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(SnrttpU Slam Btl^aal filibraty KD UB/TM'igTr"'" ''""^ ^''ifiiiimnliiimiri!!''^''''^'''^ bequests / 3 1924 022 199 842 The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924022199842 : THE LAW CHARITABLE BEQUESTS. BY ^ AMHERST D/ TYSSEN, D.C.L., OP THE INJIEE TEMPLE, BAEEI8TEE-AT-LAW. BY CLAUDE EUSTACE SHEBBEARE, OF THE INNEB TEMPLE, BAEEISTEE-AT-LAW, AND CHARLES PERCY SANGER OP Lincoln's inn, baeeistee-at-law. LONDON SWEET AND MAXWELL, LIMITED, 3, CHANOEEY LANE, W.C. 2, Sato ^ttbH0h£rs. 1921. S3i f cf iii ( ) PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. Tyssen's Law of Charitable Bequests was published in 1888, and it is a remarkable testimony to tbe merit of Mr. Tyssen's work that, despite the changes wrought by legislation and the develop- ment of the law of charities by judicial decisions in the past thirty years, the book is frequently consulted to this day. For the purposes of the Second Edition of the work Mr. Tyssen has very generously placed at our service his own annotated copy of the original edition. Two circumstances have rendered it necessary to make great alterations in the book. The pass- ing of the Mortmain and Charitable Uses Act, 1891, shortly after the appearance of the First Edition has completely changed the law as to devises of land for charitable purposes, and rendered obsolete much learning on the subject of Impure Personalty and the Marshalling of Assets. The increased cost of printing has made it impossible to follow Mr. Tyssen's method of setting out with the fulness of a digest all the cases to which reference is made. The book is therefore consider- ably condensed. It is not, however, only by statute that the earlier law of Charities has been affected. A marked pro- gress of thought is reflected in modern decisions. It is discernible as regards religion in Bowman v. Secular Society on the one hand, and in Bourne v. a2 IV PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. Keane upon the other; and to the framers of the Statute of Elizabeth the suggestion, now accepted, that learning is advanced by the provision of Fives Courts would perhaps have come as a surprise. We have therefore had to regard many topics from a new standpoint, and to write the greater part of the book afresh. But the first three chapters, which exhibit Mr. Tyssen's learning on this branch of the law in a most attractive way, are almost untouched. The preliminary chapters are indeed of so much value as an introduction to the subject, that we believe that the book may, if only by reason of them, be found of service to students ; while to all who are concerned with this difficult and in many respects unsatisfactory subject of law we trust that in this edition we have produced a book which will be of practical use. The important cases of In re Eades and In re Willis were reported too recently to enable us to consider them fully. The substance of the chapter on Remoteness and Charitable Gifts has already appeared in Vol. XXIX. of the Yale Law Journal. From decisions not always intelligible in them- selves, and often apparently irreconcilable with one another, we have, where possible, made some attempt to evolve principles. In this we must hope that a revelation of the darkness is not the only result of our efforts to find the light. C. E. S. C. P. S. 3, New SarARE, Lincoln's Inn. December, 1920. — . CONTENTS. — FAQE Preface iii Table of Oases vii Table of Statutes xxxviii Chaptee I. History of the Subject 1 II. Devises to Corporations 8 III. The Custom of the City of London 12 IV. What is Charity 25 V. The Mortmain and Charitable Uses Acts . 32 VI. Gifts for the Relief of Poverty 57 VII. Gifts foe the Advancement of Education . 66 VIII. Gifts FOR THE Advancement of Religion ... 69 IX. Gifts for other Purposes Beneficial to the Community 103 X. Indefinite and Incomplete Charitable Gifts 119 XI. Gifts to Doubtful or Defunct Societies ... 132 XII. Charge or Trust 137 XIII. Effect of Pailurb of a Gift 147 XIV. Remoteness and Charitable Gifts 153 XV. Conditions and Charitable Gifts 166 XVI. Foreign Charities 171 XVn. The Oy-pees Doctrine 181 XVIII. Ceown Rights by Sign Manual 208 XIX. Peoceduee 215 APPENDIX. The Moetmain and Charitable Uses Act, 1888 223 The Mortmain and Chaeitable Uses Act, 1891 235 The Moetmain and Charitable Uses Act Amendment Act, 1892 237 INDEX 239 ^ii> ( ) TABLE OF CASES. A. PAGE Abbott v. Eraser (1874), L. E. 6 P. C. 96; 44 L. J. P. C. 26; 23 W. K. 432; 31 L. T. 596 33 Adams v. Lembery (1820), oit. 2 J. & W. 274 152 Adnam v. Cole (1843), 6 Beav. 353; 63 R. R. 107 85 Alexander v. Brame (1854), 19 Beav. 436; (1855), 7 De G. M. & G. 525; 1 Jur. N. S. 1032; 105 R. R. 205; reversed sub mm. Jeffries <.. Alexander, 8 H. L. 0. 594; 31 L. J. Ch. 9; 7 Jur. N. S. 221; 2 L. T. 748; 125 R. R. 286 43 Allen, Re, Hargreaves v. Taylor, [1905] 2 Ch. 400; 74 L. J. Ch. 593; 54 W. R. 91; 21 T. L. R. 662; 93 L. T. 597 ...91, 103, 106, 107 Allsop's Estate, Re, Gall u. Carver, [1884] W. N. 196; 1 T. L. R. 4 31, 68 Amos, Re, Carrier v. Price, [1891] 3 Oh. 159; 60 L. J. Ch. 570; 65L. T. 69; 39 W. R. 550 83 Andrews v. McGuffog (1886), 11 App. Cas. 313 182 Anon. (1537), Dyer; 33, s. 12 23 Anon. (1557), Dyer, 155, s. 21 23 Anon. (1680), 2 Vent. 349 74 Anon. (1716), 1 P. Wma. 327 63 Anon. (1745|), 3 Atk. 277 121, 219 Armstrong v. Reeves (1890), 25 L. R. Ir. 325 113 Arnold v. A.-G. (1698), Show. P. 0. 28; S. C. sub nom. A.-G. v. Mayor of Govemtry, 2 Vern. 397; CoUes, P. C. 280; 7 Bro. P. G. 235, Tolm. ed 144, 203 Arnold v. Chapmaji (1748), 1 Vea. sen. 108 52 Ascough v. PhilUps (1639), Sir W. Jones, 428 26 Ashbumham v. Bradshaw (1740), 2 Atk. 36; Barn. 6 34 Ashton V. Langdale, Lord (1851), 4 De G. & Sm. 402; 20 L. J. (N. S.) Oh. 234; 15 Jur. N. S. 868; 17 L. T. (O. S.) 175; 87 E. R. 420 114 Aahton's Charity, Re (1859), 27 Beav. 115; 5 Jur. N. S. 665; 7 W. R. 659; 33 L. T. 195; 122 R. R. 342 204 -Aston II. Wood (1868), L. R. 6 Eq. 419 71, 130 A.-G. V. Andrew (1798), 3 Ves. 633; 4 R. R. 110 168, 200 Vlll TABLE OF CASES. PACE A.-G. V. Andrews (1748), 1 Vea. sen. 225 26 A.-G. V. Ashbumham, Earl of (1823), 1 Sim. & St. 394 222 A.-G. V. Aspinall (1836), 1 Keen, 513; 2 My. & Cr. 613; 7 L. J. (N. S.) Ch. 51; 1 Jar. 812; 30 E. R. 776 91, 108 A.-G. V. Athestono School (Governors of) (1834), 3 Myl. & K. 544... 144 A.-G. V. Barham (1835), 4 L. J. (N. S.) Ch. 128 143, 205 A.-G. V. Barnes (1707), 2 Vern. Pt. 2, 597; Pr. Oh. 270; GUb. 5... 28 A.-G. V. Baxter (1684), 1 Vern. 248; 1 Eq. Cas. Abr. 96, pi. 9 ... 70 A.-G. V. Belgravo Hospital for Children, [1910] 1 Ch. 73; 79 L. J. Ch. 75; 101 L. T. 628; 54 S. J. 31; '26 T. L. B. 640 220 A.-G. V. Berryman (1755), 1 Dick. 168 : 119, 211 A.-G. V. Berwick-upon-Tweed, Corporation of (1829), Taml. 239 ;> 31 R. E. 85 59 A.-G. V. Blizard (1855), 21 Beav. 233; 25 L. J. Oh. 171; 1 Jur. N. S. 1195; 111 R. R. 74 69, 110 A.-G. V. Bouoherett (1855—58), 25 Beav. 116; 119 R. R. 350 217 A.-G. v. BovUl (1840), 1 Ph. 762; S. C. iiom. A.-G. v. Bosvil, 4 Jur. 548; 65 R. R. 506 60 A.-G. V. Bowles (1754), 2 Ves. sen. 547; 3 Atk. 806 35 A.-G. V. Bowyer (1798), 3 Ves. 714; 5 Ves. 300; 8 Ves. 256; 4 R. R. 132 50, 157 A.-G. V. Bradley (1857), 1 Edeai. 482 9 A.-G. V. Brandreth (1842), 1 Y. & C. Ch. 0. 200; 6 Jur. 31; 57 R. R. 311 57, 60 A.-G. V. Brazenose Collie, Oxford (1834), 2 d. & E. 295; 8 Bli. N. S. 377; 1 L. J. (N. S.) Oh. 66; 37 R. E. 107 141, 146, 206 A.-G. V. Brentwood School, Master of (1833), 1 My. & K. 376; 36 R. R. 334 8, 9, 144, 202 A.-G. V. Bristol, Mayor of (1820), 2 Jac. & W. 294; 22 R. R. 136... 138, 142, 143, 145, 206 A.-G. V. Brown (1827), 1 Bli. N. S. 347 9 A.-G. V. Brown (1818), 1 Swanst. 265; 1 Wils. 323 108 A.-G. V. Buckland (1741), Amb. 71, n.; 1 Ves. sen. 87, 110; S. C. A.-G. V. Bucknall 64 A.-G. V. Bucknall (1741;), 2 Atk. 328 64 A.-G. V. Bunce (1868), L. R. 6 Eq. 563; 37 L. J. Ch. 697; 18 L. T. 742 185, 186 A.-G. V. Burdet (1717), 2 Vern. 755 27 A.-G. u. Bushby (1857), 24 Beav.
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  • Room 261 University of London Senate House London, Wcie 7Hu

    Room 261 University of London Senate House London, Wcie 7Hu

    n :e a c a d e .1C registrar ROOM 261 UNIVERSITY OF LONDON SENATE HOUSE LONDON, WCIE 7HU foi THE EDUCATIONAL POLICIES OF THE CONSERVATIVE PARTY, 1918-1944 Kevin Jefferys (Bedford College) Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ll: JLXN/! ProQuest Number: 10098489 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest 10098489 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ABSTRACT This thesis sets out to examine the role played by the Conservative Party in the evolution of the state education system between 1918 and 1944. The early chapters provide a chronological account of ministerial policy and party attitudes towards secondary and elementary education between the wars. This is followed by assessments of the party's approach to the dual system of council and church schools, and to the problems of ' education for employment '. The manner in which Conservative education policy operated locally is then examined with particular reference to the area of London; and the arguments put forward are brought together finally by an analysis of the party's responsibility for, and reaction to, the 1944 Education Act.