The Government of State of the Environment Report 2000 GEO Barbados Barbados State of the Environment Report 2000 GEO Barbados

Published by the United Nations Environment Programme for the Ministry of Physical Development and Environment, Barbados

Copyright © 2001, Ministry of Physical Development and Environment, Barbados

This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form exclusively for educational or non-profit purposes without permission from the copyright holder. The Ministry of Physical Development and Environment, Barbados would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source.

No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoev- er without prior written permission from the Ministry of Physical Development and Environment, Barbados.

Disclaimer: The Ministry of Physical Development and Environment remains responsible for any inaccuracies, misrepresentations or omissions in this report and the Ministry warrants that these errors would have resulted inadvertently.

Prepared by: Ms. Vernese Inniss

Edited by: Mr. Derrick Oderson, Environmental Officer, Ministry of Physical Development and Environment, Barbados and Ms. Amrikha Singh, Research Officer, Ministry of Physical Development and Environment, Barbados

Designed by: G.D. Gerardo del Castillo Ramirez ([email protected]) Cover designed by: G.D. Iván Jiménez Thomas Gallegos Cover photographs provided by Mr. Steve Devonish, Project Manager, Environmental Special Projects Unit, Ministry of Physical Develpment and Environment

For further information and details of how to obtain copies of this publication, please contact:

Dr. Leonard Nurse Permanent Secretary Ministry of Physical Development and Environment (Environment) 4th Floor, Frank Walcott Building St. Michael Barbados Telephone: (246) 431-7663 Fax: (246) 437-8859 Email: [email protected]

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ISBN: 976 - 8079 - 52 - 5 State of The Environment. Report 2000 • GEO Barbados this reportpossible.Ilookforwardtoyourcontinuedcollaborationinfutureefforts. other individualsandinstitutionsbothintheprivatepublicsectors,whoseuntiringeffortshavemade management canbeobjectivelyassessed. can bebuiltandayardstickagainstwhichBarbados'stewardshipintheareaofenvironmentalresource zens, aswellinternationalinterests.Itisalsodesignedtoprovideaplatformonwhichfutureanalyses ity oflifeweenjoy. cally linkedtooureconomicandsocialdevelopment,ultimatelyareimportantdeterminantsofthequal- marine resources,biodiversity, atmosphereandclimate,wastemanagement.Alloftheseareintrinsi- tance toBarbados,ifthegoalofsustainabledevelopmentisbeachieved. mental resources,indicatorsandthemes,identifiedbyawiderangeofstakeholderstobevitalimpor- Development. Thepurposeofthepresentreportistoprovideanassessmentselectedkeyenviron- kind, sincethe1992BarbadosNationalReporttoUnitedNationsConferenceonEnvironmentand Barbados' FirstStateoftheEnvironmentReport.Thereportisfirstmajorsynthesisdocumentits December 2001 Minister ofPhysicalDevelopmentandEnvironment The Hon.H.ElizabethThompson,M.P. ofPhysicalDevelopmentandEnvironmentthenumerous I amgratefultothestaffofMinistry asanaccuratesourceofinformation toallciti- It istheGovernment'swishthatreportshouldserve The principalthemesexaminedarelandresources,energyandmineralassets,freshwater, coastaland As MinisterwithresponsibilityforPhysicalDevelopmentandEnvironment,Ihavethehonourtopresent ofBarbados By theMinisterofPhysicalDevelopmentandEnvironment, Government FOREWORD 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Ministry of Physical Development and Environment is greatful to all the officers from the various Ministries, Government Departments and Statutory Organisations, the Private Sector agen- cies, and Non-governmental Organisations that assisted in the collection of the data contained in the report and who reviewed and offered com- ments on the various drafts of this report.

Special recognition must go to Ms. Vernese Inniss who prepared this report and to the staff of the Ministry who finalized the report. We acknowl- edge the support of Mrs. Atheline Haynes, former Permanent Secretary, and Mr. John Wilson, Senior Environment Officer (ag) in the preparation of this report.

Special mention must also be made of the assis- tance of the United Nations Environment Programme, Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, (UNEP/ROLAC). In this regard special appreciation is extended to Mr. Kaveh Zahedi of UNEP/ROLAC for his cooperation and assistance. The

4 State of The Environment. Report 2000 • GEO Barbados the involvementofallcitizensandintegrationenvironmental considerations "Promoting andfacilitatingthesustainableuseofourresources, encouraging Ministry ofPhysicalDevelopmentandEnvironment Ministry into allaspectsofnationaldevelopment" MISSION STATEMENT of the 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 15

2 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 17

2.1 Introduction •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 17

2.2 Physical Context ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 18

2.3 Socio-Economic Context ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 18

2.4 Conclusion ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 25

3 LAND RESOURCES •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 27

3.1 Introduction •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 27

3.2 Land Use ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 27

3.3 Agricultural Land Use ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 27

3.4 Impacts of Land Use •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 30 The Government of Barbados

3.5 Institutional and Policy Response ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 31

3.6 Conclusion •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 33

4 MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES •••••••••••••••••••••• 35

4.1 Introduction •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 35

4.2 Quarrying ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 35

4.3 Impacts of Quarrying •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 36

4.4 Fossil Fuel Extraction ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 36

4.5 Impacts of Fossil Fuel Production and Consumption •••• 36

4.6 Policy Response ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 37

4.7 Conclusion •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 39

6 State of The Environment. Report 2000 • GEO Barbados 6.6 PolicyResponse 6.5 ImpactsonEcosystems 6.4 ImpactsofCoastalLandUse 6.3 Pressures onCoastalAreas 6.2 TheBarbadosCoastline:AnOverview 6.1 Introduction 6 COASTAL ANDMARINERESOURCES 5.6 Conclusion 5.5 PolicyResponse 5.4 Pressures onFresh Water 5.3 Fresh Water Quality 5.2 Fresh Water Occurrence andQuantityIssues 5.1 Introduction 5 FRESHWATER RESOURCES 6.9 Conclusion 6.8 FisheriesPolicy 6.7 FisheriesResources •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••• 41 61 60 56 56 54 54 51 51 51 51 49 48 45 44 41 41 7 7 BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 63

7.1 Introduction •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 63

7.2 Terrestrial Biodiversity •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 63

7.3 Impacts on Terrestrial Biodiversity •••••••••••••••••••••••• 67

7.4 Freshwater and Marine Biodiversity ••••••••••••••••••••••• 67

7.5 Impacts on Marine Biodiversity •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 69 The Government of Barbados

7.6 Policy Response ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 69

7.7 Conclusion •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 73

8. ATMOSPHERE AND CLIMATE ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 75

8.1 Introduction •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 75

8.2 Sources of Air Pollution ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 75

8.3 Impacts of Air Pollution ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 75

8.4 Policy Response ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 76

8.5 Climate Change •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 77

8.6 Policy Response to Climate Change ••••••••••••••••••••••• 78

8.7 Conclusion •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 79

8 State of The Environment. Report 2000 • GEO Barbados 10. IMPERATIVES FORACTION 9.6 Conclusion 9.5 Sewage/Waste Water 9.4 PolicyResponse 9.3 ImpactsoftheProblem 9.2 TheNature oftheProblem 9.1 Introduction 9. WASTE MANAGEMENT TTSIA ANNEX STATISTICAL APPENDICES REFERENCES •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 103 95 91 87 85 85 82 82 81 81 81 9 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1 Population 1950-1998 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 19

Figure 2.2 Population Pyramid 2000 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 22

Figure 3.1 Soil Erosion on Bare Plots in the Scotland District 1985-1990 ••••••• 31

Figure 4.1 Index of Mining and Quarrying Output 1981-1998 ••••••••••••••••• 35 The Government of Barbados

Figure 4.2 Contribution of Mining & Quarrying and Construction to GDP 1978-1998 • 35

Figure 4.3 Domestic Crude Oil and Natural Gas Production 1978-1998 •••••••• 37

Figure 4.4 Energy Consumption 1978-1998 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 37

Figure 4.5 Solar Water Heater Installations 1974-1992 •••••••••••••••••••••• 38

Figure 5.1 Available Water Resources by Source 1996 ••••••••••••••••••••• 41

Figure 5.2 Water Consumption and Number of Consumers 1978-1998 •••••••• 47

Figure 5.3 Water Consumption by Sector 1996 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 47

Figure 6.1 Total Fish Landings Recorded at Major Landing Sites ••••••••••••••• 57

Figure 6.2 Fishing Productivity, Speightstown & Oistins 1961-1989 •••••••••••• 60

Figure 8.1 Registered Motor Vehicles 1999 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 76

••••••••••••••••• Figure 8.2 Total and Per Capita CO2 Emissions 1970-1997 78

10 State of The Environment. Report 2000 • GEO Barbados LIST OFTABLES Table 9.1 Solid Waste Composition: 1994 Survey Results Survey 1994 WasteComposition: Solid Table9.1 Ecosystems Freshwater Marine in Pollutants of Sources Table7.7 Biodiversity Marine Reported of Summary Table7.6 TerrestrialFauna Table7.5 Plants Endangered and Rare Table7.4 Site One Only from Known Plants Table7.3 Table Flora 7.2Gully Communities/Species Plant Major Table7.1 Resources Fisheries of Status Table6.1 WaterQuality Supply Public Table5.1 Table 2.1 Parish Population Projections Population Parish Table2.1 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••• 82 71 68 66 66 65 64 64 58 44 23 11 LIST OF MAPS

Map 2.1 Location of Barbados in the Caribbean ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 17

Map 2.2 Physiography •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 20 The Government of Barbados

Map 2.3 Geology ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 21

Map 2.4 Parishes ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 24

Map 3.1 Scotland District Slippage Rate •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 28

Map 3.2Island Wide Soils By •••••••••••••••••••••••Erodability Category 29

Map 3.3 Surface Water •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 32

Map 5.1 Rainfall Distribution •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 42

Map 5.2Ground Water Catchments••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 43

Map 5.3 Ground Water Zones, Wells & Springs •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 46

Map 6.1 Coastal Bathymetry ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 52

Map 6.2Coastal Zone Management •••••••••••••••••••••••••Sub - Areas 53

Map 6.3 Fisheries Landing Sites •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 59

12 State of The Environment. Report 2000 • GEO Barbados LIST OFAPPENDICES Appendix 2The Biodiversity of Graeme Hall Swamp Hall Graeme of Biodiversity 2The Appendix Appendix 4d Fish Found in Tidepoolsin Found Fish 4d Appendix Low-LyingPlatforms 4c Appendix Beaches Pebble 4b Appendix Cliffs Rocky 4a Appendix Intertidal Rocky the in Found Species 4 Appendix Water Catchments Permanent in Shrimp 3b Appendix WaterCatchments Fresh in Shrimp of List 3a Appendix Biodiversity Shrimp 3 Appendix Appendix 1 Experiments in Renewable Energy Technologies Energy Renewable Barbados in in Experiments 1 Appendix Appendix 5g Fish Caught in Offshore Pelagic Fishery Pelagic Offshore in Caught Fish 5g Appendix Fishery Pelagic Coastal in Caught Fish 5f Appendix Fisheries Bank-reef and Deep-slope in Caught Fish 5e Appendix TurtlesCaught of List 5d Appendix Fishery Lobster in Caught Lobsters 5c Appendix Fishery Reef Shallow-shelf the of By-catch The 5b Appendix Fishery Reef Shallow-shelf in Fish Caught Frequently Most 5a Appendix Species Fish of Lists 5 Appendix •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••• •••••••• ••••••• 102 102 102 102 102 101 100 100 100 95 99 99 98 98 97 96 96 96 13

1 INTRODUCTION

Barbados has adopted Sustainable Development The first section sets the background by provid- as the guiding principle in the use and management ing an overview of the physical/geographic nature of its natural resources. Application of this principle of the environment and the socio-economic devel- requires an approach to national development that opment of the country. It outlines the development integrates social, economic and environmental parameters that exert pressure on the natural envi- dimensions into the overall framework of national ronment including the dynamics of a growing pop- development planning and process. This State of ulation and associated economic activity. the Environment Report provides an assessment of the Barbados environment, based on current The themes addressed are: land resources, knowledge, that would contribute to that process. energy and mineral resources, freshwater resources, coastal and marine resources, biodiver- The Barbados State of the Environment Report sity, atmosphere and climate, and waste. Each 2000 is intended as a guidance document that theme is discussed in the context of the current gives an assessment of the state and trends along condition of the environment (state); the driving particular themes considered important in the forces and root causes (pressures) - in the case of Barbados context. It is the first synthesis docu- Barbados these pressures have a historical context ment on the environment prepared since the and an attempt was made to provide this; the Barbados National Report to the United Nations impact on humans and ecosystems (impact); and Conference on Environment and Development in the policy measures, implemented and/or planned, 1992. However, it does not set a limit on the infor- to address these issues (response). mation that would use 1992 as the base year. Rather, it attempts to provide a historical context to The report ends with a look at future perspectives the assessment of current state and policy, using on policies for sustainable development. trend data over a longer time frame where possible.

Information for the report was drawn as far as possible from studies conducted in Barbados on the relevant themes, or from government reports and documents based on those studies. In addi- tion, a draft synthesis document prepared by the Ministry of Physical Development and Environment (Barbados SOE 1999) provided useful information on policy and programme initiatives. State of The Environment. Report 2000 • GEO Barbados

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State of The Environment Report 2000 • GEO Barbados capita ofUS$8620intheyear country, givenitsGrossNational Product(GNP)per classifies Barbadosasanuppermiddle-income persons persquarekilometre.TheWorld Bank lated countriesintheworld,withadensityof623 268 402 km2 ExclusiveEconomicZone. metres long,andithasjurisdictionovera167000 metres fromeasttowest.Thecoastlineis97kilo- ures 34kilometresfromnorthtosouthand23kilo- alandareaof431squarekilometres,itmeas- With most easterlyintheCaribbeanchain(Map2.1) Source: The residentpopulationin2000wasestimatedat Barbados isasmallcorallimestoneisland,the Gulf ofMexico 2 GENERALCHARACTERISTICS Tropic ofCancer 0 0

Nicaragua Adapted frommediamaps.comavailable athttp://media.maps.com/magellan/images/CARIBB-W1.gif (U.K.) Cayman Islands Map 2.1: 1 making itoneofthemostdenselypopu- (U.S.A) Location ofBarbadosintheCaribbean 400 nautical miles 2.1 Introduction 80° U.S. NavalStation Guantánamo Bay Caribbean Sea 2000 800 km 500 mi 2 . Thisranking Colombia Haiti Republic Dominican the naturalenvironment. resources aswellofthedisposalwasteswithin that areplacedontheextractionofnatural and productionontheisland,forpressures these haveimplicationsforpatternsofconsumption incomes; education;andlifestylesingeneral.Allof development; socialandrecreationalactivities; ture andmining;settlementpatternsphysical economic activitysuchastourism,industry, agricul- including: populationsize,growthanddistribution; ural environmentandsocio-economicconditions tions, thereisaclearrelationshipbetweenthenat- limitednaturalresourcebase. very hasmade,consideringits progress thecountry is indicativeoftheadjudgedsubstantialeconomic Islands (U.K.) Turks &Caicos Netherland Antilles Consistent withnormalman-environmentrela- 70° THE CARIBBEAN Virgin Islands U.S. (U.S.) Atlantic Ocean and The Grenadines St. Vicent St. Kitts&Nevis (N.A.) Sint Maarlen and Tobago (Fr.) Anguilla (U.K.) Granada St. Martin(F.R.) St. Bart´s(F.R.) Barbuda Antigua and 60° (U.K.) (F.R.) St. Lucia Barbados 20° 10° 17 2.2 Physical Context Church Ridge, an anticline which rises to over 130 metres above sea level. Immediately north of this 2.2.1 Climate ridge is (7) the St. George´s Valley, a relatively fertile synclinal structure at about 35 metres above sea On its eastern side Barbados is exposed to the level. A narrow coastal plain borders the west entire expanse of the Atlantic Ocean. Lying in the coast, (8) Below the First High Cliff, and extends path of the prevailing North-east Trade Winds, the along the south-west and the southern coasts of island has a moderate tropical marine climate with the island. At the northern tip is the flat area of (9) average annual temperatures of 30-32 degree the St. Lucy Plain and, completing the regions that Celsius. The rainfall is seasonal with a wet season constitute the limestone portion, six-sevenths of the from around June to October. Average annual rain- island, is (10) the St. John´s Valley in the east. fall is about 56-60 inches, most of it occurring in the central upland plateau. During the rainy season the The remaining one-seventh of the island com- island is affected by tropical depressions or tropical prises the Scotland District, which includes its waves that originate to the west of , and- southern coastal extension of the Below Cliff Area. progress in a westerly direction across the Atlantic This may be regarded as the most distinctive phys- Ocean. Several of these often develop into tropical iographic region of Barbados. The coral limestone storms or hurricanes that bring severe weather con- cap has been completely eroded from this region, ditions to the island. Records indicate that exposing the complex mix of impermeable clays Barbados has been affected by 12 hurricanes and that lay beneath. Map 2.3 shows the geology of 15 gale-force storms, since settlement in 16253. the island, illustrating the contrast between the The most destructive is believed to have been hur- Scotland District and the limestone regions. The ricane Janet in 1955, the eye of which did not pass Scotland District is marked by highly rugged terrain directly over the island. compared to the rest of the island, and contains some of the most scenic landscapes on the island. 2.2.2 Physiography It is the core area of the proposed Barbados National Parks System and Natural Heritage Eighty-six per cent of the island is capped by a Conservation Areas. coral limestone formation which gives the land- scape a gently rolling topography, interrupted at 2.3 Socio - Economic The Government of Barbados points by deep gullies and a series of almost verti- cal cliffs that are old coral reef formations. The gul- Context lies extend from the central upland region to the coastline, and form an integral part of the island’s 2.3.1 Demographic Characteristics natural drainage system. (i) Population and Population Growth For descriptive purposes Barbados is divided into twelve physiographic regions, which are illustrated Since the 1950s Barbados has been able to in Map 2.2. There are (1) the Upland Plateau control its rate of population growth through the which, at an elevation of 130-330 metres, contains successful implementation of an island-wide family numerous low terraces and deep gullies; (2) the planning programme. Since then, overall econom- Leeward Coast region to the west of this plateau is ic development has also contributed to the attain- joined at its southern end to (3) the Lowland Plateau ment of an average rate of growth of 0.3 per cent , and together they bound the upland plateau to the between 1980 and 1999, attributing to the country west, south-west and south. These two regions a population growth rate comparable with that of comprise terraces separated by sloping coral out- most developed countries. Over the same period crops. To the south of this is (4) the Lowlands birth rates declined from 16.6 to 14.5 per thou- region which widens at its south-western and sand, and the overall rate of natural increase from south-eastern extensions. The south-eastern 8.5 to 5.5 per thousand4. extension is interrupted by (5) the St. Philip Plain, a flat area of relatively poor drainage. The southern The declining rates of natural increase have been portion of the island is dominated by (6) the Christ accompanied by reduced death rates, attributed

18 State of The Environment Report 2000 • GEO Barbados 1990 andestimatedat179892for2000. increased from128600in1970to160300 population ofworkingagebetween15and60 life expectancyincreases.Itisnotablethatthe expected tocontinueasfertilityratesdeclineand structure ofthepopulationforyear2000. the totalestimatedfor2000.Figure2.2shows total in1990(BESR,1998),and14.9percentof per centofthetotalin1970to15.3 900 in1990.Thisrepresentsachangefrom11.7 years ofageincreasedfrom27700in1970to39 population. Incontrast,thepopulationover60 accounting for21.5percentoftheestimated2000 total forthisgrouptheyear2000was57707, 100 in1970to620001990.Theestimated the populationunder15yearsolddeclinedfrom87 census years1970,1980and1990showsthat the latterhalfoftwentiethcentury 2.1 reflectstheresultofthesecombinedfactorsin during theperiodaveraged8.4perthousand.Figure 1980 to10.0in1999,whiletheoveralldeathrate mortality ratesdroppedfrom24.5perthousandin healthcare.Infant largely todevelopmentsinprimary Source: This trendofagraduallyagingpopulationis An analysisofthepopulationstructurefor (ii) Structure andComposition

Barbados EconomicandSocialReport 1998 Figure 2.1:

thousand people Population 1950-1998 200 210 220 230 240 250 1950 260 270 280

1957

1961

1971 of 97percent(oranilliteracyrate3 level ofeducationalattainment,havingaliteracyrate high significant. AsaresultBarbadosboastsvery 1990, expenditureinthisareahascontinuedtobe decades, fallingfrom97100in1970to66800by and 18hasbeenonthedeclineforpastthree million. Whiletheschool-agepopulationbetween5 7.6 percentoverthe1997/1998allocationof$280.3 cation forthe1998/99yearwas$310.5million,upby human capital.Governmenteducationbudgetallo- heavyemphasisonthedevelopmentofits very government ofBarbadoshasconsistentlyplaceda cases ofleptospirosiswerereportedandtreatedin tion ofchildrenunder5 malnutrition ispresentin6percentofthepopula- Adult lifeexpectancynowstandsat76years.Child mortality rateandtherelativelyconstantdeathrate. healthcare,asreflectedinthedeclininginfant mary income countriesasagroup. the Caribbeanand10percentforuppermiddle pared to12percentilliteracyforLatinAmericaand among itsover-15 agegroupofthepopulation,com- In lightoftheisland’s limitednaturalresources,the (iii) EducationandHealth With respecttoenvironment-relateddiseases,23 With 1976 Barbados continuestoplaceemphasisonpri-

1985

1992 years 6 . cent) 5 19 Map 2.2: Physiography

BELOW CLIFF AREA

BELOW THE FIRST HIGH CLIFF

CHRIST CHURCH RIDGE

LEEWARD COAST

LOWLAND PLATEAU

LOWLANDS

SCOTLAND DISTRICT

ST. GEORGE'S VALLEY

ST. JOHN'S VALLEY

ST. LUCY PLAIN

ST. PHILLIP PLAIN

UPLAND PLATEAU The Government of Barbados

Source: The National Natural Resources Data Base, 1998.

20 State of The Environment Report 2000 • GEO Barbados Source:

The NationalNaturalResourcesData Base,1998. ap 2.3: eology H RIVER ALLUVIUM AND TERRACE DEP OLDER DUNEDEPOSIT O MARINE BEACH AND M L J CORAL ROCK CORAL ROCK CORAL ROCK BI T UNIT UPPER T UNIT OE O EAD AND CEANIC SS WER ´ S EX HILL F RIVERBEDS ( UPPER SCOTLANDFORMATION S S C GR S O CRE TLAND F , , , UPPERREEF TERRACE MIDDLEREEF TERRACES LOWERREEF TERRACE O O S RMATI UP UNDIVIDE C E O TLAND F ( POST MID-MIOCENE AGE O ON RMATI O S DERN DUNEDEP O O D RMATI N UNDIVIDED O OS N UNDIVIDED S S ) IT OS S IT ) S 21 Figure 2.2: Population Pyramid 2000 Male % Female % 80+

70-74

60-64

50-54

40-44

30-34

20-24

10-14

0-4

6.00 4.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00

Source: Barbados Statistical Services; based on 1990 Census.

1997, and these were down to 6 in 1998. Dengue Barbados’ socio-economic development has fever is now considered an epidemic in Barbados, been marked by increased demand for land for with 1 148 cases and 5 deaths recorded in 1998. urban and suburban development, and declining The occurrence of all four viral strain-types of the amounts under agriculture. The Barbados National disease has been confirmed. Mosquito surveil- Report to Habitat II (1997) presents data suggest- lance activities conducted by the Ministry of Health ing that the percentage of land for residential and revealed several locations of unacceptably high business development increased over the period The Government of Barbados findings of the Aedes mosquito. The national vec- 1966 to 1996, and notes that land previously iden- tor control programmes, both for rodents and mos- tified for agricultural purposes has been subdivided quitoes have been intensified (BSER, 1998). for residential and business uses.

(iv) Distribution and Settlement Directly associated with land subdivision is the demand for housing. A recent assessment of The majority of the population is settled along the socio-economic conditions and trends7 notes that south-east, south and west coasts of the island, in 1997 the existing housing stock numbered predominantly in the coastal areas of the parishes approximately 80 000, with an estimated growth of St. Philip, Christ Church, St. Michael, St. James, rate over the next ten years in the region of 1 000 and the southern reaches of St. Peter (please refer dwellings per year. Given the characteristically low to Map 2.4). On an island-wide basis, there has densities with which new housing is being devel- been little change in spatial distribution. Some oped it is expected that, based on already areas of growth do stand out, notably Christ approved subdivisions, significant amounts of high Church, St. James and St. Philip, each of which quality agricultural land is likely to be absorbed. In experienced above normal rates of growth over the fact one scenario projects a need of 13 500 new last 20 years. This is believed to be ‘suburbaniza- residential lots, requiring 1 100 hectares of land8. tion’ from the area. It is projected that this trend will continue, leading to the gradual It is to be noted that these projections do not increase in densities to the northwest, north and include residential developments associated with east of Bridgetown, while most other areas will approved golf course developments in the remain relatively stable (Table 2.1). tourism sector.

22 State of The Environment Report 2000 • GEO Barbados Source: t uy 945 960 960 ,0 -100 7,300 -400 9,500 -900 9,600 -700 274,200 10,900 272,000 9,600 5,100 0 266,900 11,200 9,455 260,491 6,700 5,600 11,300 BARBADOS 7,900 -1,100 11,263 7,100 6,000 St. Lucy 11,800 7,400 6,346 St. Peter 1,900 32,100 8,800 11,900 7,619 St. Andrew -300 28,100 11,800 9,400 St. Joseph 24,200 11,590 23,600 9,900 21,000 8,700 St. Thomas 22,800 1997-2010 17,800 -7,700 10,206 21,700 St. James 18,100 2010 20,540 St. John 60,000 18,100 87,900 2005 55,900 St. Philip 17,905 92,300 51,300 1997 St. George 95,600 47,050 Christ Church 1990 97,516 St. Michael Parish

Willms &Shier, 1997a. Table 2.1: Population Parish PopulationProjections Change 23 Map 2.4: Parishes

ST. LUCY

ST. PETER

ST. JAMES

ST. ANDREW

ST. THOMAS

ST. JOSEPH

ST. MICHAEL

ST. GEORGE

ST. JOHN

CHRIST CHURCH

ST. PHILIP The Government of Barbados

Source: The National Natural Resources Data Base, 1998.

24 State of The Environment Report 2000 • GEO Barbados energy consumption,whichiscommonlyusedas health andenvironmentalimplications.Additionally, rates ofincreaseinconsumptionholdimportant ten mostwaterscarcecountriesintheworld, Given thatBarbadoshasbeenrankedamongthe was 57.0mnm For example,totalpotablewaterconsumedin1998 posal, andinthecoastalmarineenvironment. energy consumption,wastegenerationanddis- are alsoevidentinthestateofwaterresources, environment andnaturalresourcebase. demand astrongerfocusonmanagementofthe lifestyles ofagenerallymoreaffluentpopulation, ciated withincreasedincomesandthechanging other sectorsandtheconsumptionpatternsasso- pressure fromthesenumbers,alongwithgrowthin in 1970toalmost2:1 over touriststolocalpopulationincreasefrom0.7:1 in thenationaleconomyhasseenratioofstay- sector,services thegrowingimportanceoftourism years placedmuchemphasisondevelopingits ment. Forexample,whileBarbadoshasinrecent economic activityexertpressureontheenviron- sector andalsocontributetotourism. Available marineresourcessupportasmallfisheries the eastandsouth-centralpartsofisland. thatoccurinscatteredareas of petroleum reserves tourism industry, andthemorerecentlyexploited which havebeenthecentralattractionfor strong agriculturalsector, itscoralsandbeaches arable landwhichhastraditionallysupporteda 9. The Barbados Statistical Services records the 1970 population as 238 700 and the tourist stay over arrivals as 156 as arrivals over stay tourist the and 700 238 as population 1970 the records Services Statistical Barbados The 9. Ibid. 8. Shier,1997a: & Willms 7. Ibid. population. 15 over the of cent per 3 of rate" "illiteracy 6. an as this presents Bank World The above. 2 See 5. above. 1 See 4. Barbados the You"Did on AvailableBarbados…?" Burnham; That Know Ellis 1996. to up referenced is data This 3. http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/ at Available2000. Bank, World 2. data census 1990 on based population Services Statistical Barbados 1. Notes 45.4 mnm The environmentalpressuresfromthesesources In addition,populationchangeandmostformsof The mainnaturalresourcesofBarbadosareits 417, while the 1999 figures are 267 400 and 517 870 respectively.870 517 and 400 267 are figures 1999 the while 417, Socio-economic ConditionsandTrends. 1627. in settlement establish to started but 1625, in it claimed and island the on landed British the that noted be should It http://barbados.org/diduknow.htm.Tourism at: website Encyclopaedia 2.3.2 Socio-Economicsandthe 3 in 1988and39.7mnm 3 (million cubicmetres)comparedto Environmental Managementand Land UsePlanningforSustainableDevelopment: 1999 9 . Theincreased Environment 3 in 1978. management plan. through implementationofacomprehensivewaste which thegovernmentisseekingtoaddress versial environmentalissueinthecountry, andone issue ofwastedisposalbecamethemostcontro- the limestone.Overlastdecade,therefore, potable waterresourcesaredrawnfromaquifersin density, isfurtherrestrictedbythefactthatallof small amountoflandareaandthehighpopulation the availabilityoflandfillsites,alreadylimitedby waste. Thisisanareaofmajorconcernbecause environment isthegenerationanddisposalofsolid tion anddevelopmentchangeswithregardtothe of oilequivalent)to8.9boe. consumption percapitarosefrom5.7boe(barrels increased. Between1990and1998finalenergy an indicatorofeconomicgrowth,hasalso the nottoodistantfuture. management policies,programmesandstrategiesin nomic andsocialdevelopmentenvironmental These effortsshouldseeacloserintegrationofeco- forachievingsustainabledevelopment. necessary mental managementstructuresandtheprocesses able qualityoflifeforthepeople. promotes sustainabilitywhileprovidinganaccept- toarriveatabalancethat agement isnecessary ways thatdemandcarefulmanagement.Thisman- areinteractingin economic dynamicsofthecountry base ofBarbados,thedemographicandsocio- An importantimplicationoftheforegoingpopula- Barbados isnowseekingtorationalisetheenviron- Given thephysicallimitsofnaturalresource 2.4 Conclusion 25

State of The Environment Report 2000 • GEO Barbados rateable to 46.2percent.In1976, 62.2percentoftotal while theamountofarableland declinedfrom57.7 development increasedfrom 21.2to37.6percent, period 1966-1976theland allocatedforurban Habitat II(1996).Accordingtothatreport,overthe changes arecontainedintheBarbadosReportto four decades.Theclearestdatarelatedtothese undergone notablechangeoverthepastthreeto with insubsequentsections. willbedealt living landresourcessuchasforestry land. Non-livingresourcessuchasminerals,and included astheyrelatetoimpactsonagricultural andmanagement.Otherlandusesare servation resources, particularlyissuesofsoilstability, con- important. tourism developmentarebecomingincreasingly development andattractivesitessuitablefor case ofBarbados,thedemandforlandhousing rence offertilesoilsandvaluableminerals.Inthe these physicalconditions,aswelltotheoccur- human impactonthelandiscloselyrelatedto and impactontheland.Thenatureextentof natural aswellman-madesystemsthatdevelop cal characteristicsareimportantininfluencingthe slope stabilityandothers.Theseotherphysi- istry, directionandrateofgroundwatermovement, terns andrates,shorelineconfiguration,soilchem- Related tothesearesuchfeaturesaserosionpat- function ofitsgeologicalstructureandtopography. eral competinguses. ed, andnon-livingresourcesareimpactedbysev- biodiversity resourceshavebeendrasticallydeplet- modern Barbados,however, muchoftheoriginal ed ofmostnaturaltropicalislandecosystems.In wide rangeoftheseresourcesasmightbeexpect- Pre-colonial Barbadoswaswellendowedwitha topography, terrainandphysiographyoftheland. wide rangeofecosystemsthatoccuraspartthe to naturalresourcessuchassoils,minerals,anda tenantries, 26.4 percentforresidentialwith agricul- 3. LANDRESOURCES Land allocatedforvarioususesinBarbadoshas This sectionprimarilyreviewsagricultural The stateoflandresourcesisfundamentallya The term"landresources"isusuallyusedtorefer 1 land wasusedforsugarplantations and 3.1 Introduction 3.2 LandUse holdings fellfrom 27626in1961withatotal acreage ha in1965to79001993. Thenumberofsmall declinedfrom 20200 area ofsugarcaneharvested trends 1997 reviewofsocio-economicconditionsand areas ofSt.Thomas,GeorgeandMichael).A idential andotherdevelopment(forexampleinthe use hasbeen,orisatriskofbeing,reassignedtores- suggest thatlandpreviouslyallocatedtoagricultural change fromthesedata.However, recentprojections ness activity. was usedforagricultureand9.1percentbusi- used forresidentialpurposes,while63.3percent cate that27.3percentoftotalrateablelandwas industrial activities.Recentdatafor1995/96indi- alone and1.6percentfortourism,commerce ture andcommerce,9.8percentforresidential estates andinthenumberof smallholdings cane cultivation,changein thenumberofsugar change arethein acreage undersugar from the1980censusfigures. Both theselatterreportssuggestasubstantialdecline 21 000hainagriculture,ofwhich4wereidle. review ofsocio-economictrendsgavethefigureas area underagriculturewas16450ha,whilethe1997 Sustainable Development(1996)recordedthatthe 1997 theNationalReporttoUNCommissionon cent) androadsbuildings(7.18percent).By highest allocationsbeingnaturalpasture(7.55per 500ha) wasallocatedtoagriculture,withthenext 80 percentofthetotallandarea(approximately34 propriate agriculturalpracticesleadtosoilerosion. increased runoffandpotentialforflooding,whileinap- increase thecoverageofhardsurfacesthatresultin ronmental impacts.Expandingsettlementareas sures onBarbados’landresourcesthatresultinenvi- date theexpandingpopulation. will beneededoverthenext30yearstoaccommo- projected thatapproximately1400hectaresofland could bemetfromexistingvacantlots.Itisfurther requiring 1100hectaresofland,unlessthedemand some 13500newhousinglotswouldbeneeded, It isdifficulttoascertaincleartrendsinlanduse Other usefulindicatorsofagriculturallanduse The 1989AgriculturalCensusindicatesthatabout These changesgivesomeindicationofthepres- 3.3 AgriculturalLandUse 2 , forexample,projectedthatbytheyear2010 3 . The 27 Map 3.1: Scotland District Slippage Rate

EROSION

GENERALLY STABLE, SOME UNSTABLE AREAS

GENERALLY UNSTABLE, SOME STABLE AREAS

SAND DUNES

SEVERE EROSION

SLIPPAGE REMEDIATION WORKS

STABLE AREAS

UNCLASSIFIED

UNSTABLE AREAS The Government of Barbados

Source: The National Natural Resources Data Base, 1998.

28 State of The Environment Report 2000 • GEO Barbados Source:

The NationalNaturalResourcesData Base,1998. Map 3.2: Island Wide SoilsbyErodabilityCategory N S M H LIGHT ER IGH ER O O N-ER DERATE ER O O DABL DABILITY O DABILITY O E DABILITY 29 of 12 546, to 16 951 in 1989 and an acreage of 7 inappropriate agricultural techniques are the major 880. Similarly, the number of estates declined from causes of the problem. 286 in 1961 to 227 in 1989, with a corresponding decline in acreage from 71 910 to 45 3954. The problems of topsoil loss began with exten- sive clearing of forest for agriculture during the colo- The decline in agricultural land is often attributed nial period, and consequent exposure of the under- to socio-economic factors such as the growth in lying soil. The problem persists today due to sev- urban population and in non-agricultural activities in eral factors including5: the economy, as well as declining values of agricul- tural commodities in international trade (e.g. sugar). • The clearance of land for construction, which Whatever the causes, the decline in acreage under results in loss of surface shoots and subsurface agriculture as well as changes in agricultural prac- roots, thereby increasing the vulnerability to tices also lead to increased pressure on, and landslides; declining quality of arable land in Barbados. • The lack of maintenance and almost complete 3.4 Impacts of Land Use breakdown in the formerly extensive system of check-dams in gullies, and of cane-field suck- 3.4.1 Land Slippage wells, both of which were used to direct surface water into the underground aquifer; The Scotland District area is naturally prone to land slippage due to its geologic and topographic • The Use of non-specific herbicides that kill total characteristics. Historically this has been a major ground cover and promote soil runoff, and area of concern and, consequently, the focus of significant efforts to control human activity and sta- • The Replacement of the cane-hole planting sys- bilize the area. The Scotland District is composed tem by cross-contour ploughing and furrowing, of soft bedrock, soft and incompetent soils, steep thereby encouraging runoff instead of water and moderate slopes, and the issuance of ground retention in the topsoil and aquifer. water at the interface of the limestone cliff and underlying oceanic series to form surface water in These practices have several environmental this region. These factors all combine to cause impacts down-stream. First, the resultant runoff The Government of Barbados mass movements of minor and major proportions. removes the topsoil and creates an environmental hazard in the near-shore marine area, especially to The above-mentioned natural conditions are reef systems, and causes loss of soil structure and exacerbated by housing construction and inappro- soil fertility in agricultural areas. Secondly, it carries priate farming practices that involve the over-steep- pesticides and nutrient rich fertilizers to the sea, ening and weakening of slopes. This has resulted impacting negatively on the marine environment. in severe land slippage and associated damage to Thirdly, it transports solid waste and organic wastes property and risk to life, particularly after prolonged from gullies to the sea, with potential environmental periods of heavy rains. Map 3.1 shows slippage and public health consequences. rates of lands in the Scotland District. 3.4.3 Flooding 3.4.2 Soil Erosion Surface drainage is a normal year-round occur- Map 3.2 shows the erodability of soils island- rence in the Scotland District. In the limestone wide. The most highly erodable soils are clearly areas, however, prolonged heavy rainfall can cause located in the Scotland District. Figure 3.1 shows flooding in certain known densely populated low- erosion rates on plots of bare land over the period lying areas on the west and south coasts of the 1985 to 1990. However, the limestone regions island. Annual runoff is estimated at between one have experienced significant levels of erosion due and three per cent of precipitation. A major flood mainly to human activity, rather than to natural phys- has historically occurred once every twelve years, ical conditions as is the case in the Scotland but nuisance flooding occurs on an annual basis in District. The clearing of land and application of flood-prone areas6. These areas are found in the

30 State of The Environment Report 2000 • GEO Barbados ination ofgroundwater andofnear-shore marine nant waterthatremainsafter flooding,andcontam- impacts includethespread of infectionfromstag- izers. Thepotentialenvironmental andhealth and garbagefromgullies, pesticidesandfertil- veyance totheseaofthis,along withanimalwaste • • • • • • • Barbados include: Map 2.3forParishnames). Groves andRiverinSt.Philip(Map3.3.Alsosee Valley andextendingintoareasaroundHampton, southern partoftheisland,acrossSt.George Source: The resultistheerosionoftopsoilandcon- The humanactivitiesthatleadtofloodingin unauthorized constructiononformerwetland capacity. failure toprovideadequatebridgeandculvert systems, and failure toprovideappropriateroadsidedrainage in drainagestructuresandnaturalgullies; inappropriate disposalofdebrisandsolidwaste surfaces andcausesincreasedrunoff; urbanization whichinvolvesthespreadofhard areas; unauthorized developmentinotherflood-prone areas; clearance ofvegetation; Soil Loss (tons/ha/year)

Soil ConservationUnit,1992 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Figure 3.1: 0 1985-1986 Soil ErosiononBarePlots 1986-1987 7 . 1987-1988 1988-1989 Speightstown, BrandonsandGraemeHallareas. outlets towatersheds,particularlyintheHoletown, areas. Alsoassociatedwithfloodingisblockageat in areasprone toerosionandlandslippage. in thearea,withviewtopreventing construction opment proposalsinvolving permanentstructures Scotland District.TheUnit also reviewsalldevel- en extensivesloperehabilitation worksinthe Development. Since1957the SCUhasundertak- ofAgricultureandRural of theMinistry Unit(SCU) Act isexecutedbytheSoilConservation guides operationsinthatsectionoftheisland.This (ScotlandDistrict) Act(1959)which Conservation trol. ExistinglegislationincludestheSoil agricultural land,thereisnodirectgovernmentcon- Agriculture andRuralDevelopment. of lands, theTCDPOisguidedbyMinistry respecttodevelopmentsaffectingagricultural With planning periodextendinguptotheyear2010. Physical DevelopmentPlan(PDP),whichcoversa peting uses.Themostrecentistherevised1998 efficient allocationoflandamongthevariouscom- fiveyears,toguidethe Development Planevery responsibility forpreparingtheNationalPhysical Town PlanningAct(1963).TheTCDPO also has Planning Office(TCDPO)anditsenforcementofthe resides withtheTown Development andCountry With respecttomostactivitiesassociated with With The overallresponsibilityforland-useplanning 1989-1990 3.5 TheInstitutionaland

in theScotlandDistrict1985-90 usSands Muds p*md ppn*:sands ppn*:muds p*casppn*:loams ppn*:clays Loams Clays Policy Response *Precipitation 31 Map 3.3: Surface Water

OBSERVED FLOOD AREAS

ENGINEERED FLOOD LINES

RIVERS

PARI SH The Government of Barbados

Source: The National Natural Resources Data Base, 1998.

32 State of The Environment Report 2000 • GEO Barbados 1996 studyincludedrecommendationsregarding, South Coastupdatedanearlier(1973)study. The Bridgetown urbanarea,theWest Coastandthe nation ofspecialfloodareas. provides forfloodpreventionworksandthedesig- under thePreventionofFloodsAct(1952)which and reportingonsuchmatters.ThisUnitfunctions aspects ofevaluationdevelopment,monitoring Works and Transport hasresponsibilityforall ofPublic vention, theDrainageUnitofMinistry is expectedtocontinueandbeexpanded. pamphlets tothefarmingcommunity. Thisactivity Development provideseducationandinformation ofAgricultureandRural strategy theMinistry meeting theirproductionobjectives.Aspartofthis about theissuesandalternativewaysof on thelandistoeducateagriculturaloperators eliminate adverseimpactsofagriculturalpractices ing thesafeuseofchemicals. culture, andfarmereducationprogrammesregard- farming andreductioninuseofchemicalsagri- strategies,promotionoforganic soil conservation erosion, proposedlegislationforsoundwaterand among others,promotingmeasurestoreducesoil include, environmental protectionandconservation arable landforagriculture.Additionalstrategies incentives toencouragethere-useofabandoned of landforagriculturaluse,andprovisionfinancial of45000acres Sector Planincludethereservation tions. StrategiesadoptedundertheAgricultural adequate areasofarablelandforfuturegenera- environmentally friendly, of andensurepreservation promote theadoptionoffarmingsystemswhichare ensure optimaluseoflandavailableforagriculture, tomaximiseproductivityand tural sectorserve prepared toensurethatpracticeswithintheagricul- 5. Willms and Shier, 1998. Environmental and Environmental Shier,1998. and Willms 5. of Agriculture. Censuses the from statistics with of Action, Plan and Report National Barbados II: Habitat 4. size. in acres 10 under Farms 3. Environmental on project the of part as Prepared Trends. and Conditions Socio-Economic Shier,1997: & Willms 2. land”. “rateble of definition a provide not does Report The 1. Notes 9. See 2 above. 2 See 9. Ibid. 8. Ibid. 7. Bank/Government Development Inter-American the of Evaluation Ex-Post Report: Final 1992. Unit, Conservation Soil 6. A 1996studyofStormWater Drainageinthe respecttodrainagecontrolandfloodpre- With In general,thepreferredstrategytoreduceor The AgriculturalSectorPlan(1993-2000)was Management and Land Use Planning for Sustainable Development. Minstry of the Environment the of Minstry Development. Sustainable for Planning Use Land and Management of Barbados Scotland District Soil Conservation Project. Conservation Soil District Scotland Barbados of Natural R esources Management Plan. Government of Barbados. of Government Plan. Management esources the satisfactionofDrainageUnit deficiencies withintheareahavebeencorrectedto FloodAreasunlessstormwaterdrainage Observed and thatnewdevelopmentnotbepermittedin done inaccordancewithaSedimentControlPlan, things, thatallnewconstructionandlandclearingis PDP. Specifically, thePDPrequires,amongother evant tothelandusepoliciesof1998revised 1963 Town PlanningAct,inareasrel- andCountry stagesofimplementation. tions areatvarying tional andlegislativematters.Theserecommenda- storm waterrunofffromagriculturalareas,andinstitu- among otherthings,groundwaterrecharge,controlof constraints ofcompetinglanduses. wider publicdiscourseontheopportunitiesand acter oftheisland,futurepolicycouldbenefitfrom culture tothenatural,culturalandeconomicchar- However, giventheimportanceoflandandagri- biodiversity, runoffandaquiferrecharge. cultural landscouldhavepositiveimplicationsfor eration ofnaturalvegetationonabandonedagri- implications ofthesechanges.Further, theregen- already underwaytoaddresstheenvironmental estimated inthe1988PDP much fasterratethanthe80hectaresannually approximately 400hectaresannually, whichisa to bealienatedfromagricultureattherateof changing fast.Itisestimatedthatlandcontinues agricultural censustobeunderagricultureis per centoftotallandareareportedbythe1989 section whichdealswithimperativesforaction. this section.Thesewillbepresentedinthefinal areas oflandresourcesmanagementaddressedin recommended newmanagementactionsinallthe Resources ManagementPlanoffersanumberof The TCDPOalsohasresponsibilityunderthe It appearsthataconsiderableamountofthe80 Finally, theproposedEnvironmentalandNatural 3.6 Conclusion 9 . Severaleffortsare 8 . 33

State of The Environment Report 2000 • GEO Barbados struction. Sandusedforconstructionisscarceand blocks forbuildingconstruction,andinroadcon- lime, asbuildingblocks,aggregateinconcrete is usedfortheproductionofcementandslaked mined from11activequarriesacrosstheisland.It since the1970s. increasingly importantroleintheenergysector crude oilandgasproductionhasplayedan tributes sixpercentofGDP. Similarly, domestic tant partoftheconstructionsector, whichcon- tively small(0.6percent).However, itisanimpor- sector toGrossDomesticProduct(GDP)isrela- parts oftheisland. deposits aremainlyinthesoutheastandcentral the ScotlandDistrict.Hydrocarbon(fossilfuel) of theisland.Sandandclayarefoundlargelyin ets scatteredaboutthenorth,westandsoutheast pockets oflimestoneoccur, andisminedinpock- of theislandexceptforScotlandDistrictwhere throughout thecoralcapthatcoversmajority sil fuels(naturalgasandoil).Limestoneoccurs oflimestone,sand,shale,clayandfos- quarrying Figure 4.1: 4. MINERALSANDENERGYRESOURCES Available inabundantsupplies,limestoneis The contributionoftheminingandquarrying miningactivityinBarbadosinvolvesthe Primary S ofPhysical DevelopmentandEnvironment. ource: National In Index ofMiningandQuarrying utput 1981-1998 d icators Pro 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Quarrying g ramme, Ministry shows somesimilarityinpattern mining toGDPwiththatoftheconstructionsector aggregated data,areillustratedinFigure4.1 sector.and quarrying Trends, usingthishighly an aggregateindexofproductionthetotalmining of mineralresourcesextractedisavailableonlyas Division uponrequest.Informationonthequantity available butcanbeobtainedfromtheEnergy Portland CementProduction. existssolelyforthepurposeof tries. Ashalequarry cement, ceramics,tileandclaybrickindus- gated toutilizethesedeposits. District. Newminingstrategiesarebeinginvesti- ed inthe"MurphyFormation"ofScotland sand dune.Comparabledepositsarelocat- in theScotlandDistrict,primarilyfromWalkers has beenoverminedfromtheavailablesanddunes increased quarrying activity.increased quarrying which hasoccurredsince1983,isassociatedwith Expansion intheconstructionsector, suchasthat regarded asindicativeofpressureonthisresource. tion sectorandthereforethecomparisonmaybe products arealmostentirelyusedintheconstruc- except forfuelandelectricityfromcrudeoil,quarry 1982 (Figure4.2).Whilethisisnotconclusive, Figure 4.2: S A comparison of the contribution of quarrying and A comparisonofthecontributionquarrying Estimates of total quarry reserves arenotreadily reserves Estimates oftotalquarry Clay isminedatGreenlandandusedinthe ource: uarrying andConstructiontoGDP Barbados SocialandEconomicReport 1998. Contribution ofMiningand 2 , particularlysince 1978-1998 1 . 35 4.3 Impacts of Quarrying fy its fuel energy needs. The 1978 domestic pro- duction of 271 647 barrels of crude represented Indications of the occurrence of environmental 26.6 per cent of total crude oil supply, and in 1997 impacts exist in the form of varying periods and the production of 327 806 barrels represented intensity of "haze" over quarries, and dust deposits 20.2 per cent of supply4. With the closure of the on buildings and vegetation in the vicinity of quarry local (Mobil) oil refinery in 1998, domestic crude oil sites. Observations of air quality conditions have is now exported to for refining, given rise to concerns regarding the potential health and all refined fuels are imported. and environmental impacts of noise and particulate matter emitted from quarry operations and the off- As Barbados’ economy is largely a service-ori- site transportation of the materials. While no stud- ented one, energy consumption may be an impor- ies exist to date to actually link operations to tant indicator of the environmental impact of rele- impacts, residents of some locations attribute res- vant contributing sectors. Increased economic piratory problems to quarry operations. growth and socio-economic development, which are associated with expanding settlements and Illegal mining in the coastal area of Walkers higher rates of construction, consumption and Savannah, St. Andrew has the potential for intense waste generation, are directly associated with energy physical and ecological impacts in this sensitive consumption in all the key sectors. Figure 4.4 shows coastal environment. The mining of the sand dune energy consumption trends from 1978 to 1998. can expose the Walkers Valley to salt laden on- shore winds, which can affect agricultural lands 4.5 Impacts of Fossil Fuel located there. Production and Consumption The visual impact and incompatibility of mining operations in this area, which falls within the pro- The major crude oil extraction facilities lie in close posed Barbados National Park, is also a major proximity to the Hampton Pumping Station and the source of concern. surrounding Zone 1 and Zone 2 water protection areas5 in the south of the island. The discovery of Other possible impacts include the loss of vege- traces of hydrocarbons in wells in this area is evi- tative cover, creation of visible scars on the topog- dence of ground water contamination that The Government of Barbados raphy and the damage to or disappearance of sand demands close monitoring of petroleum opera- dunes. These factors underscore the need for the tions, not only from extraction, but also from implementation of feasible quarry abandonment spillage and transportation. rehabilitation programs. The impacts of consumption are largely related to 4.4 Fossil Fuel Extraction emissions from electricity generation, vehicular traf- fic, industrial and commercial use and residential Barbados possesses some exploitable reserves of consumption. These impacts are more likely to be crude oil and natural gas, and produces liquid petro- manifested in air quality. At present these have not leum gas and condensate. Crude oil is the most been quantified since routine monitoring and data important of these fossil fuels in terms of quantity and collection are not yet in place. value. In 1991 proven reserves of crude oil stood at 3.3 million barrels, with 6070 million cubic feet of nat- Other environmental problems are associated ural gas reserves. In 1998 these figures were down with the management of waste, in particular the dis- to 2.5 million barrels of crude oil and 4.60 cubic feet posal of waste oil from the numerous vehicle repair of natural gas. Production trends for both these and maintenance shops across the island. Though resources are presented in Figure 4.33. these are mainly small-scale operations, there is concern that, cumulatively, inappropriate disposal Oil exploration assumed considerable importance could contaminate the water supply where opera- because of the experiences of the 1970s and tions are in Zone 1 water protection areas. The 1980s oil crises. Up to the 1970s Barbados was main challenge is one of monitoring and enforcing almost entirely dependent on imports of oil to satis- land use and health regulations.

36 State of The Environment Report 2000 • GEO Barbados and sandmining operationsoccurwithin the 1991 (1991-3),totheextent thatseveralquarry (ScotlandDistrict)(Amendment)Act Conservation 1959 (cap.396)asamended bytheSoil (ScotlandDistrict)Act 240); theSoilConservation include: theTown PlanningAct(cap. andCountry withrespecttopollution control. Ministry the EnvironmentalEngineeringDivisionofsame to resourcedevelopmentandmanagement, Development andEnvironment(MPE)withrespect ofPhysical Energy DivisionoftheMinistry respect tosafetyandtransportofmaterialsthe ofPublicWorks andTransportthe Ministry with Economic Developmentwithrespecttoroyalties; of with respecttoworkers’safety;theMinistry ofLabour tions intheScotlandDistrict;Ministry and RuralDevelopmentregardingminingopera- ofAgriculture UnitoftheMinistry Soil Conservation with respecttoland-useplanningandcontrol;the DevelopmentPlanningOffice(TCDPO) Country ernment agencies.Theseinclude:theTown and inBarbadosfalls withseveralgov- and quarrying Figure 4.3: GasProduction1978-1998 Source: Existing legislationthatcoverstheseactivities Crude Oil Production (000 Barrels) 4.6.1 InstitutionalandRegulatory 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Barbados SocialandEconomicReport1998. 0 Responsibility fortheregulationofmining 1978 19821986199019941998 Natural GasProduction(000cubicmetres) Domestic CrudeOil(000Barrels) Domestic CrudeOilandNatural 4.6 PolicyResponse 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Natural Gas Production (000 cubic metres) ent requirementofimpact caused byminingoperationsandthereisnoappar- do notspecificallyaddressenvironmentaldamage the ScotlandDistrictActs,thesesetsoflegislation Act 1963(cap.353). Mines RegulationAct(cap.350),andtheQuarries of NaturalGas)Regulations1982(Regs.1982);the 280); theNationalPetroleumCorporation(Supply National PetroleumCorporationAct1981(cap. the explorationandexploitationofoilresources; Operations Act,1951(cap281)whichregulates Scotland District;thePetroleumWinning tions and post-quarrying siterehabilitationanduse. tions andpost-quarrying opera- resources, includingmonitoringofquarry effective managementofrelevantnatural to allowitmorefullyaddressarrangementsfor Quarries Act(cap353)iscurrentlybeingamended other currentshortcomings.Morespecifically, the hensive andintegratedapproachtothese in Barbados. improve practicesinthemining andenergysector several policiesandprogrammes designedto Environmental ManagementAct Figure 4.4:

Source: Energy Consumption Except fortheTown Planningand andCountry Apart from the regulatory dimensions,thereare Apart fromtheregulatory 1000 1500 2000 2500 500 0 1975 19801985199019952000 Barbados NationalIndicatorsProgramme. 4.6.2 PoliciesandProgrammes Energy Consumption1978-1998 (Barrels ofOilEquivalent) assessment 7 offers acompre- 6 . Thedraft 37 • The revised Physical Development Plan (1998) Related to promotion of the use of clean fuels is proposes implementation of strict controls in the national switch from leaded to unleaded areas to be designated Natural Heritage gasoline. In 1994 the government of Barbados Conservation Areas, such as occur within the took the policy decision to phase out the use of Scotland District in relation to the proposed leaded gasoline in the country, and set in train a National Park. In addition, it requires the propo- number of fiscal and other incentives to enable nents of new mining operations to prepare this, including subsidising the price of unleaded Management and Closure Plans that address fuel. Today this policy is fully in effect. extraction and processing, topsoil removal and site rehabilitation after cessation of operations; • Renewable Energy Sources One potentially beneficial policy direction taken • Energy Production and Consumption with respect to energy is the exploration of A 1997 Green Paper on Energy called for spe- renewable energy sources. Barbados’ experi- cific actions in the areas of energy conservation, ence with renewable energy technologies energy efficiency and alternative energy spans thirty years, involving experimentation sources. In this regard, work has been initiated with solar thermal, wind, photovoltaic and wave on the development, strengthening and/or energy. (See Appendix 1). amendment of various aspects of energy-relat- ed policy and legislation. An energy efficiency With a land area of 431 square kilometres and a policy is being developed by the Energy Division tropical location, Barbados receives the equivalent in collaboration with the Barbados Light and of 2.8 billion kilowatt hours (kWh) of solar energy Power Company Limited (the sole electricity gen- per day, or the energy equivalent of 1.74 million eration facility in Barbados), to ensure that electri- barrels of oil8. Given available technologies, this is cal appliances and other electrical equipment considered a clean and abundant resource to be meet minimum energy efficiency standards. used to offset reliance on conventional fossil fuels. Demand Side Management is also being intro- In the 1970s an industry in the manufacture of solar duced to encourage electricity conservation. water heaters was started with two locally owned and operated companies. Today there are three • Hydrocarbons/Fossil Fuels companies operating, supplying over a third of all The expansion of natural gas production and sup- Barbadian households and exporting to several The Government of Barbados ply that has taken place has clear environmental Caribbean countries. advantages not only because it is cleaner than other fossil fuels, but it also reduces the reliance Since the late 1970s impetus in this industry has on bottled gas and likewise the risks associated been provided through a tax incentive to house- with its explosiveness and flammability. holders, resulting in a surge in the sale of solar

Figure 4.5: Solar Water Heater Installations 1974-1992

Cumulative

Source: Energy Division, Ministry of Physical Development and Environment.

38 State of The Environment Report 2000 ply andconsequentlyonhumanhealth.While environmental impactsonairquality, onwatersup- activitywiththepotentialforpervasive is aprimary water heaterinstallationsto water heaters.Figure4.5showstrendsinsolar 10.CERMES (Center for Resource Management and Environmental Studies< UWI ) and Ministry of Physical of Ministry and ) UWI Studies< Environmental and Management Resource for (Center 10.CERMES MEE. Division, 9.Energy 1996.Development, Sustainable on Consultation National Barbados the to Headley Oliver By 8.Presentation Development. Sustainable for Planning Use Land and Management Environmental on project the under 7.Produced EMLUP the of part as Shier and Willms by prepared 1997, Barbados, of Laws Environmental on Paper 6.Working Resources. Freshwater on section the in upon elaborated are Zones protection water 5.Ground 4.Ibid. 3.Ibid. 1998 Report, Economic and Social 2.Barbados Nations United the of part as compiled Environment, and Development Physical of Ministry from obtained 1.Data Notes of over31000in over 30000unitsinstalled,withareportedestimate Energy Divisionestimatedthatin1996therewere for whichconsolidateddataareavailable.The contribution tosustainableenergydevelopment. technologies, inordertodeterminetheirlong-term demonstration andtraininginrenewableenergy expected tooverseeresearchanddevelopment, at theUniversityofWest Indies,CEFRENis Resource ManagementandEnvironmentalStudies Development andEnvironmenttheCentrefor ofPhysical laborative effortoftheMinistry Renewable Energy(CEFREN)inBarbados.Acol- move towardstheestablishmentofaCentrefor that thetotalfigurewillcontinuetogrow. The extractionofmineralsandenergyresources 4.7 Conclusion More recently, in2000,thedecisionwastakento Development and Environment: Draft Proposal for Centre for Renewable Energy.Renewable for Centre for Proposal Draft Environment: and Development 1997. Barbados, of government Project. Development. Sustainable of Indicators on Programme 1999 10 . Thesetrendssuggest 1992 9 , thelatestyear more accessibleworldwide. renewable energytechnologiesastheybecome totakeadvantageof should positionthecountry of thesesources,thestancetakenbyBarbados trends continuetoestablishtheeconomicviability ability ofrenewableenergyisagiven.Asglobal able energysources.Theenvironmentalsustain- andwiththefocusonrenew- energy conservation, regard totheemphasisonenergyefficiencyand respect toenergypolicy. Thisholdsbothwith progressivestancewith Barbados hastakenavery of importance. Future policywillneedtoaddressthisasamatter potable waterqualitymonitoringsystemexcepted. and managementsystemsintheseareas,the erbated bythemarkedabsenceofdatacollection lish correlationandcausality, thesituationisexac- these impactsaredifficulttomonitorandestab- Notwithstanding theforegoingobservations, 39

State of The Environment Report 2000 • GEO Barbados sents themostreliablerainfallfigureforBar that anaverageannualrainfallof56inchesrepre- an analysisofavailabledatafrom1947to1994, A 1978 groundwater, springwater, surfacewaterandrunoff. inches peryear. Therainwaterisdistributedamong distribution ontheisland,whichaverages56-60 small islandlikeBarbados.Map5.1showsrainfall the world’s tenmostwaterscarcecountries. be borneinmindthatBarbadosisrankedamong ing thestateofisland’s waterresources,itmust tion systeminplaceforwatersupply. Inconsider- geological structureandthereafterbythedistribu- able foruseisheavilyinfluencedbytheisland’s of potablewaterontheisland.Theamountavail- around JunetoOctober, isthefundamentalsource and onewet.Thewetseason,whichlastsfrom mate whichhastwopronouncedseasons:onedry island ischaracterisedbyatropicalmaritimecli- tion ofitsclimaticandphysicalconditions.The Water LossStudies 1996/98 Water ResourcesManagementand available, and34.37mgdinadroughtyear. The es, atotalof54.79mgd(milliongallonsperday)is under averageannualrainfallconditionsof60inch- 5.FRESH WATER RESOURCES Rainfall variesacrosstimeandspace,evenfora Barbados’ freshwatersupplyisprimarilyafunc- 5.2 Fresh Water Occurrence 3.5 Source: Figure 5.1: 1 1.2 water resourcesstudyestimatedthat,

Barbados Water Authority, 1996 andKlohn-Crippen Associates, 1977. n uniyI and Quantity 2 6.6 have determined,basedon 5.1 Introduction Available Water ResourcesbySource 1996 0.32 ssues bados 3 . (mgd) available supplythatiswellunderthe1000m country isclassifiedas"water country capita setinternationallyasthelimitbelowwhicha water supply (Figure 5.1),andfor98.6percentofitspublic portion (79percent)oftheisland’s waterresources to augmentthepublicsupply. the surfacethroughsprings,twoofwhichareused public supplysystem.Groundwateralsoreaches pumps around35milliongallonsperdayintothe boreholes. TheBarbadosWater Authoritycurrently system isbymeansofpumpagefromwellsor face catchmentareas.Extractionforthesupply closelywiththesur- of theisland,correlatingvery are tothewestandsouthofcentraluplandarea flow. Asaresult,thegroundwatercatchmentareas of bothundergroundsheetwaterandstreamwater of thelimestoneandunderlyingoceanicsbymeans towards thesea,followingslopeofinterface limestone layeritflowsfromthecentralhighlands areas (Map5.2). aquifer systembeneaththesurfacecatchment highly permeable,allowingforawell-developed limestone, whichisupto300feetinthickness, stone capcovers86percentoftheisland.The 225 410m resources havemostrecentlybeenestimatedat Based onthis,theannualrenewablefreshwater 44.57 At itscurrentpopulation,thesefiguresallowan Ground wateraccountsforbyfarthelargestpro- Once therainwaterhaspercolatedthrough 3 6 or 49.59mgdperday . Thisisduetothefactthatlime- SPRINGWATER RUNOFF SURFACEWATER WASTEWATER GROUNDWATER scarce" 4 . 5 . 3 per 41 Map 5.1: Rainfall Distribution

120 mm 140 mm 160 mm 180 mm 200 mm 210 mm The Government of Barbados

Source: The National Natural Resources Data Base, 1998.

42 State of The Environment Report 2000 • GEO Barbados Source:

The NationalNaturalResources Data Base,1998. Map 5.2: Ground Water Catchments MO HEYMAN' C C CLERM CHRI CARLT BO AS ALLEYNEDALE PARI TRENT WHIM THE S S S S S S RAGGED P P NORWOO NEW CA T. PHILIP T. PHILIP N T. MICHAEL T. MICHAEL N T. LUCY C O O O HT O URB RTER NTEN DRINGT LYNEU TLAND DI S S O H B T CHURC ON S N HAL O ON S S T N S O TL D X T SO O ON UNDARY E O IN L SO UT RT S T O TRIC H UT RT H H H H T 43 5.3 Fresh Water Quality cholera, dysentery, giardiasis or hepatitis have not occurred in Barbados on any significant scale, and The quality of potable water has met all interna- the few cases of dysentery that have occurred have tional standards for safe drinking water. In general not been linked to the public water supply. It has the water is clean, clear, tasteless and odourless. been concluded, however, that the overall groundwa- ter protection policy could be effective in controlling Since 1963 a zoning system has been in place to biological risks if operated in conjunction with an protect the ground water against bacteriological con- upgraded and properly operated chlorination system. tamination. It was not designed to protect against chemical pollution. The criteria used for demarcating The public water supply covers the entire island the zones were the attenuation rates of bacteria in that 94 percent of the households are connect- based on travel times. This system divides the island ed, and the remainder has easy access. There are into five water protection zones - Zone 1 to Zone 5 - a few complaints of taste and discoloured water in with Zone 1 being the most restrictive with respect to small sections of the distribution system, which allowed physical development, and Zone 5 having may at times be attributed to maintenance prob- no such restrictions (Map 5.3). lems. Sporadic observations of a chlorine taste in the water are occasionally made. In addition, some The Zoning system, along with an effective disin- saltiness is detected in the Western catchment in fection system7, has been partially effective in ensur- the dry season, which may be indicative of high ing a biologically-safe water supply8. This is evi- extraction levels from the aquifers. Table 5.1 shows denced by the fact that indicator diseases such as the quality of public water supply.

Table 5.1: Public Supply Water Quality

Parameter International Barabados Catchment Average Standard Average The Government of Barbados St. Michael St. Philip West Coast Nitrate_N (mg/L) 10 7.11 6.87 8.15 6.54 Chloride (mg/L) 250 112.6 63.5 68.7 183.9 Sodium (mg/L) 200 50.26 24.6 52.9 75.8 Sulphate (mg/L) 250-400 33.5 24.1 36.4 37.8 Phosphates N/A 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.06 PH 8.5 7.6 7.37 7.35 7.33 Atrazine (ug/L) 3.0 0.46 0.38 0.61 0.37 Amertyne (ug/L) 3.0 0.13 0.087 0.302 N/A Faecal Coliform <1/100 <1/100 <1/100 <1/100 <1/100 (colonies/100ml) TDS* (mg/L) 500 426 335 423 618

Source: Barbados National Consultation on Sustainable Development, 1997---Technical Paper 2.2: Sustainable Water Quality Management. * TDS = Total Dissolved Solids

44 State of The Environment Report 2000 • GEO Barbados tions and 15.0mgd(24.9millionm3) forprivate or 64.5millionm3willbeneeded forpublicsupply mgd (89.4millionm3)by2016, ofwhich38.8mgd done), totalwaterrequirementscouldreach53.8 cluded thatwithbusinessasusual(i.e.ifnothingis and private(12.3)supply. Thestudiesfurthercon- mgd offreshwaterisabstractedforpublic(35million) estimated at44.8milliongallonsperday(mgd),47.3 pumped volume losses, whichareintheorderof62percent is believedtobelargelyresponsibleforleakage reported, averagingtwotofourreportsaday. This that burstsinthedistributionnetworkarefrequently Barbados´ waterresourcesofrecentyears,notes Study (WRMWLS),themostsignificantstudyof Water Resources ManagementandWater Loss system isasourceofconcern.The1996/1998 solid andliquidwastedisposal. development anddomesticwastedisposal, industrial facilitiesandhazardouswastes,urban agricultural activity, thepetro-chemicalindustry, - andtheriskofcontaminationfromfollowing: the BelleandHamptonpumpingstations(Map5.3) abstraction levelsatthevariouswells-particularly increases indemandthatresultraisingthe resources. Thesourcesofpressureinclude water scarcityandprotectionofthegroundwater resources managementandtheenvironmentare icals intheseareas. is theneedforstrictcontrolonreleaseofchem- ginally compliantwithinternationalstandards,there drinking water. Whileconcentrationsarestillmar- trations, towardslevelsthatareunacceptablefor seen upwardtrendsinnitrateandatrazineconcen- Water qualityrisksfromagriculturalchemicalshave on thesourcecontrolofnitrateandpesticide. by sectorispresented inFigure5.3. 1998 arepresentedinFigure 5.2. Total consumption The WRMWLShasconcludedthat,fromareserve Additionally, themaintenanceofdistribution The mainareasofconcernwithrespecttowater The groundwaterprotectionpolicyhaslittleeffect 10 . Actualconsumptiontrends from1978to 5.4 Pressures onFresh 5.4.1 DemandPressures 9 . Water abstrac- potable water, it isontherise atrazine levelsarestillbelowtheWHOthresholdfor loading since1977.Italsoindicatedthatwhile been responsibleformostoftheincreaseinnitrate WRMWLS reportedthatagriculturalpracticeshave 1 and2mayneedtobestrengthened.The from pesticidesandfertilizersappliedwithinZones It isconsideredthatthecurrentlevelofprotection policy arealsoareasofintenseagriculturalactivity. stress tothequalityofwatersupply. over-abstraction constitutesasignificantsourceof risk ofsalt-waterintrusionintotheaquifersdueto a sustainableyield.Underthesecircumstancesthe among ot dust, commodoreW/P, dursban4E anddiazinon chlorethene, fenithronthion W/P, D/P, malathion sulponate, photographic developer, per- chemicals handledincluded leadoxide,nickel operatedwithin Zones1,2and3.The surveyed WRMWLS, foundthat34percentoftheindustries and theirwastestreams,conductedunderthe ofindustrialactivity an areaofconcern.Asurvey nance shops,intohighlyprotectedwaterzonesis scale operationssuchasvehiclerepairandmainte- field investigationsconductedin1993and1997. ent asignificantthreat,ashasbeenconfirmedby the nationalwaterresources.Theythereforepres- which accountsforapproximately25percentof and Zone2areasoftheHamptoncatchment, These activitiesoccurpredominantlyintheZone1 activities, however, arenotsimilarlyregulated. petrol stations.Thedrillingofoilanditsassociated products. Bulkstorageisregulatedandoccursat drilling andstorageofoilpetroleumbased water supply. these zonescouldcompromisethesafetyof increase intheuseofagriculturalchemicals Zones 1and2underthecurrentwaterprotection AgriculturalActivity (i) It isclearthatBarbados’waterdemandsexceed The encroachmentofindustry, includingsmall- (iii) IndustrialActivityandHazardous Waste (ii) ThePetrochemical Industry The petrochemical industry comprisesthe The petrochemicalindustry 5.4.2 Water QualityPressures hers 12 . 11 . Anysignificant 45 Map 5.3: Ground Water Zones, Wells & Springs

WATER SOURCES EXISTING WELL

PRIVATE WELL

PROPOSED WELL

SPRING SOURCE

GWZONES

ZONE 1

ZONE 2

ZONE 3

ZONE 4

ZONE 5 The Government of Barbados

Source: The National Natural Resources Data Base, 1998.

46 State of The Environment Report 2000 • GEO Barbados need foranappropriate response. pressures onthepotable water supplyandthe trends notedareusefulin indicatingpotential and handlingwasnotreported. However, the water protectionzones,and wastegeneration wasonthe basisofparishratherthan survey consequences. severe publichealthandenvironmental (PCB)–1254, apersistentorganiccompoundwith inclusion ofpolychlorinatedbiphenyl propane/butane. Particularlynoteworthyisthe benzene sulphonicacidandliquid carbide, sodiumsulphate,hydrochlorateacid, cate, andtheliquidsincludednaptha,calcium lead oxide,ammoniumsulphateandsodiumsili- chemicals/substances assodiumhypochlorite, 23.23 millionlitres.Thesolidsincludedsuch an increaseinliquidsfrom3.43millionlitresto 1995 toover2.56millionkilogramsin1998,and imports, fromover456000kilogramsofsolidsin responding firmsshowanincreaseinreported over theperiod1995-1998.Thedatafrom of hazardouschemical/substancesintheisland on, amongotherthings,trendsintheimportation Development andEnvironment,compileddata ofPhysical Environmental UnitoftheMinistry Source: Figure 5.2: ofConsumers1978-1998 The distributionalanalysisoftheresultsthis Another survey, conductedbythe Water Consumption (Million Cubic Metres)

Barbados SocialandEconomicReport,1998. Water ConsumptionandNumber tified inthevicinity oftheBelleZone1area andthe fore belessofathreat. with alinerandrecirculationsystem andshouldthere- nearby Molyneuxwell.Thesecond wasengineered tially contaminatethegroundwater, particularlythe unlined andthereforeescapingleachatecanpoten- cial sites-MangroveIandIIthefirstis threat tothegroundwatersupply. respecttooffi- With from bothofficialandunofficiallandfillsitesposesa disposal methodofchoiceisbylandfill.Leachate lem forwaterresourceprotection.InBarbadosthe tions intheseareas. continuous monitoringandfullenforcementofregula- intheseenvironments,aswell agents tosurvive water flowregimesandoftheabilitybiological ment woulddemandacarefulanalysisofground chlorination system.Thustheexpansionofsettle- iting encroachmentintheZone1areasandby the watersupplyintheseareasisensuredonlybylim- 1 and2ofthezoningpolicy. Atpresentthesafetyof ment encroachmentontheareasprotectedbyZones there islikelytobeincreaseinthepressureforsettle- Source: 1996 Figure 5.3: (mgd) In addition,unofficialoperations havebeeniden- Waste disposalingeneralcanposeaserious prob- As populationpressureontheislandincreases, (iv) UrbanDevelopmentandWaste Disposal

Barbados Water Authority 1997. Water ConsumptionbySector 47 Hampton catchment. Such sites are not appropri- The efforts of the above-mentioned agencies are ately engineered and therefore pose a threat to the hampered by the absence of a comprehensive groundwater supply. legal framework or national water quality standard. Such a legal framework is provided in the draft 5.5 Policy Response Environmental Management Act now under review, while the national water quality standard is being 5.5.1 Water Quality Protection discussed by the EED and the Caribbean Environmental Health Institute. Water quality protection is implemented at three levels. First, through the national water protection 5.5.2 Water Scarcity policy which targets the groundwater resource; second through a disinfection programme and the Several policies, programmes and strategies pumping stations; and third, monitoring the distribu- have been proposed or are being implemented to tion system to ensure delivery of a safe product. address the looming problem of water scarcity, using both short-term and long-term measures. The 1963 Underground Water Protection Policy (revised in 1972) protects water catchment areas Since 1982, the Barbados Water Authority (Water and the subterranean supply through the establish- Services) Regulations were enacted to facilitate ment of water zones. This zoning policy is based promotion of the use of water conservation strate- on bacteriological travel time of flow through the gies including the temporary reduction of water limestone to the pumping station. It is implement- pressure in the supply system, the temporary shut ed through the collaborative efforts of the Barbados down of all or part of the system, and the temporary Water Authority, the Town and Country increase in the tariff blocks of the pricing system. Development Planning Office, the Environmental Engineering Division (EED) of the Ministry of The 1990s saw a more concentrated focus on Physical Development and Environment, and the the problem following periods of serious water Public Health Division of the Ministry of Health. scarcity on the island. The 1996/8 Water Resources Management and Water Loss Studies Incorporated into the Zoning Policy is the (WRMWLS) were commissioned to address the Revised Policy on Private Sewage and Waste growing concerns of quality and supply including: The Government of Barbados Water Disposal Systems, which seeks to control any development or liquid waste disposal sys- • The rapidly increasing fresh water demand and tems that could be damaging to the national consumption from residential, commercial, water resources. tourism and industrial developments;

The Zoning Policy was established under devel- • The increase in use of agricultural chemicals opment conditions that were substantially different, which have the potential to impact negatively on in character and scale, from what currently obtains. the quality of the potable water, and The policy therefore needs to be reviewed to incor- porate the potential impacts of the release of mod- • Reducing rates of aquifer recharge from rainfall ern industrial chemicals and agro-chemicals into due to increasing terrestrial runoff associated the environment. with urban development.

Responsibility for monitoring and surveillance is The results and recommendations of the stud- shared by several agencies. The Barbados Water ies have been reviewed and are being imple- Authority has legal responsibility for monitoring and mented, with a strong focus on the two main maintaining water quality standards.The areas of (a) reduction in consumer use and (b) Environmental Engineering Division (EED) has power reduction in losses from the distribution system. to enforce standards on water quality and waste water discharge. The Coastal Zone Management Unit The 1997 Policy Framework for Water Resources has powers of enforcement in matters relating to dis- Development and Management took into account charge into the marine environment. the findings of the WRMWLS and of previous stud-

48 State of The Environment Report 2000 • GEO Barbados agement framework. hensive environmentalandnaturalresourcesman- reviewed aspartoftheconsiderationacompre- account theKlohn-CrippenWRMWLS,arebeing ply. Therecommendations, whichtookinto the standardsetterandregulatorofwatersup- at thesituation,inwhichBWA functionsasboth water resourcesmanagement.Thisincludesalook ment, includingspecificrecommendationsfor integrated approachtonaturalresourcesmanage- of institutionalchangesforamorestreamlinedand Resources ManagementPlanproposesanumber capacity.reserve and isprojectedtoprovideatleasttenpercentof desalination facilitywhichisalreadyinoperation, capacity building,andpolicylegislation. management andaugmentation,institutional gies intheareasofdemandmanagement,supply The policydirectionnowincludesaseriesofstrate- management plantotheyear2016andbeyond. comprehensive waterresourcesdevelopmentand ies, andusedtheseasthebasisfordevelopinga 12. See note 5. note See 12. and Willms by prepared 1998, Plan, Management Resources Natural and Environmental Barbados, of Government 11. 4. note See 10. Ibid. 9. WaterResources the For Plan. Management Taskon and Report Development 12: 1998. Klohn-Crippen, Policy.Protection Groundwater the as to 8. referred collectively are system disinfection the and system zoning The 7. National Barbados the at presented Paper Water Barbados Management". WaterQuality Authority. "Sustainable 6. at presented Paper Recommendations". Water– Barbados Management WaterResources Authority. "Sustainable 5. Barbados." in Management and Development WaterWaterResources for Barbados Framework Authority,Policy "Draft 4. all of that concluded study the on consultants the 1994, to 1947 from periods year 30 in records the analyzing After 3. of Government the for prepared 1996-1998, Studies WaterLoss and Management WaterResources Barbados The 2. Stanley and Barbados of Government the by conducted Study" WaterResources "Barbados the to refers This 1. Notes Finally, thedraft1998EnvironmentalandNatural Additionally, theGovernmenthasconstructeda Shier. Study.WaterLoss and Management Studies. WaterLoss and Management WaterResources Barbados 1997, Klohn-Crippen, and 1996/7, November Development, Sustainable on Consultation 1996/7. November Development, Sustainable on Consultation National Barbados the 1997. 12, Barbados, August of Government the of Committee Priorities and Planning the to presented Paper amounts. rainfall actual in variation a to than reliability and analysis of matter a to more due be to appears study 1978 the in reported that and figure this between variation The stations. monitoring viable from data on based years, 30 last the for value precipitation annual average the with closely most corresponds also It set. data reliable most the constituted (1960) Rouse by conducted analysis distribution precipitation the record, on studies range long the Ltd. Engineering Stanley Associates with association in Ltd. Consultants Klohn-Crippen by Barbados 1978. Volumes1-6, Limited, Partnerships Engineers Consulting and Limited Engineering Associates will bekeyinthisregard. findings andrecommendationsofrecentstudies Timely policyresponse to,andimplementationof management, giveninparticularthescarcityissue. finding sustainablesolutionstowaterresources and capacitybuilding,policylegislation. agement andaugmentation,institutionalrestructuring in theareasofdemandmanagement,supplyman- considering policyoptionstoaddresstheseconcerns increasing runoffassociatedwithurbandevelopment. ment; andreducingratesofaquiferrechargedueto ardous chemicalsandsubstancesintotheenviron- ground water;increasedriskfromthereleaseofhaz- the potentialtoimpactnegativelyonqualityof increase inuseofagriculturalchemicalswhichhave mercial, tourismandindustrialdevelopments;the ing demandandconsumptionofresidential,com- of qualityandsupply, theyinclude:therapidlyincreas- respecttomaintenance resources inBarbados.With There issomemeasureofurgencyattachedto The Governmenthasundertakenandisactively There areseveralconcernsregardingwater 5.6 Conclusion 49

State of The Environment Report 2000 • GEO Barbados is fullyexposed toAtlanticswells.There areno 1, whichextendsfromSouth PointtoKitridgePoint, shown onMap6.2.Thesoutheast coast,Sub-Area subdivided intoeightsub-area classificationsas gonian growth. stone pavements,whicharedominatedbygor- however, characterisedbylargeareasoflime- development thantheCaribbeancoast.Itis, Scotland District,theAtlanticcoasthaslessreef imentation derivedfromsoilerosioninthe and windenergy, aswelltohighlevelsofsed- developed segmentofBarbados. graphic features.Asaresult,thiscoastistheleast the ScotlandDistrict.Ithasextremelyundulatingtopo- eastern sideoftheislandandlargelyencompasses residential population.TheAtlanticcoastliesonthe point oftheisland’s aswellalarge tourismindustry is backedbyinlandlimestonecliffsandthefocal Caribbean Sea-thecoast.Thiscoastline the stateoffisheriesresources. the Caribbeancoast.Thesecondpartwillexamine one-in-one- hundred-yearfloodinundationlineon encompassing themaincoastalhighwayand and offshoreontheAtlanticcoast,area defined astheareaextendingtwokilometresinland The firstpartwillexaminethecoastalarea,whichis on itsfragileecosystems. under stressfromthemanycompetingdemands to theirexistence.Asaresult,thisenvironmentis depend onitfortheirlivelihood,makingcentral tant tothelivesofmanyBarbadians.They ing reefsystemsandagreatdiversityofspecies. offshore (Map6.1).Thisshelfsupportsavarietyofliv- 200m isobathlyingbetweentwoandthreekilometres is surroundedbyanarrow, insularshelf,with the 6.2 TheBarbadosCoastline: 6. COASTAL ANDMARINE RESOURCES For moredetailedanalysisthe coastlineisfurther Due tothepresenceofsustainedstrongwave The westcoastofBarbadosisboundedbythe This sectionwilladdressthesubjectintwoparts. The coastlineandnear-shore areasareimpor- The Barbadoscoastlinemeasures92kilometres.It 6.1 Introduction An Overview 1 beds andanoffshorereefcomplex. inland swamp,alargebeacharea, lands inBarbados,consistingofanextensive contains oneofthelastremainingcoastalwet- extends fromNeedham’s PointtoSouthPoint, depths of6-15m.LastlySub-Area8,which gently slopingshelf,andextensivepatchreefsin tains generallyrelicfringingreefsthatextendtoa Sub-Area 7,Batt’s Rockto Needham’s Point,con- the coastbetween800and1000moffshore. feature thebankbarrierreef,whichliesparallelto has asitsmostdistinctiveimmediatenear-shore communities includinghardcoral. Maycock’s Bay, containstherichestmarinefaunal pavement. Sub-Area5,fromNorthPointto prises mainlycoralrubble,algalandgorgonian to NorthPoint,thenear-shore environmentcom- Scotland District.InSub-Area4,fromtheChoyce falling entirelywithintheexclusivelynon-carbonate Area 3extendsfromConsettPointtoTheChoyce, coral rubble,algalandgorgonianpavement.Sub- Point, wherenear-shore marinehabitatsinclude from theshoreandrunsparalleltoshore. a flat,shallowbankreefthatextends400-800metres actively growingfringingreefsinthisarea,butthereis Lossofbeach access. • Degradation ofreefsand coastalwaterquality, • Loss anddegradationofwetlands; • Encroachmentof buildingsintotheactivebeach • cost including: 6, 7and8,hasoccurredatsomeenvironmental which correspondscloselywithcoastalSubAreas idential population.Developmentalongthiscoast, of theisland’s tourismsector, aswellalargeres- corridor, andtheCaribbeancoastisfocalpoint structure isconcentratedinthesouthwesturban Sub-Area 6,fromMaycock’s BaytoBatt’s Rock, Sub-Area 2runsfromKitridgePointtoConsett The majorityoftheisland’s populationandinfra- and zone; 6.3 Pressures on Coastal Areas 51 The Government of Barbados Coastal Bathymetry Map 6.1: Coastal Zone Management Unit, Barbados 2001.

Source:

52 State of The Environment Report 2000 • GEO Barbados Source:

Coastal ZoneManagementUnit. Map 6.2: Coastal ZoneManagementSub-Areas NEEDHAM BATT M N THE CHOYCE TO NORTH POIN C KITRIDGE P SO O O AYC UTH P RTH P RTH N S ´ S O ET P R CK O O O ´ ´ O INT T INT T CK T S S O INT T BAY T P INT T O O O O INT T NEEDHAM´SPOINT O KITRIDGEP MAYC O O THE CH C BAT O O

SO N O T S CK´S BAY ´S ROCK UTH P ET P O YC O T O IN E O INT T IN T 53 With respect to the south-west urban corridor the Sub Area 7 comprises the most extensive and major issues are: concentrated area of coastal development in Barbados, and is dominated by the conurbation of • The spread of the urban corridor as a continu- Bridgetown. Land in the northern part of this area ous coastal perimeter ribbon development with is important in industry, with the Harbour, Pine and the four major towns acting as nodes. Along Spring Garden areas comprising nearly 50 per cent the west and south corridor are also found the of the total area of the industrial estates of the major infrastructure and utilities, and Barbados Industrial Development Corporation. The shoreline in this area has been substantially altered • Loss of economically viable agricultural/arable within the last four decades by the creation of a lands to tourism, residential and other infrastruc- deep-water harbour. tural development. Finally, Sub-Area 8 is an extensively developed It has been the land use policy, as articulated in urban corridor running from the outskirts of successive Physical Development Plans, to encour- Bridgetown to the regional centre of Oistins and fur- age growth along this section of the coastline in order ther westward to Atlantic Shores. Graeme Hall to allow for concentration of agriculture and water Swamp, the largest remaining area of natural vege- supply protection in the interior. As a result of the tation in the coastal zone, occurs here. Significant increasing pressure which this development has deterioration of the patch reefs in this area over the placed on the west and south coasts, the need has last ten years has been reported, as well as arisen for protective policies and guidelines. decreases in the number of fish species. 6.4 Impacts of Coastal 6.5 Impacts on Ecosystems Land Use 6.5.1 Coral Reefs

In assessing the impacts of human activity on the Repeated quantitative surveys have been carried state of coastal resources, it should be noted that out on Barbados’ coral reefs since 1982. Initial sur- several factors complicate the establishment of causal veys were concentrated on the west coast, with the linkages. For example, the collapse of the black sea south coast surveys being included in 1987. The Government of Barbados urchin population in 1983 due to disease resulted in Surveys are conducted every five years, the most increased growth in algae. Since this urchin grazes on recent having been repeated in 1992 and 1997. algae that is harmful to coral, the increased algal Health of the reef is generally indicated by live coral abundance may be linked to coral reef deterioration cover and coral species diversity. and decline. Another contributing factor may be the decline in herbivorous reef fish, resulting in increased Studies have revealed that both the west-coast algal growth. While this is believed to be due to the fringing reefs and the patch reefs on the south- human factor of over-fishing, it helps to highlight the west coast have deteriorated considerably. difficulty in attributing coral reef deterioration to a single During the ten-year period 1982-1992, coral cause or to human activities2. abundance on the west coast was found to have decreased by an average of 34 per cent, and the Sub-Areas 1, 3, 7 and 8 show evidence of vary- number of coral species decreased by an aver- ing degrees of environmental impact. In Sub-Area age of 24 per cent. This is linked to the increase 1, analysis of ground water, surface water and in the abundance of benthic algae by an average coastal waters revealed that wastewater discharges of 151.3 per cent over the period3. An underlying along the south east coast causes nitrate concen- cause of algal growth may be eutrophication, and trations to rise by 0.25mg/l (milligrams per litre). increased levels of suspended particulate matter There are also indications that this level will rise fur- (SPM) may also affect coral health. It is reported ther due to agricultural changes. In Sub-Area 3 the that about half of the west coast fringing reefs are main impact is the deposit of non-carbonate sedi- exposed to levels of SPM that are considered ments in a north-westerly direction, derived from stressful to corals4. Some improvement in the the Scotland District. abundance and diversity of the fringing reefs was

54 State of The Environment Report 2000 • GEO Barbados and replacedbyabeachexposed atlowtide. end ofthelagoonhasbeensmotheredbysand accreted sorapidlythatsea-grassonthewestern 1991. Infact,inthelastfewyearsbeachhas area hasincreasedoverthe27yearsfrom1964to age inthislagoonhasdecreasedandthebeach believed tobeinnearpristinecondition. particular. The north coastmarinesystemsare port arichanddiversecommunityofmarineflorain it appearsthatthereefstherearehealthyandsup- on coastalsystemsinthatareaaswell. age systemisexpectedtohaveapositiveimpact and themorerecentlyinstalledsouthcoastsewer- sewerage systemshouldhavemanifesteditself, hard coralreefscanbefoundincloseassociation. mangrove swamps,sea-grassbeds,anddeep island. ItisalsotheonlylocationinBarbadoswhere west, southwestandsoutheastcoastsofthe only areawithsignificantsea-grasscoveronthe manatee grassespr energy wavesbyareefrubblebank,andturtle ed inashallowlagoonthatisprotectedfromhigh- Maxwell andSt.Lawrence.Thelattersiteislocat- shore reefcomplex,particularlyatHastings, Area 8asanintegralpartofthemangroveandoff- cent ber ofsoftcoralcoloniesbyanaverage14per average of35percent,andadecreaseinthenum- cent, adecreaseinthenumberofspeciesbyan a decreaseinhardcoralsbyanaverageof14per reefs overthefive-yearperiod1987-1992showed condition inthefuture. system shouldsignalfurtherimprovementinreef Theplannedwestcoastsewerage observed. health, althoughsomedeteriorationhasbeen episode. Thebankreefsareinrelativelygood however,observed, duringthe1997survey fied thelittoral vegetation communitiestothe extent From initial surveys carriedoutontheeastcoast, From initialsurveys It is reported Patches ofsea-grassesarereportedinSub- Studies conductedonninesouthcoastfringing Coastal andnear-shore developmenthasmodi- 5 . SincethentheimpactofBridgetown 7 that theareaofsea-grasscover- edominate 6.5.2 Sea-grassBeds 6.5.3 Mangroves 6 . Thislagoonisthe north-eastern side on thesouthside,andagriculturallandsborder coastal roadrunsbetweentheswampandsea western andnorth-westernboundaries,amain ment surroundsitalongthesouthern,eastern, populated areasoftheisland.Residentialdevelop- ers anareaof32hainonethemostdensely remainingontheisland.Theswampcov- reclamation impacts. tion ratherthandirectphysicalencroachmentor impacts fromupstreampointandnon-pointpollu- remain relativelyintact,sufferingmoreindirect the northandeastcoasts,wetlandsestuaries that thesesitesnowhavelowspeciesdiversity. On substantively. TheGraeme HallSwamp,forexam- human impact,andarealcoverage hasdeclined groves andwetlandscontinue tosuffersignificant to developmentinthenearfuture. restrial vegetation.Thissiteisthreatenedtobelost Lane Swamp,whichhasasignificantvarietyofter- healthy condition.AnotherareaistheChancery mangrove forestwithlowspeciesdiversity, alsoina and Brandon’s Beach,astrand-woodedandbasin estuarine mangroveswampinhealthycondition, These includeHeywoodsSwamp,whichisan generally ontheseawardedgeofwatercourses. other smallpatchesofcoastalwetlandsremaining, the uniquekillifish fresh andbrackishwaterfishresidethere,including (Bulbulcus ibis) nesting siteintheislandforcattleegret warbler (Gallinula chloropusbarbadensis) birdsincludingtheredsealcoot ident andmigratory man-made drainagecanals. stand ofmaturewhitemangrovesandanetwork contains afreshwaterlake,inwhichthereislarge (Laguncularia racemosa) (Rhizophora mangle surrounded byadensefringeofredmangroves The westernquadrantcomprisesabrackishlake quadrant byawideman-madetrackorroadway. The GraemeHallSwampisthemostsignificant All availabledataconclusively indicatethatman- Apart fromtheGraemeHallswamp,thereare This swampishometothewidestvarietyofres- The swampisdividedintoawesternandeastern (Dendroica petechia) . Inaddition,over20speciesof (Rivulus marmoratus) 8 . ) andwhitemangroves . Theeasternquadrant , anditistheoldest and theyellow 9 . 55 ple, which has been heavily impacted over the last 6.6 Policy Response 150 years, is now the site of a mosquito control programme. This involves periodic clearing of Responsibility for coastal zone management lies vegetation from the freshwater dykes, cutting of with the CZMU of the Ministry of Physical mangroves that overhang the roadway and block Development and Environment. This unit, which the exit canal to the sea, intensive thermal fog- was established as the result of an in-depth study ging with Malathion, periodic opening of the of coastal issues and the institutional arrangements sluice gate, and maintenance of the channel over needed for effective management of the coastal the beach with heavy digging machinery. It has zone, is a manifestation of the high priority placed recently been privately developed as a sanc- on this subject by the Government of Barbados. tuary and interpretive centre, and the sewage treatment plant for the south coast has been con- Two additional important products of that study structed immediately east of the swamp. were the Coastal Zone Management Act and the Marine Pollution Control Act, both to be adminis- Wetland systems continue to be threatened tered by the CZMU in collaboration with other rele- daily by proposed development, particularly for vant agencies. These two sets of legislation, along in-fill development within the urban southern and with the Town and Country Planning Act, provide western coastlines, and from non-point sources the legal basis for routine management and regula- of pollution. tion of the coastal zone, including the implementa- tion of policies such as: 6.5.4 Beaches • Planning for management of relevant resources Beaches are a valuable resource, particularly and publication of the management plan; on the sheltered west (Caribbean) and south coasts, which are the focus of the tourism indus- • Requiring consultation by other government try. Most of the beach monitoring sites of the agencies in taking decisions that may affect Coastal Zone Management Unit (CZMU) are con- coastal resources; centrated on these coasts: approximately 35 along the west coast, 20 on the relatively short • Protection of linked ecologically sensitive south coast, and 21 distributed on the remaining coastal and marine areas and establishing reg- The Government of Barbados south-east, east and north coasts. ulations for governing activities in these areas, and Records have shown increasing trends in beach width and beach volume in some places, • Enforcement of the provisions of any legislation such as at Welches on the south coast, and when breaches threaten coastal resources. decreasing trends in others such as at Rumshop on the west coast. There is circumstantial evi- The proposed Environmental Management Act, dence of beach gains on the south coast due which provides for the integrated and comprehen- directly to human activity. For example, the sive management of the Barbados environment, Oistins Fisheries Complex landfill advanced the incorporates the Coastal Zone Management Act shoreline and induced some growth of Oistins and Pollution Control Act. This draft legislation is Beach immediately updrift of the landfill. Similarly designed to be implemented jointly by the Director Enterprise beach, popularly known as Miami of Coastal Zone Management and the agencies Beach, was inadvertently created in 1973/1974 responsible for environmental management and the when the jetty that retains the beach was con- Marine pollution control. structed to protect the now abandoned Oistins Coast Guard Station10. 6.7 Fisheries Resources

Notably, however, it is difficult, to attribute some Fishery resources are an important part of trends to specific sources of impact, due to the the local economy and culture, even though the complex interactions of natural beach dynamics total contribution of fisheries to GDP is relatively and human activity. small (around one per cent annually). To facilitate

56 State of The Environment Report 2000 • GEO Barbados Commission (WECAFC).Table 6.1providesasum- (CFRAMP) andtheWestern CentralAtlanticFishery Resource AssessmentandManagementProgram Caribbean Community(CARICOM)Fisheries pates insuchregionalorganizationsasthe eries managementandtothisend,activelypartici- Barbados continuestopromoteregional-widefish- the managementofthesevaluablefisheries. rolein December 2000tofacilitateaparticipatory Barbados becameamemberofICCAT in with theresponsibilitiesofmanagingthesestocks. ofAtlanticTunasConservation (ICCAT) ischarged ers. TheInternationalCommissionforthe byBarbadianfish- billfishes thatarealsoharvested stocks oflargepelagicfishessuchastunasand national concernoverthestatusofstraddling fully exploitedorover-exploited. Thereisalsointer- near-shore piscineandshellfishspeciesareeither believed thatpresently, manylocalstocksofboth fished stocksislargelyunknown.However, itis main categories.Thestatusofanumberlocally management, alllocalfisheriesaredividedintonine

Source: Weight (MT) 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 1000 500

Fisheries Division,Ministryof Agriculture andRural Development. 0 Figure 6.1: 1990 199119921993199419951996 199719981999 Snappers Any otherspecies Total Fish Landings Large tunas Billfishes fish stocks. cess andnaturalvariationsinthesizesofindividual including differencesinfishingeffort,suc- myriad factorsactingeithersinglyorinconcert uncommon worldwide.Variations mayresultfrom time, especiallyformulti-speciesfisheries,arenot marked fluctuationsintotalfisherieslandingsover cent) throughouttheperiod.Itshouldbenotedthat portion oflocalannualfishcatches(mean59per that flyingfishcontinuedtocomprisethelargestpro- catch (21MTin1991).Thefigurealsoindicatesthat in 1992)immediatelyfollowingthelowestrecorded the highestcatchrecordedduringperiod(31MT that annuallandingsfluctuatedovertheperiodwith island overthelastelevenyears.Thegraphshows ings offishrecordedatmajorlandingsitesonthe by species.Figure6.1showsthetotalannualland- include dataonoverallfishlandingsand and thestatusofresources. managementcategories ofthelocalfishery mary Recorded atMajorLandingSites The mainavailableindicatorsofresourcestatus Dolphin Kingfish Flying fish 2000 57 Table 6.1: Status of Fisheries Resources

Fishery managed Fishing methods Area fished Resource status

Shallow-shelf reef Fish traps, set nets, Coastal coral reefs Many south and west fishes (e.g. parrotfish, spear guns coast areas are surgeonfish) considered overfished. Status of east coast resources is unknown.

Deep slope fishes (e.g. Fish traps, handline Deep slope bank reefs Unknown, but snappers, groupers) and shelf area preliminary studies suggest that some areas may have potential for increased harvest.

Coastal pelagics (e.g. Handline, troll lines, Coastal Unknown herrings, jacks, small cast net, seine net tunas)

Large pelagics (e.g. Handline, troll lines, Oceanic Dolphin unknown. dolphin, tunas, longline ICCAT assessment kingfish, swordfish, indicates some other shark) species may be fully or over exploited.

Flyingfish Gillnet, handline, dip Coastal, oceanic Unknown. Preliminary net evidence suggests

potential for cautious The Government of Barbados expansion.

Sea urchins Manual hand or rake Coastal Overfished. (i.e. sea egg)

Turtles Entangling nets Coastal, oceanic Considered by (e.g. loggerhead, (fishery closed until (fishery closed until international standards hawksbill, leatherback) further notice since further notice since to be threatened. 1998) 1998)

Lobsters Fish traps, hand Coastal Unknown. Populations (e.g. spiny, spotted) spears appear to be small.

Conch Manual Coastal Unknown. Populations (e.g. Queen conch) appear to be small.

Source: Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, 2001.

58 State of The Environment Report 2000 • GEO Barbados Source:

Fisheries Division:Barbados ManagementPlan,2001. Map 6.3: Fish LandingSites MONITORED SITE TERTIARY SITE SECONDARY PRIMARY SITE 59 Figure 6.2: Fishing Productivity, Speightstown & Oistins 1961 - 1989

Source: Mahon et al, 1990.

With respect to productivity of the fisheries, infor- the protection of marine life, including the prohibi- mation is not continuous, nor is the coverage island tion of fishing or extraction of living resources by wide. There are about 31 fish landing sites on the foreign ships under "innocent passage", and island, which are classified by the Fisheries Division empowers the Minister of Foreign Affairs to provide as Primary, secondary and tertiary11 (Map 6.3). for the "regulation of fishing". The Marine Productivity of the resources was studied using catch Boundaries and Jurisdiction Act, 1979 (cap 387) landed by pelagic fishing fleets out of two of the pri- provides a definition of fish, prohibits fishing within mary sites - Speightstown and Oistins - between the 200 mile EEZ without the permission of, or an The Government of Barbados 1961 and 1989. The results, which are presented in agreement with, the government of Barbados, and Figure 6.2, suggest an overall increase in productivity establishes penalties for illegal fishing12. at these sites over the period. It is not clear, howev- er, whether the increased landings are due to The Fisheries Act 1993 consolidates the above increased stocks or improved fishing capacity. provisions, and further provides for the Management and Development of Fisheries in 6.8 Fisheries Policy accordance with statutory schemes. It also con- tains specifies conservation measures with respect Owing to the important role that fisheries play in to fishing gear and methods and provides for the the local economy and culture, attention has been protection of internationally endangered species paid to the management of these resources for such as marine turtles. The Act also gives the some time. Previously existing management regu- Minister responsible for fisheries the authority to lations for the sea-egg, turtle and whale fisheries create new regulations for the management of local were consolidated in the Fisheries Regulation Act fisheries when necessary. of 1904. This Act was repealed in its entirety and replaced by the more extensive Fisheries Act of The first Fisheries Management Plan (FMP) was 1993. In addition to these acts several other published in 1997. A revised version was published pieces of legislation relevant to fisheries have in 2001. The FMP is developed in accordance with been put into force. the requirements of the 1993 Act, "to ensure the optimum utilization of the fisheries resources in the The Barbados Territorial Waters Act 1979 (cap waters of Barbados for the benefit of the people of 386), for example, contains provisions relevant to Barbados"13. The document contains plans for the

60 State of The Environment Report 2000 • GEO Barbados 13. See 11 above. See 13. on project the of part as prepared Barbados; of Laws Environmental on Paper WorkingShier, 1997b, & Willms 12. 2000. Development, Rural and of Agriculture Ministry Division, Fisheries 11. Unit Management Zone Coastal 10. Ibid. 9. Ibid. 8. Ibid. 7. projects, monitoring of network Productivity) Marine Coastal (Caribbean CARICOMP the of part as studied is site This 6. Ibid. 5. Ibid. 4. and marineresources. sary, soastoeffectthesustainable useofcoastal tiveness, andtoimplementchangeswhereneces- impacts oftheexistingpoliciestomeasuretheireffec- is toengageincarefulmonitoringandrecordingofthe agement. Thechallenge,currentlyandforthefuture, siderable attentionpaidtotheirprotectionandman- tance oftheresources,recentyearshaveseencon- nerability andfiniteness.Inrecognitionoftheimpor- and practicesthatdidnottakeintoaccounttheirvul- resources havebeennegativelyimpactedbypolicies Barbados economyandculture.Inthepastthese review. and thefishingcommunity, andissubjecttopublic collaboration withrelevantagencies,interestgroups mentation isdone,asrequiredbytheFisheriesAct,in focus onspecificspecies.Itsdevelopmentandimple- eries resourcesingeneral,aswellstrategiesthat continuous study, monitoringandassessmentoffish- 3. Crowards (1997), citing the Bellairs Research Institute (1997), in (1997), Institute Research Bellairs the citing (1997), Crowards 3. Ibid. 2. Physical of Ministry the via CZMU the from obtained was coast the of state the on information this of Most 1. Notes Coastal andmarineresourcesarevitaltothe Environmental Management and Land Use Planning for Sustainable Development. Sustainable for Planning Use Land and Management Environmental http://www.unesco.org/csi/pub/papers/papers3.htm. at: AvailableParis. UNESCO, 3, papers island small and region Coastal sites. mangrove and seagrass reef, coral Caribbean – CARICOMP 1998. UNESCO, publication: following the from obtained was Information Swamp. Hall Graeme the being Barbados in other the programme. Indicators Development Sustainable the under Environment, for 1996 Development and Environment. Additional sources are cited where used. where cited are sources Additional Environment. and Development 6.9 Conclusion . This is a draft report prepared by the Caribbean Development Bank in collaboration with the Ministry of the of Ministry the with collaboration in Bank Development Caribbean the by prepared report draft a is This . Environmental IndictorsforBarbados:aPilotStudy Barbados FisheriesManagement Plan 61

State of The Environment Report 2000 • GEO Barbados flora andfaunaofBarbados. about theecology, habits,andstatusofmuchthe mentation, however, thereremainsalottobelearned ofresearchanddocu- Despite asubstantialhistory , areclassifiedasrare,orendangered. species ofmammals,,reptiles,amphibiansand particularly vertebratefauna,issparse.Some undisturbed naturalhabitats,theterrestrialfauna, coastal, near-shore andbenthic forest, rareandendangeredspecies,aswell marine biodiversityincludingnaturalvegetationand rent knowledgeaboutthestatusofterrestrialand manage whatremainsoftheisland’s biodiversity. and light theneedforstrongstrategiestoconserve sure onthefewremainingnaturalareas,andhigh- cultural activity. These competingusesexertpres- cial, industrialandtourismdevelopment;agri- subdivision forresidentialdevelopment;commer- island’s biologicaldiversity include:extensiveland human development. the encroachmentofvariousformsphysicaland such areasremainingtodayareunderthreatfrom closely resembletheirpre-settlementstate.Any places thatcanbeconsideredremote,or few these factorsisthattherenowremainvery densities intheworld.Thecombinedeffectof infrastructure andoneofthehighestpopulation plantations. Itnowhasahighlydevelopedphysical replaced largelybytobacco,cottonandsugarcane od, itsoriginalvegetationcoverhavingbeen was extensivelydenudedduringthecolonialperi- pared tothatwhichwashereoriginally. Theisland limitedstockofbiologicaldiversitycom- ing avery and extensivedevelopment,Barbadoshasremain- plantation monoculture andextensive intensive for agriculture.Asubsequent threecenturiesof about 80percentoftheforest coverwascleared 7. BIOLOGICALDIVERSITY 7.2.1 NaturalVegetation Due tothelimitedamountofforestcoverandother ofthecur- This sectionwillprovideanoverview The morerecentsourcesofpressureonthe Due toitsoverthreehundredyearsofsettlement Within thirty yearsoffirstsettlementin1627, Within 7.2 Terrestrial Biodiversity 7.1 Introduction communities 1 . forests occurat Cluffs,BathandBattsRock. Scotland District,andremnants ofxerophyticcoastal woods lieatthebaseofcoralline cliffthatrimsthe mesophytic (semi-deciduous) forest.Theunder-cliff island andthebestexample oftheoriginaltropical District, istheleastdisturbed woodedareaonthe occupying approximately21hectaresintheScotland other plantedwoodlands.TheTurner’s Hallwood, ing gullies,coastalwetlands,under-cliff woods and two percentor800hectaresofthelandarea,includ- and treesaspresentedinTable 7.2. mature collectionofnativeferns,climbers,shrubs Scotland District.Theytendtohavealargeand tend tobedifferentfromthoseintheravinesof island, andarehosttovegetationcharacteristicsthat and moistconditionsthanoccurinotherpartsofthe deep fissuresinthecoralcapprovidemoresheltered proportion ofBarbados’biologicaldiversity. These ated witheachexceptgulliesandforests. • • • • • • ronments, withwhichtheyareassociated: classified accordingtothefollowingtypesofenvi- allowed regenerationofnaturalvegetation. end useofgulliesasasourcefirewoodhasalso cultural lands,particularlyintheScotlandDistrict.The forestsonabandonedagri- etation andsecondary hasseenagradualregenerationofnaturalveg- tury cane cultivation,inthelatterdecadesoflastcen- of agriculturalactivity, particularlylandundersugar pockets ofitsoriginalnaturalvegetation.Thedecline development activityhavelefttheislandwithonly The gulliesareimportantenvironmentsforalarge Table 7.1summarisesthemajorspeciesassoci- The majornaturalplantcommunitieshavebeen (i) MajorPlantCommunities The totaltreecoverontheislandisreportedtobe Coastal . Forests, and Gullies; Rocky landandinlandcliffs; Sea cliffsandsearocks; Beaches, sanddunesandsandybeaches; 63 Table 7.1: Major Plant Communities/Species

Flora Ecosystem Representative (plants) Types/Habitats Communities/Species

Terrestrial Beaches, sand dunes, Xerophytic vegetation sandy beaches Philoxerus vermicularis, Ipoema pescaprae, Coccoloba uvifera

Sea cliffs Halophytes and Grasses Paspalum distichum, Sporobolus virginicus, Dactyloctenium aegypticum, Eleusine indica, Croton balsamifer, Jatropha gossypifolia, Lantana camara

Inland Cliffs Tabebuia pallida, Lantana involvucrata, Peperomia magnoliifolia, Bryophyllum pinnatum

Marine Coastal wetlands Rhizophora mangle, Laguncularia racemosa, Nelumbo nucifera, Eleocharis geniculata, Abilgaardia mosotachya, Fimbristylis ferruginea, Sporobolus virginicus, Philoxerus vermicularis, Conocarpus erectus

Source: National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan- Assessment of Land Resources, Terrestrial Flora and Agricultural Biodiversity, 1998.

Table 7.2: Gully Flora The Government of Barbados Type Species

Ferns Pteris vittata, Adiantum tenerum, Neurodium lanceolatum, Polypodium Latum

Shurbs Tecoma stans, Psidium guajava, Clerodendrum aculeatum. Solanum recemosum var. igneum, Pisonia aculeata, Coccoloba venosa, Miconia laevigata, M. cornifolia, Piper filatatum

Climbers Turbina corymbosa, Merremia umbellata, M. dissecta, M. aegyptica, Jacquemontia pentantha, Clitorea ternatea, Arbus precatorius, Passiflora foetida

Trees Ceiba pentandra, Maclura tinctoria, Hura crepitans, Citharexylum spinosum, Sapium hippimane, Cecropia Shreberiana, Inga laurina, Spondias mombin, Bursera simaruba, Aiphanes minima, Roystonea oleracea

Source: National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan- Assessment of Land Resources, Terrestrial Flora and Agricultural Biodiversity, 1998.

64 State of The Environment Report 2000 • GEO Barbados gered. TheseareitemizedinTables 7.3and7.4. one siteandeightareconsideredrareorendan- national level.Ofthese15areknowntoexistatonly plants areconsideredtorequireprotectionatthe None oftheseisrareorendangered.Twenty-three and aslenderclimber( brates ofsocialandeconomicimportance,suchas birds, reptiles,amphibiansandterrestrialinverte- Action Plan(NBSAP)wasrestrictedtomammals, of the1998NationalBiodiversityStrategyand limited. Theassessmentconductedinpreparation islands, theterrestrialfaunaofBarbadosisrather barbadensis been identifiedasendemic:themaypole( exist ontheisland,onlythreespecieshavesofar Strumpfia maritima Vitex dicarciata Forestieria rhamnifolia Sideroxylon foetidissimun Dioscorea altissima Philodendron scandens Manilkara bidentata Eugenia lambertiana Eugenia pseudopsidium Conocarpus erectus Cissus erosa Capparis hastata Hernandia sonora Annona glabra Actinostemon caribaeus Species FamilyLocation Source: Terrestrial Floraand Agricultural Biodiversity, 1998. Compared tosomeofthelargerCaribbean Of the700speciesoffloweringplantsknownto

National BiodiversityStrategyand Action Plan- Assessment ofLandResources, Table 7.3: ), agullyshrub(

and Endangered Plants

7.2.3 Terrestrial

Plants KnownFromOnlyOneSite

7.2.2 Endemic,Rare

Metastelma barbadense

Phyllanthus andersoni Rubiaceae Verbenaceae Oleaceae Sapotaceae Sapotaceae Araceae Mrtaceae Myrtaceae Combretaceae Vitaceae Euphorbiaceae Hernandiaceae Annonaceae Dioscoreaceae Capparaceae Agave ). ),

Turner`s HallWood expanded range. teen exotics,eightofwhichoccurnaturallydueto birds havebeenconfirmed.Theseincludesix- green monkey. Atleast36speciesofresident mals suchastheraccoon,mongooseand nization, andtopredationbyintroducedmam- declined dueprimarilytohabitatlosssincecolo- with theotherterrestrialfauna. winter residentsaresummarisedinTable 7.5along such asploversandsandpipers.Themorenotable seabirds suchasgullsandterns,shorebirds have beenrecordedontheisland.Theseinclude bird populations,andasaresultover150species the flywayforeasternNorthAmericanmigratory and winterresidentspecies.Barbadosliesalong mammalian fauna,butitisdominatedbymigratory Table 7.5alongwiththeotherterrestrialfauna. species associatedwiththemaresummarisedin insects andalliedarthropods.Thesetaxa,the Turner`s HallWood JoesRiverForest Turner`s HallWood Gemswick The populationsofresidentavifaunahave The birdfaunaismuchmorediversethatthe SionHillGully Turner`s HallWood

JoesRiverForest Turner`s HallWood ChanceryLaneSwamp

Turner`s HallWood Turner`s HallWood Turner`s HallWood Turner`s HallWood Turner`s HallWood

65 Table 7.4: Rare and Endangered Plants

Species Family Coccothrinax babadensis Palmae Spiranthes lanceolatus Orchidaceae Talinum fruticosum Portulacaceae Zanthoxylon spinifex Rutaceae Cedrela odorata Meliaceae Quaraibea turbinata Bombacaceae Guazuma ulmifolia Bombaceae Psychotria microdon Rubiaceae

Source: National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan- Assessment of Land Resources, Terrestrial Flora and Agricultural Biodiversity, 1998.

Table 7.5: Terrestrial Fauna Taxa Species Origin/Status Rats (Rattus rattus, R. novegicus) Introduced and common Green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) Mongooses (Herpestes javanicus)

Racoon (Procyon gloveralleni), Introducesd and Rare Hare (Lepus capensis)

Bats - six species Indigenous Monophyllus plethodon Endemic sub - species

Birds Osprey (Pandion haliaetus), Migratory (winter resident) Great blue (Ardea herodias), Little blue heron (Floria caerula), The Government of Barbados American redstart (Setophaga ruticilla).

Reptilia Mastigodryas bruesi Regularly sighted

Worm snake (Leptotyphlops bilineata) Rarely seen but presumed extant

Grass sanke (Liophis prefuscus) Endemic, not sighted since 1961, presumed extinct

Tree lizard (Anolis extremus), Endemic, A. extremus Leaf-toed gecko (Phyllodactylus pulcher) common, P. pulcher rare

Teiid ground lizard (Kentropyx borkiana), Other extant species Small silver and black ground lizard (Gymnopthalmus underwoodi), Gecko (Hemidactylus mabouia)

Giant tortoise (Geochelons sp) Extinct

Red - footed tortoise (Geochelones carbonaria) Introduced, captive bred

Amphibians (Bufo marinus) Introduces; abundandt and widespread.

Whistling frog (Eleutherodactylus johnstonei) Indigenousness controversial; prolific

Insects Approximately 1 320 species No data

Source: National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan- Assessment of Land Resources, Terrestrial Flora and Agricultural Biodiversity, 1998.

66 State of The Environment Report 2000 • GEO Barbados has beena historic practiceinruralBarbados. implemented. could placegullyspecies at riskifnotcarefully garbage fromgulliesandfor thecreationoftrails repeated proposalsforclearingillegallydumped and severalotherbeachareas.Inaddition,the has severelyimpactedLongPond,BattsRock es considerabledamagetobeachvegetationand implemented. Drivingvehiclesonbeachescaus- Lanewetlandsif locations suchastheChancery some existingdevelopmentapprovalswilldestroy communities fromresidentialdevelopments, threat tobeach,duneandsandybushlandplant nized locations.Whilethereisnoimmediate idential developmentwillalsoimpactonrecolo- problematic. exotic speciesintothewildisalsopotentially Mabuya mabouya the likelyextinctionsof goose andcanetoadarelargelyresponsiblefor key, themongoose andthecanetoad.Themon- native avianandreptilianfauna,thegreenmon- duction ofthreepredatorsmajorsignificanceto recolonised bynaturalvegetation. include abandonedagriculturallandsthatarebeing threat inthattheareasunderconsiderationoften species. Golfcoursedevelopmentalsoposesa consideration Sodoestheintroductionofexotic development alsoposesathreatintheareasunder tat forbirdsandseaturtles,interalia.Golfcourse threaten nativeplantcommunitiesandnestinghabi- sector theconstructionofhotelsandmarinas most typesofphysicaldevelopment.Inthetourism would haverepercussionsforothers. that negativelyimpactoneaspectofthesystem grated natureoftheecosystemsmeansthatfactors species hasnotbeenquantified,thehighlyinte- roosting, nesting,feedingandprotectionoffaunal restrial fauna.Thoughthevalueoftheseareasfor Free rangegrazingbycattle, sheepandgoats Continued subdivisionofmarginallandsforres- Barbados hasalreadysufferedfromtheintro- The majorthreatstobiodiversitycontinuebe 7.3 ImpactsonTerrestrial Plant communitiesprovidehabitatsforter- . Theintroductionoffurther Liophis perfuscus Diversity and tified atthespecieslevel. and thatseveralorganismshavenotyetbeeniden- been identifiedintheseecosystems(Table 7.6), 990 generaand1548speciesoforganismshave ful parasitesforbiologicalpestcontrol. pasture improvement,andthepropagationofhelp- food cropsforcommercialexploitation,grasses an increaseinthenumberofgenomesselected same time,agriculturalresearchhascontributedto able impactsonterrestrialfloraandfauna.Atthe means ofimprovingproductivity, havehadunavoid- inputs ofchemicalfertilizersandpesticidesasa decline insoilfertility. Subsequentincreasesin has beensugarcane. ic agro-ecosystems,themostpersistentofwhich isolated patches,andcreatedseveralmonospecif- have reducedtheextentofnaturalsystemstosmall stantially affectedbygrazing. ward sideoftheEastCoastRoadhasbeensub- diversity andabundanceofvegetationontheland- es andotherherbaceousplantstodominate.The shrubs andtreesingullies,therebyallowinggrass- grazing suppressedthedevelopmentofsome impacts ofthispractice,ithasbeensuggestedthat While nodataisavailablebywhichtoevaluatethe largest remaining wetlandinBarbados.Examples of Biodiversity StrategyandActionPlan coral reefs.ThemarinecomponentoftheNational ments, rockyintertidalareas,seagrassbedsand species. Theseincludewetlandsandwatercatch- tems thatareknowntosupportarichdiversityof versity ofmarineandfreshwaterecosystems. detailed lookwillbetakenatthestatusofbiodi- coastal andmarineresources.Hereamore of marinebiodiversity, ispresentedinthesectionon in itsgeneralcontext,whichincludessomeaspects 7.4.1 Wetlands andWater Catchments This long history ofcultivationhascontributedto This longhistory Finally, over300yearsofplantationagriculture As notedelsewhere,Graeme Hallswampisthe There areseveralmarineandfreshwaterecosys- The assessmentofcoastalandmarineresources 7.4 Freshwater andMarine Biodiversity 2 states that 67 78

54

259 8 organisms not identified beyond family

155 3 organisms not identified beyond family

172

88 14 organisms not identified beyond family

10 The Government of Barbados 3

25

60 9 organisms not identified beyond family

4

82

Source:

68 State of The Environment Report 2000 • GEO Barbados subtilis shrimp suchas catchments isdominatedbyseveralspeciesof freshwater diversity inpermanentandtemporary tural chemicalsindrainagewater. Theknownbio- it isbelievedthattheymaybeimpactedbyagricul- since ments isunknown,butstudiesarenecessary Houses andCulpepper. Thestatusofthecatch- Hillaby, Bathsheba, Consett,Codrington,Three en areBawdens,LongPond,GreenPondand ited biodiversityassessmentshavebeenundertak- canals, werehighlyalkaline,hardandnutrientrich. other recreationalactivities.Thewaterintheeastern in desirablelimits"topermitswimming,fishingand and nutrientlevels,butthatcoliformlevelswere"with- the lakewas"hypertrophic"duetohighchlorophyll being seriously degradedandfishabundance has soft coralpatchreefsalongthe southwestcoastare have alsoindicatedthatmulti-species areas. Surveys ings, bleachingandsediment smotheringinseveral coral hasshownsignsofdamage fromboatmoor- mono-species hardcoral,while multi-specieshard there hasbeenasignificantlossofareacoveredby and decliningreeffishnumbers.Onthepatchreefs filamentous algae,adecreaseincorallinealgalcover recordincreasesin is notablethatquantitativesurveys respecttothecoralreefs,it marine resources.With also beenpresentedinthesectiononcoastaland are providedinAppendices4ato4d. and Fish.Listsofspeciesfoundinthesehabitats Crustaceans, Mollusks,Annelids,Echinoderms tion oflivingorganismsincludingalgae,Cnidarians, pools, whichprovidehabitatsforadiversecollec- pebble beaches,low-lyingplatforms,andtide- sea atloworhightides.Itincludesrockycliffs, restrial habitatswheretheshoreiswashedby swamp withrespecttowater 2. Themostrecentavailablestudyofthestatus andaquaticfloraispresentedinAppendix detailed listofthefishes,crustaceans,insects, its biodiversityhavealreadybeenpresented.Amore Appendices 3aand3b). The surfacefreshwatercatchmentsforwhichlim- The statusofseagrassbedsandcoralreefshas 7.4.3 Seagrassbedsandcoralreefs Rocky intetidalareastraddlesthemarineandter- , Palaemon pandaliformis Atya innocuous 7.4.2 Rockyintertidalarea quality , , andothers.(See Palaemon aztecus 3 reported that regularly onthebankreef Sea turtles,particularlyhawksbills,canbeseen and sedimentdamageaswellover-exploitation. good health,althoughthereisevidenceofphysical (Delcan, 1994)thatthebankreefsareinreasonably and alowdensityofmacroalgae.Itisreported of hardandsoftcorals,ahighdensitysponges ity andtoover-fishing. declined. Thisisattributedtodeterioratingwaterqual- dominant fisheries. munities, aswellspeciesassociatedwiththe of somethebiodiversityspeciesthesecom- inated bymollusks.Appendix5providesasample mollusks andechinoderms,acommunitydom- coral community, onethatisrichincoelenterates, of terrestrialresources, andmarinelegislation which was integraltolanduseplanning policyinthecase andmanagementofbiological diversity servation and freshwaterecosystems. sources ofpollutionnegativelyimpactingmarine activity. Table 7.7summarisesthetypesand swamp arealsoundersevereimpactfromhuman damage anduseofdestructivefishingmethods. perhaps increasesintoxins,overfishing,physical increases intemperature,decreasessalinityand eutrophication andsewagepathogens,localized water qualityresultingfromincreasedsedimentation, fauna arebeingdegradedprimarilybydeteriorating The coastalandmarinehabitatstheirflora charge ordumpingintotheaquaticenvironment. water runoff,groundwaterdischargeanddirectdis- based sourcesofpollutiontransportedbysurface marine ecosystemisunderthreatprimarilyfromland (NBSAP) reportsthatthereareindicationsthe The bankreefssupportrichanddiversecolonies The Benthiccommunitiesincludeaspongeand Until very recently,Until very anypolicyrelating tothecon- Freshwater ecosystemssuchastheGraemeHall The NationalBiodiversitySrategyandActionPlan 7.5 ImpactsonMarine 7.4.4 Benthiccommunities 7.6 PolicyResponse Biodiversity 69 pre-dated the Coastal Zone Management Act ments for all development in the Integrated (1998) and the Marine Pollution Control Act Coastal Zone Management Area, and (1998). Today the Town and Country Planning enforcement of the Trees Preservation Act Act (cap 240) 1963, is still pivotal to the national policy response and legislative strategy for pro- A system of National Parks and Protected tection of biological resources. However, several Areas has also been proposed. A comprehen- more focused initiatives have been taken both sive plan for its designation, including the institu- within the revised Physical Development Plan tional, legislative and management framework (1998), and the NBSAP (2000). and plan for its implementation, has been devel- oped and is awaiting final approval within the 7.6.1 The Physical Development wider context of the Physical Development Plan. Plan, 1998 Unlike most of our Caribbean neighbours, pro- tected areas for terrestrial biodiversity do not cur- The Town and Country Planning Act provides rently exist in Barbados; even to protect the criti- the central mechanism for the regulation of land cal habitats used by our most endangered use, and in this regard it is relevant to the protec- species (e.g. sea turtles, snakes and lizards). tion of biodiversity. It has in the past been used where possible to prevent encroachment of 7.6.2 The Environmental and physical development into ecologically sensitive Natural Resources Management areas, consistent with the Physical Development Plan and Draft Environmental Plan. The revised Physical Development Plan Management Act (1998), however, articulates the following among a set of objectives regarding the conservation A major product of the Environmental and management of biodiversity: Management and Land Use Planning for Sustainable Development Project (EMLUP), com- • Establish National Heritage Conservation pleted in 1998, was the preparation of an Areas for the protection of significant ecosys- Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for tems such as remnant forests, wetlands, Barbados, which is embodied within the Draft dunes, savannahs, and marine features; Environmental Management Act (EMA) that was also prepared under that study. The EMP identi- The Government of Barbados • Protect, maintain and enhance natural her- fies the following issues and opportunities that itage features in urban environments and seek need to be addressed as a consequence of the to minimize adverse impacts arising from new pressures and impacts on biological diversity: development. • Maintaining ecological viability of remaining Other specific references to biodiversity natural habitats that are represented generally include: in small, isolated areas, including areas of nat- ural forest (e.g. Turners Hall Wood, • Preservation of vegetation through incentives Hackleton’s Cliff, Foster’s Funland, Archer’s to increase tree cover in urban, rural and Bay, Consett Bay). This should include proj- coastal areas; ects designed to remove damaging intro- duced predators from sensitive areas; • Creation of National Forest Candidate Sites and protection of existing forests, emerging • Maintaining the integrity of scenic vistas and forests and forest linkages in the National areas, including the Scotland District, ridges, Park; caves, coastal cliffs and public parks;

• Restriction of developments in forested gul- • Preservation of critical habitats for migratory lies, and and nesting species, as well as indigenous species including wildfowl, sea turtles and • Requirement of tree preservation and replace- snakes; ment plans as part of the supporting docu-

70 State of The Environment Report 2000 • GEO Barbados Table 7.7: Source ofPollutantsinMarineandFreshwater . untreate h . . useofdynamiteinfishin . toxins(heav . seepa . suspendedmatter . nutrientsandpatho . dischar . chlorinatedwater . nutrients(nitratesandphosphates)causin . sediments plants,waste . pointsourcedischar demand . or . toxinsfrom . suspendedmatter . patho . nutrients . leac .

. anchordama heavy metals s g s torm uck well host fishin y g drocarbons anic contaminantscreatin h ate containin s g g an enic bacteria g e o d e ofheatedwaterfrompowerplan ( s f BOD

d rom d f f

nutrientsintothecoastal g ome rom sewa p h y bylostfishtraps esticides andherbicides urricane g metals,chlorine,petroleumandother ) f f ) rom rumdistiller e ertilizers s f tic wa rom ships f g rom swimmin f f rom exposedsoi rom exposedsoildurin g nitrates,or g f enic bacteria rom animalwast s g e o e s , t animalwast g e f e ff luen ff luent g

y h g t g i anic contaminantsan gh pools f f rom sewa rom domesticwast

b l e iolo g e round water g ical oxy g g t constructio eutrophicatio g e treatmen g e f rom n d e n t n 71 • Rehabilitation of degraded natural systems Fisheries Division in implementing the CZMP including gullies, forests and dune areas; provision for regulating shallow-shelf reef and coastal pelagic fisheries, and for managing • Control of the capture of threatened species coastal habitats such as coral reefs and sea including sea turtles and snakes; grass beds;

• Control over shooting ponds; • Protection and management of turtle nesting sites, and • Improved understanding of the need for protec- tion of reptiles and freshwater fish and shellfish; • Determination of threshold levels for marine water quality. • Improved control over the felling of trees during construction and clearance; 7.6.4 Fisheries Management Plan (1997), Fisheries Act (1993/96) • Control over set fires, including for clearing fields; The Fisheries Management Plan (FMP), which is prepared in accordance with the Fisheries Act, pro- • Controlling the export of rare and endangered vides for protection of the marine environment and terrestrial and marine species; and conservation of marine biodiversity through the fol- lowing: • Control over the importation of non-indigenous species of flora and fauna. • Integrating the fishing industry into the policy and decision making process on fisheries; 7.6.3 The Coastal Zone Management Plan • Promoting the development and use of fishing gear and practices that minimize waste in the The Coastal Zone Management Plan (CZMP), catch of target species and minimize by-catch which is embodied in the 1998 Coastal Zone of non-target species; Management Act, provides for the conservation and management of coastal and marine biodiversi- • Effective monitoring, control and surveillance of The Government of Barbados ty. It also provides for the designation of marine fishing activities; reserves, which may include submarine areas along with adjacent land that is ecologically linked, • Protecting and restoring populations of endan- as restricted areas. gered marine species, and

In addition, the CZMP provides for the conserva- • Preserving rare and fragile ecosystems and tion and management of Natural Heritage ecologically sensitive areas, in particular coral Conservation Areas (OS 2) and Coastal Landscape reefs, estuaries, mangroves, seagrass beds, Protection Zones (OS 3) established under the and spawning and nursery areas. 1998 Physical Development Plan. The CZMP also articulates the following policies: 7.6.5 National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 1998 • Preservation of existing vegetation by landown- ers through encouragement from the Coastal Finally, and perhaps most pertinently, the Ministry Zone Management Unit (CZMU); of Physical Development and Environment has recently concluded a consultancy for the prepara- • Protection and rehabilitation guidelines for tion of a country study on biodiversity, which coastal and marine habitats including coral involved the preparation of a Draft National reefs, seagrass beds, ravines and other fresh- Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP). The water ecosystems and littoral vegetation; study consolidated the body of documented knowledge on all aspects of the island’s biodiversi- • Cooperation between the CZMU and the ty, and established a database of terrestrial flora

72 State of The Environment Report 2000 • GEO Barbados sustainable biodiversitymanagement. groundwork willbelaidforachievingthegoalsof the proposedEnvironmentalManagementAct, ture inplace,supportedbythelegislativepowerof suchastruc- responsible fortheenvironment.With poses thecreationofaNaturalHeritageUnit another productoftheEMLUPstudy, whichpro- Management andLandUsePlanninginBarbados, Institutional ArrangementsforEnvironmental Such anapproachislaidoutintheproposed the managementofbiodiversitywillbedeveloped. structure toachieveawell-integratedapproach expected that,ultimately, aconsolidatedinstitutional natural habitatsandlossofnativespecies.Itis undertaken inordertoavoidfurtherdegradationof It istimethatactionstoimplementthesepoliciesbe limitedandpressuredbiodiversityresources. its very Barbados intendstoapproachthemanagementof seriousness withwhichtheGovernmentof including alienandexoticspecies. proposes managementplansforspecificspecies, appropriate methodologiesforimplementation,and biodiversity,initiatives forconserving aswell and fauna.ThedraftNBSAPidentifiespriorities 3. For this Simmons and Associates cited Catteneo cited and Associates Simmons this For 3. TechnicalPlan and Resources. Action Strategy Marine Biodiversity Report: National 1998, and Associates, Simmons 2. of study country completed recently the from derived is report the of section this in presented information the of Most 1. Notes The policyresponsesdetailedaboveindicatethe 7.7 Conclusion Prepared for the Government of Barbados, Ministry of Health and the Environment. the and Health of Ministry Barbados, of Government the for Prepared Barbados. of Biodiversity the on available literature and research the of survey extensive an included latter The Inc. and Associates Simmons by Barbados of Government the for prepared were which of both (2000), Diversity Biological on Convention the to Parties the of Conference the to Report National Barbados the and (1998) Plan and Action Strategy Biodiversity National a of preparation biodiversity,included which et al. (1988). 73

State of The Environment Report 2000 • GEO Barbados 1994, buthassincethenbeendi lished. Onepilotmonitoringstudywassetupin routine monitoringprogrammeshavebeenestab- gaseous emissions,andsmoke including particulate,odoursassociatedwith health problemsontheisland. quality oftheairanditspossiblelinkagetocertain become thesourcesofgrowingconcernabout activity andtheincidenceofSaharadusthave intensified. Increasesinvehiculartraffic,industrial continued todevelopandassociatedactivities concern aboutambientairqualityastheislandhas recent years,however, therehasbeengrowing uous sweepoftheNortheastTrade winds.In relatively lowelevationoftheislandandcontin- sidered amajorconcerninBarbados,owingtothe human heath. ‘undetected’ componentsareoftenhazardousto sive, andisoftenunseennotsmelled.These natural communities.Airpollutioncanbeperva- appearance andvalueofproperty, andthevigourof of unauthorised disposalofanimalandother organ- Mangrove Landfill;garbage collection trucks;sites tions suchasauto-bodyshopsandcementworks. vehicular emissions,andcertainindustrialopera- fires; theburningofrefuse,includinggardenwaste; operations;cane from constructionsites;quarry there canbecontrolare:particulateemissions; exist atRaggedPointinSt.Philip.Areasforwhich privately managedmonitoringstationisknownto control andwhichhasnotbeenstudied,althougha this isanareaoverwhichtherecanbenolocal months. BroughttoBarbadosbytheTrade Winds, ground signatureduringthespringandsummer is Saharadust,whichhasastrong,visibleback- 8. ATMOSPHERE ANDCLIMATE Several typesofairpollutionhavebeenreported Up untiltherecentpastairpollutionwasnotcon- The qualityoftheairaffectshumanhealth, 8.2 Sources ofAirPollution A significantcontributortoatmosphericpollution The primary sources ofodourshavebeenthe The primary 8.1 Introduction 8.2.1 Particulate 8.2.2 Odours scontinued 1 . However, no 2 . 40 000in1984toabout57 approximately 34000in1980,andfromjustunder cles increasedfromaround17000in1967to Authority showsthatthenumberofregisteredvehi- 1960s. DatafromtheBarbadosLicensing on theislandhasbeenincreasingsteadilysince dioxide, nitrogendioxideandparticulates. and rumproductionfactories,whichemitsulphur emit particulates,aswellasphalt,concreteblock processing andflourfeedblendingplantswhich of otherconcernswerealsoadded,includingsilicate tially significantcontributorstoemissions.Anumber mercial andresidentialheatingsourceswerepoten- considered thattheoilrefinery, andindustrial,com- nitrous oxide,and373tonsofparticulate.Thestudy were 4590tonsofsulphurdioxide,1716 which reportsthatthetotalBL&Pemissionsfor1992 Pan AmericanHealthOrganization(PAHO) study The EnvironmentalManagementPlancitesa1994 Barbados LightandPowerCompanyLtd.(BL&P). ured primarilywithrespecttotheoperationsof quently beasourceofairpollutionaswell. canfre- within andoutsidelandfills.Heavyindustry trial stacks,aircraft,andtheburningofrefuseboth lems includingcanefires,vehicularexhaust,indus- craft, particularlyduringtake-off. sides; vehicularexhaust,industrialstacksandair- ic wasteindrainagesuckwells,gulliesandroad- many areasof theislandpersistent easterly tors relativetosources.It isrecognizedthatin oxides and50tonnesofleadtotheatmosphere. tonnes ofcarbonmonoxide,2.413nitrogen tributed 9,302tonnesofhydro-carbons,49,680 that emissionsfromvehiculartrafficannuallycon- breakdown ofthevehiclesbytypefor 3.6 personsinthepopulation.Figure8.1givesa vehicles ontheisland,anaverageofaboutoneper June 1999gaveatotalof73723registeredmotor With respecttomobilesources,vehiculartraffic With sourcesofairpollutionhavebeenmeas- Stationary The impactsofairpollutiondepend onlocalfac- The PAHO (1994)reportonairqualityestimated 8.3 ImpactsofAir Pollution This islargelyassociatedwithothersourceprob- 8.2.3 Smoke 1996 1999 3 . Datafor 4 . 75 Figure 8.1: Registered Motor Vehicles 1999

1360 PRIVATE MOTRO CARS

1232 5813 2299 981 BUSES

3288 LORRIES AND PICKUPS

VANS

HIRED CARS & TAXIS

MOTOR CYCLES

OTHER VEHICLES 55750

Source: Barbados Licensing Authority.

trade winds tend to assist in the rapid dispersion of general, so that appropriate policies and manage- pollutants5. It should be noted, however, that the ment procedures can be developed. trade winds can also spread smoke and particulate matter from cane fires and quarry operations west- The agency with the general mandate to monitor ward to the more densely populated areas. and control air quality in Barbados is the Environmental Engineering Division (EED) of the The central Bridgetown area, with its dense road Ministry of Physical Development and Environment. and housing systems and the confounding effects In 1993 the Division conducted air pollution moni- of buildings, is considered to be an area of high toring at the Grantley Adams Airport and in the ambient concentrations of pollution, especially from vicinity of the Barbados Light and Power Plant. It vehicular traffic6. In addition, except for the inciner- also set up a pilot monitoring study in 1994, which ator at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, the large sta- has since then been discontinued. The Division The Government of Barbados tionary sources of stack emissions are generally has been directed to implement a systematic and located on the windward coast, where advantage is ongoing programme of air quality monitoring, but taken of the offshore breeze. However, calm or has suffered from the persistent problem of insuffi- onshore winds are known to retain and bring pollu- cient capacity. tion from such sources onshore7. The 1992 Coastal Conservation Institutional While studies worldwide have linked the types of Strengthening study and the more recent 1998 pollutants mentioned to human health problems, no EMLUP study both made recommendations for studies have been conducted or data exist to capacity building of the EED to enable it to carry out establish such linkages locally. Anecdotal reports this important work in area of air quality manage- suggest that the incidence of respiratory symptoms ment and control. The EMLUP study recommends has increased in recent years. The rate of asthma, its restructuring to become the Environmental for example, is believed to be high by international Protection Unit (EPU) within the Ministry responsible standards. Establishing causes, however, is com- for environmental management, and supporting plicated by the range of factors that might be legislation has been prepared within the Draft involved, including pollen, seasonal Sahara dust Environmental Management Act. and indoor pollutants8. The draft Environmental Management Plan also 8.4 The Policy Response details an air quality monitoring programme to be implemented by the EED or proposed EPU. The There is clearly a dire need for reliable information programme is designed to provide data on ambient in this area and on ambient air quality parameters in air quality that could be used to9:

76 State of The Environment Report 2000 • GEO Barbados the industrialrevolution. Theresultisawarming of human activityhasincreased dramaticallysince amounts ofcarbondioxide intotheair. Such and thedestructionofforests, releaseshuge human activitysuchasthe burningoffossilfuels the earth’s atmosphere.Theproblem isthat act asablanketthatpreventsexcessivecoolingof vital tomaintaininglifeontheearth,becausethey nitrous oxide(N2O).Thesegreenhousegasesare include carbondioxide(CO2),methane(CH4),and phere, particularlythe"greenhousegases"which change thebalanceofgasesthatformatmos- human beingshavechanged,andcontinueto human activity. phenomena, andthroughchangesbroughtby as theintensity, duration andfrequencyofweather of naturalfluctuationsinclimaticparameterssuch on thenaturalandbuiltenvironmentbothasaresult It encompassestheimplicationsofclimatechange to increasedconcentrationsofgreenhousegases. accelerated warmingoftheearth’s atmospheredue to thephenomenonofclimatechangecausedby quality issuesinBarbados. prerequisiteforaddressingair EED isanecessary 1998, butitappearsnotyettohavestarted. Implementation wasenvisagedtooccurthroughout stacks, utilities,quarriesandlandfillsites. cific sourcessuchasfactoriesandemission expansion toincludeadditionalsites,includingspe- phase oftheprogramme,whichalsoallowsfor • • • • The internationalscientificconsensusisthat The term"climate"isusedinthissectiontorefer It seemsatthispointthatstrengtheningofthe Several siteshavebeenproposedfortheinitial phase outofleadintheenvironment. pollution abatementactivities,includingthe Provide ameasureoftheeffectivenessair health, propertyandvegetation, Support researchoneffectsofairpollution air qualityandemissions; Assist indeterminingappropriatestandardsfor pollution inBarbados; Determine thenature,extentandtrendsofair 8.5 ClimateChange could alsobenegativelyaffected tuations inrainfall,temperature,andsealevel- and humanhealth-allofwhicharesensitivetofluc- tourism, infrastructure,agriculture,waterresources, islands. Various socio-economicsectors,including quite dislocatingfortheinhabitantsofmanysmall • • impacts ofclimatechange,whichinclude: concernedaboutthepotential countries arevery cause sea-leveltorise. affecting weatherpatternsandagriculture, have prevailedforthousandsofyears,thereby expected tochangewindandrainfallpatternsthat oftheplanet.Thisis experienced inthehistory the earth’s atmosphereatarateneverbefore small. Barbados’percapitaCO bution toglobalgreenhousegasemissionsisquite tries candobywayofmitigation,sincetheircontri- littlethat smallislandcoun- strategies. Thereisvery takes theformofmitigationand/oradaptation CO Small IslandStates(AOSIS),was0.9metrictonsof island countriesthataremembersoftheAlliance 1996 theaveragepercapitaemissionsfor32 since 1970areshowninfigure8.2.Infact, preparation of aninstitutionalandplanning frame- of boththeanalysiscoastal impactsandinthe regard, Barbadosisalready well advancedinterms domestic policyhastobe adaptation.Inthis capita inthecaseofUSA. most developedcountriesandover19tonsper It iswidelypostulatedthatsomeeffectscouldbe Barbados andothersmallislanddeveloping Response totheproblemofclimatechange The emphasisforislandcountries withrespectto recharge andpublicwatersupply. impacts onagricultureandgroundwater and inprecipitationpatterns,withpotential frequency oftropicalstormsandhurricanes, the potentialforincreasesinintensityand Possible changesinweatherpatterns,including coastal floodingandshorelineinstability; level withassociatedpossibilitiesforincreased Acceleration intherateofchangemeansea 2 equivalent, comparedto6tonspercapitafor 8.6 PolicyResponseto Climate Change 2 10 emissions trends . 77 work for Coastal Zone Management. In the last two A Global Positioning System (GPS) has also been decades Barbados has undertaken three major installed and calibrated at the CZMU headquarters. coastal zone management projects - 1983-84, As a participant in the Global Level of Sea Surface 1991-95 and 1996-98 - with assistance from the (GLOSS) programme which coordinates global Inter-American Development Bank. These projects, monitoring of the sea surface, the GPS data is sub- which have included coastal vulnerability analyses, mitted to the US National Oceanic and have culminated in a Coastal Zone Management Atmospheric Association (NOAA) for processing. Plan for the entire coastline. Design standards for coastal structures and setbacks have been devel- At the international level, Barbados has ratified the oped, taking into account assumed future changes United Nations Framework Convention on Climate in sea level, flooding associated with 50-year and Change (FCCC), and is an active member of the 100-year storm events and, in the case of set- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change backs, projections for shoreline erosion. Setback (IPCC). Barbados participates regularly in the policies are also incorporated into the Physical Conferences of the Parties to the FCCC and its Development Plan (1998)12. subsidiary bodies, and does its part to keep the international community focused on adopting poli- In addition, at the regional level Barbados is cies that lead to the real and concrete reduction of participating in the GEF-funded project: global greenhouse gas emissions. Caribbean Planning for Adaptation to Climate Change. Barbados is the site of a pilot study on 8.7 Conclusion Coastal Vulnerability and Risk Assessment, in which the Coastal Management Unit (CZMU) is The subject of atmosphere and climate change responsible for monitoring sea level changes is, logically, a two-level one: a local issue - atmos- around the island. Three tidal gauges digitally pheric pollution, and a global issue - climate record tidal data which is analysed by the CZMU. change. On the former it is clear that, given the This data is also regularly submitted to the pace of physical and socio-economic development Permanent Service for Mean Sea level (PMSL) of the country, clean air can no longer be assured and the Tropical Ocean Global Atmospheric by natural processes alone. It is timely that imple- Project (TOGA). mentation of the recommendations of studies on the subject be actively considered. On the global The Government of Barbados

Figure 8.2: Total and Per Capita CO2 Emissions 1970 - 1997

Source: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Carbon Dioxide Data Analysis Center, 1999.

78 State of The Environment Report 2000 • GEO Barbados 12. see 1 above 1 see 12. from Emissions CO2 “National Center.Data Laboratory,1999. Analysis Dioxide National Carbon Ridge Oak Source: 11. island countries. be beyondthecapacityofnationalbudgets adaptation costs,whichatpresentareestimatedto that Barbadosmustplantoraisefundsmeet sea levelriseare,ineffect,delayed.Thismeans mate change,actionsthatwillhalttheimpactsof approaches tostemmingglobalwarmingduecli- heavily focusedonleast-cost,market-based their emissions.For, withthelargeemittersso gy topressurelargeremitterseffectivelyreduce island countrieslikeBarbadosistodeviseastrate- issue ofclimatechange,thekeychallengefor 10. IPCC 2001. 2001. IPCC 10. above. 1 See 9. above. 2 See 8. above. 1 See 7. Shier,1998a: and Willms 6. above. 1 See 5. Licensing Authority Barbados 4. Ibid. 3. the of part as conducted study pilot A Barbados”. for Indicators “Environmental 1996: Bank, Development Caribbean 2. Shier,1998a: and Willms 1. Notes http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ndp030/nation96.ems. at AvailableFlaring.” Gas and report], this for [omitted Manufacturing Cement Burning, Fossil-fuel States. Island Small on UN Commission on Sustainable Development’s Environmental Indicators Programme. Indicators Environmental Development’s Sustainable on Commission UN studies. EMLUP the of part as Special ReportonTheRegional Impacts ofClimateChange: An Assessment ofVulnerability Environmental andNaturalResourcesManagementPlan Environmental andNaturalResourcesManagementPlan , citing PAHOciting 1994. , of Government the for Prepared . . Chapter (9) Chapter . 79

State of The Environment Report 2000 • GEO Barbados Mangrove Pondlandfillsite of perdayoveraseven-dayperiod,atthe 265 tonnesofmunicipalsolidwasteweredisposed Study conductedfortheGovernment,revealedthat ongoing IntegratedSolidWaste Management ducted byStanleyAssociatesin1993aspartofthe con- collection arestillquiterecent.Agatesurvey fact thateffortsatcomprehensivemanagementand appears tobelimited,however, dueperhapstothe Data onwastevolumesandcharacterization growing volumesofwastegeneratedbythepublic. not yetoperational. been constructedatGreenland,St.Andrew, butis Mangrove Pond,St.Thomas.Anewlandfillhas landfilling, withthemainfacilitybeinglocatedat options fordisposal. limitedphysicalandeconomical context ofvery waste, includinghazardouswithinthe ing anddisposingofincreasingvolumes ed attheBridgetownharbourfornationaldisposal. (MARPOL 73/78),ship-generatedwasteisaccept- Convention forthePreventionPollutionfromShips with itsobligationsundertheInternational management anddisposal.Further, incompliance volumes ofsolidwastethatpresentsproblems the localresidentpopulation,generatessignificant annual stay-overtouristarrivalsthatalmostdouble population densitywithinalimitedlandareaand consumer items.This,combinedwiththehigh large volumesofavarietypackagedfoodsand standard ofliving,italsoproducesandimports capita generated in 130 000tonnesor492kilograms ofwasteper provided inTable 9.1. composition andsectoralsources ofthiswasteis 9. WASTE MANAGEMENT A basicissueliesinassessingandhandlingthe The mainformofsolidwastedisposalisthrough Barbados isfacedwiththeproblemofmanag- Barbados enjoysahighpercapitaincome, Since thenanotherstudyhas estimatedatotalof 9.2 TheNature of 9.1 Introduction 1996 9.2.1 SolidWaste 1 . A Summary ofthe . ASummary the Problem 2 , representing an 1.44 millionU.S.gallonswere Spencer’s inChristChurchsince1982.In1992 Sewage Treatment Planthasbeendisposedofat of attheMangrovePondlandfill. Airport respectively. Theincineratorashisdisposed site attheBridgetownPortandGrantleyAdams and aircraft-generatedwaste,whichisincineratedon at aseparatesiteLonesomeHill,St.Peter. Ship- grease fromthepublicabattoir, whichisdisposedof 12.5 percentinsixyears mate, oranaveragepercapitarateofincrease increase of14percentoveranearlier(1990)esti- ed thatin1996737 over the1997totalof6,045loads waste disposalsite,an18.1percentincrease total of7140loadswerereceivedatthebulky generated fromconstructionsites.In1998a were collectedfordisposal.Bulkywasteisalso upon request.In1998,316derelictvehicles offered topersonswhohavederelictvehicles, vehicles. Additionally, are removalservices coverage andsystematicallyremovesabandoned Environment. TheProgrammeoffersislandwide ofPhysicalDevelopmentand Ministry Environmental EngineeringDivision(EED)ofthe removal programmeco-ordinatedbythe Thomas. Additionally, thereisaderelictvehicle Management Programme (ISWMP). addressed aspartoftheIntegrated SolidWaste The managementofhazardous waste,isbeing are consideredpartofthehazardous wastesteam,. metals andinkdyes. include: acids,alkalis,solvents,pesticides,heavy waste. Someofthepotentialhazardouswastes generating arecoverablesolidorliquidhazardous liquid orsolidcompoundswiththepotentialfor able residuals.43.4percentwasintheformof with littleornopotentialforgeneratingrecover- per centwereintheformofpressurizedgases rial movedthroughthePortAuthority. Ofthis56.6 Sewage sludgegeneratedbytheBridgetown Other formsofwastehandledincludebloodand The StanleyStudyonHazardousWaste report- Scrap metalisdisposedofatBagatelleinSt. Lead acidbatteries,usedoil, alongwithasbestos 9.2.2 Hazardous Waste 6 tonnes ofhazardousmate- 3 . generated 4 . 5 . 81 Table 9.1: Solid Waste Composition: 1994 Survey Results

Materials Categories SSA SSA Private Total MSW Residential Commercial Commercial (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg)

Paper 27,378 4,157 22,674 54,210 Plastics 16,241 1,895 4,790 22,926 Glass 9,700 509 3.653 13,862 Ferrous Metals 7,814 220 2,318 10,351 Non-Ferrous Metals 1,018 93 739 1,850 Organic (non-yard) Waste 52,826 2,927 30,973 86,726 Yard Waste 31,585 532 36,757 68,874 Other 2,769 71 2,268 5,108 Hazardous (including spent containers) 314 9 624 947 Special Wastes 0 0 281 281 Total Composition (Tonnes) 149.65 10.41 105.08 265.14

Source: Stanley and Associates Engineering Ltd. 1994. Integrated Solid Waste Management Programme: Technical Addendum No.1.

A medical waste management programme is • Trash left along highways and sidewalks by ven- being put in place through the collective efforts of dors and improper placement of garbage bins the personnel involved in the design and imple- by householders (to a lesser extent); mentation of the HIV Aids Programme and the ISWMP of the Ministry of Health. • Inadequate storage and covering of waste, The Government of Barbados including hazardous materials. 9.3 Impacts of the Problem Other impacts include vector control problems In spite of a long established system of waste including health issues, associated with mosqui- management which includes government pro- toes, rats and mice, and with illicit dumps and grammes as well as private entities and business stockpiles of vegetation, tires and old containers. houses, waste management has proven to be a The campaign against the dengue endemic has major challenge over the past decade. This is man- targeted the removal of such material that act as ifested in several ways including: breeding grounds for mosquitoes. Leachate infil- tration into the groundwater aquifer from illegal • Dumping by private citizens and business hous- dump sites in gullies is a persistent worry. es in gullies, quarries and on roadsides, both on a large and small scale. This however, has been 9.4 Policy Response a historical problem; Traditionally, in Barbados Solid Waste • Island wide littering caused by negligent dispos- Management had been the responsibility of various al of small items such as plastic cups, plates, agencies in the public sector principally because bags and take-away lunch boxes; solid waste management issues affect both health and environmental concerns. Most of these agen- • Large quantities of packaging, much of which is cies fall under the Ministry of Health, but there are non-biodegradable, generated through foreign agencies under other Ministries that hold responsi- imports and local producers and retailers; bility for some solid waste management issues.

82 State of The Environment Report 2000 • GEO Barbados • • physical andnon-physicalcomponents: the programme,whichcomprisesfollowing • • • • • • using anindependentconsultant. grated SolidWaste ManagementProgramme, American DevelopmentBanktoundertakeaninte- GOB enteredintoanagreementwiththeInter- hensive SolidWaste ManagementinBarbadosthe recycling. the appropriatetreatmentanddisposalincluding tices thatencouragewastereduction,re-useand of theprogrammeisbasedonsustainableprac- aging solidwasteontheisland.Themainobjective preparation ofalong-term(20-year)visionforman- is acomprehensiveproject,andprovidesforthe Programme (ISWMP)wasconceived.TheISWMP son, theIntegratedSolidWaste Management respect tosolidwastemanagement.Forthisrea- and inconsistentpolicyrecommendationswith duplication oftasks,overlappingresponsibilities, This ledtoalackofintegrationandco-ordination, Physical: Currently attentionisfocusedonimplementing The keyissuesthatwereidentifiedwere: In early1993,recognisingtheneedforcompre- these facilities; Conceptual designshave been preparedfor Waste StorageFacilityatVaucluse, St.Thomas. National CompostingFacility andHazardous Construction ofaWaste Transfer Station,a at Greenland,St.Andrew; Landfill Construction ofanewNationalSanitary mechanism. The needforacostrecovery The needfororganisationalchange,and Handling anddisposalofspecialwaste; Illegal dumping; Littering; and disposalofsolidwaste; Lack ofanintegratedapproachtocollection 9.4.1 Institutional • • • • • • a) TheSewerageandSolidWaste ProjectUnit ty forthemanagementofwastesinBarbados: Non-Physical: Several Governmentagenciesshareresponsibili- (i) SolidWaste get consumers,businessesandmanufacturers. Public education/awarenessprogrammesthattar- ble materials;and taxes, tippingfees,leviesandexportofrecycla- requirements oftheprogramme,including andtoencouragecompliancewiththe recovery Economic instrumentsandincentivesforcost the programme; legislation tosupporteffectiveimplementationof Policy developmentanddraftingofappropriate related towastemanagement; ofservices agencies responsiblefordelivery Institutional strengtheningofkeygovernment new facilities. to andfromthelandfill,transferstationother Various roadupgradestoaccommodatetraffic as needschange;and further constructionwilltakeplaceinthefuture, Bagatelle, St.Thomasiscurrentlyunderwayand Construction ofaBulkyWaste Facilityat ters international financingassociatedwith the Finance andEconomicAffairs (MFEA)adminis- of Division ofEconomicAffairs, oftheMinistry respect tosolidwastemanagement. The legislation andenvironmental educationwith the developmentofsolidwaste management Under theISWMP, theSSWPUischargedwith of thesecomponents. out thelong-termimplementation/management appropriate GovernmentAgenciesthatwillcarry hand overthevariouscomponentsto continues toimplementtheprogrammeandwill overall implementationoftheISWMP. TheUnit for establishingtheframeworkandinitial ofHealthisresponsible (SSWPU) oftheMinistry 9.4.2 Programmatic 83 Programme and offers advice and guidance in In addition to the above, a Chemical Substances respect of economic instruments and research Technical Working Group (CSTWG) was estab- in solid waste management. lished within the MPE with the specific mandate of developing a policy on the management of chemi- b) The Sanitation Service Authority (SSA) of the cals and hazardous substances. However haz- Ministry of Health has responsibility for the col- ardous waste will be handled as a solid waste mat- lection and disposal of Solid Waste from ter under the ISWMP. homes island wide as well as from govern- ment agencies. Additionally the SSA has a 9.4.3 Legislative Suppor commercial arm, which offers service to the private sector in addition to services offered A number of existing pieces of legislation exist to by private waste collectors. Under the address the various issues of solid waste manage- ISWMP, the SSA will be less involved in the ment. These include: disposal of waste, but will manage the private sector agency that will operate the disposal • The Health Services Act (Cap 44) and its asso- facilities. The SSA will retain responsibility for ciated collection and disposal of refuse regula- the collection of municipal solid waste. tions. The Act defines the regulatory framework for solid waste management in Barbados while c) The Environmental Engineering Division (EED) is the regulations address landfill siting, littering responsible for monitoring and enforcement issues and dumping, waste containment and waste that pertain to solid waste management. The collection and transportation. Importantly, Environmental Health Officers (EHOs) of the Ministry penalties are set for contravention of the Act. of Health assist with the monitoring and enforce- The Nuisance Regulation, The Rodent Control ment in respect of solid waste management. Regulation and the Disposal of Offensive Matter Regulation provide control over littering and d) The Office of the Attorney General drafts and dumping; revises solid waste management legislation and provides advice to Government with • The Underground Water Control Act regulates respect to legal issues in solid waste manage- disposal of sewerage or waste into the ground ment. In addition, a number of agencies such via water wells; The Government of Barbados as the Royal Barbados Police Force, Customs and Excise Department and the Barbados • The Returnable Containers Act (1987) creates a Defense Force, as well as the Judiciary, play system for recycling beverage containers; critical roles in the enforcement of solid waste management legislation. • The Environmental Levy Act (1996-8) which provides for the imposition and collection of a e) The Ministry of Public Works and Transport has levy on specific goods to assist in defraying dis- responsibility for road construction and mainte- posal costs, and to encourage Barbadians to nance of roads that lead to the disposal facilities. recycle;

(ii) Hazardous waste • The Marine Pollution Control Act (1999) address pollution of the marine environment from all Under the Solid Waste Management Programme sources; a Chemical Waste Storage facility is being con- structed to provide for appropriate safe storage of • The Sanitation Service Authority Act-Sanitation hazardous waste prior to its shipment off island as Service Authority (fees, Amendments) it is envisaged that under the ISWMP, that treatment Regulations (1996), which allows for the charge of hazardous waste will take place off island. of $25.00 per tonne for the deposit and dispos- Currently, chemical waste is treated and disposed al of refuse at any refuse disposal site; of locally where possible. For other cases arrange- ments have been established with external agen- • The Comprehensive Solid Waste Management cies to ship hazardous wastes abroad. Act now being promulgated will rationalize solid

84 State of The Environment Report 2000 • GEO Barbados but thismaycontaintoxiccomp industrial sectorproduceslessthanfivepercent, tals, governmentbuildings)over7percent.The per cent,andinstitutionalsources(schools,hospi- for thesouthandwestcoast,hotelsmorethan25 is estimatedtoproduceover50percentofthetotal from itscoolingoperations.Theresidentialsector coast wastewater-around440000m3perday estimated toproduceover80percentofallwest power generatingfacilityatSpringGarden,whichis posal ofwastewater. Themajorsourceisthe of coralreefshavebeenlinkedtoinadequatedis- .Ibid. 8. above 3 See 7. Ibid. 6. above. 1 See 5. 1998. Report, Social and Economic Barbados 4. col- in Bank Development Caribbean the by Prepared 1996. for study pilot Barbados: A for Indicators Environmental 1997. 3. Development, Sustainable on Commission UN the to Report National Barbados 2. TechnicalProgramme: WasteManagement Solid Integrated 1994. Ltd. Engineering and Associates Stanley 1. Notes lowed by12.3percentdeclinein1996forreasons 1993, andof38.2percentin1995.Thiswasfol- of over30percentyearbetween1990and data indicateanannualincreaseinsewagetreated Bridgetown plantlocatedatEmmerton.Available latrines mainlyinlowerincomeresidentialareas. plants usedbysomehotels,septictanks,andpit soakaways insandyareas,packagedtreatment are bysuckwells(holesdugintotheunderlyingcoral), established, themainformsofwastewaterdisposal • Contamination ofcoastalwatersanddeterioration The longestoperatedtreatmentfacilityisthe Along thecoastwhereasewagesystemisnotyet ly embodiedinlegislation. tal managementissues,whicharenotpresent- frameworksforenvironmen- establish regulatory Development andEnvironment(MPE) ofPhysical ments oftherestructuredMinistry will empowerthepresentandproposeddepart- The proposedEnvironmentalManagementAct other piecesofrelatedlegislation,and waste managementissuesandwillcomplement laboration with the Ministry of the Environment, Under the UNCSD Sustainable Development Programme. Development Sustainable UNCSD the Under Environment, the of Ministry the with laboration No.1. Addendum 9.5 Sewage/Waste Water ounds 7 . being discharged1.1kmouttosea. treatmentbefore metres inland,toundergoprimary the southerncoastline,extendingabout500 system sewageistobepipedfroma12kmstripof this stands ataprroximatelyBds.$165million!With should befullyfunctional.To datecostofworks respectively. By theendof2002system system were90and60percentcompleted work onpropertyconnectionandthecollection marine outfallwas100percentcompletewhile the endof2001,workontheatmentplantsand coast seweragesystemisnearingcompletion.At City ofBridgetownisalreadyseweredandasouth conditionsontheisland.The ally improvingsanitary venting contaminationofgroundwater, andgener- stemming thecontaminationofcoastalwater, pre- sewage disposalfacilities,withtheobjectiveof shore reefhabitatconditions. have contributedtorecentimprovementsinnear- area,andto 100 percentconnectioninitsservice that arenotclear dumping ontheisland. and toreducetheextentoflitteringillegal to fostermoreappropriatewastedisposalhabits, terms ofreducingthevolumewastegenerated, change consumerattitudesandbehavioursin sive publiceducationprogrammeisintendedto these policies. need tobeimportantaspectsofimplementationfor tion policies.Monitoringandenforcementwillstill control measureswithincentive-basedandeduca- seeks abalanceofconventionalcommandand There issignificanton-goinginvestmentin At thesametime,broadbased,comprehen- The newpolicyregimeforwastemanagement 8 . Thisplantisreportedtohave 9.6 Conclusion 85

State of The Environment Report 2000 • GEO Barbados of social,economic andenvironmentalissues into date. TheNSPaimstofacilitate theincorporation tion onsustainabledevelopment aspartofitsman- the Environment,facilitatesnational levelcoordina- Planning (EMLUP)study. sive EnvironmentalManagementandLandUse (NSP) process,andtheexecutionofacomprehen- the implementationofaNationalStrategicPlanning Commission onSustainableDevelopment(NCSD), comprising theestablishmentofaNational to establishsuchanapproachthroughaframework the country’s long-termdevelopment.Ithassought principles innationalplanningisequallyimportantto approach thatintegratessustainabledevelopment ernment ofBarbadoshaslongrecognizedthatan tive environmentalmanagementsystem,thegov- issues coveredinthisreportarecriticaltoaneffec- various stagesofimplementation. erated specificpolicyrecommendationsthatarein sources. Inanyevent,alltheseinitiativeshavegen- fisheries managementandrenewableenergy • • • • • point include: tection oftheBarbadosenvironment.Casesin the lasttenyears,thataugurwellforfuturepro- are beingimplementedorhavetakenplaceover report thatanumberofforwardlookinginitiatives 10. IMPERATIVES FORACTION The NCSD, an advisory bodytotheMinisterof The NCSD,anadvisory While continuousassessmentofthesectoral There arealsoimportantinitiativesintheareasof It isclearfromtheinformationpresentedinthis Biodiversity StrategyandActionPlan. studyandtheNational The Biodiversitycountry train fortheWest coast;and Bridgetown andtheSouthcoastnowin The SewageTreatment Systemsestablished for Programme; The IntegratedSolidWaste Management Loss Studies; The Water ResourcesManagement andWater mentation; institutional structureandlegislationforitsimple- ICZM Planfortheentirecoastlineaswell (ICZM) programmewhichhasnowproducedan The IntegratedCoastalZoneManagement • • • • • ed to: outputs ofthisprojectincluded,butwerenotlimit- an integrativeframeworkformovingforward.The Sustainable Development(EMLUP),whichoffersup Management andLandUsePlanningfor the comprehensivestudyonEnvironmental of theGovernmentBarbados. one oftheimperativesforfutureactiononpart basis, theNationalIndicatorsProgrammemustbe environmental managementandplanning.Inthis appropriate andeffectivepoliciesstrategiesfor state oftheenvironment,anddevelopment ters arevitalfortheaccurateassessmentof Reports. Reliabledataonenvironmentalparame- ing ofthisandsubsequentStatetheEnvironment ultimately beavaluableassetintheperiodicupdat- which adatabaseiscurrentlybeingdeveloped,will determine theirtechnicalfeasibility. Thisactivity, for distilled 170indicatorsthatarenowbeingtestedto on SustainableDevelopment,thisprogrammehas Social Affairs(UNDESA)withintheUNCommission Conducted bytheUnitedNationsDepartmentof Sustainable DevelopmentIndicatorsProgramme. NCSD, mentionmustbemadeoftheNational ronmental issuesinthecountry. tuted anin-depthlookatthebroadrangeofenvi- more dynamicway;andtheEMLUPstudyconsti- changes attheregionalandinternationallevelsina national developmentplanning,andtorespond Perhaps themostcross-cuttingefforttodateis Of theimportantworkbeingconductedunder tion; and ecosystems andproposals fortheirprotec- an assessmentandclassification ofsensitive A NationalParkDevelopment Planincluding procedures andactionofall relevantagencies; Management thattargetsintegrationofpolicies, An InstitutionalFrameworkforEnvironmental enforcement procedures; Comprehensive environmentallegislationwith sustainability; vides anintegrativeapproachtoenvironmental An EnvironmentalManagementPlanthatpro- vides detailedguidanceonlanduseplanning; A revisedPhysicalDevelopmentPlanthatpro- 87 • Establishment of a Geographic Information • Establishment of a comprehensive air quality System as the foundation for the development monitoring and data collection programme. See and maintenance of a long-term National the section on atmosphere and climate; and Natural Resources Data Base of biophysical, cultural an other planning-related information. • Continue to pursue the development of a policy and programme on the management of chemi- The products of this study are still in a phase of cals and hazardous substances already initiated review and approval, with concrete decisions yet to by the Ministry of the Environment. be taken on aspects that would then initiate signifi- cant progress in other areas. Enactment of the One area of need that cuts across the themes draft legislation and establishment of the institution- presented in the report, is the need for a broad- al structure, for example, would provide the author- based education and public awareness pro- itative foundation for implementing the gramme on the environment, its state and its impor- Environmental Management Plan. tance and role in the livelihoods and quality of life of the people. The Ministry of Physical Development A near-term imperative for action, therefore, is the and Environment, through the National Commission articulation of firm policy decisions regarding the on Sustainable Development, is currently preparing products of the Environmental Management and a National Policy on Sustainable Development. The Land Use Planning Studies. policy aims to sensitise all persons about the need to make wise choices daily, at the individual, house- In addition to this, several specific areas need hold, business, community and national levels, attention. The basic studies used in preparing because these choices affect national develop- the report identify areas where action is neces- ment. This is an important goal because it not only sary. The Environmental Management Plan incor- recognizes that sustainability, and thus effective porates the recommendations of the relevant environmental management, is not achievable with- studies to produce a series of "Recommended out people/community participation, but it also rec- New Management Actions" for improvement of ognizes that without the appropriate level of aware- the environment along a number of themes, ness and education, the people cannot effectively including those used in this report. Apart from the participate. institutional and regulatory needs, there is a gen- The Government of Barbados eral need for data to better assess the state of various aspects of the environment, particularly for periodic reporting, and to generate the infor- mation needed for policy development and action. Among the major needs are:

• An up to date census of agricultural landuse - along the lines of the 1989 agricultural census;

• An assessment of reserves of non-hydrocarbon minerals - clay, sand, limestone - and projec- tions of future demands;

• Establishment of a monitoring and data collec- tion system on soil erosion and soil loss in both the limestone regions and the Scotland District;

• Preparation of a comprehensive ground water monitoring programme that, among other Government of Barbados things, track trends in water quality parameters and establish the effectiveness of existing, or need for additional, pollution control measures;

88

The Government of Barbados State of The Environment. Report 2000 • GEO Barbados Headley,(1996). O. Fisheries Barbados 1997. Development, Rural and Agriculture of Ministry Division, Fisheries pre- report Draft 1996. for Study Pilot a Barbados: for Indictors Environmental (1997). Crowards of Ministry and UWI, Studies) Environmental and Management Resource for (Center CERMES the at presented Paper Management.” Quality Water “Sustainable Authority. Water Barbados and Development Resources Water for Framework Policy “Draft Authority. Water Barbados lh-rpe Cnutns t. nAscain ih tne soits niern Ld (1997). Ltd. Engineering Associates Stanley with Association in Ltd. Consultants Klohn-Crippen aaeet ln Shms o te aaeet n Dvlpet f ihre i the in Fisheries of Development and Barbados. Watersof Management the for Schemes Plan: Management the of Ministry the with collaboration in Bank Development Programme. Indicators Development Sustainable National the under Environment, Caribbean the by pared Energy. Physical Development and Environment, (1999). Draft Proposal for Centre for Renewable 1996/7. November Development, Sustainable on Consultation National Barbados 1997. 12, Barbados, August of Government Management inBarbados.”PaperpresentedtothePlanningandPrioritiesCommitteeof ae Ls Suis Brao Wtr uhrt / iity f aor Pbi Works, Public Labour, of Ministry / Authority Water Barbados Sports. and Development Community Studies. Loss Water and Management Resources Water the for Analysis Yield Reliable Task2: on Report Draft 1996. Development, Sustainable on Consultation REFERENCES Energy for Sustai nable Development. Presentation to the Barbados National Barbados the to Presentation Development. nable 91 ______1997. Report on Task 3: "Water Quality Analysis."

Klohn-Crippen Consultants Ltd. in Association with Stanley Associates Engineering Ltd. (1998). Water Resources Management and Water Loss Studies. Barbados Water Authority / Ministry of Labour, Public Works, Community Development and Sports.

Mahon, R.; Murphy, F.; Murray, P.; Rennie, J and Willoughby, S (1990). Temporal Variability of Catch and Effort in Pelagic Fisheries in Barbados, , St. Lucia and St. Vincent: with particu- lar reference to the problem of low catches in 1989. Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations, FI:TCP/RLA/8963, Field Document 2, Barbados, March 1990.

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2001). Special Report on The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability.

Ministry of Health and the Environment. Barbados National Report to the UN Commission on Sustainable Development, 1997. The Government of Barbados

Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs (1999). Barbados Economic and Social Report 1998.

Ministry of Public Works, Transport and Housing (1996). Habitat II: the Barbados National Report and Plan of Action.

Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Carbon Dioxide Data Analysis Center. (1999). National CO2

Emissions from Fossil-fuel Burning, Cement Manufacturing [omitted for this report], and Gas Flaring. Available at http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ndp030/nation96.ems.

Simmons and Associates (1998a). National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan Technical Report: Executive Summary. Prepared for the Government of Barbados, Ministry of Health and the Environment.

92 State of The Environment. Report 2000 • GEO Barbados World Bank (2000). Country Brief : OECS and Barbados. at: Availableand OECS : Brief Country (2000). Bank World Sustainable for Planning Use Land and Management Environmental (1998b). Shier and Willms Sustainable for Planning Use Land and Management Environmental (1998a). Shier and Willms Sustainable for Planning Use Land and Management Environmental (1997b): Shier and Willms Sustainable for Planning Use Land and Management Environmental (1997a): Shier and Willms UNESCO (1998). Caribbean – coral Coastal reef, region seagrass and mangrove sites. CARICOMP Stanley and Associates Engineering Ltd. (1994). Integrated Solid Waste Management Programme: Simmons and Associates (2000). Barbados National Report to the Conference of the Parties to the Simmons and Associates (1998b). National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan Technical Report: http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/. the and Health of Ministry the for Prepared Environment. Report Information. Planning-Related other and Cultural Biophysical, Base: Data Resources Natural National The Development: of Government Plan. Management Barbados. Resources Natural and Environmental Development: Environment. the and Health of Development: Working PaperonEnvironmentalLawsofBarbados.PreparedfortheMinistry Environment. the and Health of Ministry the for Prepared Report Trends.and Conditions Socio-economic Development: http://www Paris. at: AvailableUNESCO, 3, papers island small and of Government Health, of Ministry the for Barbados. prepared Report No.1. Addendum Technical of Ministry Environment. the and Health Barbados, of Government the for Prepared Diversity. Biological on Convention the and Environment. Health of Ministry Barbados, of Government the for Prepared Resources. Marine .unesco,org/csi/pub/papers/papers3.html 93 The Government of Barbados

94 State of The Environment Report 2000 • GEO Barbados odce a te nvriy f h Ws Ide wt spot rm h LtnAeia Energy American Latin the from support with Indies Orgainsation (OLADE). was West countries the regional of from University participants the for at power conducted photovoltaic solar on workshop a 1994 In renewable a energy parkwhereseveral cleantechnologieswillbeutilizedanddemonstrated. establishing is UWI, the for assistance with Andrew, St. in cooperative farmer’s A been has and Cave, Harrison’s at lights the power operating sinceDecember1999. This isalsoagrid-tiedsystem. to up set been has system PV kW 17.3 A at oneoftheirinstallations. This willbetiedintotheisland’s electric grid. up set be to is which system PV 2kW a acquired has Company Power and Light Barbados been The have drying crop solar and heating water solar conducted inseveralCaribbeancountries. distillation, solar in courses Training 20 beingbuiltfortheFacultyofScienceand Technology attheUWI. Thirteen (13)solarstillshavebeenconstructedforsecondaryschoolsinBarbados,withafurther Indies West the of University the at running now (UWI), CaveHill. is PV by powered maker ice solar kW 1.1 A financially viable,thissourceofelectricitycanbeexpanded. kept be can industry sugar the if and, bagasse from electricity their all generate factories Sugar the check to device demonstration a feasibility ofgeneraatingelectricityfromwind. as Lucy St. in Lamberts at turbine wind kW 250 a up set Bank Development Inter-American the from funding with Barbados, of Government the 1986 In in hotels and businesses homes, James HusbandsofSolarDynamicsandMr. PeterHoyosofSunPower. on installed heaters Mr. with 1970s the in started was industry water This operation. in manufacturers three with Barbados solar 31,000 over are There Government Laboratory, CullodenRoad. the and Hall Graeme of Agriculture, Ministry the at chillers adsorption on based conditioning air solar up set to technology Isreali used Government Barbados the seventies mid-nineteen the In electricity production. solar and solar for power cooling (PV) photovoltaic used recently more has and devices thermal solar with solar cooking drying, crop research, solar done distillation, has solar Indies on Westwork outreach the and of development University the at Project Energy Solar the 1969 Since Barbados onsolarcropdryingandwindpowerforpumping. In the1960sBraceResearchInstituteofMcGillUniversitydidresearchanddevelopmentworkin again onDecember5,1999. cane sugar ground it years fifty in time first the for restored; completely now is Lewis Morgan at windmill eighteenth-century the and ground century seventeenth the from Windmills Appendix 1:ExperimentsinRenewableEnergyTechnologies inBarbados APPENDICES 95 Appendix 2: The Biodivesity of Graeme Hall Swamp

List of Fish Species Atherinomorus sp. Erotelis smaragdus Poecillia reticulata Caranx bartholomaei Gobionellus boleosoma Poecillia sphenops Caranx latus Gobionellus fasciatus (Gobionellus) Polycentropsis abbreviata Centropomus sp. Megalops atlanticus Polycentropsis abbreviata Cichlasoma bimaculatus Mugil curema Polycentrus shomburgki Cichlasoma octofasciatum Mugil sp. Rivulus marmoratus Euinostomus gula Oreochromis aureus Sphyraena sp. Euinostomus sp. Oreochromis mossambicus Elops saurus Poecillia latipinna List of Crustaceans Callinectes sappidus Geocarcinidiae Uca pugnax Cardiosoma Paguridae Xiphocaris elongate Cyclopidae Palaemon pandaliformis Cyrinus carpio Machrobrachium faustinum List of Aquatic Flora Macroscopic Vegetation Filementous Green Algae Phytoplankton Ceratophyllum Oedogonium Amphiprora Chara Spirogyra Cryptomonas Lemna Ulothrix Cyclotella Lotus Nitzschia Nymphaea Oscillatoria Pistia Ruppia List of Insects and Amphibians Insects Amphibians Gerris Bufo marinus Eleutherodactylus martinicensis The Government of Barbados Source: National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, Technical Report: Marine Resources, 1998.

Appendix 3: Shrimp Biodiversity

3a: List of Shrimp in Fresh Water Catchments

Atya innocous Macrobrachium Macrobrachium crenulatum heterochirus Macrobrachium faustinum Palaemon aztecus subtilis Macrobrachium acanthurus Palaemon pandaliformis Macrobrachium carcinus Xiphocaris elongata

Source: National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, Technical Report: Marine Resources, 1998.

96 State of The Environment Report 2000 • GEO Barbados 3b: uppe it permanent silty permanent Culpepper silty Three Houses permanent muddy/silty Consett Bay permanent rocky permanent none sandy/silty muddy Bathsheba none Hillaby none muddy ShrimpSpecies muddy ConnectiontotheSea Substrate Type Bawdens Green Pond Location Source: Shrimp inPermanentWater Catchments

National BiodiversityStrategyand Action Plan, Technical Report:MarineResources,1998. Macrobrachium faustinum Macrobrachium crenulatum Macrobrachium carcinus Xiphocaris elongata Atya innocous Macrobrachium heterochirus Macrobrachium faustinum Macrobrachium crenulatum Macrobrachium carcinus Xiphocaris elongata Atya innocous Macrobrachium heterochirus Macrobrachium faustinum Macrobrachium crenulatum Macrobrachium carcinus Xiphocaris elongata Atya innocous Macrobrachium heterochirus Macrobrachium faustinum Macrobrachium crenulatum Macrobrachium carcinus Xiphocaris elongata Atya innocous Macrobrachium heterochirus Macrobrachium faustinum Macrobrachium crenulatum Macrobrachium carcinus Xiphocaris elongata Atya innocous Macrobrachium crenulatum Macrobrachium carcinus Xiphocaris elongata Atya innocous Macrobrachium faustinum Macrobrachium crenulatum Macrobrachium carcinus Macrobrachium faustinum Macrobrachium crenulatum 97 Appendix 4: Species Found in the Rocky Intertidal

4a: Rocky Cliffs List of Algae Bostrychia tenella Polysiphonia howei Cyanophyta Sargassum Chlorophyta Lithothamniun sp

Enteromorpha lingulata The Government of Barbados List of Cnidarians Bunodactis stelloides Bunodosoma kukenthali Phymanthus crucifer Bunodosoma cavernata Palythoa variabilis Zoanthus pulchellus List of Crustaceans Calcinus tibicen Eriphia gonagra Lithotrya dorsalis Clibanarius tricolor Ligia gracilis List of Mollusks Acanthopleura granulata Litiorina ziczac Tectarius tuberculatus Acmaea jamaicensis Nerita versicolor Tertraclita squamosa Chiton marmoratus Nerita peloronta Thais floridana Fissurella barbadensis Nerita tessellata Thais patula Leucozonia ocellata Spiroglyphus irregularis List of Other Species Annelids Phragmatopoma californica, Spriobranchus giganteus Bryozoan unidentified Coral Siderastrea radians Echinoderms Echinometre lucunter Holothuria glaberrima Fish Small cling fish unidentified Sponges unidentified

Source: National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, Technical Report: Marine Resources, 1998.

98 State of The Environment Report 2000 • GEO Barbados 4c: Low-Lying Platforms 4b: PebbleBeaches eiavrioo lnxsncet Thaisfloridana Tegula excavata Tectarius tuberculatus Tectarius muricatus Planaxisnucleit Planaxislineatus Nitidellalaevigata Nitidellaocellata Cnidarians List ofOtherSpecies Nerita versicolor Nerita tessellate Melampus coffeus Chiton tuberculatus List ofMollusks isrlabraess eiatselt Thaisfloridana Petaloconchus Tripneustes Echinometra Echinoderms Neritinapupa Spiroglyphus Annelids Neritatessellate Cnidarian Littorinamaleagris Ulva Tetraclita squamosa Lithotryadorsalis porcellanidcrab Algae List ofOtherSpecies Isognomon listeri Fissurella barbadensis Acmaea jamaicensis List ofMollusks esculenus Clibanarius tricolor lucunter Calcinus tibicen List ofCrustaceans irregularis lactuca Fish Echinoderms Crustacaeans Source: Source: Coralline algae

National BiodiversityStrategyand Action Plan, Technical Report:MarineResources, 1998. National BiodiversityStrategyand Action Plan, Technical Report:MarineResources,1998. Spirobranchus giganteus Zoanthus pulchellus Diadema antillarum Gobiesox sp. Holothuria glaberrima Clibanarius tricolor Bunodosoma stelloides Bunodosoma kukenthali Bunodosoma cavernata

Thais deltoidea 99 4d: Fish Found in Tidepools

True Residents Partial Residents Ahlia egmontis Abudefduf spp Apogon maculatus Acanthurus bahianus Arcos rubiginosus Allanetta harringtonensis Barbulifer antennatusa Antennarius multiocellatus Bathygobius curacao Canthigaster rostrata Cerdale floridana Caranx latus Echidna catenata Chaetodon striatus Enchelychore spp Epinephelus adscensionis Ginsburgellus novemlineatus Haemulon aurolineatum Gobiosoma hildbrandi Halichoeres maculipinna Gymnothorax spp. Halichoeres bivittatus Hypsoblennius exstochilus Halichoeres radiatus Labriosomus nigricinctus Halichoeres pictus Labriosomus nuchipinnis Holocentrus ascensionis Labriosomus bucciferus Holocentrus bullisi Labriosomus gobio Holocentrus rufus Labriosomus guppyi Holocentrus vexillarius Lythrypnus sp. Mugil liza Malacoctenus aurolineatus Opistognathus maxillosus Malacoctenus erdmani Pomacentrus dorsopunicans Malacoctenus triangulatus Pomacanthus paru Malacoctenus gilli Pseudupeneus maculatus edwardsi Rypticus saponaceus Myrichthys acuminatus Scorpaenodes caribbaeus Myrophis sp. Sparisoma spp. Ogilbia spp. Sphoeroides spengleri Ophioblennius atlanticus Stromateidae Paraclinus nigripinnis Syngnathus dunckeri Paraclinus cingulatus Thalassoma bifasciatum

Scorpaena plumieri The Government of Barbados Starksia sluteri Starksia sp. Stathmonotus stahli Stegastes partitus

Source: National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, Technical Report: Marine Resources, 1998.

Appendix 5: List of Fish Species 5a: Most Frequently Caught Fish in Shallow-shelf Reef Fishery

Goatfish Mulloidichthys martinicus Groupers Cephalopholis fulva Epinephelus adscensionis Grunts Haemulon chrysargyreum Haemulon flavolineatum Parrotfishes Sparisoma aurofrenatum Sparisoma viride Squirrelfishes Holocentrus ascensionis Myripristis jocobus Holocentrus rufus Surgeonfishes Acanthurus bahianus Acanthurus coeruleus

Source: National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, Technical Report: Marine Resources, 1998.

100 State of The Environment Report 2000 • GEO Barbados 5b: TheBy-catchoftheShallow-shelfReefFishery Source: Ltau ou Ocyuruschrysurus Rhomboplitesaurorubens Lutjanussynagris Lutjanusmohogoni Sparisomarubripenne Lutjanusjocu Triggerfish Searustaeniopterus Paranthiasfurcifer Tilefish Searusguacamaia Surgeonfish Lycodontis Mycteropercainterstitialis moringa Mycteropercabonaci Haemulonaurolineatum Scyllaridaesp. Snappers Soapfish Epinephalusguttatus Sea chub Epinephalusflavolimbatus Porcupinefish Epinephaluscruentatus Damselfish Parrotfish Panulirusargus Moray Grunts Groupers Holocanthustricolor Goatfish Gastropoda Filefish Crustacea Croaker Conger Boxfish Butterflyfish Bigeye Angelfish/rock beauty Blse eua Melichthysniger Clepticusparrai Balistesvetula Wrasses

National BiodiversityStrategyand Action Plan, Technical Report:Marine Resources,1998. Lcdni uers Lycodontis vicinus Lycodontid funebris Priacanthuscruentatus amlnabm Haemulonsciurus Haemulonalbum Rhinesomustriqueter Malacanthus plumieri ltrsshef Cantherhinuspullus Aluterusschoepfi Eutspntts Pogoniascromis Equetuspunctatus Pseudopeneusmaculatus

oinsrfs Haliochoeresradiatus Bodianusrufus Rypticus saponaceus ersceues Searusvetula Searuscoeruleus Ltau ucnla Lutjanusvivanus Lutjanusbuccanella emtlpsiems Hypoplectuspuella Dermatolepisinermis Kyphosus sectatrix Lpou p Panulirusguttatus Lepdotussp. Congertriporiceps aitscpics Canthidermissufflamen Balistescapriscus bdfu aaii Microsapathodonchrysurus Abudefdufsaxatilis Catdncpsrts Chaetodonstriatus Chaetodoncapistratus Octopussp Acanthuruschirurgus Diodon hystrix ooatu iirs Pomocanthus paru Holocanthusciliaris 101 5c: Lobsters Caught in Lobster Fishery Fishery

Target Species Panulirus argus Panulirus guttatus By-catch Panulirus laevicauda Slipper lobster

Source: National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, Technical Report: Marine Resources, 1998.

5d: List of Turtles Caught

Target Species Eretmochelys imbricata Chelonia mydas By-catch Dennochelys coriacea Caretta caretta

Source: National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, Technical Report: Marine Resources, 1998.

5e. Fish Caught in Deep-slope and Bank-reef Fisheries

Target Species Etelis oculatus Lutjanus vivanus Rhomboplites aurorubens By-catch Caranx lugubris Seriola dumerili Serranidae sp.

Source: National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, Technical Report: Marine Resources, 1998.

5f: Fish Caught in Coastal Pelagic Fishery

Anchovies Anchoa hepsetus Anchoa lyolepis Ballyhoo Hemiramphas spp. 2 species unidentified

Baracuda Sphynaena spp. The Government of Barbados Gaffishs 3 species not identified Herrings Harengula humeralis Jenkinsia lamprotaenia Harengula jaguana Jacks Caranx latus Caranx ruber Caranx rubber Seriola dumerili Robins or scads Decapterus spp. Species unidentified Silversides Atherinidae spp.

Source: National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, Technical Report: Marine Resources, 1998.

5g: Fish Caught in Offshore Pelagic Fishery

Target Species Caribbean stocks Acanthocybium solandri Scomberomorus spp Coryphaena hippurus Hunnus atlanticus Western Atlantic stocks Katsuwonus pelamus Tetrapturus pfluegeri Istiophorus albicans Thunnus albacares Makaira nigricans Tetrapturus albidus Thunnus obesus Xiphias gladius

By-catch Elasmobranchii spp

Source: National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, Technical Report: Marine Resources, 1998.

102 State of The Environment Report 2000 • GEO Barbados Census Years 1970,1980,and1990 1a: PopulationbySexand Age Group 0 . 27 5.0 3.8 2.7 2.7 7.7 6.5 - - 4.8 4.7 - 4.9 3.7 3.5 136.0 5.5 3.9 124.7 8.5 5.9 8.2 262.8 4.6 7.9 0.8 8.8 5.1 10.1 12.1 7.6 11.0 130.3 5.1 1.0 10.8 12.0 9.3 4.9 15.5 1.8 118.2 6.6 11.1 247.5 5.6 4.0 21.4 12.2 5.1 17.4 23.1 11.2 9.0 3.8 11.8 5.4 125.7 0.9 4.2 11.3 8.7 24.1 11.8 3.9 5.9 112.0 9.8 22.5 1990 8.0 10.7 1.5 8.2 10.6 9.0 237.7 4.5 12.0 9.7 5.0 11.0 2.4 5.1 10.7 9.9 23.8 2.4 10.7 5.5 9.9 4.2 7.9 21.7 13.0 21.3 6.1 11.0 10.4 5.6 4.5 19.6 10.2 16.1 9.2 13.8 TOTAL 4.8 12.7 6.2 20.9 4.3 10.0 12.9 Not Stated 12.7 5.8 25.7 10.9 14.0 80+ 4.5 10.5 5.8 9.9 12.9 75-79 4.3 27.8 12.8 6.3 10.7 70-74 4.8 25.8 10.7 9.6 1980 25.5 10.1 60-64 5.7 21.2 10.6 12.9 55-59 9.9 Female 12.0 Male 15.2 50-54 15.5 12.8 19.5 BothSexes 45-49 12.7 15.0 15.7 Female 25.7 40-44 13.0 30.2 Male 31.2 35-39 BothSexes 25.7 30-34 Female Male 25-29 1970 BothSexes 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4 Age Group Source:

Ministry ofFinanceandEconomic Affairs: BarbadosEconomicandSocialReport, 1999. Annex 1: TTSIA ANNEX STATISTICAL Socio Economics 103 1b: Population, Rates of Birth, Death and Infant Mortality 1978-1999

Year Resident Birth Rate Death Rate Rate of Infant Rate of Population natural mortality population at December 31 increase on growth (‘000 persons) (Per 1000 pop.) (Per 1000 pop.) (Per 1000 pop.) (Per 1000 Births) % 1978 248.2 17.4 8.4 9.0 27.0 0.3 The Government of Barbados 1979 248.8 17.2 8.6 8.6 24.0 0.2 1980 249.4 16.6 8.1 8.5 24.5 0.2 1981 250.5 17.6 7.4 10.2 16.0 0.4 1982 251.2 17.8 8.0 9.8 13.5 0.2 1983 251.8 17.9 8.2 9.7 24.5 0.4 1984 255.8 16.7 7.8 8.9 18.4 0.3 1985 257.0 16.7 8.3 8.4 17.8 0.4 1986 258.0 15.7 8.4 7.3 19.0 0.4 1987 258.8 14.8 8.5 6.3 22.2 0.3 1988 259.4 14.5 8.6 5.8 19.5 0.2 1989 260.3 15.5 8.8 6.7 18.2 0.2 1990 260.8 16.5 8.2 8.0 15.5 0.5 1991 262.5 16.2 8.7 7.5 15.3 0.4 1992 263.1 15.6 9.0 6.8 13.8 0.2 1993 263.9 14.3 9.1 5.2 9.8 0.3 1994 264.3 13.4 8.9 4.5 8.5 0.2 1995 264.4 13.1 9.4 3.7 13.2 0.4 1996 266.6 13.3 9.1 4.2 14.2 0.1 1997 266.1 14.3 8.7 5.6 13.2 0.6 1998 266.8 13.6 9.3 4.3 7.8 0.4 1999P 267.4 14.5 9.0 5.5 10.0 0.2

Source: Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs: Barbados Economic and Social Report, 1999.

104 State of The Environment Report 2000 • GEO Barbados 1c: SelectedTourism Indicators 99 12 343 na 577 432854 506610 517888 509975 484670 459503 517870 399702 512397 472290 428611 372140 447083 362611 442107 425630 n.a 385472 5.9 291053 6.6 395979 337100 394222 228778 6.9 432092 145335 7.6 7.1 112222 99168 6.9 451485 7.0 461259 6.9 421859 102519 6.8 1354.3 369770 110743 1405.7 1314.4 359135 135782 6.7 367625 156461 1288.6 7.1 11.2 110073 1196.0 6.5 1223.6 328325 12.3 6.5 13.8 303778 125988 925.0 1055.9 6.3 352555 13.9 919.5 7.1 369915 978.0 14.5 370916 1999P 7.7 14.0 1998R 8.3 13.0 316883 1997 918.5 11.8 9.6 1055.6 1996 757.2 9.8 5.8 1995 647.3 9.9 9.8 1994 618.1 9.1 11.9 1993 560.7 11.8 1992 503.2 10.8 1991 502.2 10.2 1990 523.7 10.3 1989 473.7 10.0 369.7 1988 9.8 1987 271.5 10.2 1986 12.1 1985 11.7 1984 12.0 1983 11.6 1982 1981 1980 1979 1978 Source: er Saeo Ttl vrg Arrivals Average Lengthof Total Expenditure($M) GDP (%) *Shareof Year

Barbados EconomicandSocialReport andBarbadosStatisticalService;*GDP atFactorcost Stays (nights) Stay-over Visitors

Cruise Passengers 105 Annex 2: Land Resources

Soil Erosion in The Scotland District (tons/ha/year) (24 m3 plots)

BARE PLOTS Year Clays Loams Muds Sands 1985-1986 436.1 89.56 26.86 9.51 1986-1987 760.07 359.65 94.01 97.20 1897-1988 223.13 175.24 39.24 22.28 1988-1989 158.6 158.2 130.51 46.12 1989-1990 20.05 101.46 3.3 2.43

GRASSED PLOTS 1985-1986 67.19 33.63 0.06 0.01 1986-1987 7.45 2.2 0.58 2.35 1897-1988 10.18 0.84 0.05 0.53 1988-1989 42.63 1.63 0.67 1.56 1989-1990 3.19 0.18 0.26 1.05

Source: Soil conservation Unit, Ministry of Agriculture, 1992.

Annex 3: Minerals and Energy Resources The Government of Barbados 3a: Index of Industrial Production 1984 - 1999 Average 1982 = 100

Year Total All Industries Mining and Quarrying Electricity and Gas Total Manufacturing Weights 1000 53 102 845 1984 108.2 161.6 121.7 103.2 1985 104.6 174.0 130.2 97.2 1986 110.1 163.2 137.1 103.4 1987 104.7 151.0 142.7 97.2 1988 111.1 141.3 154.9 103.9 1989 115.0 132.9 159.3 108.6 1990 119.4 136.7 161.1 113.3 1991 116.4 130.4 165.1 109.7 1992 108.7 119.8 167.3 100.9 1993 105.7 119.8 168.1 97.3 1994 111.5 123.5 174.6 103.1 1995 119.9 124.1 186.5 111.6 1996 120.7 124.2 193.6 111.7 1997 125.5 128.9 201.0 116.2 1998 134.3 175.6 218.8 121.5 1999P 204.5 204.5 230.5 119.4

Source: Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs: Barbados Economic and Social Report 1999

106 State of The Environment Report 2000 • GEO Barbados 3c: SolarWater HeaterInstallations 3b: DomesticCrudeOilandGasProduction1978-1999 92 16 23388 21620 19370 16791 13934 11489 9774 8196 6867 5452 4242 1848 4225 969 2991 4491 424 207 33 3849 12 3934 3200 417.1 4195 1768 400.5 3770 2250 343.3 2579 350.9 2857 285.4 2445 374.1 1715 336.2 208.5 1578 1992 126.7 1329 44.9 1991 7.8 1415 1990 4.4 1210 1989 2.5 1251 1988 1143 1987 879 1986 545 1985 217 46 1984 21 1983 12 1982 1981 1980 1979 1978 1976 1975 1974 er Nme fUis Cpct ‘0l Area (m Capacity(‘000l) NumberofUnits Year 99 706 00 46967 37466 28332 28914 29300 28900 27900 30600 30300 0.0* 32900 0.0* 20.2 31700 23.9 35000 27.8 29500 34.4 34500 43.5 33500 39.5 25300 37.7 710666 21300 31.0 585457 10300 9900 25.0 327806 30.0 362915 17500 36.5 460300 15600 9600 43.2 453427 55.7 454664 51.9 478804 1999 36.9 454514 1998 23.1 454424 1997 16.7 389289 1996 31.6 427100 1995 30.5 496800 1994 26.6 559200 1993 679200 1992 634900 1991 379600 1990 258500 1989 211400 1988 305400 1987 283472 1986 271647 1985 1984 GasProduction 1983 1982 1981 1980 1979 %of Total CrudeOilSupply 1978 DomesticCrudeOil(Barrels) Year Source: Source:

Energy Division,MinistryofEnvironment, EnergyandNaturalResources Ministry ofFinanceandEconomic Affairs: BarbadosEconomicandSocialReport 1999

2

CumulativeUnits ) 107 3d: Energy Consumption 1978 - 1998 (Barrels of Oil Equivalent)

Year Gasoline Kerosene Diesel Gas Oil Fuel Oil LPG Natural Gas TOTAL Conversion 1.12 1.04 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.49 0.17 1978 297 58 253 17 529 81 21 1254.3 1979 311 57 269 15 609 77 25 1363.0 1980 309 47 312 8 633 74 33 1416.3 1981 310 40 310 4 591 80 35 1367.9 1982 305 38 297 2 665 79 36 1421.6 1983 309 36 290 0 597 74 56 1362.0 1984 317 35 266 0 691 77 62 1446.9 1985 327 34 262 0 817 76 62 1577.4 1986 349 31 270 0 902 81 64 1697.4 1987 382 27 264 0 910 82 58 1722.7 1988 416 25 282 0 898 79 98 1797.1 1989 427 24 307 0 1,017 74 93 1941.2 1990 440 23 380 0 1,014 74 87 2018.5 1991 447 23 355 0 1,001 74 89 1988.4 1992 448 23 281 0 916 74 88 1829.5 1993 436 27 284 0 951 76 89 1863.3 1994 460 31 369 0 1,000 74 86 2019.1 1995 464 18 319 0 1,045 71 91 2007.8 1996 486 19 356 0 1,097 73 77 2108.4 1997 516 23 387 0 1,068 71 73 2139.3 1998 2303.3

Source: National Indicators Programme, Ministry of Environment, Energy and Natural Resources

Annex 4: Water Resources

4a: Water Consumption and Number of Consumers 1978 - 1999 The Government of Barbados

Year Consumption Number of Consumers (Million Cubic Metres) Metered Non-Metered TOTAL Metered Non-Metered TOTAL 1978 12.8 26.9 39.7 12000 51000 63000 1979 7.8 31.0 38.8 12752 52893 74858 1984 9.5 32.7 42.2 16295 60534 76829 1985 9.7 32.6 42.4 17062 16738 78800 1986 10.2 33.6 43.8 18008 62994 81002 1987 10.6 34.1 44.7 18963 60783 79746 1988 10.6 34.8 45.4 18876 60394 79270 1989 18.0 22.2 40.2 20519 61317 81836 1990 14.0 34.5 48.5 21731 62303 84034 1991 14.4 30.1 44.5 22960 60833 83792 1994 18.7 34.6 53.3 28182 66436 94618 1995 10.6 29.6 53.6 28096 62734 90830 1996 14.0 44.0 58.8 27589 57124 84713 1997 13.0 46.0 59.0 30308 58617 88925 1998 15.0 42.0 57.0 47536 47211 94747 1999 25.0 28.0 53.0 78195 17172 95367

Source: Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs: Barbados Economic and Social Report, 1999.

108 State of The Environment Report 2000 • GEO Barbados giutr 201 (14) 2.4 6,4 (13.98) (41.27) (6.66) (3.12) (2.38) 63,545 187,627 30,282 14,182 10,821 23.54 (3.84) 100.00 1.11 43.35 2.34 17,460 (11.46) (48.69) (21.11) (0.54) 7.66 (1.14) 221,358 52,091 m 95,973 2,458 5,200 (3.73) Total Consumption Unaccounted-for-water 16,955 Golf-course Irrigation Agriculture Hotels andShips IndustrialandCommercial Use by Category Domestic 4c: Water Usage(1996)andProjectedWater Demand for2016 4b: Available Water Resources ore Source uof 249 (.3 . 00 ,5 (0.32) 1,455 (49.59) (1.2) 225,410 (0.0) (3.5) 5,455 (34.37) 15,909 0.0 (44.57) (1.3) 156,227 202.591 (2.89) (54.79) 5,909 (0.53) (30.18) 13,136 249,046 2,409 (1.80) 137,183 (7.19) (45.27) 8,182 Total Runoff 32,682 Wastewater* 205,773 Springwater Surfacewater Groundwater m * =FromBridgetown,SouthandWest Coastseweragesystems.Notconsideredin1978Study. Mgd =Imperialmilliongallonsperdaym Source: Source:

Barbados Water Authority, 1996 Barbados Water Authority, 1996andKlohn-Crippen Associates, 1997. (metered &unmetered) 3,1 (6.60) 30,018 Average RainfallConditions(60”) 3 dy (g) m (Mgd) /day 4,8 1.1 20 137 (11.29) 51,337 22.00 (10.71) 48,681 98SUY 1978STUDY 3 dy (g) % m % (Mgd) /day osmto 96 Consumption1996 1i 5Dsg ruh er 1in15DesignDrought Year 3 =Cubicmetres/day 3 dy (g) m (Mgd) /day Demand2016 96SUY 1996STUDY Average RainfallConditions (56”) 3 dy (Mgd) /day 3 dy (Mgd) /day 109 Annex 5: Coastal and Marine Resources 5a: Fishing Productivity at Speightstown and Oistins,1961-1989 (Kg of Catch per Trip)

Year OISTINS SPEIGHTSTOWN TOTAL Trips Total Catch/Trip Trips Total Catch/Trip Trips Total Catch/Trip 1961 814 27687 34.0 4538 188997 41.6 5352 216684 40.5 1962 1868 66931 35.8 3434 120198 35.0 5302 187229 35.3 1963 1391 48799 35.1 3356 146091 43.5 4747 194890 41.1 1964 858 33333 38.8 1223 20660 16.9 2081 53993 25.9 1965 1130 46849 41.5 1061 16094 24.6 2191 72943 33.3 1966 1557 65717 42.2 1660 76053 45.8 3217 141770 44.1 1967 1728 92551 53.6 1447 89312 61.7 3175 181863 57.3 1968 1881 97280 51.7 1365 60854 44.6 2944 186738 63.4 1972 1984 92124 47.3 1084 74475 68.7 3032 166599 54.9 1973 1673 78310 46.8 802 59820 74.6 2475 138130 55.8 1974 1514 86151 56.9 815 63799 78.3 2329 149950 64.4 1975 2279 160307 70.3 1342 112603 83.9 3621 272910 75.4 1976 2931 186012 63.5 1154 116144 100.6 4085 302156 74.0 1977 2848 183995 64.6 823 54677 66.4 3671 238672 65.0 1978 3161 179331 56.7 993 64800 65.3 4154 244131 58.8 1979 3088 194693 63.0 1229 108928 88.6 4317 303621 70.3 1980 3431 252246 73.5 1683 170312 101.2 5114 422558 82.6 1981 3813 322482 84.6 1402 140788 100.4 5215 463270 88.8 1982 3640 335385 92.1 1432 139606 97.5 5072 474991 93.6 1983 5726 575250 100.5 1434 153398 107.0 7160 728648 101.8 1984 6852 831393 121.3 2237 192851 86.2 9089 1024244 112.7 1985 6421 593265 92.4 1794 108275 60.4 8215 701540 85.4 1986 4804 431728 89.9 1538 114218 74.3 6342 545946 86.1 1987 4312 509052 118.1 850 73370 86.3 5162 582422 112.8 1988 3627 528115 145.6 627 65520 104.5 4254 593635 139.5 The Government of Barbados 1989 2956 232743 78.7 508 37873 74.6 3464 270616 78.1

Source: Mahon et al., 1990.

5b: Recorded Fish Landings 1989-1999

Species (00 metric tonnes) FlyingFish Dolphin(mahi mahi) Kingfish Tunas Bill-fishes Snappers Others 1989 615.8 2981.1 30.9 42.8 53.5 42.2 40.9 1990 1289.3 687.9 38.8 67.5 77.5 37.1 32.3 1991 1092.6 715.2 45.3 54.3 44.0 32.0 47.3 1992 1460.6 1470.5 51.3 112.1 84.5 33.0 57.3 1993 1986.6 513.2 54.5 100.1 58.9 19.0 55.0 1994 1640.2 499.3 35.8 156.2 95.9 25.5 61.3 1995 1497.6 635.6 39.1 194.0 120.7 37.0 74.0 1996 1702.1 707.8 41.0 160.4 106.3 33.2 73.4 1997 1305.4 600.8 39.3 150.9 117.8 21.4 43.4 1998 2201.1 406.1 39.5 147.0 97.5 28.6 41.9 1999 1627.0 613.7 30.9 151.4 73.2 18.9 23.6 TOTAL 16418.0 7139.2 46.5 1336.6 929.8 328.0 0550.1

Source: Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development

110 State of The Environment Report 2000 • GEO Barbados Carbon DioxideEmissionsbySource,1970-1997(000metrictonnes) *Reported inmetrictonnesofcarbon Laboratory, USA. July 2001. Source: er Total CO Year 98 49 1 7 52 1.60 0.92 0.87 0.85 0.78 35.2 1.17 23.5 1.03 14.6 10.2 1.27 1.14 10.6 8.4 0 1.06 23.8 0 1.01 1.01 27.2 0 0 27.2 0.98 29.2 0 0.91 374 0.81 0.75 25.0 0 209 0.70 27.9 0 202 27.0 0 0.75 202 29.6 0 0.74 182 19 20.4 0 0 0.66 282 12 0 0 0.69 232 15 0 0 0.65 14 290 0 0 0.59 429 251 12 0 0 0.63 245 226 14 0 0 0.55 232 11 219 0 0 0.54 226 218 12 0 0 0.56 204 209 15 0 0 0.55 304 188 15 0 0 0.48 1998 267 173 14 0 0 1997 329 182 12 0 0 1996 294 172 14 0 0 1995 270 183 13 0 0 1994 258 177 10 0 1993 257 157 6 0 1992 250 167 5 0 1991 230 158 4 0 1990 204 142 7 0 1989 187 153 6 0 1988 176 134 5 1987 187 129 2 1986 184 135 2 1985 164 131 1 1984 172 112 1 1983 161 2 1982 145 1 1981 154 2 1980 135 2 1979 131 1978 136 1977 132 1976 114 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971 1970

CarbonDioxideInformation Analysis Center(CDIAC), OakRidgeNational Annex 6: 2 Eisos GsFes Lqi ul oi ul eetPouto PerCapitaCO Cement Production SolidFuels LiquidFuels GasFuels Emissions Atmosphere andClimate

2 * 111 State of The Environment Report 2000 • GEO Barbados