Global Human Rights in an Age of Consumerism
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University of Denver Digital Commons @ DU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 1-1-2011 Global Human Rights in an Age of Consumerism Joel Richard Pruce University of Denver Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd Part of the Anthropology Commons, International Relations Commons, and the Peace and Conflict Studies Commons Recommended Citation Pruce, Joel Richard, "Global Human Rights in an Age of Consumerism" (2011). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 526. https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd/526 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at Digital Commons @ DU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ DU. For more information, please contact [email protected],[email protected]. GLOBAL HUMAN RIGHTS IN AN AGE OF CONSUMERISM __________ A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Josef Korbel School of International Studies University of Denver __________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy __________ by Joel R. Pruce November 2011 Advisor: Dr. Micheline R. Ishay ©Copyright by Joel R. Pruce 2011 All Rights Reserved Author: Joel R. Pruce Title: Global Human Rights in an Age of Consumerism Advisor: Dr. Micheline R. Ishay Degree Date: November 2011 Abstract This dissertation traces the emergence of the global human rights movement, investigates the role of popular culture as a vehicle for mobilization, and critically examines why the movement has failed to adequately politicize its supporters in the process. Beginning in the mid-1970s, a broad shift began to take place in which ordinary people were routinely confronted with human suffering, as conflict and crisis assumed a role as ritualized news events. The public response to these phenomena demonstrated a capacity for solidarity and engagement based on cosmopolitan premises. The inception of a collective ethos of compassion, an awareness of the other based on empathy, can be considered a symptom of globalization, of a moral variety, and is a byproduct of shifting economic trends, advances in technology, and efforts toward transnational organization. Support for human rights advocacy has gained traction as a mainstream social cause and provides a set of principles with which average people mediate the world and their role in it. Yet, this transformation did not occur spontaneously, but rather was deliberately cultivated by movement architects through a series of popular culture mechanisms. However, the methods and strategies deployed to enlist the public in defense of human rights shaped the substance of their engagement. This dissertation addresses the discrepancy between the political content of advocacy campaigns and the failure of the campaigns to politicize supporters, suggesting flaws in the foundation of the human rights movement. In order to set itself on a path toward relevance and effectiveness, the ii movement must inculcate political engagement, maintain an alignment of principle and action, and resist the seductive features of the age of consumerism. iii Table of Contents Chapter 1 – Mobilizing the Masses for the Rights of Others ........................................................ 1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................1 Social Relations and Human Rights Movements ......................................................................................5 Human Rights and Popular Culture: Chapter-by-Chapter Overview........................................................9 Conclusion...............................................................................................................................................17 Chapter 2 – Constituencies of Compassion and Consumerism: Amnesty International, Live Aid, and the Anti-Apartheid Movement............................................................................... 19 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................19 The Socio-Political Economy of Mass Culture.......................................................................................25 Personal Finance, the Yuppie, and the Consumer Class.....................................................................25 Mass Consumption and One-Dimensionality .....................................................................................32 Financial Demands and the Initiation of the Pop Culture Model............................................................36 Growth amidst Uncertainty.................................................................................................................36 The Emergence of the Human Rights Benefit Concert.......................................................................42 Membership, Donation, and Consumption-Based Engagement .........................................................45 Humanitarian Mass Events and Culture Industry....................................................................................47 From the Theater to the Arena ............................................................................................................47 Humanitarianism, Famine, and Rock ‘n’ Roll ....................................................................................50 Culture Industry and the Politics of Human Rights ............................................................................54 Anti-Apartheid Struggle and the Role of Conscious Consumption ........................................................56 An Ideal-Type Global Human Rights Campaign................................................................................56 Cultural Boycott and Political Consumption ......................................................................................59 Tactical Integration and the Takedown of Apartheid .........................................................................62 Conclusion: Solidarity or Self-Indulgence? ............................................................................................64 Chapter 3 – The Spectacle of Suffering and Humanitarian Interventions in Somalia and Bosnia ........................................................................................................................................... 68 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................68 What is the Spectacle? ........................................................................................................................75 The Socio-Political Economy of Spectacle .............................................................................................79 Globalization, the Information Age and the Network Society............................................................79 Spectacle on TV ..................................................................................................................................82 The Iconography of Famine ....................................................................................................................87 Precursors to Spectacle: Congo 1960 and Biafra 1968.......................................................................87 Manifestation of the Spectacle: Ethiopia 1984 ...................................................................................95 Emergence of the Spectacle: Somalia 1991........................................................................................98 The Bosnian Genocide in Prime Time ..................................................................................................106 Concentration Camps Return to Europe ...........................................................................................106 Shadow of the Holocaust in the Age of Intervention........................................................................111 Sarajevo, Srebrenica, and the Hall of Mirrors...................................................................................115 Conclusion.............................................................................................................................................122 Witnessing as an Emotional Response to Distant Suffering.............................................................122 Bearing Witness through the Lens of Spectacle ...............................................................................125 Chapter 4 – Bumper Sticker Activism and the Corporate Branding of the Save Darfur Movement ................................................................................................................................... 130 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................130 iv The Socio-Political Economy of Advertising........................................................................................137 Branding an Anti-Genocide Campaign .................................................................................................145 The Movement to End Atrocities in Darfur, Sudan ..........................................................................145 Controversies and Complications .....................................................................................................159