The Pennsylvania State University
The Graduate School
Department of Ecosystem Science and Management
DETERMINING THE BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITY
COMPOSITION OF FRESHWATER STREAMS FROM FISH GUT ANALYSIS
A Thesis in
Wildlife and Fisheries Science
by
Shelly Collette Pickett
2015 Shelly Collette Pickett
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Master of Science
May 2015
The thesis of Shelly Collette Pickett was reviewed and approved* by the following:
Jay R. Stauffer, Jr. Distinguished Professor of Ichthyology Thesis Advisor
David A.W. Miller Assistant Professor of Wildlife Population Ecology
Gregory A. Hoover Senior Extension Associate, Department of Entomology
Michael G. Messina Head and Professor, Department of Ecosystem Science and Management
*Signatures are on file in the Graduate School
iii
ABSTRACT
The monitoring of changes in benthic macroinvertebrate communities over time facilitates the evaluation of changes in the function and structure of aquatic ecosystems. I hypothesize that it will be possible to reconstruct historic macroinvertebrate communities by examining gut contents of fishes preserved in natural history museums. Researchers can use this knowledge to estimate the historic benthic macroinvertebrate community for streams from which
we have fish museum specimens. These historic data can then be compared to current data to see
how macroinvertebrate communities have changed over time.
In this study, the fishes whose gut content most accurately reflected the benthic
macroinvertebrate community of a freshwater stream, specifically Marshalls Creek, were
identified. Both fish species and benthic macroinvertebrates were collected at various sites of
Marshalls Creek in East Stroudsburg, PA, in March, August, and December 2010. Collections
were taken at different times of year to reflect seasonal variation both in species sampled and
quantity collected. 231 fish were dissected and their gut contents identified. Bluespotted
Sunfish, Redbreast Sunfish, and White Suckers were the species that best represented the benthic
macroinvertebrate community from their gut content. These species can be used to predict 81%
of the total summer taxa.
If there are 10 museum specimens of the selected species available, (in this case 10 White
Suckers, 10 Bluespotted Sunfish, and 10 Redbreast Sunfish), one could dissect a total of 30 fish
and expect to identify 68% of the total taxa (both kicknet and gut taxa combined) found in the
freshwater stream where the specimens originated.
In order to estimate sampling distribution, using R 3.0.2, 100 simulations were run of
each combination of three fish species to determine the average quantity of taxa consumed (to the
family level) along with sampling variation. The benthic macroinvertebrate data obtained from
iv the dissection of museum specimens could then be compared to data obtained from more recently collected specimens (10 White Suckers, 10 Bluespotted Sunfish, and 10 Redbreast Sunfish) and a comparison made to determine how the macroinvertebrate community has changed over time.
Are families associated with high quality streams missing from the current collection? Based on which macroinvertebrate families are present and/or absent, the types of stresses that have caused these absences can be determined.
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Figures ...... vi
List of Tables ...... vii
Acknowledgements ...... x
Chapter 1 Introduction ...... 1
Chapter 2 Methods and Materials ...... 3
Study Area ...... 3 Sampling Schedule ...... 4 Study sites ...... 5 Fish Collection ...... 7 Benthic Macroinvertebrate Collection ...... 8 Fish Gut Analysis ...... 9 Benthic Macroinvertebrate Identification ...... 10 Simulations ...... 10
Chapter 3 Results ...... 13
Presence/Absence Tables ...... 13 Life History of Fishes Sampled ...... 14 Aquatic Macroinvertebrate Description ...... 23 Benthic Macroinvertebrates Found in Kicknet but not Gut Content ...... 24 Macroinvertebrates Found in Gut Content but not Kicknet ...... 30 Macroinvertebrates Found in Summer Gut Content but not Summer Kicknet ...... 33 Simulations ...... 36
Chapter 4 Discussion ...... 37
Conclusions ...... 37
Literature Cited ...... 41
Appendix A Marshalls Creek Site 0 ...... 51 Appendix B Marshalls Creek Site 0A ...... 54 Appendix C Marshalls Creek Site 1 ...... 56 Appendix D Marshalls Creek Site 2 ...... 60 Appendix E Marshalls Creek Site 3 ...... 64 Appendix F Marshalls Creek Site 4 ...... 70 Appendix G Presence/Absence Tables ...... 74 Appendix H Fish Gut Content Data ...... 94
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2-1. Pennsylvania map with study site region highlighted...... 4
Figure 2-2. Location of Marshalls Creek collection sites ...... 7
Figure A-1. Site 0, Marshalls Creek, looking upstream...... 51
Figure A-2. Site 0, Marshalls Creek, looking downstream...... 51
Figure B-1. Site 0A, Marshalls Creek, looking downstream...... 54
Figure C-1. Site 1, Marshalls Creek, looking upstream...... 56
Figure C-2. Site 1, Marshalls Creek, looking downstream...... 56
Figure D-1. Site 2, Marshalls Creek, looking upstream...... 60
Figure E-1. Site 3, Marshalls Creek, looking upstream...... 64
Figure E-2. Site 3, Marshalls Creek, looking downstream...... 64
Figure F-1. Site 4, Marshalls Creek, looking upstream...... 70
Figure F-2. Site 4, Marshalls Creek, looking across the stream...... 70
vii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2-1. Possible combinations of 3 of 7 total fish species (White Sucker, Redbreast Sunfish, Bluespotted Sunfish, American Eel, Creek Chub Sucker, Tessellated Darter and Shield Darter) with the average and standard deviation obtained from 100 simulations ...... 12
Table A-1. Fish species collected from Marshalls Creek, Site 0, on December 17, 2010 ...... 52
Table A-2. Aquatic macroinvertebrates collected from Marshalls Creek, Site 0, on December 17, 2010...... 53
Table B-1. Fish species collected from Marshalls Creek, Site 0A, on August 4, 2010 ...... 54
Table B-2. Aquatic macroinvertebrates collected from Marshalls Creek, Site 0A, on August 4, 2010 ...... 55
Table C-1. Fish species collected from Marshalls Creek, Site 1, on March 27, 2010...... 57
Table C-2. Aquatic macroinvertebrates collected from Marshalls Creek, Site 1, on March 27, 2010 ...... 57
Table C-3. Fish species collected from Marshalls Creek, Site 1, on August 4, 2010 ...... 58
Table C-4. Aquatic macroinvertebrates collected from Marshalls Creek, Site 1, on August 4, 2010...... 58
Table C-5. Aquatic macroinvertebrates collected from Marshalls Creek, Site 1, on December 17, 2010...... 59
Table D-1. Fish species collected from Marshalls Creek, Site 2, on March 27, 2010 ...... 60
Table D-2. Aquatic macroinvertebrates collected from Marshalls Creek, Site 2, on March 27, 2010...... 61
Table D-3. Aquatic macroinvertebrates collected from Marshalls Creek, Site 2, on August 4, 2010...... 62
Table D-4. Aquatic macroinvertebrates collected from Marshalls Creek, Site 2, on December 17, 2010 ...... 63
Table E-1. Fish species collected from Marshalls Creek, Site 3, on March 27, 2010 ...... 65
Table E-2. Aquatic macroinvertebrates collected from Marshalls Creek, Site 3, on March 27, 2010...... 66
Table E-3. Aquatic macroinvertebrates collected from Marshalls Creek, Site 3, on August 4, 2010 ...... 67
viii
Table E-4. Fish species collected from Marshalls Creek, Site 3, on December 17, 2010...... 68
Table E-5. Aquatic macroinvertebrates collected from Marshalls Creek, Site 3, on December 17, 2010 ...... 69
Table F-1. Fish species collected from Marshalls Creek, Site 4, on August 4, 2010 ...... 71
Table F-2. Aquatic macroinvertebrates collected from Marshalls Creek, Site 4, on August 4, 2010...... 72
Table F-3. Aquatic macroinvertebrates collected from Marshalls Creek, Site 4, on December 17, 2010 ...... 73
Table G-1. Spring Presence/Absence Table Kicknet Taxa (KT) ...... 74
Table G-2. Summer Presence/Absence Table Kicknet Taxa (KT) ...... 75
Table G-3. Winter Presence/Absence Table Kicknet Taxa (KT)...... 76
Table G-4. Anguilla rostrata presence/absence table ...... 77
Table G-5. Catostomus commersoni presence/absence table ...... 79
Table G-6. Enneacanthus gloriosus presence/absence table...... 81
Table G-7. Esox niger presence/absence table ...... 83
Table G-8. Etheostoma olmstedi presence/absence table ...... 85
Table G-9. Lepomis auritus presence/absence table...... 87
Table G-10. Erimyzon oblongus, Micropterus salmoides, and Noturus insignis presence/absence table ...... 90
Table G-11. Percina peltata presence/absence table ...... 92
Table H-1. Anguilla rostrata gut content data from fish collected on March 27, 2010 ...... 94
Table H-2. Anguilla rostrata gut content data from fish collected on August 4, 2010...... 101
Table H-3. Anguilla rostrata gut content data from fish collected on December 17, 2010 ...... 107
Table H-4. Ameirus nebulosus gut content data from fish collected on December 17, 2010...... 114
Table H-5. Catostomus commersoni gut content data from fish collected on March 27, 2010 and December 17, 2010 ...... 120
ix
Table H-6. Catostomus commersoni gut content data from fish collected on August 4, 2010...... 127
Table H-7. Enneacanthus gloriosus gut content data from fish collected on August 4, 2010...... 133
Table H-8. Enneacanthus gloriosus gut content data from fish collected on December 17, 2010 ...... 140
Table H-9. Esox niger gut content data from fish collected on August 4, 2010 and December 17, 2010...... 146
Table H-10. Erimyzon oblongus gut content data from fish collected on March 27, 2010, August 4, 2010, and December 17, 2010 ...... 153
Table H-11. Etheostoma olmstedi gut content data from fish collected on March 27, 2010 and December 17, 2010...... 159
Table H-12. Etheostoma olmstedi gut content data from fish collected on August 4, 2010 ...... 166
Table H-13. Lepomis auritus gut content data from fish collected on March 27, 2010 and December 17, 2010 ...... 172
Table H-14. Lepomis auritus gut content data from fish collected on August 4, 2010...... 179
Table H-15. Micropterus salmoides gut content data from fish collected on August 4, 2010 ...... 185
Table H-16. Noturus insignis gut content data from fish collected on August 4, 2010...... 192
Table H-17. Percina peltata gut content data from fish collected on August 4, 2010...... 198
x
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The person to whom I owe the most gratitude is Dr. Jay R. Stauffer, Jr., my advisor throughout my time as a master’s student at The Pennsylvania State University. My journey with him began in May 2011 when I took part in his field Ichthyology class in Erie, PA. Jay has had my back from day one and he and his wife Dixie will always hold a special place in my heart. I will not forget the part they played in my becoming a Fisheries Biologist, something that I began dreaming of in 2007. I owe Rich Taylor sincere gratitude for helping me with my R coding…without your help I wouldn’t have been able to complete this! I also want to thank every lab member who helped me collect fish for my research. These members include: Shan Li,
Rich Taylor, Bill Hanson, Brent Smith, Bryan Matje, Josh Lynn, Titus Phiri, Sara Mueller, Cindy
Nau, and Bethany Thomas. In addition, I would not have been able to succeed at this without the guidance of the other two members on my committee: Dr. Dave Miller and Greg Hoover. Dave, with his wealth of knowledge when it comes to the statistical program R, guided me in the right direction toward gathering useful stats from all of my data. Greg began introducing me to aquatic macroinvertebrates through independent study and continued on schooling me in the class
Aquatic Entomology. After that instruction was over, he tirelessly aided in my identification as I examined gut contents, meeting with me once a week for an entire semester. Each and every one of you played a part in getting me to where I am today, and for that I am extremely grateful!
1
Chapter 1
Introduction
Historically, when ichthyologists sample a particular body of water, they preserve the majority of fishes caught and place them into one or more natural history museums. Many studies conducted by aquatic entomologists however, focus on specific taxa of interest and therefore, a complete representative sample of the benthic macroinvertebrate fauna may not be collected. Thus, it is difficult to determine the entire benthic macroinvertebrate community of a particular freshwater stream from historical collections catalogued into entomology museums alone.
The composition of the benthic macroinvertebrate community in freshwater streams reflects overall stream health, with certain taxa present only if pristine conditions exist (Cairns and Pratt 1993). Conversely, other taxa can survive when stream water quality is poor (Chapman et al. 1982). Different families of benthic macroinvertebrates have certain functions within the stream habitat based on diverse feeding habits; therefore, their presence or absence can result in changes within aquatic food chains. In general, benthic macroinvertebrates are sedentary, so any type of disturbance will be reflected in the presence or absence of specific taxa at a site
(Chessman 1995). Aquatic biologists rely on structure and function of aquatic macroinvertebrates to assess stream health (Stauffer et al. 1978, Stauffer and Hocutt 1980). In order to assess water quality of freshwater streams, biotic indices are frequently used. Generally,
Plecoptera are intolerant to biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and low dissolved oxygen, so they are given a 1 in a biotic index when evaluating this stress; whereas Gastropoda and
2 Hirudinea are tolerant of high BOD; therefore they receive a classification of 10 in a biotic index
(SBMWA 2014). Conversely, Plecoptera are tolerant to low pH; thus, when using biota to assess stream health, one must first identify the type of stress being evaluated.
I surmise that in order to evaluate changes in the function and structure of aquatic ecosystems it is necessary to track changes in the benthic macroinvertebrate communities over time. I hypothesize that it will be possible to reconstruct historic macroinvertebrate communities by examining gut contents of fishes preserved in natural history museums. Rachlin and
Warkentine (1987) first proposed using stomach contents to reconstruct invertebrate fauna. To test this hypothesis, I will determine which trophic groups of fishes for which gut contents need to be examined in order to reconstruct presence/absence of the benthic macroinvertebrate community.
In addition, the life history of fishes collected will be examined to better understand why the fishes that are best at representing the benthic macroinvertebrate population based on gut content alone are the best at doing so. Habitat, feeding habits (generalists vs. specialists), and placement in the water column must play a role in this. These factors will be examined in detail in Chapter 3.
Once the fish species that contributed most to my analysis have been determined, researchers can use this knowledge to then estimate the benthic macroinvertebrate community for streams from which we have fish museum specimens (several specimens in the current Penn State
Fish Museum date back to the early 1900’s). These data can then be compared to current data to see how a particular stream’s water quality may have changed over time.
3 Chapter 2
Methods and Materials
Study Area
Marshalls Creek originates from Otter Lake in East Stroudsburg, Monroe County, PA, and flows for 16.8 km where it empties into Lower Brodhead Creek, which then drains into the
Delaware River (Figure 1-1). It drains 69.4 km2 (BWA 2010). According to the Department of
Environmental Protection, Pennsylvania Code Title, Chapter 93, unnamed tributaries of Brodhead
Creek are designated as High Quality, Cold Water Fisheries (HQ-CWF) (DEP 2013). A 1998 survey conducted by Tom Shervinskie of the PA Fish and Boat Commission recorded 29 fish species in the Marshall Creek drainage (Leckvarcik 2001). The survey conducted by the Stauffer
Lab at the Pennsylvania State University in 2010 in a small section of Marshalls Creek, on which this project is based, yielded 20 fish species.
4
Figure 2-1. State of Pennsylvania with study sites highlighted in pink, in the eastern part of the state, Monroe County.
Sampling Schedule
Sampling of both benthic macroinvertebrates and fishes was conducted in March,
August, and December 2010 in order to obtain complete data regarding both benthic
macroinvertebrate and fish populations. Temporal variation was mitigated by sampling during
different seasons. According to Bunn et al. (1986:85), “major temporal changes were observed in
the community structure of the invertebrate fauna,” when the macroinvertebrate population was
sampled every 6 weeks for a one year period.
Fish species collected during 2010 included: American Brook Lamprey (Lampetra
appendix), American Eel (Anguilla rostrata), Chain Pickerel (Esox niger), White Sucker
(Catostomus commersoni), Creek Chub Sucker (Erimyzon oblongus), Margined Madtom
(Noturus insignis), Brown Bullhead (Ameirus nebulosus), Brown Trout (Salmo trutta),
5 Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides), Bluespotted Sunfish (Enneacanthus gloriosus),
Redbreast Sunfish (Lepomis auritus), Shield Darter (Percina peltata), Tessellated Darter
(Etheostoma olmstedi), Longnose Dace (Rhinichthys cataractae), Blacknose Dace (Rhinichthys atratulus), Cutlips Minnow (Exoglossum maxillingua), Common Shiner (Luxilus cornutus),
Bridle Shiner (Notropis bifrenatus), Ironcolor Shiner (Notropis chalybaeus), and Fallfish
(Semotilus corporalis).
Study sites
There were 6 different sites (of varying habitat types) within the Marshalls Creek drainage that were sampled either for benthic macroinvertebrates, fishes, or for both. These included: Sites 0, 0A, 1, 2, 3, and 4. Site 0 was located the farthest downstream and Site 4 the farthest upstream (Figure 2-1).
Site 0 was located along Rt. 209, just downstream of one of the Rt. 209 bridges at coordinates N41.0167, W75.1301. When it was sampled for both benthic macroinvertebrates and fishes in December 2010, it was composed predominantly of runs (75%), pools (25%), and riffles
(0%). The substrate in this section of Marshalls Creek consisted of gravel, cobble, and boulders.
Site 0A was located on County Bridge Road, at coordinates N41.0258, W75.1305.
Sampling for both benthic macroinvertebrates and fishes was conducted there in August 2010. At that time, it consisted of 80% pools, 10% riffles, and 10% runs. Sampling was started at the bridge and continued upstream to the first riffle. The substrate found there was cobble, sand, gravel, along with some silt.
Site 1 was located at Smithfield Township Park and sampling took place in the first pool near the gravel parking lot at coordinates N41.0322, W75.1275. Site 1 was sampled for both benthic macroinvertebrates and fishes in March and August 2010. In December 2010, only
6 benthic macroinvertebrate samples were collected. Site 1 is composed entirely of a large pool.
Its substrate consisted of large flat rocks (which were algae-covered in summer), sand, and silt.
The water here was nutrient-rich because approximately a dozen ducks were present.
Site 2 was located under one of the Rt. 209 bridges at coordinates N41.0348, W75.1242.
It was sampled for benthic macroinvertebrates in March, August, and December 2010. Fish were collected at Site 2 in March 2010. At that time it was composed predominantly of riffles (80%), pools (10%), and runs (10%). Substrate at this site was gravel, cobble, and silt.
Site 3 was located along the natural gas pipeline at coordinates N41.0403, W75.1228. It consisted of 90% runs and 10% riffles. There were no pools. Benthic macroinvertebrates were collected there in March, August, and December 2010. Fish were collected at Site 3 in March and December 2010. The substrate composition at Site 3 was gravel, cobble, rocks, and silt.
Site 4 was located at the Rt. 209 bridge at Marshalls Creek Village at coordinates
N41.0421, W75.1288. Sampling started just upstream of the bridge and continued 100 m upstream through the first riffle. Both benthic macroinvertebrates and fish were collected here in
August 2010. In December 2010, only benthic macroinvertebrates were sampled. Site 4 consisted of 40% riffles, 40% pools, and 20% runs and the substrate found there was gravel, cobble, silt, and sand.
7
Figure 2-2. Location of Marshalls Creek collection sites, East Stroudsburg, PA.
Fish Collection
For this study, I used fishes that were catalogued into the Pennsylvania State University
Fish Museum. Fishes were collected in Marshalls Creek at three different times throughout 2010:
March 27, August 4, and December 17. On March 27, 2010, fishes were collected at Site 1, Site
2, and Site 3. On August 4, 2010, fishes were collected at Site 0A, Site 1, and Site 4. On
December 17, 2010, fishes were collected at Site 0 and Site 3. Single pass backpack
electrofishing was conducted for 100 meters at each site sampled, using a Smith-Root LR-24
Electrofisher. The battery-powered backpack unit was set at pulsed 300 volts of direct current.
8 At each site, fishes were sorted, counted, and identified. Most sport fishes and all
endangered species were recorded and then released. If only 1 specimen of a species was caught it was released. Fishes not released were euthanized using a buffered solution of MS-222 at a concentration of 250 mg/l and were left in solution for at least 10 minutes after all opercular movement stopped (PSARP 2010). Specimens were then fixed in a solution of 10% formalin and held in this for a 2 week period. After which time, they were cleared of formalin by soaking the specimens in multiple changes of water until formalin was no longer detected. They were then sorted according to species and identification was verified by Rich Taylor, Penn State lecturer of
Ichthyology Lab, and placed in jars containing 70% ethanol. They were then stored in The
Pennsylvania State University Fish Museum at Rock Springs, PA.
Benthic Macroinvertebrate Collection
In order to obtain a representative benthic macroinvertebrate sample, a standard D-frame kick net was used. This qualitative method was chosen because of its efficiency. According to
Hornig & Pollard (1978), benthic macroinvertebrate samples taken with kick net have less variation among replicates than that of a Surber sampler. In addition, kick net samples collect a larger number of taxa than does the Surber sampler (Mackey et al. 1984).
Benthic macroinvertebrate samples were collected by Bill Hanson and various lab assistants on three different occasions at Marshalls Creek in 2010: March 27, August 4, and
December 17. On March 27, 2010, benthic macroinvertebrates were collected at Site 1, Site 2, and Site 3. On August 4, 2010, benthic macroinvertebrates were sampled at Site 0A, Site 1, Site
2, Site 3, and Site 4. And on December 17, 2010, benthic macroinvertebrates were collected at
Site 0, Site 1, Site 2, Site 3, and Site 4.
9 Ten different samples were taken at each site; samples were taken from different habitat types so as to collect a representative sample of the entire benthic macroinvertebrate community.
The kick net used had a 30 cm opening and a 1200 μm mesh size. The collector stood upstream of the net and disturbed the substrate vigorously for 20 seconds as described by Frost et al.
(1971). Substrate, detritus, and benthic macroinvertebrates were dislodged in this process and drifted into the net. This process was repeated for the remaining samples. These 10 samples were then pooled and stored in 70% ethanol.
Fish Gut Analysis
I removed the stomachs of preserved fishes. For each individual, total length was
measured to 1mm before dissection. An incision was made on the ventral side of the fish, just
behind the branchiostegal rays all the way to the anus. The entire foregut, stomach, and hindgut
were removed and then opened and contents placed in 70% ethanol for identification. Contents
were identified, to the lowest taxonomic designation possible using taxonomic keys provided by
Merritt et al. (2008), Peckarsky et al. (1990), and Wiggins (1996) and then counted. The
complete gut contents identified for each specimen are found in Appendix G. Specimens were
examined and identified using a Leica EZ4 stereomicroscope.
For this research, cyprinid species were not dissected and their foregut, stomach, and hindgut contents not identified due to mastication of prey items with their pharyngeal teeth, making prey items difficult to identify (Litvak and Hansell 1988). In addition, the 7 larval
American Brook Lamprey were not dissected and their foregut, stomach, and hindgut contents not identified because these larvae are filter feeders, the majority of their diet consisting of diatoms and desmids (Moore and Mallatt 1980).
10 Benthic Macroinvertebrate Identification
In this study, benthic macroinvertebrates were identified to the lowest possible taxa using keys provided by Merritt et al. (2008), Peckarsky et al. (1990), and Wiggins (1996), and then counted. Both Bill Hanson and I were responsible for identifying all benthic macroinvertebrates collected. The data used for statistical analysis were at the family level, due to the degree of difficulty in identifying gut content to genus.
In the case of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera sometimes only mandibles remained; if 2 mandibles were found, I determined one individual had been consumed, etc. In the case of Amphipoda, specimens were sometimes torn into pieces. In this case, I counted the number of heads. In the case of psephenids (water pennies), if individuals were not whole, I found pieces that could form a whole and counted accordingly. In the case of chironomids (non- biting midges), the number of head capsules present was counted. When counting Ostracoda,
Copepoda, and Chironomidae in White Suckers specifically, I placed entire gut contents in a 50 mm diameter petri dish. I then placed graph paper underneath and numbered each square.
Randomly, I counted gut contents in 17 of the 85 squares (20%). Totals of each (Ostracoda,
Copepoda, and Chironomidae) were then multiplied by five to get estimates of total individuals consumed.
Simulations
All analyses were done in R 3.0.2 (R Core Team 2013). Simulations were used to yield sampling distribution estimates, by sampling without replacement using the original dataset obtained from my fish and macroinvertebrate collections (Hallgren 2013). Sampling without replacement was important because by throwing a fish previously used back into the equation, no
11 additional macroinvertebrate species would be gained. White Suckers < 80 mm were eliminated
from simulations because they eat primarily microorganisms until approximately two years of
age. Minus the cyprinid species, there were 13 species of fish collected. Of these, 7 species were
discarded from simulations due to few individuals being collected (<7 specimens total). These species can be removed with little to no effect, leaving 6 fish species of which to run simulations.
In order to determine which species are most important to estimating a stream’s benthic macroinvertebrate population, I used 100 simulations each, sample size of 5, of all possible combinations of 3 of the remaining 6 fish species. This resulted in 20 possible combinations
(Table 2-1). After completing 100 simulations on each combination of 3, I found the sums (total
# of benthic macroinvertebrate families consumed) of each of the 100 simulations and then
averaged those sums and determined how variable this sampling was by the standard deviation of
the sample mean.
12 Table 2-1. Possible combinations of 3 of 6 total fish species (White Sucker, Redbreast Sunfish, Bluespotted Sunfish, American Eel, Tessellated Darter and Shield Darter) with the average and standard deviation obtained from 100 simulations run in R. Combination AVG STDEV WhiteRedBlue 31.68 2.40 RedBlueEel 29.46 2.24 WhiteRedEel 29.45 2.56 WhiteBlueEel 29.04 2.37 RedBlueTess 28.68 2.75 WhiteRedTess 28.31 2.40 WhiteBlueTess 27.56 2.32 WhiteRedShield 27.53 2.75 RedBlueShield 26.95 2.44 WhiteBlueShield 26.11 2.56 RedEelTess 23.72 2.32 WhiteEelTess 23.05 2.37 RedEelShield 22.56 2.41 RedTessShield 22.33 3.11 BlueEelTess 22.30 2.37 WhiteEelShield 22.24 2.16 WhiteTessShield 21.13 2.39 BlueEelShield 20.45 2.14 BlueTessShield 18.80 2.25 EelTessShield 11.51 2.00
13
Chapter 3
Results
Presence/Absence Tables
A total of 360 fish representing 18 taxa were collected in the summer, specifically August
2014. Gut contents included 10,895 individuals representing 82 benthic macroinvertebrate taxa
(counting each down to the lowest identifiable taxonomic level) and 8 terrestrial arthropod taxa.
The results of the kicknet samples collected during summer yielded 2,495 individuals
representing 69 aquatic macroinvertebrate taxa. The fish that best represented the
macroinvertebrate community were Bluespotted Sunfish with 48 taxa, White Sucker with 46 taxa,
and Redbreast Sunfish with 44 taxa.
During the winter season, there were 50 fish collected, and 19 (or 38%) of them had 1 or
no taxa in their gut. In addition, in winter, there were 11 gut taxa (GT) but 44 kicknet taxa (KT),
and total taxa (TT) equaled 45; thus, I could only estimate 24.4% of the total benthic
macroinvertebrate community composition.
From here on out when I refer to taxa, I am referring to the family level as this is what was used as a measurement during all simulations. Seven benthic macroinvertebrate taxa occurred in the summer D-frame kicknet collections, but were not present in the fishes’ guts. Six benthic macroinvertebrate taxa occurred in the fishes’ guts, but were not present in the D-frame kicknet samples. A total of 51 families were represented in summer gut content and a total of 46 families were represented in summer kicknet collections; in addition, the total summer benthic macroinvertebrate taxa equaled 58.
14 Life History of Fishes Sampled
American Eel
The American Eel is primarily a bottom feeder (Ogden 1970), feeding mainly at night
(Denoncourt and Stauffer 1993). The collection of fishes for this project was performed during
the day, so some prey items could have already passed entirely through the alimentary tract of
specimens at time of capture. In general, American Eels less than 400 mm in standard length
(SL) feed primarily on Ephemeroptera, Megaloptera, and Trichoptera (Ogden 1970). Denoncourt
(1994) found that Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera were observed in 69% of feeding American
Eels.
The American Eel has a unique life history. The fish is catadromous, hatching and dying in the Sargasso Sea, while spending the years in between in either estuaries or freshwater
(USFWS 2011). During its lifetime it undergoes many life stages, also known as: leptocephali, glass eels, elvers, yelloweels, and silvereels (USFWS 2011).
Leptocephali are small, clear larvae that resemble the shape of a willow leaf (USFWS
2011). They hatch when the eggs float to the ocean surface, and the young are transported by marine currents in order to reach the Atlantic Coast, drifting for up to a year. Upon arrival, the young are still transparent, but have developed fins and measure between 50 and 75 mm. At this stage they are called glass eels (USFWS 2011).
The glass eels then move to inland habitats via tidal rivers, yet some remain in marine waters, and yet others seek refuge in estuaries (USFWS 2011). During this time, they begin to develop grey to green-brown coloration. Once they become longer than approximately 100 mm, they have reached the third larval stage and are referred to as elvers (USFWS 2011).
15 In the next stage, they are called yelloweels, as their body takes on a yellow-green to olive-brown pigment (USFWS 2011). During the day, yelloweels seek shelter under logs and rocks. At night, they swim and feed. The final stage begins when eels reach between 200 and
250 mm in length. At this time they are called silvereels, for their undersides become silver and their backs become bronze-black. Depending on a variety of factors, including, but not limited to population density, water salinity, and growth rate, they become either male or female at this time. Fat reserves are increased in order to provide sustenance during the long journey. Sexual maturation is completed during their oceanic journey to their spawning grounds in the Sargasso
Sea. Their eyes double in size, developing sensitivity to blue, which enhances vision deep below the ocean surface. Blood vessels attached to their swim bladder become larger allowing more gasses to be stored and reducing the amount of gas lost (USFWS 2011).
In recent years, the parasitic swimbladder nematode Anguillicola crassus, has infected the swim bladder of many American Eels, causing them to not be able to hold as much gas as those with normally functioning swim bladders, leading to the eels’ demise as they make such a long ocean swim to spawn (USFWS 2011). The larval nematode, living in the tissue of the swimbladder, harm eels, as well as the adult nematode, which feeds off the eels’ blood (Didziulis
2013). Large infestation is known to cause inflammation which may lead to bacterial infections which then leads to decreased growth rate (van Banning 1991). If the eel is parasitized too many times, the swim bladder is reduced to a “non-functional mass of tissues” (Hartmann and Nellen
1997). It only took 10 years for this parasite to spread from the Pacific eel Anguilla japonica to the European eel Anguilla anguilla and infect a large number of individuals in the European Eel population (Bauer 1991). Farm raised American Eels infected with the swimbladder nematode showed signs of decreased vitality and appetite, leading to emaciation in some (van Banning
1991). In my study, 22% of the American Eels caught and dissected had swim bladders parasitized by the swimbladder nematode. Because this nematode is spreading so quickly
16 through the various eel populations, it is possible that it could become detrimental to the
recruitment of American Eels in the future.
Largemouth Bass
Scalet (1977) found the predominant prey item of Largemouth Bass to be other fish. In
his study, only fish of 100 mm SL or larger were studied. The second most common prey item
was crayfish, though in the smaller size classes of fish, this was not the case. Instead, smaller fish
preyed on insects. The more common benthic macroinvertebrates identified from gut content
included the following taxa: Trichoptera, Diptera Chironomidae, Megaloptera, Ephemeroptera,
and Hemiptera Gerridae (Scalet 1977).
Largemouth Bass preferred to inhabit dense vegetation, and were often found near underwater structures such as trees, rocks, and drop offs (Moran and Painter 2014). They leave shelter to feed in shallow waters in early morning as well as evenings. Home ranges are generally not larger than 50 ha and daily movement within these ranges is typically limited (Sammons and
Maceina 2005).
Bluespotted Sunfish
Individuals inhabit areas with abundant aquatic vegetation, thus prey items are associated with this type of habitat and include the following taxa: Diptera Chironomidae, Ostracoda,
Copepoda, Cladocera, and Amphipoda (Warren 2009). Flemer and Woolcutt (1966) found that
Bluespotted Sunfish ate predominantly Chironomidae and small crustaceans which included
Ostracoda, Copepoda, and Branchiopoda.
17 Members of this group were found in heavily vegetated brackish waters, and are bottom dwelling fish (Murdy and Musick 2013). They preferred calm, shallow oxbows, backwaters of streams, or even ditches along roads, over a soft substrate (Raconsinski et al. 1997). The
Bluespotted Sunfish is a diurnal, opportunistic feeder. The dominant prey items vary between sites (Snyder and Peterson 1999).
Redbreast Sunfish
Redbreast Sunfish fed most heavily during the day (Johnson and Dropkin 1995). The
majority of their diet consisted of Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Trichoptera, and Diptera (Warren
2009). Though, as fish mature, the diet tended to include larger benthic macroinvertebrates, as
well as a variety of terrestrial insects. Detritus and vegetative material comprise a large volume
of gut content, suggesting heavy foraging occurs both among vegetation and along the stream
bottom (Warren 2009). Adult Redbreast Sunfish had the most varied diet of any of the
centrarchids (FFWCC 2014).
Adult fish inhabited deeper waters, and were often found near stumps, fallen trees, or
undercut banks (Barton et al. 2005). Juveniles, on the other hand, were found in stagnant water
or the slower portions of a stream (Murdy and Musick 2013). They were found over either mud or
sand substrate, which can easily be manipulated in order to form a nest for spawning.
Shield Darter
The Shield Darter is found in all major Atlantic slope drainages from the lower Hudson
and Susquehanna rivers in New York south to the Neuse River in North Carolina (CVDGIF 2014,
Page and Burr 1991). Adult fishes eat chironomids, simulids, ephemeropterans, and trichopterans
18 (Shiels 2014). The Shield Darter inhabited moderate gradient riffles and was usually found over a gravel or rubble substrate (Stauffer et al. 1995, NatureServe 2013). It avoided small streams and was found in riffles or immediately upstream of riffles, never below them or in quiet water
(Kuehne and Barbour 1983). “Shield darter distribution was further associated with stream segments with deep riffle habitats with diverse velocities, low concentrations of chloride and sulfate, low levels of urbanization in upstream catchments, and several pollution intolerant fish species” (Cicotto and Stranko 2011:141). In the summer and fall, shield darters may take shelter in submergent aquatic vegetation such as pondweed Potamogeton.
Tessellated Darter
The Tesselated Darter occurs in Atlantic Slope drainages from the St. Lawrence River in
Quebec, south to Florida (Kuehne and Barber 1983, Stauffer et al. 1995). It has one of the largest north-south distributions of any of the darters (Kuehne and Barber 1983). It inhabits the greatest diversity of habitats of any of the darters; it thrives in cold, clear Canadian rivers, as well as warm, brackish waters of Florida (Kuehne and Barber 1983). However, it is most common in low-gradient streams, in slow water (Stauffer et al. 1995). Individuals are usually found over sand or silt substrate, and sometimes living among submergent vegetation (Kuehne and Barber
1983). The Tessellated Darter feeds primarily on Chironomidae (Layzer and Reed 1978; Sheldon and Meffe 1993). However, in autumn, trichoptera larvae were readily fed upon (Layzer and
Reed 1978).
19 Chain Pickerel
The Chain Pickerel is distributed from the Atlantic and Gulf Coast drainages into the
southern Mississippi River basin (Lee et al. 1980). It inhabits weedy pools of streams or densely
vegetated areas of ponds and lakes (Stauffer et al. 1995, Heerd 2014). Juveniles bury themselves
in the substrate or under debris to avoid detection and predation (DeJeane 1951). During winter,
adults migrate to deeper waters and return closer to shore for spawning as soon as ice melts in the
spring (Kendall 1918, Armbruster 1959). It is a sight-oriented ambush predator, requiring cover
such as fallen trees, man-made pilings, or thick vegetation in order to capture other fish, which
accounted for 62.4 percent of the diet of individuals larger than 150mm SL (Hunter and Rankin
1939, Heerd 2014). Individuals smaller than 150mm SL predominantly ate benthic
macroinvertebrate immatures including: Culicidae, Chironomidae, Ephemeroptera, Hemiptera,
Odonata, and Trichoptera (Hunter and Rankin 1939).
White Sucker
The White Sucker is found throughout most of Canada, southward from New Mexico to
Georgia (Lee et al. 1980). It inhabits a variety of habitats including large lakes and small ponds, as well as riffles at the source of a river or rocky pools in small streams (Page and Burr 1991). It has been found in water deeper than 45 m (Scott and Crossman 1998).
The White Sucker goes through five different stages based on its feeding activities: yolk- food period, top-feeding period, critical period, fingerling period, and adult period (Stewart
1926). In the yolk-food period, nourishment is obtained from the yolk-sac which extends from the heart of the larval sucker to its anus. It is important to note, that White Suckers begin life with a terminal mouth, and eventually ends in an inferior position. This period only lasts about 8
20 days, until the fry is 12 mm, at which time the first food is consumed. The next stage, the top-
feeding period, involves the fry swimming near the surface of the body of water and consuming
Protozoa, Rotifera, diatoms, chironomid larvae, Ostracoda, and Copepoda; they are often associated with the aquatic plant Elodea (Stewart 1926). This top-feeding phase lasts until days
19-21, when the fry measure 16 mm in length, at which time the White Sucker enters the critical period. During this period, the fry begin to swim to the bottom, scooping up mouthfuls of sand which contains diatoms and desmids. At this time, the mouth becomes inferior and the first loop of the intestine is formed. At the beginning of this period, the fish does not feed entirely on the bottom but by the end of this stage, at approximately 18 mm in length, the fry remains on the bottom to feed (Stewart 1926).
Next is the fingerling period, wherein the young White Sucker feeds entirely on bottom substrate and its inhabitants; however, at this point, it cannot separate microorganisms from sand.
Sand makes up 25 percent of its intestinal contents. Fingerlings are found in schools containing as many as 500 individuals. On sunny warm days, feeding is continuous for yearling fish. As adulthood approaches, white suckers inhabit deeper waters except at night or during spawning migrations. Up until 2 years, or ~75 mm in length, the white sucker feeds entirely on microorganisms. After this time, it begins to hold food in its mouth and spit out the sand, thus entering the adult period. Though chironomid larvae still comprise nearly 30 percent of their diet,
Odonata, Ephemeroptera, and Trichoptera larvae make up a large percentage of the remaining daily intake (Stewart 1926).
Creek Chub Sucker
The northern distribution for the Creek Chub Sucker is from the lower Great Lakes eastward to parts of Maine extending southward to the Gulf of Mexico and westward to the San
21 Jacinto River in Texas (Lee et al. 1980, Page and Burr 1991). It was found over a variety of substrates including sand and gravel in small creeks and rivers, often near vegetation (Page and
Burr 1991). It was rarely found in reservoirs or springs (Bonner 2013). Major prey items include the following taxa: Cladocera, Copepoda, and Chironomidae (Goldstein and Simon 1999). In addition, algae, diatoms, detritus, and snails have been found in gut content (Bonner 2013).
It is interesting to note, that 85% of the Creek Chub Suckers dissected for this project were infected with the helminth Acanthocephala. One individual’s intestine was riddled with almost 50 adult acanthocephalans. Eggs are developed in the body of the female acanthocephala and passed out in the feces of the host (Williams and Jones 1994). The egg then attaches to vegetation, which increases the probability of being eaten by an intermediate host. It is then consumed by an amphipod, copepod, isopod, or ostracod. The egg does not hatch until it is safely inside its intermediary. Some acanthocephalans then feed inside the intestine before attaching itself to its host’s intestine by penetrating the intestinal wall with its hooks. Some acanthocephalans cause the intermediary to alter its normal behavior, ensuring it gets eaten by the next host. Some behavior modifications include: the amphipod it inhabits is not able to swim as readily against the current; and, if inhabiting an ostracod, the ostracod begins swimming near the surface of the water, making them more conspicuous to passing prey (Crompton 1970, DeMont and Corkum 1982). Eventually the infected crustacean is eaten by a fish, which becomes its definitive host. The intestine of both White Suckers and Creek Chub Suckers was thin, especially when compared to that of the other fish dissected in my study. That, along with the fact that the majority of their diet consisted of amphipods, ostracods, and copepods, makes them extremely susceptible to acanthocephalans.
22 Margined Madtom
The Margined Madtom is native to the Atlantic Slope drainages, stretching from New
York southward to Georgia and into the upper Kanawha River system (Lee et al. 1980). It was accidentally introduced into the Tennessee River basin, the upper Ohio River, and the Merrimack
River in New Hampshire (Taylor 1969). It inhabited clear streams with moderate current (Lee et al. 1980), and was found in riffles over gravel and rubble substrate or within pools over substrate of mud and silt (Gutowski and Stauffer 1993).
Margined madtoms are nocturnal feeders, becoming most active at midnight (Gutowski and Stauffer 1993). Greater than 50% of the prey items found in gut content of Margined
Madtoms in the Delaware River collected by Gutowski and Stauffer (1993) were chironomids.
Baetid and ephemerellidae larvae also constituted a significant proportion of gut content and simuliids comprised 10% of Margined Madtom diet, yet their proportion in the river bottom was never more than 1%. Starnes and Starnes (1985) suggested this was due to the nocturnal activity of these benthic macroinvertebrates, as evidenced by drift net data collected by Gutowski and
Stauffer (1993).
Brown Bullhead
The Brown Bullhead is native to much of eastern North America, but has been introduced extensively outside its native range (Lee et al. 1980). It inhabited both lotic and lentic systems and was associated with vegetation, seeking clear, cool water unlike other Ameirus species
(Stauffer et al. 1995). They were found at depths up to 13 m (MDNR 2014). It can tolerate higher levels of pollution and more reduced oxygen levels than other fish species (MDNR 2014).
23 The Brown Bullhead is a nocturnal feeder, foraging among the benthos (MDNR 2014). It is considered a food generalist and prey included the following taxa: chironomids (both larvae and pupae), amphipods, isopods, cladocerans, molluscs, decapods and cladocerans (Stauffer et al.
1995). Kline and Wood (1996) found that 71% of the diet of young of year brown bullhead consisted of chironomid larvae and pupae. While 44% of the diet of juvenile/adult brown bullhead was comprised of the amphipod in the genus Hyalella. In addition, they found Brown
Bullheads avoided caenids and hydrobiids, even when they comprised a significant portion of the benthic macroinvertebrate community.
Aquatic Macroinvertebrate Description
A total of 68 benthic macroinvertebrate families were collected in this study including 13 unique taxa (or 19% of the total) in the kicknet samples, 7 unique taxa (10%) in the gut content, and 48 taxa (71%) found in both samples. In another study conducted by Maroneze et al. (2011), fish gut content was added to data found by collecting Van Veet sediment samples in the
Araguari River in Brazil in order to create a more accurate biodiversity inventory of the benthic macroinvertebrate population. They collected a total of 30 taxa, including 5 unique taxa (or 17% of the total) in the Van Veet samples, 9 unique taxa (30%) in the fish gut content, and 16 taxa
(53%) that were found in both samples. Both studies had a similar percentage of taxa unique to the sediment samples. Our numbers vary with the percentage found in gut content but not found in the sediment samples. This could be due to the fact they caught fish in gill nets which could allow for a sample more similar to the composition of the total population. We sampled during the day with a backpack electrofisher and therefore did not collect as many nocturnal species that a gill net would capture.
24 Several macroinvertebrate taxa were not identified in the gut of any fish specimens over the entire 3 collection seasons, but were identified from kicknet samples. These taxa include caenids, calopterygids, chloroperlids, gerrids, notonectids, pleids, apataniids, leptohyphids, uenoids, athericids, physids, viviparids, and unionids. Other taxa were identified from gut
content that were not identified in any of the kicknet samples over the entire three seasons. These
include belostomatids, crambids, noctuids, dytiscids, empidids, ephydrids, and muscids.
There are a few benthic macroinvertebrate taxa from the summer season that were
identified in the gut content of fish species but not collected in kicknet samples. These included
the following taxa: leptophlebiids, libellulids, limnephilids, haliplids, ceratopogoids, and
simuliids. In the following sections, I describe the life history of these various unique taxa,
discussing why they might be found via the one collection method but not the other.
Benthic Macroinvertebrates Found in Kicknet but not Gut Content
Ephemeroptera Caenidae
Caenids are sprawling larvae and therefore crawl along the bottom rather than swim
(Hawking et al. 2013). They inhabit slow-moving waters of streams and rivers and prefer a
substrate of silt or detritus. They are found living within this habitat under fallen logs or within
leaf packs. Their gill covers are built to protect their gills from becoming clogged by fine
sediment. Bodies of caenids are covered in a layer of fine setae trapping particles which
camouflage them among the benthos. Also aiding in their undetectability by predators, is the fact
they are a tiny ephemeropteran, rarely exceeding 6 mm in length (Hawking et al. 2013).
25 Odonata Calopterygidae
Calopterygid larvae predominantly reside in lotic environments and seek cover in areas of dense vegetation, among detrital material (Thorp and Covich 2010). These larvae are sit and wait predators, remaining completely still until they attack their prey, therefore they may easily go undetected by predators (Bouchard 2004). In my study, we only caught one individual with the kick net.
Plecoptera Chloroperlidae
Chloroperlid larvae are found in cool, clear waters over a substrate of gravel or cobble, although a few genera inhabit detrital areas, including leaf packs and downed trees (Bouchard
2004). They inhabit the hyporheic zone, an area beneath the river or alongside it that is occupied by small spaces where the mixing of groundwater and surface water occurs (SU 2014). They may not be accounted for using standard sampling techniques, as some genera in this stonefly family inhabit areas at considerable depth below the surface of the substrate or within the stream bank (Stanford and Ward 1988).
Hemiptera Gerridae
Members of this family are conspicuous and occur in large groups, however they are rarely predated on by fish due to scent gland secretions that evidently repel predators (Stonedahl and Lattin 1982). Scent glands are located in the sternum and discharge through a single middle opening; the fluid released is both foul-smelling and distasteful (Anderson and Polhemus 1976).
When one member of the large group is predated upon the release of fluid from its scent glands, causes the others to quickly flee (Anderson and Polhemus 1976).
26 Hemiptera Notonectidae
Notonectids inhabit static waters such as ponds, lakes, pools in rivers, and marshes
(Oscoz et al. 2011). They are called backswimmers because they back float on the surface of the water with the tip of their abdomen protruding above the water’s surface which allows for air to be taken in and stored under the wings and abdomen (MDC 2014). This air supply is used when fleeing predators. When members of this family are threatened, they can swim swiftly to the bottom of the stream, holding onto vegetation, and breathing air that they have stored up (Oscoz et al. 2011). Their large metathoracic legs are even shaped like oars, which enables them to swim very swiftly from a start position, as they are sit and wait predators (Gittelman 1974).
Backswimmers prey on other aquatic insects, as well as small fish and tadpoles, delivering a stinging bite (MDC 2014). They are also good fliers, making migration to new water quite easy
(MDC 2014).
Hemiptera Pleidae
Also known as pygmy backswimmers, these benthic macroinvertebrates resemble tiny notonectids, ranging in length from 1.5 to 3 mm (Schuh and Slater 1995). Unlike notonectids, they do not have oar-like back legs. Instead, all 3 pairs of legs are of similar form. Like
Notonectids, pleids swim upside-down using their legs in a rowing fashion. They inhabit quite thick vegetation in still water (Schuh and Slater 1995). Pygmy backswimmers prefer lentic environments although they can be found in pools of rivers, though infrequently (Oscoz et al.
2011). They use their hind claws to climb through thick submergent vegetation (Haney et al.
2013).
27 Trichoptera Apataniidae
Apataniid larvae are usually located in gravel and rocky areas and can be found scraping
moss off large rocks (Oscoz et al. 2011). They feed mainly on moss, algae, and detritus. They
build cases made up of small stones or rocks and sand. Also, the shape of their cases makes them
better protected than some other trichopteran families (Wagner et al. 1990). In the process of
analyzing gut content of Marshalls Creek fishes, I noticed that many of the trichopteran larvae
that build cases made of rocks or stones remain uneaten. The most heavily predated trichopteran
larvae were those without cases or cases made of vegetation and/or silk alone. Members of this
family possess a gland found underneath the pronotum that secretes a paralyzing substance which
serves as a predator deterrent (Wagner et al. 1990).
Ephemeroptera Leptohyphidae
Leptohyphid larvae seek out well-protected places, among a silty substrate (Berner and
Pescador 1988). Larvae inhabit aquatic plant beds and other places where silt accumulates (Ward et al. 2002). Becoming covered in sediments themselves, they are well camouflaged by debris.
The shape of their gills protects the remaining gills from becoming clogged by fine particles.
Several members of this family are slow-moving sprawlers, giving them an advantage when it comes to being detected by predators (Ward et al. 2002).
Trichoptera Uenoidae
Larval cases of uenoids are constructed of sand particles and rock fragments; some are
composed of large rock fragments (Wiggins 1996). Cases are tightly adhered to larger
immovable stones (Beaty 2011). Members of this family inhabit the running water of cool
28 headwater streams, yet a few species reside in larger rivers. Larvae are grazers, eating periphyton
by scraping it from rocky substrate (Ward et al. 2002). Most larvae graze on the surface of
submerged rocks, yet some can be found feeding above the water on wet rocks along the river’s
edge (Vineyard 2005).
Diptera Athericidae
Athericidae is a widespread taxon that is rarely abundant in one location (Lauzon and
Harper 1993). Despite this, they are only moderately preyed upon by fish (Neveu 1976). Perhaps
the absence of athericids in the fish stomachs I dissected is due to their life history. They remain
burrowed within the substrate for most of their aquatic lives (Hunter and Maier 1994). It is also
quite possible that the soft tissue that composes their head, abdomen, and thorax is digested more
quickly than the bodies of sclerotized macroinvertebrates, and therefore they had quickly passed
through the digestive tracts of the fish I dissected or were too digested to identify.
Gastropoda Physidae
Members of this group are referred to as bladder snails (Nordsieck and Eleveld 2014).
Compared to the other snail families, bladder snails move more quickly across the substrate.
Most genera live in stagnant or extremely slow-moving waters. Some species can even thrive in eutrophic conditions. They consume detrital material as well as scrape algae from rocks
(Nordsieck and Eleveld 2014). Physa acuta, the most common species of Physidae, occurs across the entire freshwater habitat gradient (Turner and Montgomery 2009).
29 Many studies have been conducted involving P. acuta and its phenotypic plasticity
(DeWitt 1998, Turner & Montgomery 2003, Turner, Turner & Lappi 2006). These studies demonstrate that P. acuta can change its shell form, specifically the size of its aperture, depending on the type of predators it encounters (DeWitt 1998). It can also shift its rate of fecundity, growth rate, and size and age at initial reproduction, based on the intensity of predation pressure (Crowl and Covich 1990, DeWitt 1998). When an individual is injured or eaten, chemical cues transmitted through the water warn conspecifics and they flee (Turner 1996,
Turner et al. 2000).
The predominant predators of Physa species are Pumpkinseed Sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus) and several species of crayfish (Osenberg and Mittelbach 1990). Pumpkinseed Sunfish were not caught in my study; this could be the main reason they are absent from gut contents examined.
Gastropoda Viviparidae
Viviparidae are known as the river snails. The snail’s shell is comprised of calcium carbonate so fish that eat this species must be equipped with teeth that can crush the hard exterior, in order to get to the organism inside (McCafferty 1998). Of the Centrarchid species, only pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus) and redear sunfish (Lepomis microlophus) eat snails
(Brooks and McLennan 1991). They are equipped with more robust lower pharyngeal jaws and larger teeth which they utilize to crush the snail shell within their pharynx, spit out the shell, and eat the flesh (Brooks and McLennan 1991). We did not collect either of these species within any of our sites, thus viviparids were not identified in any fish guts associated with the study.
30 Unionoida Unionidae
Known as naiads or pearly mussels, they live buried in the gravel, sand, or silt (Myers et
al. 2014). Their shells are comprised of two large pearly valves which enclose their soft flesh
(Oscoz et al. 2011). They play an integral part in the ecosystem by keeping the plankton and
bacterial populations in balance and by breaking down detritus (Pusch et al. 2001). Fish species
known to prey on unionids are: Freshwater Drum, Sheepshead, Lake Sturgeon, Spotted Suckers,
Redhorses, and Pumpkinseed Sunfish (Myers et al. 2014). Since none of these fish species were
caught in this study that is the reason why unionids were absent in any fish gut content. Unionids
are filter feeders. If there are toxins in the water body, unionids will be some of the first
organisms to die; they act as excellent indicators of water quality (Myers et al. 2014).
Macroinvertebrates Found in Gut Content but not Kicknet
Hemiptera Belostomatidae
A belostomatid was eaten by a Redbreast Sunfish in my study. Members of this family are known as the giant water bugs (Choate 2003). They inhabit pools of streams, ponds, and ditches. When mating season occurs, they fly from one body of water to another. Belostomatids are predaceous and typically remain motionless on the stream or pond bottom, clinging to stalks of vegetation and wait for their prey to swim by (MDC 2014). They are equipped with a strong beak which they use to inflict a painful bite (Choate 2003). In fact, they use this beak (proboscis) to inject digestive enzymes into their prey which liquefies its tissues, allowing the belostomatid to suck out the remains (Haddad et al. 2010). If it encounters a human or prey larger than itself, it lays completely still, oozing a liquid from its anus. The prey may think the belostomatid is dead; at this point it uses the element of surprise to attack the larger prey (Haney et al. 2013).
31 Lepidoptera Crambidae
Members of this family, specifically Langessa spp., were identified in the gut contents of one Redbreast Sunfish, are found in both lentic and lotic habitats (Stoops et al. 1998). In Stoops’
(1998) study, crambid genera had to be plucked from macrophytes by hand, as they spend their days eating submergent and emergent vegetation. Crambids avoid predators by taking refuge in the stems of aquatic plants (EcoSpark 2014).
Lepidoptera Noctuidae
I found a noctuid in the gut contents of a Redbreast Sunfish. Aquatic noctuids are generally found among the vegetated margins of marshes, ponds, and lakes (Jessup et al. 2002).
Being semiaquatic, they burrow into arrowhead, water hyacinth, water lilies, water lotus, pickerelweed, burred, rushes and cattails (Clifford 1991, McCafferty 1998). Within the plant’s stem, they are submerged under water and so must retreat periodically in order to expose their spiracles to the air, which take the air in and allow them to submerge themselves again. When moving to new host plants, they swim; they also use this form of locomotion to return to land as winter approaches (McCafferty 1998).
Coleoptera Dytiscidae
Sometimes called “water tigers,” dytiscids eat anything that swims too close (Bok 2010).
They are no match for Redbreast Sunfish however, as several of these were found in their gut contents. Like their nickname suggests, they are predaceous--of other benthic macroinvertebrates, tadpoles, crayfish, and even small fish (Jessup et al. 2002). Being such
32 strong swimmers, they are either actively searching for prey or they hang from the water surface with tail touching the water surface and head dangling beneath the water. When prey is seen, they slowly swim toward it and attack it with powerful mandibles (Bok 2010). They inject enzymes into the prey and suck out the liquefied remains (MDC 2014). Dytiscids inhabit almost every type of aquatic habitat except for swift currents of large streams or rivers (VCSU 2014).
The larvae rise to the surface periodically to capture air in spiracles found at the rear of the body, which they then use like a snorkel (MDC 2014). These were most likely not caught in the kick net because they are such fast swimmers.
Diptera Empididae
Empidids can be found living among rocks and gravel of stream riffles, among the finer sediments and leaf litter associated with the marginal areas of streams or rivers, or attached to submergent vegetation (Merritt and Cummins 1995, MDC 2014). It makes sense then that the
Empidid identified in my study was found in the gut of a Tessellated Darter. Larvae are predators, particularly of other dipterans and culicids (Bouchard 2004). Larvae are small, less than 7 mm at maturity (Jessup et al. 2002).
Diptera Ephydridae
I identified an ephydrid in the gut content of a Redbreast Sunfish. Of all the dipterans, they are most well adapted to habitats containing brackish water (Merritt and Cummins 1995).
Utilizing a variety of habitats, they live among vegetation or organic debris (Jesssup et al. 2002).
Larvae filter microorganisms (algae, bacteria, and yeasts) from the surrounding water as a means of obtaining sustenance, though a few genera consume detritus instead (Mathis 2010).
33 Diptera Muscidae
Muscids inhabit both lentic and lotic habitats. When found in lotic environments, they
are associated with sand and silt found in stream pools and stream margins or among rocks and
cobble associated with riffles (Merritt and Cummins 1995). In streams, muscids can be found
near mosses (Gowarty et al. 2011). They are predators that attack their prey (other diptera and
oligochaetes) by piercing tissues and sucking out the fluids (Merritt and Cummins 1995, Gowarty
et al. 2011). In my research, a muscid was ingested by an American Eel.
Macroinvertebrates Found in Summer Gut Content but not Summer Kicknet
Ephemeroptera Leptophlebiidae
Leptophlebiids were eaten by Bluespotted Sunfish. Leptophlebiid larvae live in a variety of habitats, including porous rocks, amongst gravel, within or under woody debris, or under submergent tree/shrub roots along stream banks (McCafferty 1981). Larvae are also found under
bedrock and among detritus (Hawking et al. 2013). They cling to substrate and can avoid being
swept downstream because of their flattened bodies. They tend to be nocturnal feeders (Hawking
et al. 2013).
Odonata Libellulidae
Larvae inhabit ponds, swamps, marshes, and quiet edges of streams and rivers
(McCafferty 1981). They tend to be found climbing among detritus or submergent vegetation and sprawl along the bottom of the water body. They are very tolerant of extremely eutrophic
34 conditions and can survive with very low dissolved oxygen levels (McCafferty 1981). The only libellulid I identified was within the gut of a Bluespotted Sunfish.
Trichoptera Limnephilidae
Limnephilids are detritivores which eat plant matter but a few species may scavenge on dead fish when available (Hawking et al. 2013). They inhabit a wide variety of habitats.
Generally, they live in small bodies of water anywhere from cool headwater streams to tepid standing water (McCafferty 1981). Limnephilids construct cases either from plant material or rock fragments. Limnephilids were eaten by White Suckers, Bluespotted Sunfish, and Redbreast
Sunfish in my study.
Coleoptera Haliplidae
Haliplid larvae are inhabitants of pools, ponds, or shallow areas in lakes and take cover within submergent vegetation (McCafferty 1981). They are referred to as the crawling water beetles, for their habit of crawling among vegetation (Beutel et al. 2011). Larvae are generally found crawling among masses of algae and are poor swimmers. Using highly specialized mandibles, larvae feed by extracting the contents of single cells of algae (Beutel et al. 2011). I found them present in the gut contents of White Suckers.
35 Diptera Ceratopogonidae
Ceratopogonids are known as biting midges, or “no-see-ums,” which refers to their tiny
size (Clifford 1991). They are common in most aquatic environments, both lotic and lentic
systems. Unlike chironomids, ceratopogonids do not normally occur in large numbers (Clifford
1991). Other reasons we did not collect ceratopogonids in our kicknets is that some are so small
they might have fit through the tiny mesh. Also, our benthic macroinvertebrate pickers
sometimes select benthic macroinvertebrates by eye so the tiny size of ceratopogonids could have caused them to be overlooked. I identified ceratopogonids in the gut content of Creek Chub
Suckers, White Suckers, Redbreast Sunfish, and Bluespotted Sunfish.
Diptera Simuliidae
I found Redbreast Sunfish ate simuliids. Simuliids, the black flies, are found ony in lotic water systems, from tiny headwater streams to large raging rivers (Clifford 1991). They are easily distinguished from other dipteran larvae by their labral fans, which they use to capture tiny organic matter suspended in the water column. Larvae anchor themselves to substrate via a posterior circle of hooks. When the current is too strong, they spin silken threads around rocks to which they attach themselves; these serve as safety ropes to prevent the larvae from being swept downstream (Clifford 1991). Either due to their anchoring methods or the fact that they are tiny larvae just like the ceratopogonids mentioned above, simuliids were missing from our kicknet collection in the summer but were eaten by several fish species.
36 Simulations
When all the data were used from all six fish species used in simulation (n=10), I was
able to predict 82% of the summer gut taxa (SGT), 72% of the summer kicknet taxa (SKT) and
72% of the summer total taxa (STT). The three fish species best at capturing the greatest number
of benthic macroinvertebrate taxa were Redbreast Sunfish, White Suckers, and Bluespotted
Sunfish. Simulations using samples of 13 White Suckers, 21 Bluespotted Sunfish, and 24
Redbreast Sunfish (total number caught of each individual fish species in the collection) produced an average of 92% of the summer gut taxa, 76% of the summer kicknet taxa, and 81% of the total
summer taxa.
Redbreast Sunfish is most important to contributing to the overall total taxa because
when 100 simulations (n=5 fish) were run with it alone, it captured an average of 27 of the
benthic macroinvertebrate families, as compared to an average of 16 for Bluespotted Sunfish, and
19 for White Suckers. When overall presence/absence were combined for the 3 species, 47
benthic macroinvertebrate families were consumed and there were only 51 summer gut families
found among all the fish species.
37
Chapter 4
Discussion
Conclusions
Redbreast Sunfish, Bluespotted Sunfish, and White Suckers are the three species of fish that are the best representatives to determine a benthic macroinvertebrate population composition from their gut contents alone. These three species are native to drainages along the entire
Atlantic seaboard and are widely distributed except for Bluespotted Sunfish. When sampling in an area with little or no abundance of Bluespotted Sunfish, another member of the Centrarchid family could be substituted for this species.
Given the life history of these three fish species, it is no wonder that together they are
best able to capture a representative benthic macroinvertebrate community. Redbreast Sunfish
have the most varied diet of any of the Centrarchids (Warren 2009). Not only that, but they
readily feed from the water’s surface. Although an opportunistic feeder, the Bluespotted Sunfish
inhabits deeply vegetated areas only, therefore collecting in its gut benthic macroinvertebrates
that the Redbreast Sunfish doesn’t encounter, much less consume. The White Sucker remains on
the bottom of the water column, sucking up detritus and spitting out the substrate, eating benthic
macroinvertebrates buried beneath the substrate. Together, these three feeders collect
macroinvertebrates from basically the entire river--the top, the bottom, the sides (along
vegetation) and within the water column.
38 If there are 10 museum specimens of the selected species available, (in this case 10 White
Suckers, 10 Bluespotted Sunfish, and 10 Redbreast Sunfish) one could dissect a total of 30 fish and expect to identify 78% of the taxa that might have been identified within the guts of all fish sampled in a freshwater stream. You could dissect the same 30 fish and expect to identify 73% of the taxa that would have been found in a kicknet sample if one had been collected at the time the fish were captured. Some of the kicknet taxa will never be found in the guts of fish due to defensive mechanisms within some benthic macroinvertebrates (as discussed earlier in Chapter 3) or due to their habitat choices such as living in the hyporheic zone. This same sample would yield 68% of the total taxa (both kicknet and gut taxa combined) expected to be found in the freshwater stream where the specimens originated.
The benthic macroinvertebrate data obtained from the dissection of museum specimens could then be compared to data obtained from more recently collected specimens (10 White
Suckers, 10 Bluespotted Sunfish, and 10 Redbreast Sunfish) and a comparison made to determine how the macroinvertebrate community has changed over time. Has the community remained fairly stable over time? Or has the community deteriorated?
Although some benthic macroinvertebrates will most likely not be present in gut content,
I found many of the benthic macroinvertebrates that are indicative of good stream health within the gut content of fishes examined. Are families associated with high quality streams missing from the current collection--families such as Isonychiidae, Philopotamidae, Ephemeridae, or
Helicopsychidae (Walsh et al. 2007)? Based on which macroinvertebrate families are no longer present, the types of pollution that have caused these absences can be identified or narrowed down.
There are caveats to using the approach I suggest. For one, Bluespotted Sunfish may not be present in the stream one is interested in sampling. What other fish species are opportunistic feeders that spend their time in deeply vegetated areas of streams and are in the current sampled
39 stream? Once a comparable species is identified, then museum specimens must be located. Once
they are located, are there enough museum specimens so that you are able to “sacrifice” some in
order to carry out this research? Were the museum specimens preserved in such a way that their
gut contents are identifiable to family? If so, data may be obtained in order to estimate
approximately 75% of the stream’s benthic macroinvertebrate community.
If another researcher were to carry out a similar study in a different drainage they would need to take several things into consideration. First of all, what I discovered were the “best” fish species in the Marshalls Creek drainage might not be the “best” species within the Susquehanna drainage for instance. In addition, the species I located might not be present. So before going out to sample he/she should initially consider if they have access to museum specimens of the sought after fish species? This might be confirmed through contacting larger universities including the
North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences. If fish specimens are available from the drainage and year desired, are there enough specimens available and will he/she be allowed to dissect them in order to obtain the gut content analysis sought after? In addition, what time of year were the fish specimens collected? One should try to collect at the same time of year the museum specimens were collected. If different than the time of year you plan to collect, be aware that the benthic macroinvertebrate families present as well as their abundance might be different from what is found in the gut content of museum specimens. It would be helpful to research the weather patterns during the original collection year. Instances such as the winter running long and cold or the fall being unusually warm will affect what benthic macroinvertebrates were collected and when (weather influences time of hatch), as well as what is present in fish guts at the time they were sampled.
Once museum specimens have been tracked down, one should set out to sample only those species for which museum specimens are on hand. If catfish species are a targeted species, one should carry out backpack electrofishing at night as ictalurids generally remain hidden under
40 rocks and other barriers during daylight and are hence difficult to catch in large numbers during the day.
41 Literature Cited
Anderson, N.M. and J.T. Polhemus. 1976. Chapter 8. Water-striders (Hemiptera- Gerridae, Veliidae, etc.). Pages 187-224 in L. Cheng, editor. Marine insects. North- Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam.
Armbruster, D.C. 1959. Observations on the natural history of the chain pickerel (Esox niger). Ohio Journal of Science 59:55-58.
Barton, C.M. Jr., D.E. Fletcher, F.D. Martin, M.H. Paller, M.J.M. Reichert. 2005. Fishes of the Middle Savannah River Basin. University of Georgia Press, Athens, Georgia.
Bauer, O.N. 1991. Spread of parasites and diseases of aquatic organisms by acclimatization: a short review. Journal of Fish Biology 39:679-686.
Beaty, S.R. 2011. Trichoptera: Families and genera within Trichoptera in North Carolina. North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Available: http://portal.ncdenr.org/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=54d75a73-2b5a-4daf-bd47- c411b2499b1b&groupId=38364 (February 2014).
Berner, L. and M.L. Pescador. 1988. The Mayflies of Florida. University Presses of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
Beutel, R.G., F. Hunefeld, and B. van Vondel. Haliplidae: crawling water beetles. TREE OF LIFE web project. Available: http://tolweb.org/Haliplidae/8884 (March 2014).
Bok, M. 2010. Arthropoda. Available: http://arthropoda.wordpress.com/2010/03/26/beware-the-water-tigers/ (February 2014).
Bonner, T.H. 2013. Texas State University-San Marcos. Texas Freshwater Fishes Erimyzon oblongus. Available: http://txstate.fishesoftexas.org/erimyzon%20oblongus.htm (February 2014).
Bouchard, R.W., Jr. 2004. Guide to aquatic macroinvertebrates of the Upper Midwest. Water Resources Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN. 208 pp.
Brooks, D.R. and D.A. McLennan. 1991. Phylogeny, Ecology, and Behavior: A Research Program in Comparative Biology. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.
Bunn, S.E., D.H. Edward, and N.R. Loneragan. 1986. Spatial and temporal variation in the macroinvertebrate fauna of streams of the northern jarrah forest, Western Australia: community structure. Freshwater Biology 16:67-91.
42 BWA (Brodhead Watershed Association). 2010. Brodhead Watershed Association, Henryville, Pennsylvania. Available: www.brodheadwatershed.org (January 2014).
Cairns, J. Jr. and J.R. Pratt. 1993. Chapter 2. A History of Biological Monitoring Using Benthic Macroinvertebrates. Pages 10-27 in D.M. Rosenberg and V.H. Resh, editors. Freshwater Biomonitoring and Benthic Macroinvertebrates. Chapman & Hall, New York, NY.
Chapman, P.M., M.A. Farrell, and R.O. Brinkhurst. 1982. Relative Tolerances of Selected Aquatic Oligochaetes to Individual Pollutants and Environmental Factors. Aquatic Toxicology 2:47-67.
Chessman, B.C. 1995. Rapid assessment of rivers using macroinvertebrates: A procedure based on habitat-specific sampling, family level identification and a biotic index. Australian Journal of Ecology 20:122-129.
Choate, P.M. 2003. University of Florida. Featured Creatures. Available: http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/bugs/giant_water_bugs.htm (February 2014).
Ciccotto, P. and S. Stranko. 2011. Patterns of shield darter, Percina peltata, distribution in the Eastern Piedmont of Maryland, USA. Environmental Biology of Fishes 92:141- 150.
Clifford, H.F. 1991. Aquatic Invertebrates of Alberta: An Illustrated Guide. The University of Alberta Press, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
CVDGIF (Commonwealth of Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries). 2014. Available: http://vafwis.org/fwis/?Menu=Home (February 2014).
Crompton, D.W.T. 1970. An ecological approach to acanthocephalan physiology. Cambridge Monographs in Experimental Biology 17. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Crossman, E.J. 1996. Taxonomy and distribution. Pages1-11 in J.F. Craig, editor. Pike biology and exploration. Chapman and Hall, London, England.
Crowl, T. A. and Covich, A. P. 1990. Predator-induced life-history shifts in a freshwater snail: a chemically mediated and phenotypically plastic response. Science 247:949- 951.
DeJeane, J.A. 1951. Some factors affecting the reproduction of the chain pickerel, Esox niger Lesueur, in ponds. Master of Science thesis. Alabama Polytechnic Institute.
DeMont, D.J. and K.C. Corkum. 1982. The life-cycle of Octospiniferoides chandleri Bullock, 1957 (Acanthocephala: Neochinorhynchidae) with some observations on parasite-induced photophilic behavior in ostracods. Journal of Parasitology 68:125-130.
43
Denoncourt, C. E. and J. R. Stauffer, Jr. 1993. Feeding selectivity of the American eel, Anguilla rostrata (LeSueur) in the upper Delaware River. American Midland Naturalist. 129:301-308.
Department of Environmental Protection. 2013. Pennsylvania Code title 25. Chapter 93. Available: http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter93/025_0093.pdf (January 2014).
DeWitt, T. J. 1998. Costs and limits of phenotypic plasticity: tests with predator-induced morphology and life history in a freshwater snail. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 11:465-480.
Didziulis, V. 2013. NOBANIS-Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet Anguillicola crassus. Online database of the European network on invasive alien species. Available: www.nobanis.org (January 2014).
EcoSpark. 2014. Aquatic Moth: Lepidoptera. Available: http://www.ecospark.ca/changingcurrents/aquaticmoth (February 2014).
Flemer, D.A. and W.S. Woolcott. 1966. Food Habits and Distribution of the Fishes of Tuckahoe Creek, Virginia, with Special Emphasis on the Bluegill, Lepomis m. macrochirus Rafinesque. Chesapeake Science 7(2):75-89.
FFWCC (Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission). 2014. State of Florida. Available: myfwc.com (January 2014).
Frost, S., A. Huni, and W.E Kershaw. 1971. Evaluation of a kicking technique for sampling stream bottom fauna. Canadian Journal of Zoology 49:167-173.
Gittelman, S.H. 1974. Locomotion and Predatory Strategy in Backswimmers (Hemiptera: Notonectidae). American Midland Naturalist 92(2):496-500.
Goldstein, R.M, and T.P. Simon. 1999. Toward a united definition of guild structure for feeding ecology of North American freshwater fishes. Pages 123-202 in T.P. Simon, editor. Assessing the sustainability and biological integrity of water resources using fish communities. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
Gowarty, M., M. Felley, and N. Dillon. 2011. Tunkhannock Creek Watershed Atlas. Available: http://www.atlas.keystone.edu/research/Ackerly/Insects/Flies.htm (February 2014).
Gutowski, M.J. and J.R. Stauffer Jr. 1993. Selective Predation by Noturus insignis (Richardson) (Telostei: Ictaluridae) in the Delaware River. American Midland Naturalist 129:309-318.
44
Haddad, V., E.F. Schwartz, C.A. Schwartz, L.N. Carvalho. 2010. Bites Caused by Giant Water Bugs Belonging to Belostomatidae Family (Hemiptera, Heteroptera) in Humans: A Report of Seven Cases. Wilderness and Environmental Medicine 21(2):130-133.
Hallgren, K.A. 2013. Conducting Simulation Studies in the R Programming Environment. Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology 9:43-60.
Haney, J.F. et al. 2013. An Image-Based Key to Stream Insects. University of New Hampshire Center for Freshwater Biology. Available: http://www.cfb.unh.edu/StreamKey/html/organisms/OHemiptera/FPleidae/Pleidae.html (January 2014).
Hartmann, F. and W. Nellen. 1997. The status of the European eel, Anguilla anguilla, after the invasion of the introduced swim bladder parasite, Anguillicola crassus, using the eel population in the lower Elbe as an example. - In ICES Annual Science Conference, (Theme Session, 9 pp.). Baltimore, MD (USA), 25 Sep-3 Oct 1997: ICES (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea), Copenhagen, Denmark.
Hawking, J., L. Smith, and K. Le Busque. 2013. Identification and Ecology of Australian Freshwater Invertebrates. Murray Darling Freshwater Research Centre. Available: www. mdfrc.org.au/bugguide/index.htm (January 2014).
Heerd, J. 2014. Maryland Department of Natural Resources. Chain Pickerel Esox Niger. Available: http://www.dnr.state.md.us/ (February 2014).
Hilsenhoff, W.L. 1988. Rapid field assessment of organic pollution with a family-level biotic index. The Journal of the North American Benthological Society 1:65-68.
Hornig, C.E. and J.E. Pollard. 1978. Macroinvertebrate sampling techniques for streams in semi-arid regions. Comparison of the Surber method and a unit-effort travelling kick method. Environment Monitoring Service of the United States Environmental Protection Agency No. 600/4-78-040.
Hunter, F.F. and A.K. Maier. 1994. Feeding behaviour of predatory larvae of Atherix lantha Webb (Diptera: Athericidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology 72:1695-1699.
Hunter III, G.W. and J.S. Rankin, Jr. 1939. The Food of Pickerel. Copeia 4:194-199.
Jessup, B.K., A. Markowitz, and J.B. Stribling. 2002. Family-Level Key to the Stream Invertebrates of Maryland and Surrounding Areas 2nd Edition. Maryland Department of Natural Resources Chesapeake Bay and Watershed Programs Monitoring and Non-Tidal Assessment Division, Owings Mills, Maryland.
45 Johnson, J.H. and D.S. Dropkin. 1993. Diel variation in diet composition of a riverine fish community. Hydrobiologia 271:149-158.
Johnson, J.H. and D.S. Dropkin. 1995. Diel feeding chronology of six species of fish in the Juniata River, Pennsylvania. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 10:11-18.
Kendall, W.C. 1918. The Rangely Lakes, Maine; with special reference to the habits of the fishes, fish culture and angling. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Bulletin 35:485-594.
Kuehne, R.A. and R.W. Barbour. 1983. The American Darters. The University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.
Lauzon, M. and P.P. Harper. 1993. The life cycle of the aquatic snipe fly Atherix lantha Webb (Diptera Brachycera; Athericidae) in Quebec. Canadian Journal of Zoology 71:1530-1533.
Layzer, J.B. and R.J. Reed. 1978. Food, age and growth of the tessellated darter, Etheostoma olmstedi in Massachusetts. American Midland Naturalist 100(2):459-462.
Leckvarcik, L. G. 2001. Life History of the Ironcolor Shiner, Notropis chalybaeus (Cope), in Marshalls Creek, Monroe County, Pennsylvania. Master of Science thesis. The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.
Lee, D.S., C. Gilbert, C. Hocutt, R. Jenkins, and McAllister. 1980. Atlas of North American Freshwater Fishes. North Carolina Biological Survey.
Litvak, M.K. and R.I.C. Hansell. 1988. Investigation of food habit and niche relationships in a cyprinid community. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68:1873-1879.
Mackey, A.P. D.A. Cooling, and A.D. Berrie. 1984. An Evaluation of Sampling Strategies For Qualitative Surveys of Macro-invertebrates In Rivers, Using Pond Nets. Journal of Applied Ecology 21:515-534.
Maroneze, D.M., T.H. Tupinambas, C.B.M. Alves, F. Vieira, P.S. Pompeu, and M. Callisto. 2011. Fish as ecological tools to complement biodiversity inventories of benthic macroinvertebrates. Hydrobiologia 673:29-40.
Mathis, W.N. 2010. Ephydridae (Shore Flies). Pages 1211-1233 in B.V. Brown, A. Borkent, J.M. Cumming, D.M. Wood, N.E. Woodley, and M.A. Zumbado, editors. Manual of Central American Diptera. NRC Research Press, Ottowa, Canada.
McCafferty, P.W. 1998. Aquatic Entomology: The Fishermen’s and Ecologists’ Illustrated Guide to Insects and Their Relatives. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Sudbury, Massachusetts.
46 MDC (Missouri Department of Conservation). 2014. Conservation Commission of Missouri. MDCOnline. Available: http://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide (February 2014).
MDNR (Michigan Department of Natural Resources). 2014. Brown Bullhead Ameirus nebulosus. Available: http://www.michigan.gov/dnr (February 2014).
Merritt, R.W., K.W. Cummins, and M.B. Berg, editors. 2008. An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America. 4th Edition. Kendall Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa.
Moore, J.W. and J.M. Mallatt. 1980. Feeding of larval lamprey. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 37:1658-1664.
Moran, M. and T. Painter. 2014. Study of Northern Virginia Ecology. Fairfax County Public Schools. Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides. Available: http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/largemouth_bass.htm (January 2014).
Murdy, E.O. and J.A. Musick. 2013. Field Guide to Fishes of the Chesapeake Bay. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland.
Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. 2014. The Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Available: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Unionidae/ (February 2014).
NatureServe. 2013. Percina peltata. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. www.iucnredlist.org (February 2014).
Neveu, A. 1976. Ecologie des larves d’Athericidae (Diptera, Brachycera) dans un russieau des Pyrenees-Atlantiques. I. Structure et dynamique des populations. Ann. Hydrobiol. 7:73-90.
Nordsieck, R. and M. Eleveld. 2014. Bladder Snails (Physidae). The Living World of Molluscs. Available: http://molluscs.at/gastropoda/index.html?/gastropoda/freshwater/physidae.html (February 2014).
Ogden, J.C. 1970. Relative Abundance, Food Habits, and Age of the American Eel, Anguilla rostrata (LeSueur), in Certain New Jersey Streams. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 1:54-59.
Oscoz, J., D. Galicia, and R. Miranda. 2011. Identification Guide of Freshwater Macroinvertebrates of Spain. Springer, New York, New York.
47 Osenberg, C. W. and Mittelbach, G. G. 1990. The effects of body size on the predator- prey interaction between pumpkinseed sunfish and gastropods. Ecological Monographs 59:405-432.
Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr. 1991. A Field Guide to Freshwater Fishes of North America North of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts.
Peckarsky, B.L., P.R. Fraissinet, M.A. Penton, and D.J. Conklin, Jr. 1990. Freshwater Macroinvertebrates of Northeastern North America. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York.
PSARP (Penn State Animal Resource Program). 2010. IACUC Guideline 22. Available: http://www.research.psu.edu/arp/euthanasia/amphibians-fish-reptiles (February 2014).
Pusch, M., J. Siefert, N. Walz. 2001. Filtration and Respiration Rates of Two Unionid Species and Their Impact on the Water Quality of a Lowland River. Pages 317-326 in G. Bauer and K. Wachtler, editors. Ecological Studies: Ecology and Evolution of the Freshwater Mussels Unionoida, Vol. 145. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
R Core Team. 2013. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Australia. http://www.R-project.org/ .
Rachlin, J.W. and B.E. Warkentine. 1987. The use of museum ichthyological holdings for initial diet studies. Copeia 1:214-216.
Rakocinski, C. F., S. S. Brown, G. R. Gaston, R. W. Heard, W. W. Walker, and J. K. Summers. 1997. Macrobenthic responses to natural and contaminant-related gradients in northern Gulf of Mexico estuaries. Ecological Applications 7:1278–1298.
Sammons, S.M. and M.J. Maceina. 2005. Activity patterns of largemouth bass in a subtropical U.S. reservoir. Fisheries Management and Ecology 12:331-339.
SBMWA (Stony Brook Millstone Watershed Association. 2014. Pollution Tolerance Values of Aquatic Macroinvertebrate Families. Available: http://www.thewatershed.org (November 2014).
Scalet, C.G. 1977. Summer Food Habits of Sympatric Stream Populations of Spotted Bass, Micropterus Punctulatus, and Largemouth Bass, M. Salmoides, (Osteichthyes: Centrarchidae). The Southwest Naturalist 21(4):493-501.
Schuh, R.T. and J.A. Slater. 1995. True Bugs of the World (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) Classification and Natural History. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca, New York.
Scott, W.B. and E.J. Crossman. 1998. Freshwater Fishes of Canada. Galt House Publications Ltd., Oakville, Ontario.
48
Shiels, A.L. 2014. Pennsylvania’s Dynamic Darters. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Fish and Boat Commission. Available: http://www.fish.state.pa.us/education/catalog/darters.html (May 2014).
Snyder, D.J. and M.S. Peterson. 1999. Life history of a peripheral population of bluespotted sunfish Enneacanthus gloriosus (Holbrook), with comments on geographic variation. American Midland Naturalist, 141(2):345-357.
Stanford, J.A. and J.V. Ward. 1988. The hyporheic habitat of river ecosystems. Nature 335:64-66.
Starnes, L.B. and W.C. Starnes. 1985. Ecology and life history of the mountain madtom, Noturus eleutherus (Pisces:Ictaluridae). American Midland Naturalist 127:115-124.
Stauffer, J.R., Jr., C.H. Hocutt, M.L. Hendricks, and S.L. Markham. 1978. Inertia and elasticity as a stream classification system: Youghiogheny River Case History Evaluation. Pages 105-118 in D.E. Samuel, J.R. Stauffer, Jr., C.H. Hocutt, and W.T. Mason, Jr., editors. Surface Mining and Fish/Wildlife Needs in the Eastern United States. U.S. Department of Interior. FWS/OBS-78/81.
Stauffer, J.R., Jr. and C.H. Hocutt. 1980. Inertia and recovery: An approach to stream classification and stress evaluation. Water Resources Bulletin 16(1):72-78.
Stauffer, J.R., Jr., J.M. Boltz, L.R. White. 1995. Fishes of West Virginia. Academy of Natural Sciences of Pennsylvania.
Stewart, N.H. 1926. Development, Growth, and Food Habits of the White Sucker, Catostomus commersonii Lesueur. Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries, Volume XLII.
Stonedahl, G.M. and J.D.Lattin. 1982. The Gerridae or Water Striders of Oregon and Washington (Hemiptera:Heteroptera). Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station. Technical Bulletin 144:1-36.
Stoops, C.A., P.H. Adler, and J.W. McCreadie. 1998. Ecology of aquatic Lepidoptera (Crambidae: Nymphulinae) in South Carolina, USA. Hydrobiologia 379:33-40.
SU (Sheffield University). 2014. Hyporheic Network. Available: www.hyporheic.net/ (February 2014).
Taylor, W.R. 1969. A revision of the catfish genus Noturus Rafineque with an analysis of higher groups in the Ictaluridae. Bulletin-United States National Museum 282:1-315.
Thorp, J.H. and A.P. Covich. 2010. Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Macroinvertebrates. Elsevier Inc. Boston, Massachusetts.
49
Turner, A. M. 1996. Freshwater snails alter habitat use in response to predators. Animal Behavior 51:747-756.
Turner, A. M., Bernot, R. J. and Boes, C. M. 2000. Chemical cues modify species interactions: the ecological consequences of predator avoidance by freshwater snails. Oikos 88:148-158.
Turner A.M. & Montgomery S.L. 2003. Spatial and temporal scales of predator avoidance: experiments with fish and snails. Ecology 84:616–622.
Turner, A.M. and S.L. Montgomery. 2009. Hydroperiod, predators and the distribution of physid snails across the freshwater habitat gradient. Freshwater Biology 54:1189-1201.
Turner A.M., Turner S.L. & Lappi H.A. 2006. Learning, memory, and predator avoidance by freshwater snails: effects of experience on predator recognition and defensive strategy. Animal Behaviour 72:1443–1450.
USFWS (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service). September 2011. American eel Anguilla rostrata. Available: http://www.fws.gov/northeast/newsroom/pdf/Americaneel9.26.11.2.pdf (January 2014).
VCSU (Valley City State University). 2014. Digital Key to Aquatic Insects of North Dakota. Available: http://www.waterbugkey.vcsu.edu/index.htm (February 2014).
van Banning P., 1991. Swimbladder nematode (Anguillicola crassus) in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) (ICES Identification Leaflets for Diseases and Parasites of Fish and Shellfish. Leaflet No. 48). International Council for the Exploration of the Sea.
Vineyard, R.N., G.B. Wiggins, H.E. Frania, and P.W. Schefter. 2005. The caddisfly genus Neophylax (Trichoptera, Uenoidae). Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Canada.
Wagner, R.H., M. Aurich, E. Reder, HJ Veith. 1990. Defensive secretions from the larvae of Apatania fimbriata (Pictet) (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae). Chemoecology 1:96-104.
Walsh, M.C., J. Deeds, and B. Nightingale. June 2007. Chapter 5. Family-Level Macroinvertebrate Community Descriptions. Pages 5-1 - 5-18. User’s Manual And Data Guide To The Pennsylvania Aquatic Community Classification. Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program, Western Pennsylvania Conservancy, Middletown, Pennsylvania and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Ward, J.V., B.C. Kondratieff, and R.E. Zuellig. 2002. An Illustrated Guide to the Mountain Stream Insects of Colorado Second Edition. University Press of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado.
50 Warren, Jr., M.L., 2009. Chapter 13. Centrarchid Identification and Natural History. Pages 375-533 in S.J. Cooke and D.P. Philipp, editors. Centrarchid Fishes: Diversity, Biology, and Conservation. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK.
Wiggins, Glenn B. 2000. Larvae of the North American Caddisfly Genera (Trichoptera). Second Edition. University of Toronto Press, Canada.
Williams, H. and A. Jones. 1994. Parasitic Worms of Fish. Taylor & Francis, London, England.
51 Appendix A
Marshalls Creek Site 0
Figure A-1. Marshalls Creek, Site 0, looking upstream, in between LTS Builders and Rt. 209.
Figure A-2. Marshalls Creek, Site 0, looking downstream at Rt. 209 bridge, beside LTS Builders.
52 Table A-1. Fish Species Collected at Site 0 on December 17, 2010 (none were released).
Scientific Name Total Ameirus nebulosus 1 Anguilla rostrata 10 Catostomus commersoni 4 Enneacanthus gloriosus 8 Erimyzon oblongus 1 Lampetra appendix 7 Lepomis auritus 10 Luxilus cornutus 2
53 Table A-2. Benthic Macroinvertebrates Collected at Site 0 on December 17, 2010.
Order Family Genus Total Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarus 2 Amphipoda Talitridae Hyalella 54 Bivalvia Sphaeriidae 24 Coleoptera Elmidae Dubiraphia 3 Coleoptera Elmidae Neocylloepus 2 Coleoptera Elmidae Stenelmis 43 Diptera Chironomidae 107 Ephemeroptera Baetidae Baetis 142 Ephemeroptera Heptageniidae Stenacron 1 Ephemeroptera Heptageniidae Stenonema 9 Ephemeroptera Leptophlebiidae Leptophlebia 7 Ephemeroptera Isonychiidae Isonychia 2 Ephemeroptera Ameletidae Ameletus 1 Ephemeroptera Leptohyphidae Tricorythodes 1 Gastropoda Valvatidae 384 Hirudinea 2 Isopoda Asellidae Caecidotea 1 Megaloptera Sialidae Sialis 1 Odonata Aeshnidae Boyeria 1 Odonata Coenagrionidae Nehalennia 7 Odonata Gomphidae Gomphus 3 Odonata Gomphidae Hagenius 1 Odonata Libellulidae Erythemis 1 Plecoptera Taeniopterygidae Taeniopteryx 23 Trichoptera Helicopsychidae Helicopsyche 3 Trichoptera Hydropsychidae Cheumatopsyche 6 Trichoptera Leptoceridae Mystacides 2 Trichoptera Limnephilidae Pseudostenophylax 1 Trichoptera Apataniidae Apatania 6 Trichoptera Leptoceridae Triaenodes 1
54 Appendix B
Marshalls Creek Site 0A
Figure B-2. Marshalls Creek, Site 0A, looking upstream, alongside the Mutley residence (permission was granted to sample here).
Table B-1. Fish Species Collected at Site 0A on August 4, 2010.
Scientific Name Total Released Anguilla rostrata 54 34 Catostomus commersoni 28 0 Enneacanthus gloriosus 2 0 Etheostoma olmstedi 16 0 Exoglossum maxillingua 16 0 Lepomis auritus 7 0 Luxilus cornutus 8 0 Noturis insignis 2 0 Percina peltata 3 0 Rhinichthys atratulus 78 0 Rhinichthys cataractae 7 0 Salmo trutta 8 8 Semotilus corporalis 2 0
55 Table B-2. Benthic Macroinvertebrates Collected at Site 0A on August 4, 2010.
Order Family Genus Total Comments Bivalvia Sphaeriidae Sphaerium 32 Coleoptera Elmidae Neocylloepus 7 Coleoptera Elmidae Optioservus 12 Coleoptera Elmidae Promoresia 15 Coleoptera Elmidae Stenelmis 105 Adults 54 Coleoptera Psephenidae Ectopria 1 Coleoptera Psephenidae Psephenus 75 Decapoda Cambaridae 1 Diptera Chironomidae 7 Diptera Tipulidae Antocha 4 Diptera Tipulidae Tipula 1 Ephemeroptera Ephemerellidae 2 Ephemeroptera Heptageniidae Stenacron 2 Ephemeroptera Heptageniidae Stenonema 68 Ephemeroptera Isonychiidae Isonychia 154 Ephemeroptera Baetidae 5 Ephemeroptera 23 Gastropoda Physidae 3 Hemiptera Gerridae Gerris 6 Hemiptera Veliidae Microvelia 2 Lepidoptera Pyralidae Petrophila 2 Megaloptera Corydalidae Nigronia 8 Odonata Aeshnidae Boyeria 2 Odonata Coenagrionidae Argia 7 Odonata Gomphidae Lanthus 6 Oligochaeta 4 Plecoptera Perlidae Agnetina 10 Plecoptera Perlidae Beloneuria 15 Trichoptera Brachycentridae Micrasema 87 Trichoptera Helicopsychidae Helicopsyche 14 Trichoptera Hydropsychidae Hydropsyche 127 Trichoptera Hydroptilidae Ochrotrichia 1 Trichoptera Lepidostomatidae Lepidostoma 17 Trichoptera Leptoceridae 1 Trichoptera Philopotamidae Chimarra 32 Trichoptera Rhyacophilidae Rhyacophila 3
56 Appendix C
Marshalls Creek Site 1
Figure C-3. Marshalls Creek, Site 1, looking upstream at Smithfield Township Park.
Figure C-2. Marshalls Creek, Site 1, looking downstream from bank of Smithfield Township Park.
57 Table C-2. Fish Species Collected at Site 1 on March 27, 2010.
Scientific Name Total Released Anguillla rostrata 9 0 Enneacanthus gloriosus 1 1 Erimyzon oblongus 10 0 Etheostoma olmstedi 1 0 Lepomis auritus 1 0 Notropis bifrenatus 5 5
Table C-2. Benthic Macroinvertebrates Collected at Site 1 on March 27, 2010.
Order Family Genus Total Comments Amphipoda Talitridae Hyalella 291 Bivalvia Sphaeriidae Sphaerium 1 Coleoptera Elmidae Dubiraphia 1 Coleoptera Elmidae Optioservus 3 Diptera Chironomidae 149 Pupa 1 Ephemeroptera Baetidae 1 Ephemeroptera Ephemerellidae Ephemerella 8 Ephemeroptera Ephemerellidae Eurylophella 16 Ephemeroptera Heptageniidae Stenacron 18 Ephemeroptera Leptophlebiidae Leptophlebia 2 Ephemeroptera Leptophlebiidae Paraleptophlebia 1 Ephemeroptera Isonychiidae Isonychia 1 Gastropoda Physidae 2 Gastropoda Valvatidae 14 Hirudinea 1 Isopoda Asellidae Caecidotea 28 Megaloptera Sialidae Sialis 3 Odonata Coenagrionidae Argia 1 Odonata Coenagrionidae Chromagrion 3 Oligochaeta 1 Plecoptera Nemouridae Shipsa 1 Plecoptera Perlidae Perlesta 1 Trichoptera Hydropsychidae Hydropsyche 1 Trichoptera Leptoceridae Setodes 1 Trichoptera Limnephilidae Goeria 1 Trichoptera Polycentropodidae Polycentropus 2
58 Table C-3. Fish Species Collected at Site 1 on August 4, 2010.
Scientific Name Total Released Anguilla rostrata 1 1 Catostomus commersoni 1 1 Enneacanthus gloriosus 15 0 Erimyzon oblongus 1 1 Etheostoma olmstedi 1 1 Esox niger 1 1 Lepomis auritus 12 0 Notropis chalybaeus 2 2 Notropis bifrenatus 2 2
Table C-4. Benthic Macroinvertebrates Collected at Site 1 on August 4, 2010.
Order Family Genus Total Amphipoda Talitridae Hyalella 231 Bivalvia Sphaeriidae Sphaerium 2 Coleoptera Elmidae Optioservus 1 Diptera Chironomidae 65 Ephemeroptera Caenidae Caenis 2 Ephemeroptera Siphlonuridae Siphlonurus 8 Gastropoda Physidae 3 Gastropoda Planorbidae 2 Gastropoda Valvatidae 5 Hemiptera Corixidae Palmacorixa 64 Hirudinea 10 Isopoda Asellidae Caecidotea 15 Megaloptera Sialidae Sialis 3 Odonata Coenagrionidae Enallagma 2 Odonata Gomphidae Gomphus 1 Trichoptera Leptoceridae Oecetus 3
59 Table C-5. Benthic Macroinvertebrates Collected at Site 1 on December 17, 2010.
Order Family Genus Total Amphipoda Talitridae Hyalella 345 Bivalvia Sphaeriidae 5 Coleoptera Elmidae Neocylloepus 1 Diptera Chironomidae 62 Ephemeroptera Caenidae Caenis 2 Ephemeroptera Heptageniidae Stenacron 2 Ephemeroptera Leptophlebiidae Leptophlebia 6 Ephemeroptera Leptohyphidae Tricorythodes 3 Gastropoda Physidae 1 Gastropoda Valvatidae 15 Hemiptera Corixidae 1 Isopoda Asellidae Caecidotea 38 Odonata Aeshnidae Aeshna 1 Odonata Coenagrionidae Argia 1 Odonata Coenagrionidae Enallagma 3 Odonata Gomphidae Gomphus 2 Plecoptera Taeniopterygidae Taeniopteryx 5 Trichoptera Lepidostomatidae Lepidostoma 2
60 Appendix D
Marshalls Creek Site 2
Figure D-4. Marshalls Creek, Site 2, looking upstream from Rt. 209 bridge.
Table D-3. Fish Species Collected at Site 2 on March 27, 2010.
Scientific Name Total Anguilla rostrata 4 Catostomus commersoni 3 Etheostoma olmstedi 10 Lepomis auritus 1 Percina peltata 1 Rhinichthys atratulus 1
61 Table D-2. Benthic Macroinvertebrates Collected at Site 2 on March 27, 2010.
Order Family Genus Total Comments Bivalvia Sphaeriidae Sphaerium 2 Bivalvia Unionidae 1 Coleoptera Elmidae Ancyronyx 1 Coleoptera Elmidae Dubiraphia 10 Coleoptera Elmidae Optioservus 2 Coleoptera Elmidae Promoresia 46 Coleoptera Elmidae Stenelmis 2 Coleoptera Halipilidae Haliplus 1 Coleoptera Psephenidae Ectopria 1 Coleoptera Psephenidae Psephenus 7 Diptera Athericidae Atherix 1 Diptera Chironomidae 15 Diptera Simuliidae Simulium 36 Diptera Tipulidae Antocha 6 Ephemeroptera Ephemerellidae Ephemerella 538 Ephemeroptera Heptageniidae Stenonema 135 Ephemeroptera Leptophlebiidae Paraleptophlebia 3 Ephemeroptera Isonychiidae Isonychia 178 Ephemeroptera Ameletidae Ameletus 66 Gastropoda Valvatidae 4 Lepidoptera Pyralidae Petrophila 2 Megaloptera Corydalidae Nigronia 6 Megaloptera Sialidae Sialis 2 Odonata Coenagrionidae Argia 8 Odonata Gomphidae Gomphus 2 Odonata Gomphidae Stylogomphus 9 Oligochaeta 24 Plecoptera Leuctridae Leuctra 2 Plecoptera Perlidae Acroneuria 5 Plecoptera Taeniopterygidae Taenionema 2 Trichoptera Brachycentridae Brachycentrus 4 Trichoptera Limnephilidae Pycnopsyche 1 Trichoptera Helicopsychidae Helicopsyche 18 17 empty cases Trichoptera Hydropsychidae Hydropsyche 200 Trichoptera Limnephilidae Pseudostenophylax 6 Trichoptera Limnephilidae 7 Trichoptera Philopotamidae Chimarra 29 Trichoptera Polycentropodidae Polycentropus 1 Trichoptera Rhyacophilidae Rhyacophila 1
62
Table D-3. Benthic Macroinvertebrates Collected from Site 2 on August 4, 2010.
Order Family Genus Total Comments Bivalvia Sphaeriidae Sphaerium 11 Coleoptera Elmidae Promoresia 4 Coleoptera Elmidae Stenelmis 53 Adults 13 Coleoptera Elmidae Stenelmis 13 Coleoptera Gyrinidae Dineutus 1 Coleoptera Psephenidae Psephenus 9 Diptera Athericidae Atherix 3 Diptera Chironomidae 10 Diptera Tipulidae Antocha 1 Ephemeroptera Ephemerellidae Serratella 28 Ephemeroptera Heptageniidae Leucrocuta 2 Ephemeroptera Heptageniidae Stenacron 51 Ephemeroptera Isonychiidae Isonychia 91 Ephemeroptera Leptohyphidae Tricorythodes 5 Gastropoda Viviparidae 1 Lepidoptera Pyralidae Petrophila 3 Megaloptera Corydalidae Neohermes 4 Megaloptera Corydalidae Nigronia 6 Odonata Coenagrionidae Argia 17 Odonata Gomphidae Stylogomphus 7 Oligochaeta 2 Plecoptera Leuctridae 1 Plecoptera Perlidae Agnetina 1 Plecoptera Perlidae Beloneuria 1 Trichoptera Brachycentridae Brachycentrus 8 Trichoptera Brachycentridae Micrasema 11 Trichoptera Helicopsychidae Helicopsyche 5 1 empty case Trichoptera Hydropsychidae Cheumatopsyche 148 Trichoptera Lepidostomatidae Lepidostoma 11 Trichoptera Leptoceridae Oecetis 6 Trichoptera Odontoceridae Psilotreta 4 Trichoptera Philopotamidae Chimarra 1 Trichoptera Philopotamidae 15
63 Table D-4. Benthic Macroinvertebrates Collected from Site 2 on December 17, 2010.
Order Family Genus Total Comments Amphipoda Talitridae Hyalella 43 Bivalvia Sphaeriidae 58 Coleoptera Elmidae Dubiraphia 1 Coleoptera Elmidae Optioservus 7 Coleoptera Elmidae Promoresia 7 Coleoptera Elmidae Stenelmis 9 Adults 6 Coleoptera Hydrophilidae Berosus 1 Coleoptera Psephenidae Psephenus 5 Diptera Chironomidae 173 Diptera Simuliidae Simulium 11 Ephemeroptera Ephemerellidae Ephemerella 75 Ephemeroptera Ephemerellidae Eurylophella 383 Ephemeroptera Heptageniidae Stenacron 3 Ephemeroptera Heptageniidae Stenonema 51 Ephemeroptera Leptophlebiidae Leptophlebia 2 Ephemeroptera Leptophlebiidae Paraleptophlebia 8 Ephemeroptera Isonychiidae Isonychia 41 Gastropoda Physidae 2 Gastropoda Planorbidae 15 Gastropoda Valvatidae 104 Hemiptera Corixidae Palmacorixa 1 Hemiptera Notonectidae Buenoa 1 Hemiptera Pleidae Neoplea 1 Hirudinea 12 Isopoda Asellidae Caecidotea 11 Lepidoptera Pyralidae Petrophila 3 Megaloptera Corydalidae Nigronia 4 Megaloptera Sialidae Sialis 7 Odonata Coenagrionidae Argia 11 Odonata Coenagrionidae Nehalennia 4 Odonata Gomphidae Gomphus 1 Odonata Gomphidae Hagenius 1 Odonata Gomphidae Stylogomphus 9 Oligochaeta 4 Plecoptera Taeniopterygidae Taeniopteryx 147 Trichoptera Helicopsychidae Helicopsyche 6 Trichoptera Hydropsychidae Cheumatopsyche 46 Trichoptera Limnephilidae Psychoglypha 2 Trichoptera Apataniidae Apatania 94 Trichoptera Philopotamidae Chimarra 6
64 Appendix E
Marshalls Creek Site 3
Figure E-5. Marshalls Creek, Site 3, looking upstream from bank on natural gas pipeline side.
Figure E-2. Marshalls Creek, Site 3, looking downstream from bank on natural gas pipeline side.
65
Table E-4. Fish Species Collected at Site 3 on March 27, 2010.
Fish Species Total Released Anguilla rostrata 7 0 Catostomus commersoni 1 0 Etheostoma olmstedi 3 0 Exoglossum maxillingua 1 0 Lepomis auritus 1 0 Luxilus cornutus 3 0 Rhinichthys atratulus 1 0 Salmo trutta 2 2
66
Table E-2. Benthic Macroinvertebrates Collected at Site 3 on March 27, 2010.
Order Family Genus Total Comments Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarus 4 Amphipoda Talitridae Hyalella 13 Bivalvia Sphaeriidae 14 Coleoptera Elmidae Dubiraphia 1 Coleoptera Elmidae Stenelmis 4 Coleoptera Psephenidae Psephenus 7 Decapoda Cambaridae 1 Diptera Athericidae Atherix 1 Diptera Chironomidae 8 Diptera Simuliidae Simulium 10 Diptera Tipulidae Antocha 3 Diptera Tipulidae Tipula 2 Ephemeroptera Ephemerellidae Ephemerella 75 Ephemeroptera Heptageniidae Epeorus 160 Ephemeroptera Heptageniidae Stenonema 17 Ephemeroptera Leptophlebiidae Paraleptophlebia 8 Ephemeroptera Leptophlebiidae 37 Ephemeroptera Isonychiidae Isonychia 7 Ephemeroptera Ameletidae Ameletus 39 Gastropoda Physidae 3 Gastropoda Planorbidae 6 Gastropoda Valvatidae 6 Odonata Aeshnidae Boyeria 2 Odonata Gomphidae Stylogomphus 1 Oligochaeta 5 Plecoptera Chloroperlidae Alloperla 1 Plecoptera Nemouridae Ostrocerca 1 Plecoptera Taeniopterygidae Taenionema 3 Trichoptera Brachycentridae Micrasema 1 Trichoptera Helicopsychidae Helicopsyche 4 2 empty cases Trichoptera Hydropsychidae Hydropsyche 19 Trichoptera Lepidostomatidae Lepidostoma 2 Trichoptera Limnephilidae Psychoglypha 4 Trichoptera 1 Pupa 1 Trichoptera Philopotamidae Chimarra 45 Trichoptera Polycentropodidae 2
67
Trichoptera Rhyacophilidae Rhyacophila 3 Trichoptera Uenoidae Neophylax 7
Table E-3. Benthic Macroinvertebrates Collected at Site 3 on August 4, 2010.
Order Family Genus Total Comments Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarus 3 Coleoptera Elmidae Promoresia 2 Coleoptera Elmidae Stenelmis 38 Adults 37 Coleoptera Gyrinidae Dineutus 4 Coleoptera Psephenidae Psephenus 4 Decapoda Cambaridae 1 Diptera Chironomidae 81 Diptera Tipulidae Antocha 10 Ephemeroptera Baetidae Baetis 4 Ephemeroptera Caenidae Caenis 7 Ephemeroptera Ephemerellidae Serratella 1 Ephemeroptera Heptageniidae Stenacron 2 Ephemeroptera Heptageniidae Stenonema 8 Ephemeroptera Isonychiidae Isonychia 1 Ephemeroptera Ameletidae Ameletus 6 Ephemeroptera Leptohyphidae Tricorythodes 2 Gastropoda Physidae 1 Gastropoda Planorbidae Planorbella trivolvis 10 Gastropoda Viviparidae 2 Megaloptera Corydalidae Nigronia 2 Megaloptera Sialidae Sialis 1 Odonata Calopterygidae Hetaerina 1 Oligochaeta 4 Plecoptera Leuctridae 2 Trichoptera Brachycentridae Brachycentrus 1 Trichoptera Helicopsychidae Helicopsyche 12 Trichoptera Hydropsychidae Cheumatopsyche 41 Trichoptera Lepidostomatidae Lepidostoma 8 Trichoptera Leptoceridae Mystacides 33 Trichoptera Philopotamidae Chimarra 4 Trichoptera Polycentropodidae Cyrnellus 4
68 Table E-4. Fish Species Collected at Site 3 on December 17, 2010.
Scientific Name Total Ameirus nebulosus 1 Catostomus commersoni 2 Erimyzon oblongus 1 Esox niger 2 Etheostoma olmstedi 10 Luxilus cornutus 1
69 Table E-5. Benthic Macroinvertebrates Collected at Site 3 on December 17, 2010.
Order Family Genus Total Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarus 3 Amphipoda Talitridae Hyalella 28 Bivalvia Sphaeriidae 9 Coleoptera Elmidae Dubiraphia 6 Coleoptera Elmidae Neocylloepus 1 Coleoptera Elmidae Promoresia 3 Coleoptera Elmidae Stenelmis 1 Coleoptera Psephenidae Psephenus 5 Diptera Chironomidae 58 Diptera Simuliidae Simulium 22 Ephemeroptera Ephemerellidae Dannella 58 Ephemeroptera Ephemerellidae Ephemerella 4 Ephemeroptera Ephemerellidae Serratella 9 Ephemeroptera Heptageniidae Stenacron 3 Ephemeroptera Heptageniidae Stenonema 45 Ephemeroptera Leptophlebiidae Leptophlebia 13 Ephemeroptera Leptophlebiidae Paraleptophlebia 14 Ephemeroptera Isonychiidae Isonychia 20 Gastropoda Physidae 5 Gastropoda Planorbidae 3 Gastropoda Valvatidae 10 Gastropoda Viviparidae 2 Isopoda Asellidae Caecidotea 4 Lepidoptera Pyralidae Petrophila 1 Megaloptera Corydalidae Nigronia 2 Odonata Coenagrionidae Argia 9 Odonata Coenagrionidae Nehalennia 1 Odonata Libellulidae Erythemis 1 Plecoptera Leuctridae Paraleuctra 2 Plecoptera Nemouridae Prostoia 9 Plecoptera Perlidae Paragnetina 2 Plecoptera Taeniopterygidae Taeniopteryx 62 Trichoptera Brachycentridae Micrasema 4 Trichoptera Hydropsychidae Cheumatopsyche 8 Trichoptera Hydropsychidae Hydropsyche 3 Trichoptera Lepidostomatidae Lepidostoma 1 Trichoptera Leptoceridae Ceraclea 110 Trichoptera Limnephilidae Hesperophylax 4 Trichoptera Philopotamidae Chimarra 8 Trichoptera Polycentropodidae Polycentropus 6
70 Appendix F
Marshalls Creek Site 4
Figure F-6. Marshalls Creek, Site 4, looking upstream.
Figure F-2. Marshalls Creek, Site 4, looking across stream while standing on Business 209/Milford Road.
71
Table F-5. Fish Species Collected at Site 4 on August 4, 2010.
Scientific Name Total Released Anguilla rostrata 28 28 Catostomus commersoni 2 0 Enneacanthus gloriosus 5 0 Erimyzon oblongus 1 0 Esox niger 4 0 Etheostoma olmstedi 13 0 Lepomis auritus 5 0 Micropterus salmoides 3 0 Percina peltata 5 0 Rhinichthys atratulus 3 0 Rhinichthys cataractae 3 0 Salmo trutta 18 18 Semotilus corporalis 3 0
72 Table F-2. Benthic Macroinvertebrates Collected at Site 4 on August 4, 2010.
Order Family Genus Total Comments Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarus 8 Coleoptera Elmidae Microcylloepus 2 Coleoptera Elmidae Stenelmis 69 Adults 11 Coleoptera Psephenidae Ectopria 1 Coleoptera Psephenidae Psephenus 87 Diptera Athericidae Atherix 8 Diptera Chironomidae 11 Diptera Tipulidae Antocha 2 Diptera Tipulidae Tipula 1 Ephemeroptera Baetidae 1 Ephemeroptera Heptageniidae Epeorus 2 Ephemeroptera Heptageniidae Stenonema 5 Ephemeroptera Isonychiidae Isonychia 1 Ephemeroptera Ameletidae Ameletus 37 Ephemeroptera Leptohyphidae Tricorythodes 1 Gastropoda Valvatidae 1 Hemiptera Veliidae Rhagovelia 4 Isopoda Asellidae Caecidotea 6 Megaloptera Corydalidae Nigronia 1 Megaloptera Sialidae Sialis 2 Odonata Aeshnidae Boyeria 1 Odonata Caenagrionidae Argia 2 Odonata Gomphidae Stylogomphus 14 Oligochaeta 4 Plecoptera Leuctridae 4 Plecoptera Perlidae Acroneuria 33 Plecoptera Pteronarcyidae Pteronarcys 1 Trichoptera Brachycentridae Micrasema 8 4 empty cases Trichoptera Helicopsychidae Helicopsyche 19 9 empty cases Trichoptera Hydropsychidae Cheumatopsyche 15 Trichoptera Lepidostomatidae Lepidostoma 33 10 empty cases Trichoptera Leptoceridae Mystacides 9 3 empty cases Trichoptera Odontoceridae Psilotreta 32 Trichoptera Philopotamidae Chimarra 3 Trichoptera Psychomyiidae Lype 1
73 Table F-3. Benthic Macroinvertebrates Collected at Site 4 on December 17, 2010.
Order Family Genus Total Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarus 26 Amphipoda Talitridae Hyalella 10 Bivalvia Sphaeriidae 2 Coleoptera Elmidae Neocylloepus 1 Coleoptera Psephenidae Psephenus 3 Diptera Ceratopogonidae Bezzia 1 Diptera Chironomidae 10 Diptera Simuliidae Simulium 9 Ephemeroptera Ephemerellidae Ephemerella 10 Ephemeroptera Ephemerellidae Eurylophella 12 Ephemeroptera Heptageniidae Stenonema 32 Ephemeroptera Leptophlebiidae Leptophlebia 13 Ephemeroptera Leptophlebiidae Paraleptophlebia 31 Ephemeroptera Isonychiidae Isonychia 9 Isopoda Asellidae Caecidotea 12 Megaloptera Corydalidae Nigronia 2 Odonata Coenagrionidae Nehalennia 1 Odonata Gomphidae Gomphus 1 Odonata Gomphidae Stylogomphus 6 Oligochaeta 3 Plecoptera Leuctridae Paraleuctra 17 Plecoptera Nemouridae Paranemoura 8 Plecoptera Perlidae Agnetina 1 Plecoptera Taeniopterygidae Taeniopteryx 19 Trichoptera Hydropsychidae Cheumatopsyche 3 Trichoptera Leptoceridae Ceraclea 23 Trichoptera Philopotamidae Chimarra 1 Trichoptera Polycentropodidae Cyrnellus 1 Trichoptera Limnephilidae Hydatophylax 2
74 Appendix G
Presence/Absence Tables
Table G-1. Spring Presence/Absence Table Kicknet Taxa (KT).
Order Family Presence Order Family Presence Odonata Aeshnidae X Trichoptera Leptoceridae X Trichoptera Apataniidae X Ephemeroptera Leptohyphidae Isopoda Asellidae X Ephemeroptera Leptophlebiidae X Diptera Athericidae X Plecoptera Leuctridae X Ephemeroptera Baetidae X Odonata Libellulidae Hemiptera Belostomatidae Trichoptera Limnephilidae X Trichoptera Brachycentridae X Diptera Muscidae Ephemeroptera Caenidae Plecoptera Nemouridae X Odonata Calopterygidae Lepidoptera Noctuidae Decapoda Cambaridae X Hemiptera Notonectidae Diptera Ceratopogonidae Trichoptera Odontoceridae Diptera Chironomidae X Plecoptera Perlidae X Plecoptera Chloroperlidae X Trichoptera Philopotamidae X Odonata Coenagrionidae X Gastropoda Physidae X Hemiptera Corixidae Gastropoda Planorbidae X Megaloptera Corydalidae X Hemiptera Pleidae Lepidoptera Crambidae Trichoptera Polycentropodidae X Coleoptera Dytiscidae Coleoptera Psephenidae X Coleoptera Elmidae X Trichoptera Psychomyiidae Diptera Empididae Plecoptera Pteronarcyidae Ephemeroptera Ephemerellidae X Lepidoptera Pyralidae X Diptera Ephydridae Trichoptera Rhyacophilidae X Amphipoda Gammaridae X Megaloptera Sialidae X Hemiptera Gerridae Diptera Simuliidae X Odonata Gomphidae X Ephemeroptera Ameletidae X Coleoptera Gyrinidae Bivalvia Sphaeriidae X Coleoptera Haliplidae X Plecoptera Taeniopterygidae X Trichoptera Helicopsychidae X Amphipoda Talitridae X Ephemeroptera Heptageniidae X Diptera Tipulidae X Coleoptera Hydrophilidae Trichoptera Uenoidae X Trichoptera Hydropsychidae X Bivalvia Unionidae X Trichoptera Hydroptilidae Gastropoda Valvatidae X Ephemeroptera Isonychiidae X Hemiptera Veliidae Trichoptera Lepidostomatidae X Gastropoda Viviparidae
75
Table G-2. Summer Presence/Absence Table Kicknet Taxa (KT).
Order Family Presence Order Family Presence Odonata Aeshnidae X Trichoptera Leptoceridae X Trichoptera Apataniidae Ephemeroptera Leptohyphidae X Isopoda Asellidae X Ephemeroptera Leptophlebiidae Diptera Athericidae X Plecoptera Leuctridae X Ephemeroptera Baetidae X Odonata Libellulidae Hemiptera Belostomatidae Trichoptera Limnephilidae Trichoptera Brachycentridae X Diptera Muscidae Ephemeroptera Caenidae X Plecoptera Nemouridae Odonata Calopterygidae X Lepidoptera Noctuidae Decapoda Cambaridae X Hemiptera Notonectidae Diptera Ceratopogonidae Trichoptera Odontoceridae X Diptera Chironomidae X Plecoptera Perlidae X Plecoptera Chloroperlidae Trichoptera Philopotamidae X Odonata Coenagrionidae X Gastropoda Physidae X Hemiptera Corixidae X Gastropoda Planorbidae X Megaloptera Corydalidae X Hemiptera Pleidae Lepidoptera Crambidae Trichoptera Polycentropodidae X Coleoptera Dytiscidae Coleoptera Psephenidae X Coleoptera Elmidae X Trichoptera Psychomyiidae X Diptera Empididae Plecoptera Pteronarcyidae X Ephemeroptera Ephemerellidae X Lepidoptera Pyralidae X Diptera Ephydridae Trichoptera Rhyacophilidae X Amphipoda Gammaridae X Megaloptera Sialidae Hemiptera Gerridae X Diptera Simuliidae Odonata Gomphidae X Ephemeroptera Ameletidae X Coleoptera Gyrinidae X Bivalvia Sphaeriidae X Coleoptera Haliplidae Plecoptera Taeniopterygidae Trichoptera Helicopsychidae X Amphipoda Talitridae X Ephemeroptera Heptageniidae X Diptera Tipulidae X Coleoptera Hydrophilidae Trichoptera Uenoidae Trichoptera Hydropsychidae X Bivalvia Unionidae Trichoptera Hydroptilidae X Gastropoda Valvatidae X Ephemeroptera Isonychiidae X Hemiptera Veliidae X Trichoptera Lepidostomatidae X Gastropoda Viviparidae X
76 Table G-3. Winter Presence/Absence Table Kicknet Taxa (KT).
Order Family Presence Order Family Presence Odonata Aeshnidae X Trichoptera Leptoceridae X Trichoptera Apataniidae X Ephemeroptera Leptohyphidae X Isopoda Asellidae X Ephemeroptera Leptophlebiidae X Diptera Athericidae Plecoptera Leuctridae X Ephemeroptera Baetidae X Odonata Libellulidae X Hemiptera Belostomatidae Trichoptera Limnephilidae X Trichoptera Brachycentridae X Diptera Muscidae Ephemeroptera Caenidae X Plecoptera Nemouridae X Odonata Calopterygidae Lepidoptera Noctuidae Decapoda Cambaridae Hemiptera Notonectidae X Diptera Ceratopogonidae X Trichoptera Odontoceridae Diptera Chironomidae X Plecoptera Perlidae X Plecoptera Chloroperlidae Trichoptera Philopotamidae X Odonata Coenagrionidae X Gastropoda Physidae X Hemiptera Corixidae X Gastropoda Planorbidae X Megaloptera Corydalidae X Hemiptera Pleidae X Lepidoptera Crambidae Trichoptera Polycentropodidae X Coleoptera Dytiscidae Coleoptera Psephenidae X Coleoptera Elmidae X Trichoptera Psychomyiidae Diptera Empididae Plecoptera Pteronarcyidae Ephemeroptera Ephemerellidae X Lepidoptera Pyralidae X Diptera Ephydridae Trichoptera Rhyacophilidae Amphipoda Gammaridae X Megaloptera Sialidae X Hemiptera Gerridae Diptera Simuliidae X Odonata Gomphidae Ephemeroptera Ameletidae X Coleoptera Gyrinidae Bivalvia Sphaeriidae X Coleoptera Haliplidae Plecoptera Taeniopterygidae X Trichoptera Helicopsychidae X Amphipoda Talitridae X Ephemeroptera Heptageniidae X Diptera Tipulidae Coleoptera Hydrophilidae X Trichoptera Uenoidae Trichoptera Hydropsychidae X Bivalvia Unionidae Trichoptera Hydroptilidae Gastropoda Valvatidae X Ephemeroptera Isonychiidae X Hemiptera Veliidae Trichoptera Lepidostomatidae X Gastropoda Viviparidae X
77
Appendix G
Marshalls Creek Fish Gut Content Data
Table G-4. Anguilla rostrata gut content presence/absence table for August 4, 2010 collection.
172 173 174 175 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 Amphipoda Gammaridae Talitridae Bivalvia Sphaeriidae Coleoptera Dytiscidae Elmidae Gyrinidae X Haliplidae Hydrophilidae Psephenidae X X X X X X X X X X Decapoda Cambaridae X Diptera Ceratopogonidae Chironomidae X Ephydridae Simuliidae Tipulidae X X X Ephemeroptera Baetidae Caenidae Ephemerellidae Heptageniidae X X X X X X X X Isonychiidae X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Leptohyphidae Leptophlebiidae Ameletidae Siphlonuridae
78 Gastropoda Physidae Planorbidae Valvatidae Viviparidae Hemiptera Belostomatidae Corixidae Gerridae Veliidae Isopoda Asellidae Lepidoptera Crambidae Noctuidae Pyralidae X X Megaloptera Corydalidae X X X X Sialidae Odonata Aeshnidae Calopterygidae Coenagrionidae Gomphidae X Libellulidae Plecoptera Chloroperlidae Leuctridae Perlidae X X X X X X Pteronarcyidae Trichoptera Brachycentridae Helicopsychidae Hydropsychidae Hydroptilidae Lepidostomatidae Leptoceridae X X Limnephilidae
79 Odontoceridae Philopotamidae Psychomyiidae Polycentropodidae Rhyacophilidae Uenoidae
Table G-5. Catostomus commersoni gut content presence/absence table for August 4, 2010 collection. 210 254 255 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 Amphipoda Gammaridae Talitridae X X X Bivalvia Sphaeriidae X X X X X X X Coleoptera Dytiscidae Elmidae X X X X X X X X Gyrinidae Haliplidae X Hydrophilidae Psephenidae X X X X X X Decapoda Cambaridae Diptera Ceratopogonidae X Chironomidae X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Ephydridae Simuliidae X Tipulidae X X X X X X X X X X X Ephemeroptera Baetidae X Caenidae Ephemerellidae Heptageniidae X X Isonychiidae X
80 Leptohyphidae Leptophlebiidae Ameletidae Siphlonuridae Gastropoda Physidae Planorbidae Valvatidae X Viviparidae Hemiptera Belostomatidae Corixidae X Gerridae Veliidae Isopoda Asellidae Lepidoptera Crambidae Noctuidae Pyralidae X X X X Megaloptera Corydalidae Sialidae Odonata Aeshnidae Calopterygidae Coenagrionidae X Gomphidae X X X X X Libellulidae X Plecoptera Chloroperlidae Leuctridae X Perlidae Pteronarcyidae Trichoptera Brachycentridae X X X X X X X X X X X Helicopsychidae X Hydropsychidae X X X
81 Hydroptilidae X X X X X X Lepidostomatidae Leptoceridae X X X X X X X X X X X X X Limnephilidae X X Odontoceridae Philopotamidae X Psychomyiidae X X X X X X Polycentropodidae X X X X Rhyacophilidae Uenoidae
Table G-6. Enneacanthus gloriosus gut content presence/absence table for August 4, 2010 collection.
168 169 216 217 218 219 220 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 Amphipoda Gammaridae Talitridae X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Bivalvia Sphaeriidae X Coleoptera Dytiscidae Elmidae Gyrinidae Haliplidae X X Hydrophilidae X Psephenidae X Decapoda Cambaridae Diptera Ceratopogonidae X X X X X X Chironomidae X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Ephydridae X Simuliidae Tipulidae X X X Ephemeroptera Baetidae
82 Caenidae Ephemerellidae Heptageniidae X X X Isonychiidae Leptohyphidae Leptophlebiidae X X Ameletidae Siphlonuridae X Gastropoda Physidae Planorbidae X Valvatidae X X X Viviparidae Hemiptera Belostomatidae Corixidae X X X X X X X X X X Gerridae Veliidae Isopoda Asellidae X X X X X X X X X X X Lepidoptera Crambidae Noctuidae Pyralidae X Megaloptera Corydalidae Sialidae X X Odonata Aeshnidae X Calopterygidae Coenagrionidae X X X X X Gomphidae Libellulidae X Plecoptera Chloroperlidae Leuctridae Perlidae
83 Pteronarcyidae Trichoptera Brachycentridae Helicopsychidae Hydropsychidae X Hydroptilidae X X X X X X X X X X X X Lepidostomatidae Leptoceridae X X X X X X X Limnephilidae X X Odontoceridae X X Philopotamidae X Polycentropodidae X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Psychomyiidae Rhyacophilidae X Uenoidae
Table G-7. Esox niger gut content presence/absence table for August 4, 2010 collection. 257 258 259 260 Amphipoda Gammaridae Talitridae Bivalvia Sphaeriidae Coleoptera Dytiscidae Elmidae Gyrinidae Haliplidae Hydrophilidae X Psephenidae Decapoda Cambaridae X Diptera Ceratopogonidae Chironomidae X X
84 Ephydridae Simuliidae Tipulidae Ephemeroptera Baetidae Caenidae Ephemerellidae Heptageniidae Isonychiidae Leptohyphidae Leptophlebiidae Ameletidae Siphlonuridae Gastropoda Physidae Planorbidae Valvatidae Viviparidae Hemiptera Belostomatidae Corixidae Gerridae Veliidae Isopoda Asellidae Lepidoptera Crambidae Noctuidae Pyralidae Megaloptera Corydalidae Sialidae Odonata Aeshnidae Calopterygidae Coenagrionidae Gomphidae
85 Libellulidae Plecoptera Chloroperlidae Leuctridae Perlidae Pteronarcyidae Trichoptera Brachycentridae Helicopsychidae Hydropsychidae Hydroptilidae X Lepidostomatidae X Leptoceridae X X Limnephilidae Odontoceridae Philopotamidae Polycentropodidae Psychomyiidae Rhyacophilidae Uenoidae
Table G-8. Etheostoma olmstedi gut content presence/absence table for August 4, 2010 collection. 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 Amphipoda Gammaridae X Talitridae X X X X Bivalvia Sphaeriidae Coleoptera Dytiscidae Elmidae X X Gyrinidae
86 Haliplidae Hydrophilidae Psephenidae X X X Decapoda Cambaridae Diptera Ceratopogonidae Chironomidae X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Ephydridae Simuliidae Tipulidae X X X Ephemeroptera Baetidae Caenidae Ephemerellidae Heptageniidae X X X Isonychiidae X X X X Leptophlebiidae X Leptohyphidae Ameletidae Siphlonuridae Gastropoda Physidae Planorbidae Valvatidae X Viviparidae Hemiptera Belostomatidae Corixidae Gerridae Veliidae Isopoda Asellidae X Lepidoptera Crambidae Noctuidae Pyralidae X
87 Megaloptera Corydalidae X X X Sialidae Odonata Aeshnidae Calopterygidae Coenagrionidae Libellulidae X Gomphidae Plecoptera Chloroperlidae Leuctridae Perlidae X Pteronarcyidae Trichoptera Brachycentridae Helicopsychidae Hydropsychidae X X X X X X Hydroptilidae X Lepidostomatidae Leptoceridae X X X X X Limnephilidae Odontoceridae Philopotamidae X X Polycentropodidae X Psychomyiidae Rhyacophilidae Uenoidae
Table G-9. Lepomis auritus gut content presence/absence table for Augut 4, 2010 collection.
170 171 176 195 248 249 250 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 Amphipoda Gammaridae Talitridae
88 Bivalvia Sphaeriidae Coleoptera Dytiscidae X Elmidae X X X X X X X X X Gyrinidae Haliplidae Hydrophilidae Psephenidae X X X X X X X X X Decapoda Cambaridae X X X Diptera Ceratopogonidae X Chironomidae X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Ephydridae X Simuliidae X Tipulidae X X X X X Ephemeroptera Baetidae Caenidae Ephemerellidae X X X Heptageniidae X X Isonychiidae X X X Leptohyphidae Leptophlebiidae Ameletidae Siphlonuridae Gastropoda Physidae Planorbidae Valvatidae X X X Viviparidae Hemiptera Belostomatidae X X Corixidae X X X X X X X X X X Gerridae Veliidae X
89 Isopoda Asellidae X X X Lepidoptera Crambidae X Noctuidae X Pyralidae X X Megaloptera Corydalidae Sialidae X X Odonata Aeshnidae Calopterygidae Coenagrionidae X Gomphidae X X X X X X X X X Libellulidae X X Plecoptera Chloroperlidae Leuctridae Perlidae X X X X Pteronarcyidae X X Trichoptera Brachycentridae X X X X X X X X X Helicopsychidae Hydropsychidae X X X X X X X X X Hydroptilidae X X X X X X X X Lepidostomatidae X Leptoceridae X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Limnephilidae X X X X Odontoceridae X X Philopotamidae X X Polycentropodidae X X X X X X X X X X X Psychomyiidae Rhyacophilidae X X Uenoidae
90 Table G-10. Erimyzon oblongus (EO), Micropterus salmoides (MS), and Noturus insignis (NI) gut content presence/absence tables for August 4, 2010 collection. EO256 MS251 MS252 MS253 NI163 NI164 Amphipoda Gammaridae Talitridae X X Bivalvia Sphaeriidae X Coleoptera Dytiscidae Elmidae X Gyrinidae Haliplidae Hydrophilidae Psephenidae X Decapoda Cambaridae Diptera Ceratopogonidae Chironomidae X X X X Ephydridae Simuliidae Tipulidae X Ephemeroptera Baetidae X Caenidae Ephemerellidae Heptageniidae X Isonychiidae X Leptohyphidae Leptophlebiidae Ameletidae Siphlonuridae X X Gastropoda Physidae Planorbidae X Valvatidae
91 Viviparidae Hemiptera Belostomatidae Corixidae Gerridae Veliidae Isopoda Asellidae X X Lepidoptera Crambidae Noctuidae Pyralidae Megaloptera Corydalidae Sialidae Odonata Aeshnidae Calopterygidae Coenagrionidae Gomphidae Libellulidae Plecoptera Chloroperlidae Leuctridae Perlidae Pteronarcyidae Trichoptera Brachycentridae X Helicopsychidae Hydropsychidae X X Hydroptilidae Lepidostomatidae Leptoceridae X Limnephilidae Odontoceridae Philopotamidae X X Polycentropodidae
92 Psychomyiidae Rhyacophilidae Uenoidae
Table G-11. Percina peltata gut content presence/absence tables for August 4, 2010. 165 166 167 211 212 213 214 215 Amphipoda Gammaridae Talitridae Bivalvia Sphaeriidae Coleoptera Dytiscidae Elmidae Gyrinidae Haliplidae Hydrophilidae Psephenidae Decapoda Cambaridae Diptera Ceratopogonidae Chironomidae X X X X X Ephydridae Simuliidae Tipulidae X Ephemeroptera Baetidae X Caenidae Ephemerellidae X X Heptageniidae X X X X X X Isonychiidae X X X X X Leptohyphidae Leptophlebiidae Ameletidae Siphlonuridae
93 Gastropoda Physidae Planorbidae Valvatidae Viviparidae Hemiptera Belostomatidae Corixidae Gerridae Veliidae Isopoda Asellidae Lepidoptera Crambidae Noctuidae Pyralidae Megaloptera Corydalidae Sialidae Odonata Aeshnidae Calopterygidae Coenagrionidae Gomphidae Libellulidae Plecoptera Chloroperlidae Leuctridae Perlidae X Pteronarcyidae Trichoptera Brachycentridae Helicopsychidae Hydropsychidae Hydroptilidae Lepidostomatidae Leptoceridae Limnephilidae
94 Odontoceridae Philopotamidae Polycentropodidae Psychomyiidae Rhyacophilidae Uenoidae
Appendix H
Gut Content Data
Table H-6. Anguilla rostrata gut content data from Season 1. Specimens were captured March 27, 2010 in Marshalls Creek. Fish ID 79 81 82 83 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 98 99 100 102 103 104 105 Season 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total Length (mm) 358 260 280 205 227 241 435 455 247 244 210 170 195 289 262 301 194 198 278 495 AQUATIC Acanthocephala Amphipoda 2 2 1 Gammaridae Gammarus 1 Talitridae Hyalella 1 10 Anguillicola crassus 6 10 2 2 2 Anostraca Bivalvia Sphaeriidae
95 Sphaerium Unionidae Coleoptera 1 1 1 Dytiscidae Elmidae Dubiraphia Microcylloepus Promoresia Stenelmis Gyrinidae Dineutus Haliplidae Peltodytes Hydrophilidae Hydrobius Psephenidae Ectopria Psephenus Copepoda Decapoda 1 Cambaridae Diptera Athericidae Ceratopogonidae Chironomidae 9 1 4 6 2 Empididae Hemerodromia Ephydridae Muscidae 1 Simuliidae
96 Simulium Tipulidae 10 4 15 Antocha Tipula 3 Ephemeroptera 3 9 2 7 1 9 13 1 1 2 7 5 2 13 1 6 Baetidae 1 1 Baetis Caenidae Ephemerellidae Ephemerella 1 2 Heptageniidae Epeorus 3 Stenacron Stenonema Isonychiidae Isonychia 1 1 Leptohyphidae Leptophlebiidae 5 Leptophlebia 1 Paraleptophlebia 1 Ameletidae Ameletus 1 Siphlonuridae Gastropoda Physidae Planorbidae Valvatidae Viviparidae Hemiptera Belostomatidae
97 Corixidae Gerridae Notonectidae Pleidae Veliidae Rhagovelia Hirudinea 1 Hydrachnidia Isopoda Asellidae Caecidotea Lepidoptera Crambidae Langessa Noctuidae Simyra Pyralidae Petrophila Megaloptera Corydalidae Neohermes Nigronia 1 1 Sialidae Sialis 2 Odonata Aeshnidae Boyeria Calopterygidae Coenagrionidae Argia
98 Enallagma Gomphidae 1 1 Gomphus Lanthus Stylogomphus Libellulidae Oligochaeta 1 2 4 3 3 1 3 2 1 1 Ostracoda Plecoptera 1 Chloroperlidae Leuctridae Paraleuctra Nemouridae Prostoia Perlidae Acroneuria Agnetina Beloneuria Pteronarcyidae Pteronarcys Taeniopterygidae Taeniopteryx Trichoptera 1 Apataniidae Brachycentridae Adicrophleps Brachycentrus Micrasema Helicopsychidae Helicopsyche
99 Hydropsychidae Cheumatopsyche Hydropsyche 3 Potamyia Hydroptilidae Leucotrichia Ochrotrichia Orthotrichia Oxyethira Stactobiella Lepidostomatidae Lepidostoma 2 Leptoceridae Ceraclea Mystacides Oecetis Limnephilidae Hydatophylax Odontoceridae Psilotreta Philopotamidae Chimarra 328 Dolophilodes 1 Polycentropodidae Cernotina Cyrnellus Polycentropus Psychomyiidae Psychomia Rhyacophilidae
100 Rhyacophila Uenoidae TERRESTRIAL Arachnida Araneae Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coleomegilla Diplopoda Hemiptera Cicadidae Miridae Poecilocapsus lineatus Pentatomidae Hymenoptera Formicidae Lepidoptera MISCELLANEOUS detritus X X X X X plant X rocks sand fish 2 1 1 eggs/embryos 2 unidentified insect TOTAL 14 9 3 8 12 12 35 12 3 7 5 6 19 14 10 12 2 16 6 363
101 Table H-2. Anguilla rostrata gut content data from Season 2. Specimens were captured August 4, 2010 in Marshalls Creek.
Fish ID 172 173 174 175 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 Season 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Total Length (mm) 223 252 250 198 201 186 190 260 145 292 204 91 305 231 302 280 269 250 292 243 AQUATIC Acanthocephala 1 7 Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarus Talitridae Hyalella Anguillicola crassus 2 1 Anostraca Bivalvia Sphaeriidae Sphaerium Unionidae Coleoptera Dytiscidae Elmidae Dubiraphia Microcylloepus Promoresia Stenelmis Gyrinidae Dineutus 1 Haliplidae Peltodytes
102 Hydrophilidae Hydrobius Psephenidae Ectopria 1 Psephenus 2 7 1 1 1 6 4 1 1 Copepoda Decapoda Cambaridae 2 Diptera Athericidae Ceratopogonidae Chironomidae 1 Empididae Hemerodromia Ephydridae Muscidae Simuliidae Simulium Tipulidae 1 1 1 Antocha Tipula Ephemeroptera 1 1 1 4 1 2 1 3 2 4 6 3 3 Baetidae Baetis Caenidae Ephemerellidae Ephemerella Heptageniidae 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 Epeorus Stenacron
103 Stenonema Isonychiidae Isonychia 1 1 3 6 2 1 4 4 1 1 1 9 3 6 1 2 Leptohyphidae Leptophlebiidae Leptophlebia Paraleptophlebia Ameletidae Ameletus Siphlonuridae Gastropoda Physidae Planorbidae Valvatidae Viviparidae Hemiptera Belostomatidae Corixidae Gerridae Notonectidae Pleidae Veliidae Rhagovelia Hirudinea Hydrachnidia Isopoda Asellidae Caecidotea Lepidoptera 1 Crambidae
104 Langessa Noctuidae Simyra Pyralidae Petrophila 1 1 Megaloptera Corydalidae Neohermes 1 Nigronia 1 1 1 Sialidae Sialis Odonata Aeshnidae Boyeria Calopterygidae Coenagrionidae Argia Enallagma Gomphidae Gomphus Lanthus Stylogomphus 1 Libellulidae Oligochaeta 1 1 3 1 Ostracoda Plecoptera Chloroperlidae Leuctridae Paraleuctra Nemouridae
105 Prostoia Perlidae Acroneuria 1 1 1 1 1 1 Agnetina Beloneuria Pteronarcyidae Pteronarcys Taeniopterygidae Taeniopteryx Trichoptera 1 Apataniidae Brachycentridae Adicrophleps Brachycentrus Micrasema Helicopsychidae Helicopsyche Hydropsychidae Cheumatopsyche Hydropsyche Potamyia Hydroptilidae Leucotrichia Ochrotrichia Orthotrichia Oxyethira Stactobiella Lepidostomatidae Lepidostoma Leptoceridae 1 1
106 Ceraclea Mystacides Oecetis Limnephilidae Hydatophylax Odontoceridae Psilotreta Philopotamidae Chimarra Dolophilodes Polycentropodidae Cernotina Cyrnellus Polycentropus Psychomyiidae Psychomia Rhyacophilidae Rhyacophila Uenoidae TERRESTRIAL Arachnida Araneae Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coleomegilla Diplopoda Hemiptera Cicadidae Miridae Poecilocapsus
107 lineatus Pentatomidae Hymenoptera Formicidae Lepidoptera MISCELLANEOUS detritus plant X rocks sand fish 1 eggs/embryos unidentified insect TOTAL 6 11 9 6 10 12 2 0 7 13 5 3 22 7 9 9 1 12 3 7
Table H-3. Anguilla rostrata gut content data from Season 3. Specimens were captured December 17, 2010 in Marshalls Creek.
Fish ID 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 Season 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Total Length (mm) 280 242 172 271 206 306 220 378 268 310 AQUATIC Acanthocephala 4 1 2 3 2 3 Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarus Talitridae Hyalella Anguillicola crassus 1 1 3 4 Anostraca Bivalvia
108 Sphaeriidae Sphaerium Unionidae Coleoptera 1 Dytiscidae Elmidae Dubiraphia Microcylloepus Promoresia Stenelmis Gyrinidae Dineutus Haliplidae Peltodytes Hydrophilidae Hydrobius Psephenidae Ectopria Psephenus Copepoda Decapoda Cambaridae Diptera Athericidae Ceratopogonidae Chironomidae 1 1 Empididae Hemerodromia Ephydridae Muscidae
109 Simuliidae Simulium Tipulidae 1 Antocha Tipula Ephemeroptera 1 3 Baetidae Baetis Caenidae Ephemerellidae Ephemerella Heptageniidae Epeorus Stenacron Stenonema Isonychiidae Isonychia Leptohyphidae Leptophlebiidae Leptophlebia Paraleptophlebia Ameletidae Ameletus
Gastropoda Physidae Planorbidae Valvatidae Viviparidae Hemiptera
110 Belostomatidae Corixidae Gerridae Notonectidae Pleidae Veliidae Rhagovelia Hirudinea Hydrachnidia Isopoda Asellidae Caecidotea Lepidoptera Crambidae Langessa Noctuidae Simyra Pyralidae Petrophila Megaloptera Corydalidae Neohermes Nigronia Sialidae Sialis Odonata Aeshnidae Boyeria Calopterygidae Coenagrionidae
111 Argia Enallagma Gomphidae Gomphus Lanthus Stylogomphus Libellulidae Oligochaeta Ostracoda Plecoptera Chloroperlidae Leuctridae Paraleuctra Nemouridae Prostoia Perlidae Acroneuria Agnetina Beloneuria Pteronarcyidae Pteronarcys Taeniopterygidae Taeniopteryx Trichoptera Apataniidae Brachycentridae Adicrophleps Brachycentrus Micrasema Helicopsychidae
112 Helicopsyche Hydropsychidae Cheumatopsyche Hydropsyche Potamyia Hydroptilidae Leucotrichia Ochrotrichia Orthotrichia Oxyethira Stactobiella Lepidostomatidae Lepidostoma Leptoceridae Ceraclea Mystacides Oecetis Limnephilidae Hydatophylax Odontoceridae Psilotreta Philopotamidae Chimarra Dolophilodes Polycentropodidae Cernotina Cyrnellus Polycentropus Psychomyiidae Psychomia
113 Rhyacophilidae Rhyacophila Uenoidae TERRESTRIAL Arachnida Araneae Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coleomegilla Diplopoda Hemiptera Cicadidae Miridae Poecilocapsus lineatus Pentatomidae Hymenoptera Formicidae 1 Lepidoptera MISCELLANEOUS detritus X X X plant rocks sand fish 1 1 1 eggs/embryos unidentified insect TOTAL 1 0 3 7 8 4 0 3 2 8
114 Table H-4. Ameirus nebulosus gut content data from Season 3. Specimens were captured December 17, 2010 in Marshalls Creek.
Fish ID 158 162 Season 3 3 Total Length (mm) 185 54 AQUATIC Acanthocephala 11 2 Amphipoda 1 Gammaridae Gammarus Talitridae Hyalella Anguillicola crassus Anostraca Bivalvia Sphaeriidae Sphaerium Unionidae Coleoptera Dytiscidae Elmidae Dubiraphia Microcylloepus Promoresia Stenelmis Gyrinidae Dineutus Haliplidae Peltodytes Hydrophilidae
115 Hydrobius Psephenidae Ectopria Psephenus Copepoda 1 Decapoda Cambaridae Diptera Athericidae Ceratopogonidae Chironomidae 2 Empididae Hemerodromia Ephydridae Muscidae Simuliidae Simulium Tipulidae Antocha Tipula Ephemeroptera Baetidae Baetis Caenidae Ephemerellidae Ephemerella Heptageniidae Epeorus Stenacron Stenonema
116 Isonychiidae Isonychia Leptohyphidae Leptophlebiidae Leptophlebia Paraleptophlebia Ameletidae Ameletus Siphlonuridae Gastropoda Physidae Planorbidae Valvatidae Viviparidae Hemiptera Belostomatidae Corixidae Gerridae Notonectidae Pleidae Veliidae Rhagovelia Hirudinea Hydrachnidia Isopoda Asellidae Caecidotea Lepidoptera Crambidae Langessa
117 Noctuidae Simyra Pyralidae Petrophila Megaloptera Corydalidae Neohermes Nigronia Sialidae Sialis Odonata Aeshnidae Boyeria Calopterygidae Coenagrionidae Argia Enallagma Gomphidae Gomphus Lanthus Stylogomphus Libellulidae Oligochaeta Ostracoda Plecoptera Chloroperlidae Leuctridae Paraleuctra Nemouridae Prostoia
118 Perlidae Acroneuria Agnetina Beloneuria Pteronarcyidae Pteronarcys Taeniopterygidae Taeniopteryx Trichoptera Apataniidae Brachycentridae Adicrophleps Brachycentrus Micrasema Helicopsychidae Helicopsyche Hydropsychidae Cheumatopsyche Hydropsyche Potamyia Hydroptilidae Leucotrichia Ochrotrichia Orthotrichia Oxyethira Stactobiella Lepidostomatidae Lepidostoma Leptoceridae Ceraclea
119 Mystacides Oecetis Limnephilidae Hydatophylax Odontoceridae Psilotreta Philopotamidae Chimarra Dolophilodes Polycentropodidae Cernotina Cyrnellus Polycentropus Psychomyiidae Psychomia Rhyacophilidae Rhyacophila Uenoidae TERRESTRIAL Arachnida Araneae Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coleomegilla Diplopoda Hemiptera Cicadidae Miridae Poecilocapsus lineatus Pentatomidae
120 Hymenoptera Formicidae Lepidoptera MISCELLANEOUS detritus X plant rocks sand fish eggs/embryos unidentified insect TOTAL 11 6
Table H-5. Catostomus commersoni gut content data from Seasons 1 and 3. Specimens were captured on March 27, 2010 and December 17, 2010 in Marshalls Creek.
Fish ID 80 84 85 86 142 143 144 145 160 161 Season 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 Total Length (mm) 76 60 58 50 62 54 54 52 67 67 AQUATIC Acanthocephala 1 1 2 2 Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarus Talitridae Hyalella 3 Anguillicola crassus Anostraca Bivalvia Sphaeriidae
121 Sphaerium Unionidae Coleoptera 1 Dytiscidae Elmidae Dubiraphia Microcylloepus Promoresia Stenelmis Gyrinidae Dineutus Haliplidae Peltodytes Hydrophilidae Hydrobius Psephenidae Ectopria Psephenus Copepoda 82 89 245 23 3 Decapoda Cambaridae Diptera Athericidae Ceratopogonidae 2 1 Chironomidae 114 59 47 32 12 1 1 2 2 Empididae Hemerodromia Ephydridae Muscidae Simuliidae 1
122 Simulium 1 Tipulidae Antocha Tipula Ephemeroptera 5 Baetidae Baetis Caenidae Ephemerellidae Ephemerella Heptageniidae Epeorus Stenacron Stenonema Isonychiidae Isonychia Leptohyphidae Leptophlebiidae Leptophlebia Paraleptophlebia Ameletidae Ameletus Siphlonuridae Gastropoda Physidae Planorbidae Valvatidae Viviparidae Hemiptera Belostomatidae
123 Corixidae Gerridae Notonectidae Pleidae Veliidae Rhagovelia Hirudinea Hydrachnidia Isopoda Asellidae Caecidotea Lepidoptera Crambidae Langessa Noctuidae Simyra Pyralidae Petrophila Megaloptera Corydalidae Neohermes Nigronia Sialidae Sialis Odonata Aeshnidae Boyeria Calopterygidae Coenagrionidae Argia
124 Enallagma Gomphidae Gomphus Lanthus Stylogomphus Libellulidae Oligochaeta 1 Ostracoda 354 377 254 82 2 1 Plecoptera Chloroperlidae Leuctridae Paraleuctra Nemouridae Prostoia Perlidae Acroneuria Agnetina Beloneuria Pteronarcyidae Pteronarcys Taeniopterygidae Taeniopteryx Trichoptera 7 1 2 Apataniidae Brachycentridae Adricrophleps Brachycentrus Micrasema Helicopsychidae Helicopsyche
125 Hydropsychidae Cheumatopsyche Hydropsyche Potamyia Hydroptilidae Leucotrichia Ochrotrichia Orthotrichia Oxyethira Stactobiella Lepidostomatidae Lepidostoma Leptoceridae Ceraclea Mystacides Oecetis Limnephilidae Hydatophylax Odontoceridae Psilotreta Philopotamidae Chimarra 1 Dolophilodes Polycentropodidae Cernotina Cyrnellus Polycentropus Psychomyiidae Psychomia Rhyacophilidae Rhyacophila
126 Uenoidae TERRESTRIAL Arachnida Araneae Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coleomegilla Diplopoda Hemiptera Cicadidae Miridae Poecilocapsus lineatus Pentatomidae Hymenoptera Formicidae Lepidoptera MISCELLANEOUS detritus plant X rocks sand X X fish eggs/embryos unidentified insect TOTAL 129 498 514 532 122 6 2 1 5 5
127 Table H-6. Catostomus commersoni gut content data from Season 2. Specimens were captured on August 4, 2010 in Marshalls Creek.
Fish ID 210 254 255 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 Season 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Total Length (mm) 118 166 48 53 46 123 46 129 95 140 107 101 138 104 119 108 106 AQUATIC Acanthocephala 2 66 6 3 2 1 1 3 1 2 Amphipoda 1 Gammaridae Gammarus Talitridae Hyalella 3 2 1 Anguillicola crassus Anostraca Bivalvia Sphaeriidae Sphaerium 21 91 40 10 40 10 20 Unionidae Coleoptera Dytiscidae Elmidae 2 1 1 28 2 1 1 Dubiraphia Microcylloepus 1 Promoresia 1 Stenelmis 2 1 Gyrinidae Dineutus Haliplidae 1 Peltodytes Hydrophilidae
128 Hydrobius Psephenidae Ectopria 3 4 16 1 2 5 Psephenus 1 2 2 2 Copepoda 3 1 5 2 21 82 80 60 20 10 20 40 10 Decapoda Cambaridae Diptera 1 1 Athericidae Ceratopogonidae 1 Chironomidae 264 212 224 62 55 692 11 326 407 345 556 400 705 232 187 222 294 Empididae Hemerodromia Ephydridae Muscidae Simuliidae 1 Simulium Tipulidae 10 3 1 1 2 2 2 2 Antocha 11 30 21 3 Tipula Ephemeroptera 2 1 2 13 1 4 1 2 4 1 Baetidae 1 Baetis Caenidae Ephemerellidae Ephemerella Heptageniidae 1 3 Epeorus Stenacron Stenonema
129 Isonychiidae Isonychia 1 Leptohyphidae Leptophlebiidae Leptophlebia Paraleptophlebia Ameletidae Ameletus Siphlonuridae Gastropoda Physidae Planorbidae Valvatidae 1 Viviparidae Hemiptera 1 Belostomatidae Corixidae 1 Gerridae Notonectidae Pleidae Veliidae Rhagovelia Hirudinea Hydrachnidia 3 1 9 4 4 1 22 52 1 50 42 54 37 50 150 Isopoda Asellidae Caecidotea Lepidoptera 1 1 1 Crambidae Langessa
130 Noctuidae Simyra Pyralidae Petrophila 13 2 37 23 Megaloptera Corydalidae Neohermes Nigronia Sialidae Sialis Odonata Aeshnidae Boyeria Calopterygidae Coenagrionidae 1 Argia Enallagma Gomphidae 1 1 Gomphus Lanthus 1 1 Stylogomphus 1 Libellulidae 1 Oligochaeta Ostracoda 7 73 82 40 748 80 60 110 50 10 Plecoptera 1 Chloroperlidae Leuctridae 1 Paraleuctra Nemouridae Prostoia
131 Perlidae Acroneuria Agnetina Beloneuria Pteronarcyidae Pteronarcys Taeniopterygidae Taeniopteryx Trichoptera 29 2 5 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 Apataniidae Brachycentridae 2 1 1 50 2 2 Adricrophleps Brachycentrus 3 1 Micrasema 6 2 1 1 4 57 29 10 1 11 Helicopsychidae Helicopsyche 1 Hydropsychidae 18 96 1 Cheumatopsyche 3 Hydropsyche 6 2 1 Potamyia 8 Hydroptilidae 31 3 3 14 12 Leucotrichia Ochrotrichia 1 Orthotrichia Oxyethira Stactobiella Lepidostomatidae Lepidostoma Leptoceridae 1 1 1 1 3 1 16 11 1 Ceraclea
132 Mystacides 15 1 2 2 1 1 Oecetis 2 9 6 1 1 1 Limnephilidae 1 1 Hydatophylax Odontoceridae Psilotreta Philopotamidae 1 Chimarra Dolophilodes Polycentropodidae 15 1 1 1 Cernotina Cyrnellus Polycentropus Psychomyiidae 8 3 28 27 1 1 Psychomia 3 Rhyacophilidae Rhyacophila Uenoidae TERRESTRIAL Arachnida Araneae Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coleomegilla Diplopoda Hemiptera Cicadidae Miridae Poecilocapsus lineatus Pentatomidae
133 Hymenoptera Formicidae 1 Lepidoptera MISCELLANEOUS detritus plant rocks X sand X fish eggs/embryos unidentified insect TOTAL 426 315 244 77 74 838 14 621 631 1182 702 533 1194 470 329 376 492
Table H-7. Enneacanthus gloriosus gut content data from Season 2. Specimens were captured on August 4, 2010 in Marshalls Creek.
Fish ID 168 169 216 217 218 219 220 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 Season 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Total Length (mm) 74 59 58 42 56 49 45 72 57 59 74 63 76 74 69 79 69 82 75 77 75 AQUATIC Acanthocephala 2 1 Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarus Talitridae Hyalella 1 3 1 9 8 5 2 5 9 2 8 1 4 27 2 3 11 9 Anguillicola crassus Anostraca Bivalvia Sphaeriidae 1
134 Sphaerium Unionidae Coleoptera Dytiscidae Elmidae Dubiraphia Microcylloepus Promoresia Stenelmis Gyrinidae Dineutus Haliplidae Peltodytes 1 1 Hydrophilidae 1 Hydrobius Psephenidae Ectopria Psephenus 1 Copepoda 1 Decapoda Cambaridae Diptera Athericidae Ceratopogonidae 1 2 1 1 2 2 Chironomidae 9 5 28 10 13 17 6 10 4 3 2 12 2 2 1 15 6 1 4 Empididae Hemerodromia Ephydridae 1 Muscidae Simuliidae
135 Simulium Tipulidae 1 1 Antocha Tipula 1 Ephemeroptera 2 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 Baetidae Baetis Caenidae Ephemerellidae Ephemerella Heptageniidae 1 2 1 Epeorus Stenacron Stenonema Isonychiidae Isonychia Leptohyphidae Leptophlebiidae 1 1 Leptophlebia Paraleptophlebia Ameletidae 1 Ameletus Siphlonuridae Gastropoda Physidae Planorbidae 1 Valvatidae 1 2 1 Viviparidae Hemiptera Belostomatidae
136 Corixidae 1 3 1 2 1 5 1 1 4 1 Gerridae Notonectidae Pleidae Veliidae Rhagovelia Hirudinea Hydrachnidia 1 Isopoda Asellidae Caecidotea 1 7 2 2 1 1 1 2 3 2 1 Lepidoptera Crambidae Langessa Noctuidae Simyra Pyralidae Petrophila 1 Megaloptera Corydalidae Neohermes Nigronia Sialidae Sialis 2 2 Odonata 1 Aeshnidae Boyeria 1 Calopterygidae Coenagrionidae 1 1 1 Argia 2 1
137 Enallagma 1 Gomphidae Gomphus Lanthus Stylogomphus Libellulidae 1 Oligochaeta 1 Ostracoda 14 1 3 4 6 1 6 2 8 6 2 3 Plecoptera 1 Chloroperlidae Leuctridae Paraleuctra Nemouridae Prostoia Perlidae Acroneuria Agnetina Beloneuria Pteronarcyidae Pteronarcys Taeniopterygidae Taeniopteryx Trichoptera 1 1 1 3 Apataniidae Brachycentridae Adicrophleps Brachycentrus Micrasema Helicopsychidae Helicopsyche
138 Hydropsychidae Cheumatopsyche 1 Hydropsyche Potamyia Hydroptilidae 1 1 1 1 7 1 1 3 Leucotrichia Ochrotrichia Orthotrichia 11 3 1 Oxyethira 1 1 1 2 2 Stactobiella 2 Lepidostomatidae Lepidostoma Leptoceridae Ceraclea 1 Mystacides 1 2 1 1 1 Oecetis 3 Limnephilidae 1 1 Hydatophylax Odontoceridae Psilotreta 1 3 Philopotamidae Chimarra 1 Dolophilodes Polycentropodidae 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 Cernotina Cyrnellus 2 1 1 2 2 Polycentropus 5 5 6 2 2 1 Psychomyiidae Psychomia Rhyacophilidae 1
139 Rhyacophila Uenoidae TERRESTRIAL Arachnida Araneae 1 Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coleomegilla Diplopoda Hemiptera Cicadidae Miridae Poecilocapsus lineatus Pentatomidae Hymenoptera Formicidae Lepidoptera MISCELLANEOUS detritus plant X rocks sand fish eggs/embryos 1 2 1 2 unidentified insect 1 TOTAL 18 29 44 21 22 26 20 29 18 10 34 23 29 31 16 17 65 19 14 31 23
140 Table H-8. Enneacanthus gloriosus gut content data from Season 3. Specimens were captured on December 17, 2010 in Marshalls Creek.
Fish ID 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 Season 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Total Length (mm) 61 65 42 32 37 38 25 36 AQUATIC Acanthocephala Amphipoda 1 Gammaridae Gammarus Talitridae Hyalella 2 Anguillicola crassus Anostraca Bivalvia Sphaeriidae Sphaerium Unionidae Coleoptera 1 1 Dytiscidae Elmidae Dubiraphia Microcylloepus Promoresia Stenelmis Gyrinidae Dineutus Haliplidae Peltodytes Hydrophilidae
141 Hydrobius Psephenidae Ectopria Psephenus Copepoda 2 Decapoda Cambaridae Diptera Athericidae Ceratopogonidae Chironomidae 1 1 Empididae Hemerodromia Ephydridae Muscidae Simuliidae Simulium Tipulidae Antocha Tipula Ephemeroptera 1 1 1 1 Baetidae Baetis Caenidae Ephemerellidae Ephemerella Heptageniidae Epeorus Stenacron Stenonema
142 Isonychiidae Isonychia Leptohyphidae Leptophlebiidae Leptophlebia Paraleptophlebia Ameletidae Ameletus Siphlonuridae Gastropoda Physidae Planorbidae Valvatidae Viviparidae Hemiptera Belostomatidae Corixidae Gerridae Notonectidae Pleidae Veliidae Rhagovelia Hirudinea Hydrachnidia Isopoda Asellidae Caecidotea 2 Lepidoptera Crambidae Langessa
143 Noctuidae Simyra Pyralidae Petrophila Megaloptera Corydalidae Neohermes Nigronia Sialidae Sialis Odonata Aeshnidae Boyeria Calopterygidae Coenagrionidae 1 Argia Enallagma Gomphidae Gomphus Lanthus Stylogomphus Libellulidae Oligochaeta Ostracoda 1 4 3 Plecoptera Chloroperlidae Leuctridae Paraleuctra Nemouridae Prostoia
144 Perlidae Acroneuria Agnetina Beloneuria Pteronarcyidae Pteronarcys Taeniopterygidae Taeniopteryx 1 Trichoptera 2 2 Apataniidae Brachycentridae Adicrophleps Brachycentrus Micrasema Helicopsychidae Helicopsyche Hydropsychidae Cheumatopsyche Hydropsyche Potamyia Hydroptilidae Leucotrichia Ochrotrichia Orthotrichia Oxyethira Stactobiella Lepidostomatidae Lepidostoma Leptoceridae Ceraclea
145 Mystacides Oecetis Limnephilidae Hydatophylax Odontoceridae Psilotreta Philopotamidae Chimarra Dolophilodes Polycentropodidae Cernotina Cyrnellus Polycentropus Psychomyiidae Psychomia Rhyacophilidae Rhyacophila Uenoidae TERRESTRIAL Arachnida Araneae Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coleomegilla Diplopoda Hemiptera Cicadidae Miridae Poecilocapsus lineatus Pentatomidae
146 Hymenoptera Formicidae Lepidoptera MISCELLANEOUS detritus X plant rocks sand fish eggs/embryos 12 1 3 unidentified insect 1 TOTAL 3 17 1 11 5 4 4 1
Table H-9. Esox niger gut content data from Seasons 2 and 3. Specimens were captured on August 4, 2010 and December 17, 2010 in Marshalls Creek.
Fish ID 257 258 259 260 156 157 Season 2 2 2 2 3 3 Total Length (mm) 164 235 252 248 109 110 AQUATIC Acanthocephala 1 1 Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarus Talitridae Hyalella Anguillicola crassus Anostraca Bivalvia
147 Sphaeriidae Sphaerium Unionidae Coleoptera 1 Dytiscidae Elmidae Dubiraphia Microcylloepus Promoresia Stenelmis Gyrinidae Dineutus Haliplidae Peltodytes Hydrophilidae Hydrobius 1 Psephenidae Ectopria Psephenus Copepoda Decapoda 1 Cambaridae Diptera Athericidae Ceratopogonidae Chironomidae 11 1 Empididae Hemerodromia Ephydridae Muscidae
148 Simuliidae Simulium Tipulidae Antocha Tipula Ephemeroptera 2 5 3 Baetidae Baetis Caenidae Ephemerellidae Ephemerella Heptageniidae Epeorus Stenacron Stenonema Isonychiidae Isonychia Leptohyphidae Leptophlebiidae Leptophlebia 1 1 Paraleptophlebia Ameletidae Ameletus Siphlonuridae Gastropoda Physidae Planorbidae Valvatidae Viviparidae Hemiptera
149 Belostomatidae Corixidae Gerridae Notonectidae Pleidae Veliidae Rhagovelia Hirudinea Hydrachnidia Isopoda Asellidae 1 Caecidotea Lepidoptera Crambidae Langessa Noctuidae Simyra Pyralidae Petrophila Megaloptera Corydalidae Neohermes Nigronia Sialidae Sialis Odonata Aeshnidae Boyeria Calopterygidae Coenagrionidae 4
150 Argia Enallagma Gomphidae Gomphus Lanthus Stylogomphus Libellulidae Oligochaeta 3 1 Ostracoda 3 Plecoptera 1 Chloroperlidae Leuctridae Paraleuctra Nemouridae Prostoia Perlidae Acroneuria Agnetina Beloneuria Pteronarcyidae Pteronarcys Taeniopterygidae Taeniopteryx 2 1 Trichoptera Apataniidae Brachycentridae Adicrophleps Brachycentrus Micrasema Helicopsychidae
151 Helicopsyche Hydropsychidae Cheumatopsyche Hydropsyche Potamyia Hydroptilidae 1 Leucotrichia Ochrotrichia Orthotrichia Oxyethira Stactobiella Lepidostomatidae Lepidostoma 1 Leptoceridae Ceraclea Mystacides 1 1 Oecetis Limnephilidae Hydatophylax Odontoceridae Psilotreta Philopotamidae Chimarra Dolophilodes Polycentropodidae Cernotina Cyrnellus Polycentropus Psychomyiidae Psychomia
152 Rhyacophilidae Rhyacophila Uenoidae TERRESTRIAL Arachnida Araneae Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coleomegilla Diplopoda Hemiptera Cicadidae Miridae Poecilocapsus lineatus Pentatomidae Hymenoptera Formicidae Lepidoptera MISCELLANEOUS detritus plant rocks sand fish 1 1 eggs/embryos unidentified insect TOTAL 6 17 1 7 15 5
153 Table H-10. Erimyzon oblongus gut content data from Seasons 1, 2, and 3. Specimens were captured on March 27, 2010, August 4, 2010, and December 17, 2010 in Marshalls Creek.
Fish ID 96 97 101 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 256 141 159 Season 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 Total Length (mm) 85 107 81 110 108 88 88 89 90 103 154 50 68 AQUATIC Acanthocephala 6 31 12 11 21 3 11 8 6 4 5 Amphipoda 9 3 8 11 Gammaridae Gammarus Talitridae Hyalella 1 2 11 7 39 24 8 Anguillicola crassus Anostraca 4 Bivalvia Sphaeriidae Sphaerium 11 Unionidae Coleoptera Dytiscidae Elmidae Dubiraphia Microcylloepus 2 Promoresia Stenelmis Gyrinidae Dineutus Haliplidae Peltodytes
154 Hydrophilidae Hydrobius Psephenidae Ectopria Psephenus 1 Copepoda 97 726 482 667 560 634 291 508 328 340 2 Decapoda 1 Cambaridae Diptera Athericidae Ceratopogonidae 1 3 2 2 1 Chironomidae 16 90 43 23 81 164 44 48 73 97 102 2 Empididae Hemerodromia Ephydridae Muscidae Simuliidae Simulium Tipulidae 1 Antocha Tipula Ephemeroptera 1 3 1 Baetidae Baetis Caenidae Ephemerellidae Ephemerella Heptageniidae Epeorus Stenacron
155 Stenonema Isonychiidae Isonychia Leptohyphidae Leptophlebiidae Leptophlebia Paraleptophlebia Ameletidae Ameletus Siphlonuridae Gastropoda Physidae Planorbidae 3 Valvatidae Viviparidae Hemiptera Belostomatidae Corixidae Gerridae Notonectidae Pleidae Veliidae Rhagovelia Hirudinea Hydrachnidia 1 1 Isopoda Asellidae 1 Caecidotea 19 Lepidoptera Crambidae
156 Langessa Noctuidae Simyra Pyralidae Petrophila Megaloptera Corydalidae Neohermes Nigronia Sialidae Sialis Odonata Aeshnidae Boyeria Calopterygidae Coenagrionidae Argia Enallagma Gomphidae Gomphus Lanthus Stylogomphus Libellulidae Oligochaeta 8 6 9 1 5 3 8 1 Ostracoda 805 2467 1728 7501 7284 1127 3383 3218 1478 1266 15 1 2 Plecoptera 1 Chloroperlidae Leuctridae Paraleuctra Nemouridae
157 Prostoia Perlidae Acroneuria Agnetina Beloneuria Pteronarcyidae Pteronarcys Taeniopterygidae Taeniopteryx Trichoptera 5 3 2 4 2 Apataniidae Brachycentridae 2 Adicrophleps Brachycentrus Micrasema Helicopsychidae Helicopsyche Hydropsychidae Cheumatopsyche Hydropsyche Potamyia Hydroptilidae Leucotrichia Ochrotrichia Orthotrichia Oxyethira Stactobiella Lepidostomatidae Lepidostoma Leptoceridae
158 Ceraclea Mystacides 2 Oecetis Limnephilidae Hydatophylax Odontoceridae Psilotreta Philopotamidae Chimarra 2 Dolophilodes Polycentropodidae Cernotina Cyrnellus Polycentropus Psychomyiidae Psychomia Rhyacophilidae Rhyacophila Uenoidae TERRESTRIAL Arachnida Araneae Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coleomegilla Diplopoda Hemiptera Cicadidae Miridae Poecilocapsus lineatus
159 Pentatomidae Hymenoptera Formicidae Lepidoptera MISCELLANEOUS detritus plant rocks sand fish eggs/embryos 4 2 1 unidentified insect TOTAL 942 3301 2271 8230 7952 1955 3748 3788 1942 1740 179 5 11
Table H-11. Etheostoma olmstedi gut content data from Seasons 1 and 3. Specimens were captured on March 27, 2010 and December 17, 2010 in Marshalls Creek.
Fish ID 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 72 73 74 75 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 Season 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Total Length (mm) 56 60 57 60 44 48 39 42 42 41 34 59 74 65 53 55 63 63 43 43 43 65 61 52 AQUATIC Acanthocephala 1 1 1 2 3 2 1 Amphipoda 1 3 2 2 1 2 1 Gammaridae Gammarus 4 1 Talitridae Hyalella 3 14 1 1 3 1 1 3 4 1 1 2 Anguillicola crassus Anostraca
160 Bivalvia Sphaeriidae Sphaerium Unionidae Coleoptera 1 Dytiscidae Elmidae Dubiraphia Microcylloepus Promoresia Stenelmis Gyrinidae Dineutus Haliplidae Peltodytes Hydrophilidae 1 Hydrobius Psephenidae Ectopria Psephenus Copepoda 2 Decapoda Cambaridae Diptera Athericidae Ceratopogonidae Chironomidae 2 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 13 15 21 13 52 20 14 4 19 6 3 26 6 Empididae Hemerodromia 1 2 Ephydridae
161 Muscidae Simuliidae Simulium 1 1 Tipulidae Antocha Tipula Ephemeroptera 4 5 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 3 1 Baetidae Baetis Caenidae Ephemerellidae 1 Ephemerella 3 2 4 6 1 2 1 1 Heptageniidae 1 1 Epeorus 1 1 Stenacron Stenonema 1 Isonychiidae Isonychia Leptohyphidae Leptophlebiidae 1 Leptophlebia 1 1 Paraleptophlebia Ameletidae Ameletus 1 2 9 Siphlonuridae Gastropoda Physidae Planorbidae Valvatidae Viviparidae
162 Hemiptera Belostomatidae Corixidae Gerridae Notonectidae Pleidae Veliidae Rhagovelia Hirudinea Hydrachnidia Isopoda Asellidae Caecidotea 1 Lepidoptera Crambidae Langessa Noctuidae Simyra Pyralidae Petrophila Megaloptera Corydalidae Neohermes Nigronia Sialidae Sialis Odonata 1 Aeshnidae Boyeria Calopterygidae
163 Coenagrionidae Argia Enallagma Gomphidae Gomphus Lanthus Stylogomphus Libellulidae Oligochaeta 1 1 1 2 Ostracoda 3 1 3 3 5 4 13 1 Plecoptera 1 1 2 Chloroperlidae Leuctridae 1 Paraleuctra 1 Nemouridae Prostoia 1 Perlidae Acroneuria Agnetina Beloneuria Pteronarcyidae Pteronarcys Taeniopterygidae 1 Taeniopteryx Trichoptera 1 1 1 1 Apataniidae Brachycentridae Adicrophleps Brachycentrus Micrasema
164 Helicopsychidae Helicopsyche Hydropsychidae 1 Cheumatopsyche Hydropsyche 1 1 1 Potamyia Hydroptilidae Leucotrichia Ochrotrichia Orthotrichia Oxyethira Stactobiella Lepidostomatidae Lepidostoma Leptoceridae Ceraclea Mystacides Oecetis Limnephilidae Hydatophylax Odontoceridae Psilotreta Philopotamidae Chimarra 1 Dolophilodes Polycentropodidae Cernotina Cyrnellus Polycentropus Psychomyiidae
165 Psychomia Rhyacophilidae Rhyacophila Uenoidae TERRESTRIAL Arachnida Araneae Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coleomegilla Diplopoda Hemiptera Cicadidae Miridae Poecilocapsus lineatus Pentatomidae Hymenoptera Formicidae Lepidoptera MISCELLANEOUS detritus plant rocks X X sand fish eggs/embryos 2 unidentified insect 1 TOTAL 6 21 6 12 9 0 1 4 3 3 1 24 28 37 20 58 26 28 9 27 17 15 47 17
166 Table H-12. Etheostoma olmstedi gut content data from Season 2. Specimens were captured on August 4, 2010 in Marshalls Creek.
Fish ID 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 Season 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Total Length (mm) 61 64 52 68 68 58 55 35 53 56 51 57 62 25 62 63 68 53 55 53 31 53 47 62 53 68 33 32 31 AQUATIC Acanthocephala 5 3 1 1 4 2 3 2 1 2 12 1 10 1 Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarus 2 Talitridae Hyalella 1 1 1 1 Anguillicola crassus Anostraca Bivalvia Sphaeriidae Sphaerium Unionidae Coleoptera Dytiscidae Elmidae Dubiraphia Microcylloepus Promoresia 2 Stenelmis 1 Gyrinidae Dineutus Haliplidae
167 Peltodytes Hydrophilidae Hydrobius Psephenidae Ectopria Psephenus 1 2 1 Copepoda 5 2 1 2 1 1 9 Decapoda Cambaridae Diptera Athericidae Ceratopogonidae Chironomidae 4 7 7 3 4 15 4 25 8 39 31 16 2 71 8 7 3 2 26 1 3 3 1 2 29 26 25 Empididae Hemerodromia Ephydridae Muscidae Simuliidae Simulium Tipulidae Antocha 1 1 1 Tipula Ephemeroptera 1 2 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 Baetidae Baetis Caenidae Ephemerellidae Ephemerella Heptageniidae 1 2 1 Epeorus
168 Stenacron Stenonema Isonychiidae Isonychia 1 1 1 1 Leptohyphidae Leptophlebiidae 1 Leptophlebia Paraleptophlebia Ameletidae Ameletus Siphlonuridae Gastropoda Physidae Planorbidae Valvatidae 1 Viviparidae Hemiptera Belostomatidae Corixidae Gerridae Notonectidae Pleidae Veliidae Rhagovelia Hirudinea Hydrachnidia 1 1 1 1 Isopoda Asellidae Caecidotea 14 Lepidoptera
169 Crambidae Langessa Noctuidae Simyra Pyralidae Petrophila 1 Megaloptera Corydalidae 1 1 Neohermes Nigronia 1 Sialidae Sialis Odonata Aeshnidae Boyeria Calopterygidae Coenagrionidae Argia Enallagma Gomphidae Gomphus Lanthus Stylogomphus Libellulidae 1 Oligochaeta 1 2 1 Ostracoda 1 2 2 6 11 5 Plecoptera Chloroperlidae Leuctridae Paraleuctra
170 Nemouridae Prostoia Perlidae 1 Acroneuria Agnetina Beloneuria Pteronarcyidae Pteronarcys Taeniopterygidae Taeniopteryx Trichoptera 2 7 1 Apataniidae Brachycentridae Adicrophleps Brachycentrus Micrasema Helicopsychidae Helicopsyche Hydropsychidae 1 1 1 Cheumatopsyche Hydropsyche 2 1 1 Potamyia 1 Hydroptilidae Leucotrichia 3 Ochrotrichia Orthotrichia Oxyethira Stactobiella Lepidostomatidae Lepidostoma
171 Leptoceridae 1 4 Ceraclea Mystacides 2 1 1 Oecetis Limnephilidae Hydatophylax Odontoceridae Psilotreta Philopotamidae Chimarra 1 1 Dolophilodes Polycentropodidae Cernotina Cyrnellus Polycentropus 1 Psychomyiidae Psychomia Rhyacophilidae Rhyacophila Uenoidae TERRESTRIAL Arachnida Araneae Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coleomegilla Diplopoda Hemiptera Cicadidae Miridae
172 Poecilocapsus lineatus Pentatomidae Hymenoptera Formicidae Lepidoptera MISCELLANEOUS detritus X plant rocks sand fish eggs/embryos 2 1 unidentified insect TOTAL 10 16 14 4 5 23 8 32 12 43 32 18 10 92 11 7 3 7 5 2 32 4 8 20 4 21 38 58 32
Table H-13. Lepomis auritus gut content data from Seasons 1 and 3. Specimens were captured on March 27, 2010 and December 17, 2010 in Marshalls Creek.
Fish ID 76 77 78 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 Season 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Total Length (mm) 64 105 46 132 34 77 80 25 71 77 62 39 31 AQUATIC Acanthocephala 1 Amphipoda 1 1 Gammaridae Gammarus 1
173 Talitridae Hyalella Anguillicola crassus Anostraca Bivalvia Sphaeriidae Sphaerium Unionidae Coleoptera Dytiscidae Elmidae Dubiraphia Microcylloepus Promoresia Stenelmis Gyrinidae Dineutus Haliplidae Peltodytes Hydrophilidae Hydrobius Psephenidae Ectopria Psephenus Copepoda 2 Decapoda Cambaridae Diptera Athericidae Ceratopogonidae
174 Chironomidae 1 1 1 1 Empididae Hemerodromia Ephydridae Muscidae Simuliidae Simulium Tipulidae Antocha Tipula Ephemeroptera 2 Baetidae 1 Baetis Caenidae Ephemerellidae Ephemerella Heptageniidae 1 1 Epeorus 1 Stenacron 1 Stenonema Isonychiidae Isonychia Leptohyphidae Leptophlebiidae Leptophlebia 1 1 Paraleptophlebia Ameletidae Ameletus Siphlonuridae
175 Gastropoda Physidae Planorbidae Valvatidae Viviparidae Hemiptera Belostomatidae Corixidae Gerridae Notonectidae Pleidae Veliidae Rhagovelia Hirudinea Hydrachnidia Isopoda Asellidae Caecidotea Lepidoptera Crambidae Langessa Noctuidae Simyra Pyralidae Petrophila Megaloptera Corydalidae Neohermes Nigronia Sialidae
176 Sialis Odonata Aeshnidae Boyeria Calopterygidae Coenagrionidae Argia Enallagma Gomphidae Gomphus Lanthus Stylogomphus Libellulidae Oligochaeta 2 1 Ostracoda 3 1 Plecoptera 1 Chloroperlidae Leuctridae Paraleuctra Nemouridae Prostoia Perlidae Acroneuria Agnetina Beloneuria Pteronarcyidae Pteronarcys Taeniopterygidae Taeniopteryx Trichoptera
177 Apataniidae Brachycentridae Adicrophleps Brachycentrus Micrasema Helicopsychidae Helicopsyche Hydropsychidae Cheumatopsyche Hydropsyche 1 1 1 Potamyia Hydroptilidae Leucotrichia Ochrotrichia Orthotrichia Oxyethira Stactobiella Lepidostomatidae Lepidostoma Leptoceridae Ceraclea Mystacides Oecetis Limnephilidae Hydatophylax Odontoceridae Psilotreta Philopotamidae Chimarra Dolophilodes
178 Polycentropodidae Cernotina Cyrnellus Polycentropus Psychomyiidae Psychomia Rhyacophilidae Rhyacophila Uenoidae TERRESTRIAL Arachnida Araneae Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coleomegilla Diplopoda Hemiptera Cicadidae Miridae Poecilocapsus lineatus Pentatomidae Hymenoptera Formicidae Lepidoptera MISCELLANEOUS detritus plant rocks sand fish 1 1
179 eggs/embryos 2 2 3 12 3 2 unidentified insect TOTAL 3 8 5 3 0 2 0 9 17 4 3 0 2
Table H-14. Lepomis auritus gut content data from Season 2. Specimens were captured on August 4, 2010 in Marshalls Creek.
Fish ID 170 171 176 195 248 249 250 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 Season 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Total Length (mm) 138 82 105 75 101 83 85 47 67 93 148 77 148 73 76 80 91 93 91 103 174 143 147 165 AQUATIC Acanthocephala Amphipoda 1 Gammaridae Gammarus Talitridae Hyalella 1 Anguillicola crassus Anostraca Bivalvia Sphaeriidae Sphaerium Unionidae Coleoptera 1 1 2 2 Dytiscidae 1 Elmidae 3 2 1 1 1 Dubiraphia 1 Microcylloepus 1 Promoresia Stenelmis 4 1 1 6
180 Gyrinidae Dineutus Haliplidae Peltodytes Hydrophilidae Hydrobius Psephenidae Ectopria 1 1 1 Psephenus 6 2 1 1 1 3 12 19 11 34 Copepoda Decapoda Cambaridae 2 1 1 1 Diptera 2 1 1 1 Athericidae Ceratopogonidae 1 Chironomidae 1 15 1 5 2 11 8 1 5 1 1 4 4 14 3 3 7 Empididae Hemerodromia Ephydridae 1 Muscidae Simuliidae 1 Simulium Tipulidae 1 1 1 Antocha 1 Tipula 1 1 Ephemeroptera 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 Baetidae Baetis Caenidae Ephemerellidae 2 1 1
181 Ephemerella Heptageniidae 1 8 Epeorus Stenacron Stenonema Isonychiidae Isonychia 2 1 1 Leptohyphidae Leptophlebiidae Leptophlebia Paraleptophlebia Ameletidae Ameletus Siphlonuridae
Gastropoda Physidae Planorbidae Valvatidae 1 2 1 Viviparidae Hemiptera 1 Belostomatidae 1 1 Corixidae 1 5 1 1 1 1 9 19 2 15 Gerridae Notonectidae 1 Pleidae Veliidae Rhagovelia 1 Hirudinea Hydrachnidia 4 2
182 Isopoda Asellidae Caecidotea 5 2 2 Lepidoptera 2 Crambidae Langessa 1 Noctuidae Simyra 2 Pyralidae Petrophila 1 1 1 Megaloptera Corydalidae Neohermes Nigronia Sialidae Sialis 1 1 Odonata 2 1 1 Aeshnidae Boyeria Calopterygidae Coenagrionidae 1 1 Argia Enallagma Gomphidae 3 Gomphus 1 1 Lanthus 1 Stylogomphus 1 2 3 1 2 1 3 4 Libellulidae 1 1 Oligochaeta 1 1 Ostracoda 1
183 Plecoptera Chloroperlidae Leuctridae Paraleuctra Nemouridae Prostoia Perlidae 1 1 1 1 Acroneuria 1 1 Agnetina 2 Beloneuria 1 Pteronarcyidae 1 Pteronarcys 1 Taeniopterygidae Taeniopteryx Trichoptera 2 2 2 2 4 6 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 Apataniidae Brachycentridae 1 7 4 Adicrophleps 1 Brachycentrus 1 Micrasema 1 8 4 1 Helicopsychidae Helicopsyche Hydropsychidae 1 12 1 1 7 Cheumatopsyche 2 1 5 41 1 Hydropsyche 1 2 2 2 1 Potamyia Hydroptilidae 2 1 3 2 2 3 Leucotrichia Ochrotrichia 1 Orthotrichia
184 Oxyethira 1 1 Stactobiella 1 1 Lepidostomatidae Lepidostoma 9 1 9 10 2 Leptoceridae 5 2 2 7 2 4 1 3 2 2 6 9 5 Ceraclea Mystacides 4 1 7 1 1 30 1 Oecetis 2 1 2 1 3 7 13 1 Limnephilidae 1 3 1 Hydatophylax 3 Odontoceridae Psilotreta 4 1 1 Philopotamidae Chimarra 3 7 2 Dolophilodes Polycentropodidae 2 1 1 2 1 3 5 3 1 2 1 Cernotina 2 Cyrnellus 2 1 Polycentropus 2 Psychomyiidae Psychomia Rhyacophilidae Rhyacophila 1 1 Uenoidae TERRESTRIAL Arachnida Araneae Coleoptera 1 Coccinellidae 1 Coleomegilla 1
185 Diplopoda 1 Hemiptera Cicadidae 1 Miridae Poecilocapsus lineatus 1 Pentatomidae 1 1 Hymenoptera 1 Formicidae 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 1 1 5 1 14 2 Lepidoptera 1 MISCELLANEOUS detritus X plant rocks X sand fish eggs/embryos 10 1 unidentified insect TOTAL 21 42 31 20 31 17 13 23 9 31 23 29 38 16 27 78 26 40 18 27 70 37 88 62
Table H-15. Micropterus salmoides gut content data from Season 2. Specimens were captured on August 4, 2010 in Marshalls Creek.
Fish ID 251 252 253 Season 2 2 2 Total Length (mm) 64 68 59 AQUATIC Acanthocephala Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarus
186 Talitridae Hyalella 1 Anguillicola crassus Anostraca Bivalvia Sphaeriidae Sphaerium Unionidae Coleoptera Dytiscidae Elmidae Dubiraphia Microcylloepus Promoresia Stenelmis Gyrinidae Dineutus Haliplidae Peltodytes Hydrophilidae Hydrobius Psephenidae Ectopria Psephenus Copepoda Decapoda Cambaridae Diptera Athericidae Ceratopogonidae
187 Chironomidae 1 3 Empididae Hemerodromia Ephydridae Muscidae Simuliidae Simulium Tipulidae Antocha Tipula Ephemeroptera 8 Baetidae 23 Baetis 1 Caenidae Ephemerellidae Ephemerella Heptageniidae Epeorus Stenacron Stenonema Isonychiidae Isonychia Leptohyphidae Leptophlebiidae Leptophlebia Paraleptophlebia Ameletidae 1 Ameletus Siphlonuridae 2 Gastropoda
188 Physidae Planorbidae Valvatidae Viviparidae Hemiptera Belostomatidae Corixidae Gerridae Notonectidae Pleidae Veliidae Rhagovelia Hirudinea Hydrachnidia Isopoda Asellidae 1 Caecidotea Lepidoptera Crambidae Langessa Noctuidae Simyra Pyralidae Petrophila Megaloptera Corydalidae Neohermes Nigronia Sialidae Sialis
189 Odonata Aeshnidae Boyeria Calopterygidae Coenagrionidae Argia Enallagma Gomphidae Gomphus Lanthus Stylogomphus Libellulidae Oligochaeta Ostracoda Plecoptera 1 Chloroperlidae Leuctridae Paraleuctra Nemouridae Prostoia Perlidae Acroneuria Agnetina Beloneuria Pteronarcyidae Pteronarcys Taeniopterygidae Taeniopteryx Trichoptera Apataniidae
190 Brachycentridae Adicrophleps Brachycentrus Micrasema Helicopsychidae Helicopsyche Hydropsychidae Cheumatopsyche Hydropsyche 1 Potamyia Hydroptilidae Leucotrichia Ochrotrichia Orthotrichia Oxyethira Stactobiella Lepidostomatidae Lepidostoma Leptoceridae Ceraclea Mystacides Oecetis Limnephilidae Hydatophylax Odontoceridae Psilotreta Philopotamidae Chimarra Dolophilodes Polycentropodidae
191 Cernotina Cyrnellus Polycentropus Psychomyiidae Psychomia Rhyacophilidae Rhyacophila Uenoidae TERRESTRIAL Arachnida Araneae Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coleomegilla Diplopoda Hemiptera Cicadidae Miridae Poecilocapsus lineatus Pentatomidae Hymenoptera Formicidae Lepidoptera MISCELLANEOUS detritus plant rocks sand fish eggs/embryos
192 unidentified insect TOTAL 3 15 25
Table H-16. Noturus insignis gut content data from Season 2. Specimens were captured on August 4, 2010 in Marshalls Creek.
Fish ID 163 164 Season 2 2 Total Length (mm) 92 89 AQUATIC Acanthocephala Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarus Talitridae Hyalella Anguillicola crassus Anostraca Bivalvia Sphaeriidae Sphaerium Unionidae Coleoptera Dytiscidae Elmidae Dubiraphia Microcylloepus Promoresia Stenelmis Gyrinidae Dineutus
193 Haliplidae Peltodytes Hydrophilidae Hydrobius Psephenidae Ectopria Psephenus Copepoda Decapoda Cambaridae Diptera Athericidae Ceratopogonidae Chironomidae 1 Empididae Hemerodromia Ephydridae Muscidae Simuliidae Simulium Tipulidae Antocha Tipula Ephemeroptera 1 Baetidae Baetis Caenidae Ephemerellidae Ephemerella Heptageniidae 2
194 Epeorus Stenacron Stenonema Isonychiidae Isonychia 1 Leptohyphidae Leptophlebiidae Leptophlebia Paraleptophlebia Ameletidae Ameletus Siphlonuridae Gastropoda Physidae Planorbidae Valvatidae Viviparidae Hemiptera Belostomatidae Corixidae Gerridae Notonectidae Pleidae Veliidae Rhagovelia Hirudinea Hydrachnidia Isopoda Asellidae 1 Caecidotea
195 Lepidoptera 1 Crambidae Langessa Noctuidae Simyra Pyralidae Petrophila Megaloptera Corydalidae Neohermes Nigronia Sialidae Sialis Odonata Aeshnidae Boyeria Calopterygidae Coenagrionidae Argia Enallagma Gomphidae Gomphus Lanthus Stylogomphus Libellulidae Oligochaeta Ostracoda Plecoptera Chloroperlidae Leuctridae
196 Paraleuctra Nemouridae Prostoia Perlidae Acroneuria Agnetina Beloneuria Pteronarcyidae Pteronarcys Taeniopterygidae Taeniopteryx Trichoptera 2 Apataniidae Brachycentridae Adicrophleps Brachycentrus Micrasema Helicopsychidae Helicopsyche Hydropsychidae Cheumatopsyche 2 Hydropsyche Potamyia Hydroptilidae Leucotrichia Ochrotrichia Orthotrichia Oxyethira Stactobiella Lepidostomatidae
197 Lepidostoma Leptoceridae Ceraclea Mystacides Oecetis Limnephilidae Hydatophylax Odontoceridae Psilotreta Philopotamidae 1 Chimarra Dolophilodes Polycentropodidae Cernotina Cyrnellus Polycentropus Psychomyiidae Psychomia Rhyacophilidae Rhyacophila Uenoidae TERRESTRIAL Arachnida Araneae Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coleomegilla Diplopoda Hemiptera Cicadidae
198 Miridae Poecilocapsus lineatus Pentatomidae Hymenoptera Formicidae Lepidoptera MISCELLANEOUS detritus plant rocks sand fish eggs/embryos unidentified insect TOTAL 4 8
Table H-17. Percina peltata gut content data from Seasons 1 and 2. Specimens were captured on March 27, 2010 and August 4, 2010 in Marshalls Creek.
Fish ID 71 165 166 167 211 212 213 214 215 Season 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Total Length (mm) 76 62 40 47 69 74 45 71 68 AQUATIC Acanthocephala Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarus Talitridae Hyalella Anguillicola crassus Anostraca
199 Bivalvia Sphaeriidae Sphaerium Unionidae Coleoptera Dytiscidae Elmidae Dubiraphia Microcylloepus Promoresia Stenelmis Gyrinidae Dineutus Haliplidae Peltodytes Hydrophilidae Hydrobius Psephenidae Ectopria Psephenus Copepoda Decapoda Cambaridae Diptera Athericidae Ceratopogonidae Chironomidae 1 9 2 2 5 Empididae Hemerodromia Ephydridae
200 Muscidae Simuliidae Simulium Tipulidae Antocha 1 Tipula Ephemeroptera 1 2 2 9 4 1 11 2 4 Baetidae 1 Baetis Caenidae Ephemerellidae 1 1 Ephemerella Heptageniidae 1 1 1 1 1 Epeorus Stenacron 1 Stenonema 1 1 Isonychiidae Isonychia 2 1 1 1 2 Leptohyphidae Leptophlebiidae Leptophlebia Paraleptophlebia Ameletidae Ameletus Siphlonuridae Gastropoda Physidae Planorbidae Valvatidae Viviparidae
201 Hemiptera Belostomatidae Corixidae Gerridae Notonectidae Pleidae Veliidae Rhagovelia Hirudinea Hydrachnidia Isopoda Asellidae Caecidotea Lepidoptera Crambidae Langessa Noctuidae Simyra Pyralidae Petrophila Megaloptera Corydalidae Neohermes Nigronia Sialidae Sialis Odonata Aeshnidae Boyeria Calopterygidae
202 Coenagrionidae Argia Enallagma Gomphidae Gomphus Lanthus Stylogomphus Libellulidae Oligochaeta Ostracoda Plecoptera Chloroperlidae Leuctridae Paraleuctra Nemouridae Prostoia Perlidae Acroneuria 1 Agnetina Beloneuria Pteronarcyidae Pteronarcys Taeniopterygidae Taeniopteryx Trichoptera 1 Apataniidae Brachycentridae Adicrophleps Brachycentrus Micrasema
203 Helicopsychidae Helicopsyche Hydropsychidae Cheumatopsyche Hydropsyche Potamyia Hydroptilidae Leucotrichia Ochrotrichia Orthotrichia Oxyethira Stactobiella Lepidostomatidae Lepidostoma Leptoceridae Ceraclea Mystacides Oecetis Limnephilidae Hydatophylax Odontoceridae Psilotreta Philopotamidae Chimarra Dolophilodes Polycentropodidae Cernotina Cyrnellus Polycentropus Psychomyiidae
204 Psychomia Rhyacophilidae Rhyacophila Uenoidae TERRESTRIAL Arachnida Araneae Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coleomegilla Diplopoda Hemiptera Cicadidae Miridae Poecilocapsus lineatus Pentatomidae Hymenoptera Formicidae Lepidoptera MISCELLANEOUS detritus plant rocks sand fish eggs/embryos unidentified insect TOTAL 2 7 16 13 7 3 14 4 10