XIV. Acronyms, Abbreviations and Definitions

α-AlH3 Alpha polymorph of aluminum hydride AC Activated carbon ~ Approximately AC Alternating current @ At ACF Activated carbon fibers °C Degrees Celsius A/cm2 Amps per square centimeter °F Degrees Fahrenheit ACN Acetonitrile Δ Change, delta ACNT Aligned carbon nanotube ΔG Gibbs free energy of reaction AD Anaerobic digestion ΔH Enthalpy of reaction, Enthalpy of ADG Anaerobic digester gas hydrogenation ADM Air delivery module ∆ ° H f standard heat of formation ADOPT Automotive Deployment Option Projection ΔK Stress intensity factor Tool ∆P Pressure drop, pressure change A&E Architecture and engineering ≈ Equals approximately AEO Annual Energy Outlook > Greater than AER Absorption-enhanced reforming, all-electric ≥ Greater than or equal to range < Less than AFM Atomic force microscopy; anti-ferromagnetic ≤ Less than or equal to AFP Automated fiber placement µCHX Microscale combustor/heat exchanger AFV Alternative fuel vehicle μc-Si Microcrystalline silicon Ag Silver μm Micrometer(s), micron(s) AGC Activated graphitic carbon η Viscosity AgCl Silver chloride # Number AGM Absorbed glass mat Ω Ohm(s) A-h Amp-hour Ω/cm2 Ohm(s) per square centimeter AHJ Authorities having jurisdiction Ω-cm2 Ohm-square centimeter AIBN Azobisisobutyl nitrile % Percent AISI American Iron & Steel Institute ® Registered trademark Al Aluminum $ United States dollars Al* Aluminum particles catalyzed with titanium 11 B-NMR Boron 11 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Al2O3 Aluminum oxide 19FNMR 19Fluorine nuclear magnetic resonance Al-AB Aluminum-ammonia-borane

1-D, 1D One-dimensional AlCl3 Aluminum chloride 1Q First quarter of the fiscal year ALD Atomic layer deposition

2-D, 2D Two-dimensional AlH3 Aluminum hydride; alane 2Q Second quarter of the fiscal year ALS Advanced Light Source at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 3-D, 3D Three-dimensional ALT Accelerated life test 3Q Third quarter of the fiscal year AM 1.5 Air Mass 1.5 solar illumination 4Q Fourth quarter of the fiscal year AMBH Ammine metal borohydride 6FPAEB-BPS100 Hexafluoro bisphenol A benzonitrile- AMFC Anion exchange membrane fuel cell biphenyl sulfone AMR Annual Merit Review A Ampere, amps AMRL Active magnetic regenerative liquefier Å Angstrom AMRR Active magnetic regenerative refrigerator AAO Anodic aluminum oxide ANL Argonne National Laboratory

AB Ammonia-borane, NH3BH3 APC Adaptive process control

FY 2011 Annual Progress Report 1335 DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program XIV. Acronyms, Abbreviations and Definitions

APR Aqueous-phase reforming BCM Battery-charging mode APU Auxiliary power unit BCN Boron carbon nitride Ar Argon Be Beryllium ARB Air Resources Board BE Basic event ARET Alternative and renewable energy BET Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area analysis technologies method ARRA American Recovery and Reinvestment Act BEV Battery electric vehicle

As Arsenic BFZ1 BaFe0.90Zr0.10O3 ASAXS Anomalous small-angle X-ray scattering B-G Boron doped graphitic material a-Si Amorphous silicon B-H Boron/hydrogen bond a-SiC Amorphous silicon carbide B-H, BH Borohydride a-SiGe Amorphous silicon germanium BH4 Borohydride a-SiN Amorphous silicon nitride Bi Bismuth ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers BM Ball-milled, ball mill ASPEN Modeling software, computer code for bmimCl 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chloride process analysis BN Boron-nitrogen ASR Area-specific resistance BNH Boron-nitrogen-hydrogen AST Accelerated stress test BNHx Dehydrogenated ammonia-borane ASTM ASTM International, originally known as the BNL Brookhaven National Laboratory American Society for Testing and Materials BOL Beginning of life AT Ammonia triborane BOM Bill of materials at% Atomic percent BOP, BoP Balance of plant ATG Adenine,Thymine,Guanine, the 3 base BOT Beginning of test combinations that indicate the first translatable amino acid on the DNA BPDC Biphenyl-4,4’-dicarboxylate molecule BPS Bi Phenyl Sulfone atm Atmosphere BPSH Block polysulfone ether polymers A-T-P Aerosol through plasma BPV Boiler and Pressure Vessel ATP Adenosine triphosphate; Advanced Br Bromine Technology Program Br2 Diatomic bromine ATPase Adenosine triphosphatase BSC Bi-electrode supported cell ATR Autothermal reformer; autothermal BTE 4,4’,4’’-(benzene-1,3,5-triyltris(ethyne-2,1- reforming, attenuated total reflection diyl))tribenzoate ATR-FTIR Attenuated total reflectance Fourier BTTCD Octa-carboxylate ligand transform infrared BTU, Btu British thermal unit(s) ATRP Atom transfer radical polymerization C Carbon a.u. Arbitrary units C Couloumb Au Gold C2H4 Ethylene Avg Average C2H6 Ethane AZO Aluminum zinc oxide C3H8 Propane 11B-NMR Boron 11 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Ca Calcium B Boron CA Carbon aerogel B O Boron oxide; diboron trioxide 2 3 CAD Computer-aided design Ba Barium CAE Computer-assisted engineering barg Bar gauge CAES Compressed air energy storage BBC 4,4’,4’’-(benzene-1,3,5-triyl-tris(benzene-4,1- CaFCP California Fuel Cell Partnership diyl))tribenzoate CAFE Corporate Average Fuel Economy BCC Body-centered cubic

DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program 1336 FY 2011 Annual Progress Report XIV. Acronyms, Abbreviations and Definitions

CaI Clostridium acetobutylicum hydrogenase CGO Cerium gadolinium oxide, Gd-doped CeO2

CaO Calcium oxide CGS Copper gallium diselenide, CuGaSe2 CARB California Air Resources Board CGSe Copper gallium diselenide

CaS Calcium sulfide CGSe2 Copper gallium diselenide CB Conduction band CH Hydrogenated graphene

CBM Conduction band minimum cH2 Compressed hydrogen gas

CBN Carbon-boron-nitrogen CH4 Methane CBS Casa Bonita strain, complete basis set CHARM Cost-effective High-efficiency Advanced cc Cubic centimeter(s) Reforming Module CC Crossover current CHHP Combined heat, hydrogen, and power CCC Carbon composite catalyst Chl Chlorophyll CCD Charge-coupled device CHMC Compressed Hydrogen Materials Compatibility CCD Catalytic cracking deposition CHP Combined heat and power cc/g cat/hr Cubic centimeter(s) per gram catalyst per hour CHPFC Combined heat and power fuel cell CcH2 Cryo-compressed hydrogen CHS Chemical hydrogen storage CCM Catalyst-coated membrane; coordinate CHSCoE Chemical Hydrogen Storage Center of measuring machine Excellence Cc/min, ccm Cubic centimeters per minute CIGSe Copper indium gallium diselenide ccp Cubic close-packing CIGSe2 Copper indium gallium diselenide CCP Combined cooling and power CIS CuInSe (alloy of copper, indium, and selenium) CCS Carbon capture and storage Cl Chlorine CCVJ 9-([E]-2-carboxy-2-cyanovinyl)julolidine CL Catalyst layer Cd Cadmium cm Centimeter CD Compact disk, charge depleting, cathode dewpoint CM Controls module 2 CDC Carbide-derived carbon cm Square centimeter cDNA Complementary DNA CMM Coordinate measuring machine CDO Code development organization CMO Conductive metal oxides CDP Composite data product CMR Composite membrane reactor CdS Cadmium sulfide CMWNT Carbon multi-walled nanotube Ce Cerium CN Carbon-nitrogen CE Cluster Expansion CNF Carbon nano-fiber CEA Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique CNG Compressed natural gas CEC California Energy Commission CNO Cesium niobate CEM Compressor/expander motor CNP Combinatorial nanoparticle CEMG Compressor expander motor-generator CNT Carbon nanotube module Co Cobalt CEMM Compressor-expander motor module CO Carbon monoxide

CeO2 Ceric oxide CO2 Carbon dioxide CEPCI Chemical Engineering’s Plant Cost Index CoE Center of Excellence CF Carbon fiber, carbon foam COE Cost of electricity CFD Computational fluid dynamics COF Covalent-organic framework cfm Cubic feet per minute COF2 Carbonyl fluoride CFP Carbon fiber paper COPV Composite overwrapped pressure vessel CFRP Carbon fiber reinforced plastic COS Carbon oxysulfide; carbonyl sulfide

CGH2 Compressed gaseous hydrogen cp Specific heat

FY 2011 Annual Progress Report 1337 DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program XIV. Acronyms, Abbreviations and Definitions

CpI Clostridium pasteurianum DEDP Distance Education Degree Program [FeFe]- hydrogenase Deg Degree CPO, CPOX Catalytic partial oxidation DEGDBE Diethylene glycol dibutyl ether CPV Composite pressure vessel ΔBa The difference in magnetic induction at high Cr Chromium and low applied magnetic fields CR Compression ratio ΔG Gibbs free energy of reaction CRADA Cooperative Research and Development ΔH Enthalpy of reaction, Enthalpy of Agreement hydrogenation

Cs Cesium ∆H°f standard heat of formation CS Ceramic support ΔK Stress intensity factor C&S Codes and standards ∆P Pressure drop, pressure change CSA Canadian Standards Association DFC Direct fuel cell CSA Cell stack assembly DFM Design for manufacturing CSTT Codes and Standards Tech Team DFMA® Design for Manufacturing and Assembly CSU California State University DFT Density functional theory CTAB Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide DI Deionized, de-ionized water CTE Coefficient of thermal expansion DLA Defense Logistics Agency CTTRANSIT Connecticut Transit DLC Diamondlike carbon Cu Copper dL/g Deciliters per gram CU University of Colorado DLS Dynamic light scattering

Cu2O Cuprous oxide DM Diffusion media cu in. Cubic inch DMC Diffusion Monte Carlo, direct manufactured CuO Cupric oxide, copper(II) oxide cost cu.yd. Cubic yard(s) DME Dimethyl ether, dimethoxyethane CV Cyclic voltammatry; cyclic voltammogram DMEA Dimethlethylamine CVD Chemical vapor deposition DMEAA Dimethlethylamine alane CVM Cell voltage monitor DMF n, n-di-methyl formamide CWRU Case Western Reserve University DMFC Direct methanol fuel cell CY Calendar year DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid CZO Ceria-zirconia DNG Desulfurized natural gas d Day(s) DOD Depth of discharge DOD U.S. Department of Defense D2 Deuterium D-A Dubinin-Astakhov DOE U.S. Department of Energy DOT Department of Transportation DB Diborane (B2H6) dB(A) Decibel(s) A scale DOT/NHTSA Department of Transportation/National Highway Traffic Safety Administration DBBPDSA 4, 4’-dibromobiphenyl 3, 3’-dislufonic acid, monomer DP Dew point DBPDSA 1, 4-dibromo phenylene 2, 5-disulfonic acid DP4 Design Prototype 4 DC Direct current DRIFTs Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy DCHX Direct contact heat exchanger DSC Differential scanning calorimetry; dynamic DCTDD 1,8-diazacyclotetradecane-2,7-dione scanning calorimetry DDGS Distiller’s dried grains DSMTM Dimensionally stable membrane DDMEFC Direct dimethyl ether fuel cell DTA Differential thermal analysis DDP Detailed Data Products DVD Digital video disk d Dubini-Radushkevich average micropore DR e- Electron diameter E Activation energy, kJ/mol DDR A zeolite structure code E85 85%-15% blend of ethanol with gasoline

DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program 1338 FY 2011 Annual Progress Report XIV. Acronyms, Abbreviations and Definitions

Ea Activation energy ES Energy storage

Ead Hydrogen adsorption heat ESA Electrochemically active surface area EC Electrochemical capacitance et al. Et Alii: and others ECA Electro-catalytic additive etc. Et cetera: and so on ECA Electrochemical area E-TEK Division of De Nora North America, Inc. ECA Estimated surface area ETFE Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene ECSA Electrochemically active surface area, ETFECS Extended thin film electrocatalyst structures Electrochemical surface area EtOH Ethanol ECST College of Engineering, Computer Science eV Electron volt and Technology EVOH Ethylene vinyl alcohol EDA Ethylene diamine EW Enthalpy wheel EDAX Manufacturer of energy dispersive X-ray EW Equivalent weight hardware and software EWH Enthalpy wheel humidifier EDS Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectrum EXAFS Extended X-ray absorption fine structure analysis EDTA Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid F Fluorine EDX Energy dispersive X-ray F Faraday constant, the amount of electric EECBG Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block charge in one mole of electrons (96,485.3383 Grant coulomb/mole) EELS Electron energy loss spectroscopy F- Fluorine ion EER Miles per unit energy of hydrogen used in a FA Furfyl alcohol FCV/miles per unit energy of gasoline used in an ICEV FAT Fleet Analysis Toolkit; factory acceptance test EERE U.S. DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy FC Fuel cell EFC Energy flow chart FCB Fuel cell bus EFP External fuel processor FCC Face-centered cubic; Fuel Cell Catalyst EFTE Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene FCE FuelCell Energy EHC Electrochemical hydrogen compressor F-Cell Daimler Fuel Cell vehicle EHS Environmental Health and Safety FCEV Fuel cell electric vehicle EIA Energy Information Administration of the FCFP FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership U.S. Department of Energy FCHEA Fuel Cell Hydrogen Energy Association EIS Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy FCPP Fuel cell power plant EISA Evaporation induced self assembly FCS Fuel cell system e.g. Exempli gratia: for example FCT Fuel Cell Technologies ELAT® Registered Trademark of De Nora North FCTESQA Fuel Cell Testing, Safety and Quality America, Inc., covers GDLs and GDEs Assurance (an international effort to EMF Electromagnetic field harmonize fuel cell testing procedures) EMPA Electron microprobe FCTESTNET Fuel Cell Testing and Standardization Network EMTEC Edison Materials Technology Center FCTT Fuel Cell Technical Team ENG Expanded natural graphite FCV Fuel cell vehicle eNMR Electrochemical nuclear magnetic resonance Fd Ferredoxin EOL End of life Fe Iron EOT End of test Fe O Ferric oxide EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2 3 FEA Finite element analysis EPRI Electric Power Research Institute FEM Finite element model ePTFE Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene FEP Fluorinated ethylene propylene; Teflon® ERW Electric resistance weld FESEM Field emission scanning electron microscope

FY 2011 Annual Progress Report 1339 DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program XIV. Acronyms, Abbreviations and Definitions

FF Flammability factor GC-MS Gas chromatograph-mass spectroscopy FFT Fast fourier transform GCNT Graphitized carbon nanotubes FHI Florida Hydrogen Initiative GCtool Software package developed at ANL for FHWA Federal Highway Administration analysis of fuel cells and other power systems FIB Focused ion beam Gd Gadolinium FIT Florida Institute of Technology GDC Gadolinium-doped ceria FLUENT Computer code for computational fluid GDE Gas diffusion electrode dynamics GDL Gas diffusion layer FMEA Failure modes and effects analysis GDM Gas diffusion media FOM Federated object model Ge Germanium FOM Figure of merit Gen I First generation fpi Fins per inch GES Giner Electrochemical Systems, LLC fpm Feet per minute GF Glass fiber FPS Bis(4-fluorophenyl)sulfone, Fuel processing GFC Gas flow channel system GGA Generalized gradient approximation FRP Fiber-reinforced composite piping; fiber- GGE, gge Gasoline gallon equivalent reinforced polymer GH2 Gaseous hydrogen FRR Fluoride release rate GHG Greenhouse gas FSEC Florida Solar Energy Center GHSV Gas hourly space velocity F-SPEEK Fluorosulfonic acid of polyetheretherketone GIS Geographic information system FSW Friction stir welding GJ Gigajoule(s) ft Feet g/kW Gram(s) per kilowatt FT Fault tree GLACD Glancing angle co-deposition ft2 Square feet GLAD Glancing angle deposition ft3 Cubic feet GLY Glycerol FTA Federal Transit Administration Glyme Dimethoxyethane FT-IR, FTIR Fourier transform infrared gm Gram(s) FTIR-ATR Fourier transform infrared attenuated total GM General Motors reflection gm/day Gram(s) per day FTO Fluorine-doped tin oxide g/min Gram(s) per minute FTP, FTP-75 Federal Test Procedure GNF Graphite nanofiber FW Formula weight GPa Gigapascal(s) FW Filament winding GREET Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions and FY Fiscal year Energy use in Transportation model g Gram; acceleration of gravity g/s Grams per second G Graphite GSE Ground support equipment Ga Gallium GTI Gas Technology Institute GaAs Gallium arsenic GTR Global Technical Regulations gal Gallon GUI Graphical user interface GaP Gallium phosphide GWe Gigawatt(s) electric GB Gigabyte h Hour(s) GC Gas chromatograph; general computational H Hydrogen GC Glassy, or vitreous carbon; a pure carbon H+ Proton that is amorphous (non- crystalline) H- Hydride g/cc Grams per cubic centimeter H Diatomic hydrogen GCLP Grand-canonical linear programming 2 H2A Hydrogen Analysis project sponsored by GCMC Grand Canonical Monte Carlo DOE

DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program 1340 FY 2011 Annual Progress Report XIV. Acronyms, Abbreviations and Definitions

H2-ICE, H2 ICE HHV Higher heating value Hydrogen internal combustion engine HI , hydriodic acid

H2O Water HIA Hydrogen-induced amorphization, Hydrogen

H2O2 Hydrogen peroxide Implementing Agreement H2QWG DOE Hydrogen Quality Working Group HICE Hydrogen internal combuation engine

H2S Hydrogen sulfide HIx Blend of hydrogen iodide, iodine, and water

H2SO4 Sulfuric acid HLA High level architecture

H3PO4 Phosphoric acid HMC Hyundai Motor Company HAADF High-angle annular dark-field HMM Hydrogen Market Model HAADF-STEM High angle annular dark field scanning HNEI Hawaii Natural Energy Institute transmission electron microscopy HNO3 Nitric acid HAMMER Hazardous Materials Management and HOPG Highly-ordered pyrolytic graphite Emergency Response HOR Hydrogen oxidation reaction HAVO Hawaii Volcanoes National Park hp Horsepower HAZ Heat affected zone HP High-pressure HAZID Hazard Identification Analysis HPA Heteropoly acid HAZOP Hazards and Operational Safety Analysis, HPIT Hydrogen Powered Industrial Truck hazards and operability analysis HPLC High performance liquid chromatography HBP Hyperbranched polymer HPPH 1,6-di(4-hydroxyl)phenylperfluorohexane HBr HPPS N,N-diisopropylethylammonium HCC Hybrid cathode catalyst 2,2-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl) HCl, HCL Hydrochloric acid, pentafluoropropanesulfonate

HClO4 Perchloric acid HPR Hydrogen production rate HCN Hydrogen coordination number HPRD Hydrogen pressure relief device hcp Hexagonal close-packing hr Hour(s) HDPE High-density polyethylene HRA Home refueling appliance HDSAM Hydrogen Delivery Scenario Analysis Model HRT Hydraulic retention times He Helium HRTEM High-resolution transmission electron HE Hydrogen embrittlement microscopy H-E-B H-E-B Grocery Company, Inc. HSC Database name derived from the letters for HEPA High efficiency particulate air filter enthalpy, entropy and heat capacity HER Hydrogen evolution reaction HSCoE Hydrogen Sorption Center of Excellence HEV Hybrid electric vehicle HSDC Hydrogen Secure Data Center HEX Heat exchanger HSE High surface area electrode Hf Hafnium HSECoE Hydrogen Storage Engineering Center of Excellence HF Hydrogen Fueler HSM Hydrogen storage module HF Hydrofluorhydric acid, , Hartree Fock HSMCoE Hydrogen Storage Material Center of Excellence HFB Hexafluorobenzene HSO Bisulfate anion HFC Hydrogen fuel cell 4 HSP Hydrogen safety plan HFCIT Hydrogen, Fuel Cells and Infrastructure Technologies Program HSS Hierarchically structured silica HFCT Hydrogen and fuel cell technology HSSIM Hydrogen Storage SIMulator HFCV Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle HSU Humboldt State University HFI Hydrogen Fuel Initiative HTAC Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technical Advisory Committee HFP Hexafluoropropylene HTC High temperature coolant HFR High-frequency resistance HTE High-temperature electrolysis HFV Hydrogen-fueled vehicle

FY 2011 Annual Progress Report 1341 DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program XIV. Acronyms, Abbreviations and Definitions

HTF Heat transfer fluid, Hydrogen test fixture IGCC-CMR Integrated gasification combined cycle- HTFSA Trifluomethylsulfonic acid catalytic membrane reactor HTM High-temperature membrane IGCC-MR Integrated gasification combined cycle- membrane reactor HTM Hydrogen transport membrane IGCC-PBR Integrated gasification combined cycle- HTMWG High Temperature Membrane Working paladium-based reactor Group IGT Institute of Gas Technology HTWGS High-temperature water-gas shift IHPV Internally heated high-pressure vessel HVAC Heating, ventilation and cooling IL Illinois HWD Hot wire deposition IL Ionic liquid HWFET Highway Fuel Economy Test ILS Integrated laboratory scale, Instrument HX Heat exchanger landing systems HyDRA Hydrogen Demand and Resource Analysis IML Inner mold line HYPER HYdrogen PERmitting In Indium HyPro, HYPRO In., in Inch Analysis tool in2 Square inch HyS Hybrid sulfur INER Institute of Nuclear Energy Research HYSYS® Process simulation software by Aspentech, computer code for flowsheet analysis InP Indium phosphorus HyTEC Hydrogen Technology and Energy INS Inelastic neutron scattering Curriculum IOS Intelligent Optical Systems, Inc. HyTEx Hydrogen Technical Experimental (database) IP Induction period HyTRANS DOE’s market simulation model for the IP Intellectual property transition to hydrogen vehicles IPA Isopthalate Hz Hertz IPA Isopropyl alcohol HZM Hot zone module IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2 i Current density (mA/cm ) IPES Inverse photoemission spectroscopy I Current IPHE International Partnership for the Hydrogen

I2 Diatomic iodine Economy IC Internal combustion IR Infrared ICC International Code Council iR Internal resistance; voltage loss due to ICE Internal combustion engine resistance ICEV Internal combustion engine vehicle Ir Iridium ICP Inductively coupled plasma IR/DC Infrared diagnostic system with direct current excitation ICPME Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux IRMOF Isoreticular metal organic framework ICP-MS Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry IrOx Iridium oxide ICR Interfacial contact resistance ISO International Organization for Standardization ID Inside diameter ISS Ion scattering spectroscopy i.e. id est: that is ITM Ion transport membrane IEA International Energy Agency ITO Indium tin oxide IEA-HIA International Energy Agency Hydrogen Implementing Agreement ITP Indium tin phosphate IEC Ion exchange capacity; milliequivalents of IV Current-voltage acid groups per gram of material J Current IFC International Fire Code J Hydrogen flux through the membrane, 2 IFE In-flight entertainment ml/[cm -min] IGCC Integrated gasification combined cycle J Joule(s) JFK John F. Kennedy (airport)

DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program 1342 FY 2011 Annual Progress Report XIV. Acronyms, Abbreviations and Definitions

JM Johnson Matthey LANL Los Alamos National Laboratory JMFC Johnson-Matthey Fuel Cells, Inc. LAO Lanthanum-modified alumina JPL Jet Propulsion Laboratory LAX Los Angeles International Airport JRC Joint Research Centre lb Pound(s) J-V Current density-voltage LBM Lattice Boltzmann method K Sievert’s constant, ml/[cm2-min-atm½] lbmol Pound-mole(s) K Kelvin, absolute temperature LBNL Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory K Potassium LC Liquid carrier kÅ 1000 angstroms LCA Life cycle assessment; life-cycle analysis kA/m2 Kilo-ampere(s) per square meter LCC Life cycle cost kb Kilo-base pair, a unit of measurement used in LCC La0.7Ca0.3CrO3-δ genetics equal to 1,000 nucleotides LCH2 Hydrogenated liquid carrier; compressed KBr Potassium bromide hydrogen produced from liquid hydrogen kcal Kilocalorie(s) LCH2 Liquid to compressed hydrogen kcal/mol Kilocalorie(s) per mole LC-MS Liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy KeV Kilo electron volt(s) L/D Length to diameter ratio kg Kilogram(s) LDPE Low density poly-ethylene kg/d Kilogram(s) per day LDV Light-duty vehicle kg/hr Kilogram(s) per hour LED Light emitting diode kg/m3 Kilogram(s) per cubic meter LEF linear electron transfer KH LEL Lower explosion limit kHz Kilohertz LFG Landfill gas

KIH Fracture toughness measured in hydrogen LFL Lower flammability limit gas L/h, l/h Liter(s) per hour kJ Kilojoule(s) LH2, LH2 Liquid hydrogen KJIC Fracture toughness LHC Light-harvesting chlorophyll kJ/mol Kilojoule(s) per mole LHS Lawrence Hall of Science km Kilometer(s) LHSV Liquid hourly space velocity, h-1 KMC Kinetic Monte Carlo, Kilauea Military Camp, LHV Lower heating value Kia Motors Corporation Li Lithium KOH Potassium hydroxide Li3N Lithium nitride kPa Kilopascal(s) Li-AB Lithium amidoborane, Li-NH2-BH3 kph Kilometer(s) per hour LiBH4 Lithium borohydride Kth, K Fracture toughness threshold th LIBS Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy K Hydrogen-assisted crack growth threshold TH LiH kW Kilowatt(s) LIM Liquid injection molding, liquid injection kWe Kilowatt(s) electric moldable kWh Kilowatt-hour(s) LLC Limited Liability Company kWh/kg Kilowatt-hour(s) per kilogram LLC Lessons Learned Corner kWh/L Kilowatt-hour(s) per liter LLNL Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory kW/kg Kilowatt(s) per kilogram LMWO Lanthanum molybdenum tungsten oxide kWt Kilowatt(s) thermal (e.g., La2Mo1.8W0.2O9-x) L, l Liter(s) L/min, l/min Liter(s) per minute

La Lanthanum LN2 Liquid nitrogen LAGP Lithium aluminum germanium phosphate LNG Liquefied natural gas λ Lambda, hydration number LOD Limit of detection LAMH Lithium amide and magnesium hydride LP Lattice parameter

FY 2011 Annual Progress Report 1343 DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program XIV. Acronyms, Abbreviations and Definitions

LPG Liquefied petroleum gas MASC Multi-acid side-chain LPM Liters per minute MB Megabyte LPR Liquid-phase reforming MBE Molecular beam epitaxy LQ* Dehydrogenated liquid carrier MBL Modified boundary layer LQ*H2 Hydrogenated liquid carrier MBMS Molecular beam mass spectrometry LRS Laser raman spectroscopy MBRC Miles between roadcall LSAC Low surface area carbon MC Monte Carlo LSC Lanthanum strontium cobalt oxide, (La, Sr) MC Microchannel

CoO3, strontium-doped lanthanum cobaltite, MC Methyl cellulose La Sr CoO 0.8 0.2 3+δ mC2 Multi-component. composite (membrane) LSCF Lanthanum strontium cobalt iron oxide, MCB Marine Corps Base (La, Sr)(Co, Fe)O3 mC-cm-2 MilliCouloumb(s) per square centimeter LSCM Lanthanum strontium chromium manganese MCFC Molten carbonate fuel cell oxide, (La, Sr)(Cr, Mn)O3 LSCr Lanthanum strontium chromium oxide, mCHP Micro-combined heat and power

(La, Sr)CrO3 μc-Si Microcrystalline silicon LSL Lower specification limit MDE Mid-duty electric LSM Lanthanum strontium manganese MDES Methyl-diethoxy silane LSMO Lanthanum strontium manganese oxide, MEA Membrane electrode assembly

(La, Sr)MnO3, strontium-doped lanthanum MeAB Methylamine borane manganite, La Sr MnO 0.8 0.2 3+δ MEC Microbial electrolysis cell, Minimum LST Lanthanum strontium titanium oxide, explosive concentration (La, Sr)TiO 3 MeCN Acetonitrile LSV Lanthanum strontium vanadate, Linear MeOH Methanol sweep voltammetry MEP Minimum energy pathway LT Low-temperature meq Milliequivalents LTC Low temperature coolant meq/g Milliequivalents/gram m Meter(s) MeV Mega electron volt M Mole, molar MFI A zeolite structure code M Million Mg Megagram(s) m2 Square meter(s) µg Microgram(s) m2/g Square meter(s) per gram mg Milligram(s) m2/s Square meter(s) per second MG Miscanthus giganteus m3 Cubic meter(s) MgCl Magnesium chloride MA Mass activity; methyl acrylate 2 mg/cm2 Milligram(s) per square centimeter MAAT Many-at-a-time MgH Magnesium hydride µA Micro ampere(s) 2 MgO Magnesium oxide mA MilliAmps (s) Mg(OH) Magnesium hydroxide MA Mass activity 2 MH, M-H Metal hydride M-AB Metal ammonia-borane MHC Metal hydride-based compressor MAB, M-AB Metal amidoboranes MHCoE Metal Hydride Center of Excellence µA/cm2 Micro ampere(s) per square centimeter MHE Material handling equipment mA/cm2 Milliamp(s) per square centimeter MHz Megahertz MAS Magic angle spinning mi Mile(s) MAS 11B-NMR Magic angle spinning boron-11 nuclear μCHP Micro-combined heat and power magnetic resonance spectroscopy µCHX Microscale combustor/heat exchanger MAS-NMR Magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic MIE Minimum ignition energy resonance MIEC Mixed ionic and electronic conduction

DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program 1344 FY 2011 Annual Progress Report XIV. Acronyms, Abbreviations and Definitions mi/kg Mile(s) per kilogram MSR Metal-steam reforming mil Millimeter(s) MSR Membrane steam reformer min Minute(s) MTBF Mean time between failure MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology MTBR Mean time between repairs MiTi® Mohawk Innovative Technologies Inc. mtorr Millitorr MJ Megajoule(s) µV Micro volt(s) mL, ml Milliliter(s) mV Millivolt(s) ML Monolayer MV Methyl viologen MLCT Metal-to-ligand charge-transfer mW Milliwatt(s) MLI Multi-layer vacuum insulation MW Megawatt(s) µm Micrometer(s); micron(s) MW Molecular weight µM Micromolar mW/cm2 Milliwatt(s) per square centimeter mM Millimolar MWCNT Multiple-wall carbon nanotube mm Millimeter(s) MWe Megawatt(s) electric MMBtu Million British thermal units MWh Megawatt-hour(s) MMOF Microporous metal-organic framework MWNT Multi-wall carbon nanotube mmol Millimole(s) MWOE Midwest Optoelectronics, LLC µmol Micromole(s) MWth Megawatt(s) thermal MMT Million metric tonnes MYPP Multi-Year Program Plan (the HFCIT Mn Manganese Program’s Multi-Year Research, Development and Demonstration Plan), Multi-year product Mn O Manganese oxide 2 3 plan M-N-H Amide/imide MYRDD, MYRD&DP MnO Manganese oxide Multi-Year Research, Development and mΩ Milli-ohm(s) Demonstration Plan

MΩ Mega-ohm(s) N Normal (e.g., 1N H3PO4 is 1 normal solution mΩ/cm2 Milli-ohm(s) per square centimeter of phosphoric acid) µΩ-cm2 Micro-ohm(s) - square centimeter N Nitrogen atom Mo Molybdenum N Newton (unit of force)  MOF Metal-organic framework N112 Nafion 1100 equivalent weight, 2 millimeter thick membrane mol Mole(s) N Diatomic nitrogen mol% Mole percent 2 N O Nitrous oxide mol/min Mole(s) per minute 2 Na Sodium MOR Methanol oxidation reaction NA North American MPa Megapascal (s) Na S Sodium sulfide MPG, mpg Mile(s) per gallon 2 Na AlH Trisodium hexahydroaluminate MPGGE Miles per gasoline gallon equivalent 3 6 NaAlH Sodium aluminum hydride; sodium mph Mile(s) per hour 4 tetrahydroaluminate; sodium alanate MPL Microporous layer NaBH4 Sodium borohydride mpy Mils per year NaBO2 Sodium metaborate MR Membrane reactor NaCl Sodium chloride MRI Magnetic resonance imaging Nafion® Registered Trademark of E.I. DuPont de MRL Manufacturing readiness level Nemours ms Millisecond(s) NaH MS Mass spectroscopy, mass spectrometry NA NG North American natural gas MSAC Mid-range carbon support NaOH Sodium hydroxide mS/cm Milli-Siemen(s) per centimeter NAS National Academy of Sciences

FY 2011 Annual Progress Report 1345 DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program XIV. Acronyms, Abbreviations and Definitions

NASA National Aeronautics and Space NNA NG Non-North American natural gas Administration NNIF NIST neutron imaging facility NASCAR National Association for Stock Car Auto NMOC Non-methane organic carbons Racing NO2 Nitric oxide Nb Niobium NOx, NOx Oxides of nitrogen N/cm2 Newton(s) per square centimeter NP Nanoparticle NCCC National Carbon Capture Center NPC Nanoporous carbon; normalized NCSL National Conference of State Legislators photocurrent ND Not determined at this time NPD Neutron powder diffraction NDA Non-disclosure agreement NPGM Non-precious metal group NDC New delivery concept, Naphthalene-2,6- NPMC Non-precious metal catalyst dicarboxylate NFPA National Fire Protection Association NDE Non-destructive examination NPM Non-precious metal NDP Neutron depth profiling NPS National Park Service NDTE Non-destructive testing and evaluation NPT Normal pressure and temperature NEB Nudged elastic band NPV Net present value NEED National Energy Education Development NR Nanorod Project NREL National Renewable Energy Laboratory NE ISO New England Independent System Operator NRELFAT NREL Fleet Analysis Toolkit NEMS National Energy Modeling System NSF National Science Foundation NEPA National Environmental Policy Act NST New stress test NETL National Energy Technology Laboratory NSTF Nano-structured thin-film NFC Near-frictionless coating NT Nanotube NFCRC National Fuel Cell Research Center NTCNA Nissan Technical Center, North America NFM Nanoporous framework material NVS Neutron vibrational spectroscopy NFPA National Fire Protection Association NY ISO New York Independent System Operator ng Nanogram Ω Ohm(s) NG Natural gas Ωcm2 Ohm(s) - square centimeter NGV Natural gas vehicle O Oxygen NH3 Ammonia O Diatomic oxygen NHE Normal hydrogen electrode 2 O/C Oxygen-to-carbon ratio NHI Nuclear Hydrogen Initiative OCP Open circuit potential Ni Nickel OCV Open-circuit voltage NiMH Nickel metal hydride o.d.,OD Outer diameter NIR Near infra-red OEM Original equipment manufacturer NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology OER Oxygen evolution reaction NL Normal liter(s) OGMC Ordered graphitic mesoporous carbon - nm Nanometer(s) OH NM Noble metal O&M Operation and maintenance Nm3 Normal cubic meter(s) OMC Ordered mesoporous carbon NMHC Non-methane OML Outer mold line nmol Nanomole(s) ORNL Oak Ridge National Laboratory NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance ORNL-HTML Oak Ridge National Laboratory High Temperature Materials Laboratory NMSU New Mexico State University ORR Oxygen reduction reaction NMT New Mexico Tech OSC Oxygen storage capability NNA Non-North American

DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program 1346 FY 2011 Annual Progress Report XIV. Acronyms, Abbreviations and Definitions

OSM Oregon Steel Mills, Optical scatterfield PEM Proton exchange membrane, Polymer microscopy electrolyte membrane OSU Ohio State University PEMFC Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell OTM Oxygen transport membrane PEMFC Proton exchange membrane fuel cell P Phosphorus PEO Poly(ethylene oxide) P Pressure PES Polyethersulfone Pa Pascal(s) PET Polyethylene teraphthalate PA Phenylacetylene, Polyamide PFA Polyfurfuryl alcohol PAA Poly(acrylic acid) PFD Process flow diagram PAD Polymer assisted deposition PFIA Perfluoro imide acid PAES Poly(arylene-ether-sulfone) PFPO Perfluorinated propylene oxide PAF Porous aromatic framework PFSA Perfluorinated sulfonic acid, PAFC Phosphoric acid fuel cell perfluorosulfonic acid, poly(fluorosulfonic PAN Peroxyacetyl nitrate, polyacrylonitrile acid) PANI Polyaniline PFSHQ 2-(5-fluorosulfonyl-3-oxaoctafluoropentyl)- PAS Photoactive semiconductor 1,4-dihydroxy-benzene Pb Lead PGE Platinum group element PB Polyborazylene PG&E Pacific Gas and Electric Company PbA Lead acid PGM Precious group metal, Platinum group metal PBI Polybenzimidazole PGV Puna Geothermal Ventures PbO Lead oxide pH Power of the hydronium ion

PC Polycarbonate p-H2 Para-hydrogen PC Personal computer PHEV Plug-in hybrid vehicle PCA Pyrenecarboxylic acid PHS Pumped hydro storage PCE Perchloroethylene PI Principal investigator PCI Pressure-composition isotherm PI Polyimide PCL Polycaprolactone P&ID Piping and instrumentation diagram, process PCM Power control module and instrumentation diagram PCR Polymerase chain reaction PIL, pIL Protic ionic liquid PCT, P-C-T Pressure-concentration-temperature PIM, pIM Protic ionic membrane pK Acid dissociation constant PCTFE Polychlorotrifluoroethylene a Pd Palladium PLC Programmable logic controller PD Pressure decay PLRS Planar laser Raleigh scatter PdAg Palladium-silver alloy PM Particulate matter Pd-CR Palladium-based chemical resistor PNNL Pacific Northwest National Laboratory pO Oxygen partial pressure PdCu, Pd-Cu Palladium-copper alloy 2 PdCuTM Palladium copper transition metal POC Proof of concept PDF Probability density function POF Polymeric-organic frameworks; Porous organic framework PDMS Polydimethylsiloxane POP Porous organic polymers PDU Process development unit POSS Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane PEEK Polyether ether ether ketone POX Partial oxidation PEFC Polymer electrolyte fuel cell PP Polyphosphazene, polypropylene, PEFC Proton exchange fuel cell poly(phenylene) PEG Polyethylene glycol PPA polyphosphoric acid; polyphthalamide PEGS Prototype electrostatic ground state ppb Part(s) per billion PEI Polyetherimide, polyethylene imine ppbv Part(s) per billion by volume PEKK Poly (ether ketone ketone)

FY 2011 Annual Progress Report 1347 DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program XIV. Acronyms, Abbreviations and Definitions

PPDSA Poly (p-phenylene disulfonic acid) PTW Pump-to-wheels PPI Pore(s) per inch PV Photovoltaic; present value ppm, PPM Part(s) per million PVA Polyvinyl alcohol ppmv Part(s) per million by volume PVC Polyvinyl chloride ppmw Part(s) per million by weight PVD Physical vapor deposition PPN Porous polymer network PVDC Poly-vinylidene chloride PPOR Metalloporphyrin porous organic polymer PVDF Polyvinylidene fluoride P-POSS Phosphonic acid polyhedral oligomeric PVL Print verification line silsesquioxane PVP Polyvinylpyrrolidone PPS Polyphenylene sulfide PVPP Polyvinyl pyridinium phosphate PPSA Poly (p-phenylene sulfonic acid) PVT, P-V-T Pressure-Volume-Temperature PPSA Partial pressure swing adsorption PXRD Powder X-ray diffraction PPSU Polyphenylsulfone Q Neutron momentum transfer PRD Pressure relief device Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4 PRO Pressure retarded osmosis Quarters of the fiscal year PSA Pressure swing adsorption, adsorber QC Quality control PSAT Powertrain Systems Analysis Toolkit, QCM Quartz crystal microbalance a vehicle simulation software package QE Quantum efficiency developed at Argonne National Laboratory QENS Quasielastic neutron scattering PSD Particle size distribution, pore size QFD Quality function deployment distribution QLRA Qualitative risk analysis PSEPVE Perfluoro (4-methyl-3,6-dioxaoct-7-ene) sulfonyl fluoride QMC Quantum Monte Carlo PSf Poly(arylene ether sulfone) QNS Quasielastic neutron scattering psi, PSI Pound(s) per square inch QRA Quantitative risk assessment PSI Photosystem I R Universal or ideal gas constant, 8.314472 J · K-1 · mol-1 psia Pound(s) per square inch absolute RAMAN A spectroscopic technique psid Pound(s) per square inch differential R&D Research and development psig, PSIG Pound(s) per square inch gauge RD&D, R,D&D PSII Photosystem II Research, development & demonstration PSM Protic salt membrane RDE Rotating disk electrode PSOFC Planar solid oxide fuel cell Re Rhenium PSS Porous stainless steel, potentiostatic scan Rf Generic fluoroalkyl group PSU Polysulfone RF, rf Radio frequency PSU Pennsylvania State University RF Roughness factor Pt Platinum RFP Request for proposals P-T Pressure-temperature RGA Residual gas analyzer (analysis) Pt Co Platinum-cobalt alloy 3 Rh Rhodium Pt Fe Platinum-iron alloy 3 RH Relative humidity Pt Ni Platinum-nickel alloy 3 RHE Reference hydrogen electrode; reversible PTA Phosphotungstic acid hydrogen electrode Pt/C Platinum/carbon RNA Ribo nucleic acid ® PTFE Teflon – poly-tetrafluoroethylene RNG Renewable natural gas Pt-FePO Platinum iron phosphate RO Reverse osmosis PtO Platinum oxide ROM Rough order of magnitude

PtO2 Platinum dioxide RPC Ruthenium-polypridyl complex PtRu Platinum ruthenium RPI Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program 1348 FY 2011 Annual Progress Report XIV. Acronyms, Abbreviations and Definitions rpm Revolution(s) per minute SECA Solid State Energy Conversion Alliance RPS Renewable portfolio standard SEDS State Energy Data System RRC Regional resource center SEM Scanning electron microscopy, scanning RRDE Rotating ring disc electrode electron microscope RRW Risk reduction worth SEM Secondary electron microscopy RSA Random sequential adsorption SEPUP Science Education for Public Understanding Program RSOFC Reversible solid oxide fuel cell SERA Scenario Evaluation, Regionalization and RT Room temperature Analysis RTD Resistive thermal device SET Surface Energy Treatment Ru Ruthenium SF Polystyrene-b-PFPO s Second(s) SF6 Sulfur hexafluoride S Siemen(s) SFA Sulfonic acid S Sulfur SFO San Francisco International Airport SA Specific amperage SGD Spontaneous galvanic displacement, system SA Sulfur-ammonia thermochemical water- gravimetric density splitting cycle SHE Standard hydrogen electrode SAC Site acquisition Si Silicon SAE SAE International, originally known as S-I Sulfur-iodine the Society of Automotive Engineers SI Sulfur-iodine cycle; spectrum image SAFC Solid acid fuel cell Si3N4 Silicon nitride SAH Sodium aluminum hydride SiC Silicon carbide SAM Scanning Auger microscopy SiCN Silicon carbonitride SANS Small angle neutron scattering SIMS Secondary ion emission spectroscopy SAXS Small angle X-ray scattering SiO2 Silicon dioxide SBET BET specific surface area SIU Southern Illinois University SBIR Small Business Innovation Research sL Standard liter (0°C, 1 atm) SBTS Stack Block Test System SLD Simplified local density SBU Secondary building unit slpm, slm, sL/min Sc Scandium Standard liter(s) per minute S/C Steam to carbon ratio SMR Steam methane reformer; steam methane sccm, SCCM Standard cubic centimeter(s) per minute reforming SCE Saturated calomel electrode Sn Tin SCF, scf Standard cubic feet, supercritical fluid SNL Sandia National Laboratories scfd Standard cubic feet per day SNR Signal-to-noise ratio SCFH, scfh Standard cubic feet per hour SNTT Spiral notch torsion test SCFM Standard cubic feet per minute SLAC Stanford Linear Accelerator Center S/cm Siemen(s) per centimeter SLPH Standard liter(s) per hour SCOF Single cell with open flowfield SLPM Standars liter(s) per minute SC-PC Supercritical pulverized coal SLT Strontium-doped lanthanum titanate SCR Selective catalytic reduction SnO Tin oxide SCS Solution combustion synthesis SnO2 Tin oxide SCT-MAT Short Circuit MicroActivity Testing SO2 Sulfur dioxide SD Standard deviation, System dynamics SO3 Sulfur trioxide SDO Standards development organization SOC State-of-charge Se Selenium SOEC Solid oxide electrolysis cell; solid oxide sec Second(s) electrolyzer cell SEC Size exclusion chromatography SOFC Solid oxide fuel cell

FY 2011 Annual Progress Report 1349 DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program XIV. Acronyms, Abbreviations and Definitions

SOFEC Solid oxide fuel-assisted electrolysis cell t Time

SOx Oxides of sulfur T1bar Temperature at which equilibrium pressure sPAES Sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) of hydrogen is 1 bar for a hydrogen exchange reaction SPEEK Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) Ta Tantalum SPEK Sulfonated poly-etherketone-ketone TAG Technical Advisory Group SPEKK Sulfonated polyether(ether ketone ketone) TBAB Tetra-n-butylammonium bromide SPEX Type of milling machine TBA B H Tetra-n-butylammonium SPM Scanning probe microscope 2 12 12 dodecahydrododecaborate sPOSS sulfonated octaphenyl polyhedral oligomeric TBABh Tetra-n-butylammonium borohydride silsesquioxanes TBA-PF Tetra-n-butylammonium sq. in. Square inch(es) 6 hexafluorophosphate Sr Strontium TBD To be determined SR Steam reformer; steam reforming TC Thermocouple SR-M Steam reformer membrane TC Transparent conducting SRNL Savannah River National Laboratory TCCR Transparent, conducting and corrosion SrO Strontium oxide resistant

SrTiO3 Strontium titanate, the proton conducting TCD Thermal conductivity detector material TCO Transparent conductive oxide SS Stainless steel Te Tellurium SSA Specific surface area te Metric ton or tonne (1,000 kg) SSAWG Storage System Analysis Working Group TEA Triethylamine SSR Solid-state reaction TEAA Triethylamine alane adduct SSWAG Storage System Working Analysis Group TEDA Triethylenediamine STCH Solar Thermochemical Hydrogen TEM Transmission electron microscopy STEM Scanning transmission electron microscopy TEOA Triethanolamine STEM Science, technology, engineering, and TEOM Tapered element oscillating microbalance mathematics tf Thin film STH Solar-to-hydrogen TFE Tetrafluoroethylene STM Scanning tunneling microscopy TF-RDE: Thin film rotating disk electrode STMBMS Simultaneous thermogravimetric modulated beam mass spectrometer tf-Si Thin-film silicon STP Standard temperature and pressure TFVE Trifluorovinyl ether STS Scanning tunneling spectroscopy TGA Thermal gravimetric analysis; thermogravimetric analysis; STTP Shared Technology Transfer Project thermogravimetric analyzer STTR Small Business Technology Transfer TGA-DSC Thermo-gravimetric analysis-differential SU/SD Start-up and shut-down scanning calorimetry SV Space velocity TGA-MS Thermogravimetric analysis-mass SVD System volumetric density spectrometer SWCNT Single-walled carbon nanotube THF Tetrahydrofuran SWNH Single-walled nanohorn Ti Titanium

SWNT Single-wall nanotube TiCl3 Titanium trichloride ® SwRI Southwest Research Institute TiF3 Titanium trifluoride

Sy Yield strength TiH2 Titanium hydride SYT Yttrium-doped strontium titanate Ti-IRMOF-16 Titanium (Ti) intercalated IRMOF-16 T Temperature TIO Technology improvement opportunities

T, t Ton, tonne TiO2 (anatase) T Tesla (unit of magnetic induction) TKK Tanaka Kikinzoku Kogyo K. K.

DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program 1350 FY 2011 Annual Progress Report XIV. Acronyms, Abbreviations and Definitions

Tla Truncated light-harvesting chlorophyll UHV Ultra-high vacuum antenna UIUC University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign tla1 Mutant of the Tla1 gene (GenBank Assession UL Underwriters Laboratory No. AF534570) ULSD Ultra-low sulfur diesel tlaR Mutant of unknown gene with a truncated um Micrometer(s) light-harvesting chlorophyll antenna UMC Unsaturated metal centers tlaX Mutant of unknown gene with a truncated light-harvesting chlorophyll antenna UNCC University of North Carolina at Charlotte TM Transition metal UNLV University of Nevada, Las Vegas TMA Thermal mechanical analyzer UNLVRF UNLV Research Foundation TMB Trimethylborate UNM University of New Mexico TMEDA Tetramethylethane-1,2-diamine; N1,N1,N2,N2- UNR University of Nevada, Reno tetramethylethane-1,2-diamine UPD Underpotentially deposited TMF The Molecular Foundry UPE Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene TMG Tetramethyl guanidine UPL Upper potential limit TMM Thermal management module UPS Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy TMPyP Tetramethylpyridylporphine U.S. United States TNT Trinitrotoluene US06 Environmental Protection Agency vehicle TOC Total organic content driving cycle TOF Turnover frequency USA United States of America TON Turnover number USANS Ultra small angle neutron scattering TPA Tripropylamine, Temperature-programmed USB Universal serial bus adsorption USC University of South Carolina TPB Triple phase boundary USC University of Southern California TPD Tonne(s) per day USCAR United States Council for Automotive TPD Thermally programmed desorption; Research, U.S. Cooperative Automotive Temperature-programmed desorption Research TPO Temperature-programmed oxidation USFCC United States Fuel Cell Council TPR Temperature-programmed reduction USGS Unites States Geological Survey TPV Through plate voltage USM University of Southern Mississippi TR Traditional reactor UT University of Tennessee TRAIN TrainingFinder Realtime Affiliate Network UTC University of Tennessee, Chattanooga TRL Technology readiness level UTCP UTC Power tr. oz. Troy ounce UTRC United Technologies Research Center TSA Temperature swing adsorption UV Ultraviolet TV Test vehilce UV-vis Ultraviolet-visual UC University of California V Vanadium UCB University of California, Berkeley V Volt UCF University of Central Florida VA Vinyl acetate UCI University of California, Irvine VAC Volts alternating current UCLA University of California, Los Angeles VACNTs Vertically aligned carbon nanotubes UCONN University of Connecticut VANTA Vertically aligned nanotube arrays UCSB University of California, Santa Barbara VASP Vienna ab initio simulation package UDDS Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule VB Valence band UEL Upper explosive limit VBM Valence band minimum UFL Upper flammability limit VBM Valence band maximum UH University of Hawaii VC Vanadium carbide UHP Ultra-high purity VC Vulcan carbon

FY 2011 Annual Progress Report 1351 DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program XIV. Acronyms, Abbreviations and Definitions

VDC Volts direct current WO3 Tungsten trioxide VDF Vinylidene fluoride Wppm Weight part(s) per million VDOS Vibrational density of states wt Weight vdW van der Waals Wt Watt(s) thermal VI Venter Institute wt%, wt.% Weight percent (percent by weight) V-I Voltage – current WTP Well-to-pump VIR Voltage-current-resistance WTP Water transport plate

Vmp Micropore volume WTT Well-to-tank VMT Vehicle miles travelled WTW Well-to-wheels VNT Variable nozzle turbine w/v Weight by volume VOC Volatile organic compound WWTP Waste water treatment plants VOC Voltage open circuit XAFS X-ray absorption fine structure vol Volume XANES X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy vol% Volume percent XAS X-ray absorption spectroscopy

Vpore Total pore volume XC72 High-surface-area carbon support made by VRB Vanadium-redox battery Cabot W Tungsten XES X-ray emission spectroscopy W Watt(s) XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray photon spectroscopy, X-ray photoemission WAXD Wide-angle x-ray diffraction spectroscopy, X-ray photoluminescence WAXS Wide angle X-ray scattering spectroscopy WC Tungsten carbon, tungsten carbide XRD X-ray diffraction 2 W/cm Watt(s) per square centimeter XRF X-ray fluorescence

We Watt(s) electric Y Yttrium WECC Western Electric Coordinating Council yr, YR Year WGS Water-gas shift YSZ Yttria-stablized zirconia WGSR Water-gas shift reactor ZEV Zero emission vehicle WGSMR Water-gas shift membrane reactor ZHS Zinc hydroxystannate Wh Watt-hour(s) ZIF Zeolitic imidazolate framework

W(H2) Gravimetric hydrogen storage capacity Zn Zinc W-h/kg Watt-hour(s) per kilogram ZnO Zinc oxide W-h/L, Wh/liter, Wh/L Zr Zirconium Watt-hour(s) per liter ZrO2 Zirconium dioxide WHSV Weight hourly space velocity ZrSPP Zirconium phosphate Wind2H2 Wind to hydrogen demonstration project sulfophenylphosphonate W/kg Watt(s) per kilogram ZVI Zerovalent iron W/L, W/l Watt(s) per liter W/m-K, W/m.K, W/mK .Watt(s) per meter-Kelvin (unit of thermal conductivity)

DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program 1352 FY 2011 Annual Progress Report