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Transport Emission Mapping, Monitoring and Capacity Building in 5 Selected African Cities December 2017

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Transport Emission Mapping, Monitoring and Capacity Building in 5 Selected African Cities December 2017 TRANSPORT EMISSION MAPPING, MONITORING AND CAPACITY BUILDING IN 5 SELECTED AFRICAN CITIES DECEMBER 2017 December 2017 CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Objectives 2 1.3 Scope of Work 2 1.4 Content of this report and limitations 2 2. IDENTIFICATION AND PROCUREMENT OF COST- EFFECTIVE EQUIPMENT 4 2.1 Introduction 4 2.2 Identification of Cost-Effective Equipment 4 2.2.1 Monitoring Equipment 4 2.2.2 Mapping Software 5 2.3 Procurement of the equipment 6 2.3.1 Monitoring equipment 7 2.3.1.1 Technical Specifications 7 2.3.1.2 Proposals Analysis 7 2.3.1.3 Monitoring Equipment Selected 8 2.3.2 Mapping Software 10 2.3.2.1 Technical Specifications 10 2.3.2.2 Proposals Analysis 11 2.3.2.3 Software package Selected 11 2.3.3 Summary 12 3. EMISSIONS AND AIR QUALITY MAPPING 13 3.1 Introduction 13 3.2 Methodology 15 3.2.1 Monitoring Campaigns 15 3.2.1.1 Selection of the transport corridor 15 3.2.1.2 Sampling plan 15 3.2.2 Traffic Network Analysis 16 3.2.2.1 Methodology description 16 3.2.2.1.1 Development of a simple road network analyst tool 16 3.2.2.1.2 Model calibration with traffic observations 16 3.2.2.2 Limitations 17 3.2.3 Emissions calculation 17 3.2.3.1 Introduction 17 3.2.3.2 Vehicle fleet composition 18 3.2.3.2.1 Data Collection 18 3.2.3.2.2 Assumptions 19 3.2.3.3 COPERT 5 20 3.2.3.4 From COPERT 5 to Equivalent Average Vehicles Emissions 21 3.2.4 Air Quality Mapping 22 3.2.4.1 Description of the modeling approach (ADMS-Roads) 22 3.2.4.2 ADMS-Roads main features 22 3.2.4.3 Model parameters over all cities investigated and particles resuspension 23 3.2.4.4 Particles resuspension 23 3.3 Emissions and Air Quality Mapping in the five selected cities 24 3.3.1 Abidjan 24 3.3.1.1 Selection of the pilot areas 24 3.3.1.2 Monitoring campaign 24 3.3.1.2.1 Sampling locations 24 3.3.1.2.2 Monitoring campaign results 26 December 2017 3.3.1.3 Calculation of emissions 30 3.3.1.4 Air Quality mapping 34 3.3.1.4.1 Meteorological parameters and time period 34 3.3.1.4.2 Particulate Matter (PM) resuspension and background concentrations 34 3.3.1.4.3 Concentrations calculated over Yopougon and N’Dotré pilot areas 35 3.3.1.4.4 Mapping of concentrations calculated over the transport corridor 36 3.3.2 Rabat 39 3.3.2.1 Selection of the pilot area 39 3.3.2.2 Monitoring campaign 39 3.3.2.2.1 Sampling locations 39 3.3.2.2.2 Calibration Campaign results 41 3.3.2.2.3 Monitoring campaign results 43 3.3.2.3 Calculation of emissions 46 3.3.2.4 Air quality mapping 48 3.3.2.4.1 Meteorological parameters and time period 48 3.3.2.4.2 Particulate Matter (PM) resuspension and background concentrations 48 3.3.2.4.3 Concentrations calculated over the two road traffic sites 48 3.3.2.4.4 Mapping of concentrations calculated over the transport corridor 49 3.3.3 Yaoundé 51 3.3.3.1 Selection of the pilot area 51 3.3.3.2 Monitoring campaign 51 3.3.3.2.1 Sampling locations 51 3.3.3.2.2 Monitoring Campaign results 52 3.3.3.3 Calculation of emissions 55 3.3.3.4 Air Quality Mapping 57 3.3.3.4.1 Meteorological parameters and time period 57 3.3.3.4.2 Particulate Matter (PM) resuspension and background concentrations 58 3.3.3.4.3 Concentrations calculated over the road traffic station 58 3.3.3.4.4 Mapping of concentrations calculated over the transport corridor 59 3.3.4 Lusaka 61 3.3.4.1 Selection of the pilot area 61 3.3.4.2 Monitoring Campaign 61 3.3.4.2.1 Sampling locations 61 3.3.4.2.2 Monitoring Campaign results 62 3.3.4.3 Calculation of emissions 65 3.3.4.4 Air Quality Mapping 67 3.3.4.4.1 Meteorological parameters and time period 67 3.3.4.4.2 Particulate Matter (PM) resuspension and background concentration 68 3.3.4.4.3 Concentrations calculated over the road traffic station 68 3.3.4.4.4 Mapping of concentrations calculated over the transport corridor 69 3.3.5 Dar es Salaam 71 3.3.5.1 Selection of the pilot area 71 3.3.5.2 Monitoring Campaign 71 3.3.5.2.1 Sampling locations 71 3.3.5.2.2 Monitoring Campaign results 73 December 2017 3.3.5.3 Calculation of emissions 75 3.3.5.4 Air Quality Mapping 77 3.3.5.4.1 Meteorological parameters and time period 77 3.3.5.4.2 Particulate Matter (PM) resuspension and background concentration 78 3.3.5.4.3 Concentrations calculated over the road traffic station 78 3.3.5.4.4 Mapping of concentrations calculated over the transport corridor 79 3.4 Summary 81 4. SOCIO-ECONOMIC PART 83 4.1 Introduction 83 4.2 Transport and energy taxes and subsidies in Cote d’Ivoire 84 4.2.1 Subsidies on transportation services 84 4.2.2 Subsidies on energy 85 4.2.2.1 Fuel subsidies 86 4.2.2.2 Electricity subsidies 87 4.3 Sources of finance, relevant to low emission transport technologies 88 4.3.1 The Global Environmental Facility Trust Fund, GEF 88 4.3.1.1 The role of the AfDB as a Partnership Agency 89 4.3.1.2 GEF financing conditions 89 4.3.1.3 GEF project types and examples 89 4.3.1.4 The Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF) 91 4.3.2 The Green Climate Fund (GCF) 91 4.3.2.1 Investment criteria and current projects 92 4.3.2.2 GCF as financing partner in Côte d’Ivoire 92 4.3.3 The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) 93 4.3.4 The Climate Investment Funds (CIFs) 93 4.3.5 Other Climate Funds 94 4.3.6 African Development Bank (AfDB) 94 4.4 A recommended model of Cost Benefit Analysis 94 4.4.1 Introduction 94 4.4.2 A general CBA model for assessing low carbon transport projects 95 4.4.2.1 Overall purpose and principles of the CBA 95 4.4.2.2 Categories of benefits and costs 96 4.4.2.3 Benefit estimation methods 97 4.4.2.4 User benefits for existing and attracted users 97 4.4.3 The value of reduced congestion 98 4.4.4 Value of reduced carbon emissions 98 4.4.4.1 Current practises 98 4.4.4.2 The market price method 99 4.4.4.3 The estimated social value of carbon emissions 99 4.4.5 Value of cleaner air 100 4.4.6 Accident costs 104 4.5 Cost Benefit Analysis of selected low emission transport projects 104 4.5.1 Replacement of old gbakas with new vehicles 104 4.5.1.1 Investment costs 105 4.5.1.2 Operating savings 105 4.5.1.3 Carbon emission savings 106 4.5.1.4 Air and health benefits 106 4.5.1.5 Conclusion 107 4.5.1.6 Sensitivity 108 December 2017 4.5.2 A Metro project 108 4.5.2.1 Investment, operational and maintenance costs 109 4.5.2.2 User Benefits 109 4.5.2.3 External benefits 110 4.5.2.4 Conclusion 111 4.5.2.5 Sensitivity 111 5. REVIEW OF REGULATORY AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 112 5.1 Introduction 112 5.2 Methodology 112 5.2.1 Indicators 112 5.2.2 Interview guide 113 5.2.3 Categories of stakeholders 113 5.3 Regulatory and institutional Assessments 113 5.3.1 Assessment Abidjan 113 5.3.1.1 Legal and institutional framework 114 5.3.1.2 Main findings 115 5.3.2 Assessment Rabat 118 5.3.2.1 Legal and institutional framework 118 5.3.3 Main findings 121 5.3.3.1 Indicator 1: Existence of air quality and vehicle emissions standards 121 5.3.3.2 Indicator 2: The access to relevant environmental data, statistics and information is adequate 121 5.3.3.3 Indicator 3: The environmental legislation (framework) helps achieve the agreed standards 121 5.3.3.4 Indicator 4: Environmental management is mainstreamed and well-integrated into the public sector governance 122 5.3.3.5 Indicator 5: The country/city has the required institutional capacity to handle air pollution and transport emissions 122 5.3.3.6 Indicator 6: The country/city has an effective and sustainable environmental monitoring system in place 123 5.3.4 Assessment Dar es Salaam 123 5.3.4.1 Legal and institutional framework 123 5.3.5 Main findings 125 5.3.5.1 Indicator 1: Existence of air quality and vehicle emissions standards 125 5.3.5.2 Indicator 2: The access to relevant environmental data, statistics and information is adequate 126 5.3.5.3 Indicator 3: The environmental legislation (framework) helps achieve the agreed standards 126 5.3.5.4 Indicator 4: Environmental management is mainstreamed and well-integrated into the public sector governance 127 5.3.5.5 Indicator 5: The country/city has the required institutional capacity to handle air pollution and transport emissions 127 5.3.5.6 Indicator 6: The country/city has an effective and sustainable environmental monitoring system in place 128 5.3.6 Assessment Lusaka 128 5.3.6.1 Legal and institutional framework 128 5.3.7 Main findings 130 5.3.7.1 Indicator 1: Existence of air quality and vehicle emissions standards 130 5.3.7.2 Indicator 2: The access to relevant environmental data, statistics and information is adequate 130 December 2017 5.3.7.3 Indicator 3: The environmental legislation (framework) helps achieve the agreed standards 131 5.3.7.4 Indicator 4: Environmental management is mainstreamed and well-integrated into the public sector governance 131 5.3.7.5 Indicator 5: The country/city has the required institutional capacity to handle air pollution and transport emissions 132 5.3.7.6 Indicator 6: The country/city has an effective and sustainable environmental monitoring system in place 132 5.4 Assessment Yaounde 132 5.4.1 Legal and institutional framework 132 5.4.2 Main Findings 133 5.4.2.1 Indicator 1: Existence of air quality and vehicle emissions standards 133 5.4.2.2 Indicator 2: The access to relevant environmental data, statistics and information is adequate 134 5.4.2.3 Indicator 3: The environmental legislation (framework) helps achieve the agreed standards 134 5.4.2.4 Indicator 4: Environmental management is mainstreamed and well-integrated into the public sector governance 134 5.4.2.5 Indicator 5: The country/city has the required institutional capacity to handle air pollution and transport emissions 135 5.4.2.6 Indicator 6: The country/city has an effective e and sustainable environmental monitoring system in place 135 5.4.3 Assessment Conclusion 135 6.
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