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PDF Van Tekst De Gulden Passer. Jaargang 54 bron De Gulden Passer. Jaargang 54. De Nederlandsche Boekhandel, Antwerpen 1976 Zie voor verantwoording: http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_gul005197601_01/colofon.php © 2016 dbnl i.s.m. *1 [De Gulden Passer 1976] N. Sanderus, De visibili monarchia Ecclesiae (Louanii, 1571) Theol. 357 PRINTERS' DEVICE USED BY FOWLER De Gulden Passer. Jaargang 54 *2 A. Copus, Syntaxis historiae evangelicae... (Louanii, 1572) Theol. 415 PRINTERS' DEVICE USED BY FOWLER De Gulden Passer. Jaargang 54 1 John Fowler, English printer and bookseller in the low countries (1564-1579) by Willem Schrickx (University of Ghent) The career of John Fowler, who was by far the most prominent English printer in Flanders in the sixteenth century, has not yet been studied in detail and, in addition, such material as has been presented in a few recent concise surveys is on the whole not very reliable1. It has therefore been my aim in the following pages to present a more or less chronological and detailed survey of Fowler's life in the light of new documentary evidence and to combine that account with material from a number of printed works which are not easily accessible. While generally speaking we know very little of the early sixteenth-century printers, we are more fortunate with respect to John Fowler because very soon after his arrival in the Low Countries he began to get his own printing-house under way and to contribute a few pamphlets to the steady stream of controversial writings so characteristic of the age, an activity which has left traces both in archives and in early printed works. Before 1 Marc Lefèvre, ‘Libraires belges en relations commerciales avec Christophe Plantin et Jean Moretus’, De Gulden Passer, XLI (1963), 29 and Anne Rouzet, Dictionnaire des imprimeurs, libraires et éditeurs des XVe et XVIe siècles dans les limites géographiques de la Belgique actuelle (Nieuwkoop, 1975), pp. 64-5. De Gulden Passer. Jaargang 54 2 discussing the printer's life in detail, I have thought it advisable first to present it in brief outline. John Fowler was born in Bristol in 1537, educated at Winchester School and New College, Oxford, and took the degree of M.A. The wife of John Fowler was Alice Harris, the daughter of John Harris, who had been secretary to Sir Thomas More, which partly explains why Fowler was from the start a man who was marked out alongside those who would give their wholehearted support to the catholic cause. As will appear from evidence to be presented later, it was in 1564 that he left his home country because of the laws of prosecution promulgated in England against catholics. Arriving in Louvain some time in that year, he stayed there approximately until February-March 1566 and then left for Antwerp where he is traceable in the Happaertstraat from 3 April 1566. Shortly after the iconoclastic riots, which occurred in Antwerp in August 1566, he must have moved to Louvain where he was to stay until 1573, the date of his second journey to Antwerp falling between late March and the beginning of June 1573. In 1577 he travelled more than once to Douay - a university town which was to remain a part of the Spanish Netherlands for another ninety years - and settled there from early September 1577. His stay in Douay was interrupted for a brief period - probably from March to November 1578 - during which he was probably in Rheims, France. His death occurred in Namur on 13 February 1579. We learn this exact date from John Pits (1560-1616), the Roman catholic divine and biographer, whose testimony is certainly trustworthy considering the terms in which it was made in his Relationum Historicarum de Rebus Anglicis Tomus Primus (1619). The end of the notice headed De Ioanne Foulero runs as follows: Confessor in exilio diem suum obijt Namurci decimo tertio die Februarij, & in cemiterio S. Ioannis Euangelistae iuxta socerum suum Ioannem Harrisium sepultus iacet, vt ex Aliciae coniugis litteris accepi. Annus autem obitus eius fuit nati Seruatoris 1579, dum Anglicani regni sceptrum teneret Elizabetha. (Relat. hist., Paris, 1619, repr. 1969, p. 772) It is no longer possible to check this statement against entries in the parochial registers of Namur, since there appears to be a gap in De Gulden Passer. Jaargang 54 3 them of about twenty years stretching from 1574 to 15942. Furthermore, the church of Saint John the Evangelist, where Fowler was buried, was torn down in 1750 so that, with regard to this circumstance too, the few details of Fowler's death recorded by Pits remain at present the only ones available. The life of Fowler in Flanders had best be discussed in two sections, one covering the early years until about the middle of 1573, the date of his second move to Antwerp, the other dealing with the later period, a study of which will enable us to include an account of the later fortunes of the printing-house as this was run by his widow, Alice Fowler. There are two main sources from which Fowler's life and works can be reconstructed, both preserved in the General Archives in Brussels: the printing-licences contained in carton 1276 of the Spanish Privy Council and the information that can be drawn from registers of the Conseil Privé Autrichien where we find entries concerning printers and the privileges they received. These two sources can of course be supplemented by the material contained in the works whose publication was sponsored by Fowler himself, their dedications being particularly significant. I. The early years The first notice we have of Fowler's presence is in Louvain in May 1565. From entries made in the accounts ‘vanden prouffyten vanden zegele in Brabant’, preserved in the General Archives in Brussels and published by P. Verheyden, it appears that on 5 May 1565 he paid 25/6 at Louvain for the privilege of printing and selling books, a commission he showed to Plantin in 1570 (for more about this commission see the second part of this study). The relevant entry is quite explicit in stating that Thomas Stephanus and 2 See F. Ladrier, ‘Les anciens registres paroissiaux de la ville de Namur déposés aux archives de l'état’, Archives et Bibliothèques de Belgique, XLI (1970), 62 ff. I wish to thank Mr. F. Jacques of Namur who was so kind as to try to find relevant evidence in the Namur archives themselves, a search which likewise proved unsuccessful. De Gulden Passer. Jaargang 54 4 Fowler are both printers and booksellers3. In the following pages the problem of deciding whether the books commonly associated with Fowler were published or sold by him is, in most cases, to remain unsolved. Nevertheless, we will see that the archive material concerning him leaves not the least doubt that he was active as a printer both in Louvain and in Antwerp. But not until we possess an exhaustive comparative study of sixteenth century printing types as they were used by individual printers will we be able to assign books to the printing-shop of a given printer. Certain printing types were apparently so widely used as to leave little room for identifying individual printers. Great caution needs to be exercised in using typographical material as a basis for inquiry and I have therefore ventured only a few tentative conclusions from my excursions into this field. Yet some of the printed items presently to be discussed can with some confidence be assigned to Fowler's printing establishment. In order to help further bibliographical study, information concerning their location in some Belgian libraries will be included and abbreviations used are as follows: RLB (Royal Library Brussels), ULG (University Library Ghent), ULL (University Library Louvain), PLA (Plantin Library Antwerp), all to be followed by press-marks. But it should be borne in mind that the location list makes no claim to be exhaustive. Of the items certainly printed by Fowler in 1565 there is a single-sheet folio, now preserved among the Lansdowne Manuscripts in the British Museum, that has survived (Brit. Mus., Lansdowne MSS, XCVI, 56). The sheet, which is not recorded in the Short-Title Catalogue of Books.... 1475-1640 (ed. by A.W. Pollard and G.R. Redgrave, London, repr. 1950), is inscribed in manuscript: ‘Pretended Sects among Lutheran / Heresyes condemned / Exercises at Lovain / Stapleton /,’ and the printed title runs: ‘Molles ac Politici Luterani, qui à Luteri dogmatibus plurimum recesserunt, 3 P. Verheyden, ‘Drukkersoctrooien in de 16e eeuw’, Tijdschrift voor Boek- en Bibliotheekwezen, VIII (Antwerp, 1910), p. 220. The original entry runs: ‘Van een commissie om prenten ende boeckvercoopen voere Thomas Stephanus ende Jannen Foulier Ingelsche’. See the accounts of the ‘prouffyten vanden zegele in Brabant’ under the date of 7 May 1565 in the Chambre des Comptes in the General Archives in Brussels (reg. 20791, fol. 16). De Gulden Passer. Jaargang 54 5 ea tantum admittentes, quae ipsis probantur. / Hi volent mansueti, hominesque prae caeteris cordatiores videri, & quoquo modo cum omnibus alijs sectis pacem / colere. Diuiduntur autem in sectas decem. / The imprint of the sheet proudly displays Fowler's newly acquired dignity: ‘Louanij apud eundem Jo. Foulerum Typographum iuratum. / CUM PRIVILEGIO. / Anno 1565. /.’ To conclude his enumeration of sects Fowler explains in a final paragraph that he took the list from The Apology of Fridericus Staphylus, a book printed by J. Latius in Antwerp in 1565. This paragraph offers striking evidence of the interest Fowler took in religious controversy, especially when the debate was conducted in councils in which members of the higher nobility played an important part. In fact, Staphylus had acted as one of the Emperor Ferdinand's councillors.
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