiaire de ses narrateurs, des genres littéraires convoqués et de la nature de ses histoires, s'emploie à confronter deux mondes – l'un est rationnel, l'autre est irrationnel. Londres est le pôle d'attraction de ces deux contraires. Lorsque Dickens arrive en 1822 dans la capitale avec sa famille, il découvre une ville qui conserve, sous le règne de George IV, un aspect médiéval. De 1822 à 1870, Dickens assiste à la construction et à la mutation d'une nouvelle société à qui les découvertes scientifiques tentent d'expliquer les plus vieux des mystères : ceux du monde et des hommes. La géologie, l'anthropologie, l'archéologie se développent et ont pour conséquence de remettre en question les plus vieilles certitudes comme l'indique Steiner : « Immense transmutations of value and perception took place in Europe over a crowded time-span1 ». Les frontières mouvantes de Londres, capitale rendue 1 Steiner, G. In Bluebeard's Castle, Some Notes Towards the Redefinition of Culture. USA: Yale University Press, 1971, p. 21. - - 5 extrêmement mobile par l'expansion urbaine et le chemin de fer, deviennent l'expression de ces bouleversements épistémologiques. La ville porte dans sa géographie même la marque d'une permanence de ses structures médiévales et les signes d'une modernité qui vient activement perturber le paysage urbain. Cette dualité, cette tension entre la permanence du passé, et l'irruption soudaine d'un modèle explicatif ancré dans l'émergence de sciences nouvelles, s'exprime dans l'œuvre de Dickens notamment sous la forme d'une collision entre deux genres littéraires, le Gothique et la fiction policière, chacun ayant sa manière propre d'envisager le mystère. C'est ainsi l'étude de cette collision qui fera l'objet de cette thèse, la manière dont l'œuvre de Dickens propose une mise en regard complexe et ambivalente du Gothique hérité de la littérature populaire du dix- huitième siècle et du Policier naissant, dont il contribue à inventer les codes. Il s'agit d'un télescopage brutal entre le monde de l'imaginaire gothique qui, pour être effrayant, n'en relève pas moins d'une forme de rassurance puisqu'il repose sur des croyances et des superstitions héritées et familières, et le monde rationnel de la résolution, rapide, expéditif, confiant – mais encore totalement instable, en construction, et dont la part d'ombre émerge sous l'apparence positiviste et confiante. Le texte réaliste et social de Dickens, d'abord essentiellement sous l'influence du genre Gothique s'oriente peu à peu vers la fiction policière – comme si le texte lui-même enregistrait la transformation que la société victorienne connaissait, et comme si sa forme même s'en trouvait modifiée. Les tensions et les énigmes sont immanquablement résolues, le désordre gothique laisse la place à l'ordre rationnel – tel est en tout cas le programme du texte dickensien, qui remonte méthodiquement les différents fils d'intrigue pour finir par proposer une version unique et ordonnée d'un passé incertain, d'un mystère à élucider : les traces éparses sont reconstituées en un tout cohérent, linéaire et causal. Le texte affirme ainsi l'intention de contrôler l'irrationalité, et la fin des romans de Dickens, univoque, semble laisser peu de place à ses convolutions premières : les fragments épars sont rassemblés et bien souvent tissés ensemble, organisés dans un tout cohérent, les zones d'ombre sont éclaircies, et la résistance d'un passé trouble cède devant les insistances investigatrices d'un texte à la puissance panoptique et rationalisante. - - 6 Pourtant, nous verrons que cette mutation vers le Policier est largement ambivalente : la résolution flamboyante déployée dans chaque roman, le rôle généralement décisif des policiers et des détectives, se caractérise par une forme de permanence inattendue du Gothique, un trouble dans le genre. Accueilli au cœur du genre naissant que Dickens commence à définir, le Gothique prend des formes nouvelles, il quitte les maisons hantées isolées qui ont fait son succès pour s'insinuer au cœur de la modernité urbaine et venir inquiéter la nouvelle forme littéraire qui émerge dans les romans de Dickens. Nous proposons donc dans cette étude d'aborder l'œuvre de Dickens par l'angle du genre littéraire, dont il nous semble que malgré la masse critique imposante qui existe sur l'auteur, il pourrait aider à proposer une approche encore originale et féconde. La mutation du Gothique vers le Policier raconte celle de la société victorienne, et il nous semble que la forme même des romans de Dickens porte l'inscription de cette transition et des tensions qui la sous-tendent. Elle établit un lien incontournable entre le texte dickensien et le contexte historique et social de l'époque, et l'angle choisi dans cette étude est de présenter l'œuvre de Dickens comme évoluant conjointement à la création et à l'évolution de l'institution policière au dix-neuvième siècle. Au fur et à mesure que la police victorienne s'organise, le texte dickensien s'achemine vers la fiction policière et fait de Dickens l'un des précurseurs du genre et de son digne représentant, le détective. C'est parce que c'est cette évolution diachronique qui nous intéresse que nous avons choisi de nous intéresser à l'ensemble de l'œuvre de Dickens – à ses romans,
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