Pure Appl. Biol., 8(3): 1943-1949, September, 2019 http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2019.80138

Research Article

Diversity of fresh water algae from some important habitats of district ,

Naeem Ullah1, Masrina Sartaj1, Asma Nawaz1, Fida Hussain1, Muzammil Shah2, Nawaz Jang3, Farooq Jan4, Ikram Muhammad5, Kashif Ali6 and Muhammad Shuaib7* 1. Department of Chemical and Life Sciences, Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar-Pakistan 2. Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah-21589-Saudi Arabia 3. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong Campus, Kunming, Yunnan-China 4. Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan-Pakistan 5. Laboratory of Plant Metabolic Engineering, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology-PR China 6. Institute of Ecology and Geobotany, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming-China 7. School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming-China *Corresponding author’s email: [email protected] Citation Naeem Ullah, Masrina Sartaj, Asma Nawaz, Fida Hussain, Muzammil Shah, Nawaz Jang, Farooq Jan, Ikram Muhammad, Kashif Ali and Muhammad Shuaib. Diversity of fresh water algae from some important habitats of district Chitral, Pakistan. Pure and Applied Biology. Vol. 8, Issue 3, pp1943-1949. http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2019.80138 Received: 15/04/2019 Revised: 22/06/2019 Accepted: 17/07/2019 Online First: 24/07/2019 Abstract In the present study, different localities of district Chitral were visited for a collection of freshwater algae. A total of 52 species belonging to 15 genera were recorded from different localities of district Chitral. Among the identified genera Mougeeotia were dominant genus with 12 species. The contribution of Mougeotia was 23.07%. The 2nd most dominant genera Spirogyra was recorded with 8 species. The contribution of Spirogyra was 15.38%. The genera Zygnema comprised 7 species. The contribution of Zygnema was 13.46%. The genus Ophiocytium was recorded with 5 species. The contributions of Ophiocytium were 9.61%. The genus Cosmarium and Microspora each recorded with 3 species and the genus of Microspora each genus contributions were 5.76%. The other genera Phacotus, Wislouchiella, Dinobryon, and Hormodium every two species were recorded. And each species were contributed 3.84%. The other genus Plamella, Radiofilum, Stichococcus, Tetraspora and Ulotrix were represented by single species. Each species contributed were 1.92% recorded in this study. Further studies are recommended in the research area to report and document complete algal diversity of research area. Keywords: Classification; Freshwater algae; Habitats; Chitral: Pakistan Introduction structure of chloroplast differs from different Algae are a large group of photosynthetic, species. The chloroplast helps in food eukaryotic multicellular and unicellular production by the process of photosynthesis. microorganism which has thallus body. The On earth, algae are considered to be the most

Published by Bolan Society for Pure and Applied Biology 1943 Ullah et al. important organisms because it is one the arranged them self in a colonial form. These source of food for aquatic life. The algae cells attached end to end in branched form survive in low and high temperature. The size and make filaments [9]. of algae varies from minute like pin head to In this study 37 species of green algae related large species. They also form colonies while to 6 genera of the phylum, Volvocophycota many forms branched structures. Algae have been reported from various freshwater found everywhere in rivers marine water, soil, bodies of Chitral. Among them these 10 spp etc. [1]. Algae are a good source of food and were found to belong to the genus closterum, energy, among them, many unicellular 9 spp of each characium and cosmarium species are of prime importance. Chlorella is genera, 5 spp of Chlamydomonas genus and a source of nutrients. Blue-green algae are 2 spp each belonging to the genus Cateria also known as nitrogen-fixing organisms. and Chlorella each, were found during the They have also a great effect on the study. The main objective behind the study of production of rice [2]. Algae are of different various algal species was to work out the kinds, among them more than 500 genera and taxonomic studies of unicellular green algal 8000 species of green algae have been species, reporting their habitats, locations discovered and a large number is yet to be weather and season along with the PH value discovered [3]. of habitat water as well [10]. Algae being on autotrophic considered are Materials and methods very important in the ecosystem. Algae help The present research work includes the the formation of the food chain for other collection, identification, classifications, and animals [4]. Algae seaweed is found 100 distribution of freshwater algae in different meters deep in the water, most can be found localities of district Chitral. The study on trees, soil, and animals. They can also be includes different Genera and their species found in pores of limestone as well as found in the designated area of district Chitral. sandstone, being a unique organism flourish It also includes chemical analysis of water in under high temperature and in polar ice [5]. the study area such as Goblin gole and They are a different size in a different habitat, gole. microscopic algae are called phytoplankton Study area can be found in ocean and lacks [6]. Chitral is situated at the northern area of KPK Cyanobacteria represent the early life of Pakistan. The local of Chitral also call it algae. Fossils records of above 3 billion years Chitral and Qashqar. The distance between reported algae form the rock which was Chitral and Peshawar is 322 kilometers. lacking oxygen algae and other green plants Threes also air route from Peshawar to produce oxygen through photosynthesis, they Chitral. It has a unique location and potential. are the first plant to appear as photosynthetic The district Chitral is connected to about billion years ago [7]. Algae belong to Afghanistan, Central Asian states, the Eukaryotic group of the organism except for northern area of Gilgit and China. The blue-green algae [7]. In Eukaryotic algae, geography can prove developing Chitral to be there is an important organelle (chloroplast) the most progressive district in Pakistan. The having green pigments like chlorophyll district of Chitral is settled by local people which helps to trap light during but is also a small population of Pashtun Photosynthesis and other accessory pigments people in the south. There also Kalash people like carotenoid (yellow and brown). [8]. are living in the most beautiful valley of Algae are present in different form and shape, subdivision Chitral like Bumbouret, Rumbur, single and independent cell combine and and Birir.

1944 Pure Appl. Biol., 8(3): 1943-1949, September, 2019 http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2019.80138

Chitral district is located between 35 - 130 range is Hindukush range to the west and 36 55 north latitude and 71 120 and73 bordering of Afghanistan, Hinduraj range to 53east longitudes. Afghanistan is situated to the east. There are lots of peaks and the northwest, the district of upper Dir and Terichmir is the highest with a height of province of Afghanistan to the south, Gizar 25263 feet (7700) meters, most part of the district of northern areas and Swat district to district is mountainous. The district Chitral of the east of district Chitral. composed of several valleys. Most valleys Physical features and topography are most important and the largest one. It Chitral valley is nearly 320 km away from starts from Broghil to Arandu on the southern Peshawar city. It has three of the highest tip of Afghan border. Another valley is ranges in the world. There are villages and , , , Mulkoh, Torkoh, cultivable lands among these mountains. This Shishi and Ashurat (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Local area district Chitral, Pakistan

Collection of samples Preservation of sample The water and algal samples were collected The sample was brought in the laboratory of from the selected areas in District Chitral. Qurtuba University in a plastic bottle and was The species collection was done with added four percent formaldehyde solutions so squeezers, directly putting in a bottle. These that decomposer eliminated. The sample of collected samples were then brought in 1-liter freshwater algae is preserved in Herbarium, plastic bottles and polythene bags. Department Life and Chemical Sciences Qurtuba University Peshawar.

1945 Ullah et al.

Slide preparation and species Chemical analysis of golian gole identifications The studied water sample result is as follow: The slide was prepared from one drop of each  Total hardness as CaCO3was sample. The drop of water samples was put 75.85mg/L (standard drinking water on the slide with the help of forceps and upto500) micropipette from the bottle and put the  Total dissolved solids(TDS) was dropping water on the slide and covered with 540.00mg/L(standard drinking water coverslip. Identification was carried by led upto1000) compound microscope using object 10x 20x  Chloride as CL was 29.15mg/L 40. Identification was carried out from the (standard drinking water up to 500) book [11].  Sulphate as SO4 was 19.73mg/L Chemical analysis of water (standard drinking water up to 400) The water samples were also collected for  pH was 6.84mg/L (standard drinking chemical analysis from the study area where water up to 6.50-8.50) collected fresh water brought to PCSIR  Sodium as Na was 157mg/L (standard laboratory Peshawar. drinking water up to 200) Results  Nitrite as NO2 was Nil mg/L Chemical analysis of water from the study (standard drinking water upto50.00) area  Calcium as CaCO was 60.29mg/L Chemical analysis of golian gole 3 (standard drinking water upto200) The water samples from the selected stream were:  Magnesium as CaCO3 was15.56mg/L(standard drinking  Total hardness as CaCO was 3 water up to 100) 995.00mg/L (standard drinking water

upto500)  Potassium as K 7.00mg/L

 Total dissolved solids (TDS) was  Conductivity 850.00mg/L 1050mg/ (standard drinking water  Total alkalinity as upto1000) CaCO3126.84mg/L  Chloride as CL was 38.26 mg/L Discussion (standard drinking water up to 500) In the present study, different localities of District Chitral were visited and collections  Sulphate as SO was 653.82 mg/L 4 of freshwater green algae were carried out. A (standard drinking water up to 400) total of 51 species belonging to 15 genera  pH was 7.08 mg/L (standard drinking were recorded from different localities of water up to 6.50-8.50) District Chitral. Among our identified genera  Sodium as Na was 29.90mg/L Mougeeotia was dominant genus with 12 (standard drinking water up to 200) species. The species belonging to Mougeotia  Nitrite as NO2 was Nil mg/L were M. quadrangulata, M. gracillima, M. (standard drinking water upto50.00) elegantula, M. virids, M. boodle, M. rabusta,  Calcium as CaCO3 was 193.03mg/L M. genuflexa, M. sphaerocarpa, M. calcarea, (standard drinking water upto200) M. scalaris, M. quadrangulata and M.  Magnesium as CaCO3 was 801.97 genuflexa. The contribution of Mougeotia mg/l(standard drinking water up to was 23.07 % of the total identified species. 100) The 2nd most dominant recorded genus was  Potassium as K 6.60 mg/L Spirogyra were with 8 species. The species  Conductivity 1630.00 mg/L belonging to Spirogyra were S. narcissiana,  Total alkalinity as CaCo300mg/L S. parvuta, S. proticalis, S. lagerheimill, S.

1946 Pure Appl. Biol., 8(3): 1943-1949, September, 2019 http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2019.80138 narcissiana, S .crassoidea, S. juglis, S.deluta. planctonica, H. subtile, H. flaccidiu, The contribution of Spirogyra was 15.38% of P.lenticularis, P. lenticularis, D. sociale and the total collected species. The genus D. sertularia. These contributed 3.84% of the Zygnema comprised of 7 species. These total recorded species. And other genus species were Z. adpectinatum, Z. Plamella, Radiofilum, Stichococcus, decussatium, Z. subtile, Z. neopectintum, Z. Tetraspora, and Ulotrix, were represented by liospermum, Z. excarrsium, Z. neopectintum. single species each. These species were S. The contributions of Zygnema were 13.46% bacillaris, P. Miniato leiblein, R. irreguare, of the total recorded species. The genus T. lubrica and U. Variabilis, each Ophiocytium was recorded with 5 species. contributing 1.92% recorded in the present The species are O. majus, O. cochleare, study. It has been reported that 22 species O.gracilips, O.majus, and O.gracilips. The belonging to 4 genera were recorded from the representation of Ophiocytium species was Kosht goal district Chitral. The genus 9.61% of the total identified species. Mougeotia with 12 species represented by M. Similarly, the genus Cosmarium and quadrangulata, M. gracillima, M. elegantula, Microspora each recorded with 3 species, C. M. Virids, M. boodle, M. Rabusta, M. pachyderma, C. nitidulam, C. moniliforme genuflexa, M. sphaerocarpa, M. calcarea, M. and Microspora species were M. williana, M. scalaris, M. quadrangulata and M. genuflexa, stagnorum, M. pachyderma, each genus the genus Zygnema has 7 species, Z. contributions were 5.76% of the total Adpectinatum, Z. decussatium, Z. subtile, Z. collected species. The other genera Phacotus, neopectintum, Z. liospermum, Z. excarrsium, Wislouchiella, Dinobryon, and Hormodium Z. neopectintum, Harmodium, has 2 species each had two species recorded. Among them, H.subtile, H. Flaccidium and Ulotrix has only the identified species included W. one species U. Variabilis (Table 1).

Table 1. List of genera showing relative distribution among different region of district Chitral S. No. Genus Species Kosht Goal Barumkagh Drason Golain Goal 1 Mougeotia 12 + - + - 2 Spirogyra 8 - - - + 3 Zygnema 7 + - + - 4 Ophiocytium 5 - - - + 5 Microspora 3 + - + - 6 Cosmarium 3 + 7 Phacotus 2 + + - - 8 Hormdium 2 + - - - 9 Wislouchiela 2 - - + - 10 Dinobryon 2 + + - 11 Plamella 1 - - - + 12 Radiofilum 1 - - - + 13 Sstichooccus 1 - + - - 14 Ulotrix 1 + - + - 15 Tetraspora 1 - + + -

Similar outcomes from the different new water Karachi in crisp water new water green growth living spaces algal species are systematically environments uncovered [15] the ordered identified and investigated from different parts of overview of new water green growth from Pakistan by [12-16]. Similar outcomes from various part of Pakistan [17-19]. An aggregate of

1947 Ullah et al.

68 blue-green algal species having a place with 2. Husain F & Shah S. Z (2014). Direct 29genera reported from different living space like effect of phosphate concentration on the waterways, streams, lakes, stale water and microalgal growth in Malakand Pakistan. wastewater archived from area Malakand KPK, Pak. j. weed sci. Res 20 (2):199-206. Pakistan by [19]. The algal differences were seen 3. Kashif A, Bakhtiar G, Husain F, Shahid in wastewater bodies which are commanded in A & Khwja J (2015). The study of algae; algal sprouts amid summer seasons by [20-22]. Similar outcomes from Dir lower river Panjkora the non-vascular aquatic weeds from by [22], explain the various algal species in various fresh water bodies of Peshawar relations to water qualities in water bodies. The Pakistan. Pak J Weed Sci Res 21(1): pH of various water bodies from different crisp 111-112. water algal natural surroundings, dormant and 4. Husain F, Leghari MK, Ahmad H, running water and wastewater bodies clarify. Rehman K, Iqbal A, Salem M & Leghari Conclusion MY (2009). Taxonamicstudy of fresh In the present study, different localities of water unicellular green algal species District Chitral were visited for collection of from Peshawar valley Pakistan. Inter J fresh water algae. The 2nd most dominant Physocl Phycochem 7(1): 9-22. genera Spirogyra was recorded with 8 specie. 5. Bellinger EG & Sigee DC (2010). The genus zygnema comprised of 7 species. Freshwater algae identification and use The genus Ophiocytium was recorded with 5 as bioindicators. John Wiley and Sons, species. The genus Cosmarium and Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, microspora each recorded with 3 species. Cichester, West Susses, Po19 8SQ, U.K The other genera phacotus, wislouchiella, 271. dinobryon, and hormodium were recorded 6. Sher K & Hazrat. A (2012). Taxanomic with two species each. The other genera study of green algae of lower river swat Plamella, Radiofilum, Stichococcus, KPK, Pakistan. Fuuast J Biol 2(1): 125- Tetraspora, and Ulotrix were represented by 130. single species recorded in this study. From 7. Hussain F, Anjum G & Zaman A (2010). the current investigation, it has been Some species of genus Nostoc, from soil concluded that District Chitral is an ideal of Khyber Pakhtunkha, Pakistan. Pak J habitat for the growth of freshwater algae. It plant Sci 16:65-77. is suggested that there are many aquatic sites 8. Husain, Laghari MK, & Munir M (2008). in District Chitral which are yet to be Qualitative and quantities distribution of explored for freshwater algae. algal species from paddy fields Authors’ contributions Sharaqpur and Kamalia, Punjab. Inter J Conceived and designed the experiments: N Phycol Phycochem 4(2): 149-158. Ullah, M Sartaj & A Nawaz, Performed the 9. Nawaz A & Sarim FM (2004). The fresh fields work and experiments: F Hussain, M water of Swat river. Puta J 10: 181-183. Shah & N Jang, Analyzed the data: F Jan & I 10. Hussain F, Leghari MK, Ahmad H, Iqbal Muhammad, contributed reagents/ materials/ A, Saleem M & Leghari MY (2011). analysis tools: K Ali, M Shuaib, Wrote the Taxonomic study of unicellular green paper: M Shuaib, F Jan & F Hussain. algal species from Peshawar valley. Inter References J Phycol Phycochem 7 (1): 9-22. 1. Salah -Ud-DIN. K, Shuaib M & Husain 11. Tiffany LH & Britton ME (1991). The F (2017). Documentation of micro algal algae of Illions. Chicago University species from selected region of Peshawar Chicago press. USA. Valley Khyber Pakhtunkhawa (KPK) 12. Leghari SM (2001). Some fresh water Pakistan. Pure Appl Bio 6(2): 561-57.

1948 Pure Appl. Biol., 8(3): 1943-1949, September, 2019 http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2019.80138

green filamentous algae (Chlorophyta) University of Multan, Pakistan. Inter J of and Dinoboroncylindrica (Chrysophyta) Phycol and Phycochem 5(1): 77-92. from Lakes and Rivers in Ponds of Sindh, 18. Jang N, Shah ZS, Jan S, Junaid A, Khan Pakistan. Online J Biol Sci 1: 145-9. K & Hussain F (2014)..Local screening 13. Imtiaz H, Afridi MS, Hussain Z, Shah M, for algal Diversity in relation to water Shuaib M & Hussain F (2018). quality of district Swabi. J of Community assembly and ecology of Biodiversity and Environ Sci 5(3): 9-13. microalgae of Peshawar Khyber 19. Husain F, Shah ZS & Husain Z (2016). Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. Pak J of Weed Indexing the cyanobacterial Sci Res 1: 24(3). communities of different ecological 14. Khan H, Fiaz M, Khan S, Hussain F, habitat of Malakand Pakistan. Pak J Shah SZ, Shah M, Shuaib M, Saeed M, Weed Sci Res 22 (1): 37-47. Raza F & Laghari MK. (2017). 20. Sajjida Javaria, Jan S, Ur-Rhman K & Taxonomic study of freshwater Green Hussain F (2013). Eco-taxonomic study Algae in relation to water quality of of algal flora from Kurram Rivers Tehsil Landikotal, Khyber Agency, Parachinar. Inter J Phycol Phycochem Pakistan. Pure and Appl Biol 6(4): 1328- 9(1): 63-68. 1334. 21. Zarina A, Naz F & Shameel F (2014). 15. Aliya R, Zarina A & Shameel M (2009). Taxanomic studies on the genus Survey of freshwater algae from Karachi, Cosmarium corda (desmidophyceae) Pakistan. Pak J Bot 41(2): 861-870. from North-Eastern areas of Pakistan. 16. Ghazal B, Hena L, Zarina A & Mustafa Pak J Bot 46(4): 1501-1506. A. (2005). Photochemistry and 22. Shuaib M, Ali K, Zeb U, Ahmed S, Ali Bioactivity of some freshwater green S, Khan I & Hussain F (2017). To assess algae from Pakistan. Pharmaceutical the fresh water algal diversity in relation Biol 43(4): 358-369. to water quality from river Panjkora, 17. Ghazala B, Hena. I, Zarian A & Shameel district Dir lower, Pakistan. Pure Appl M (2009). Taxonomic survey of fresh Biol 6(2): 645-656. water algae at the campus of BZ

1949