Volume 14 / December / 2019
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Volume 14 / December / 2019 2 Editor’s Note ************************************************************************ The Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games are approaching. It is the world's leading mega sporting event following the PyeongChang 2018 Winter Games and leading to the Beijing 2022. The past and following years are very important for the development of the sport industry in Asia. Expectations are high not only for the success of management personnel in the sports industry but also for the achievement of research in the academic world. I would greatly appreciate it if all our friends from various nations and regions would consider submitting for the Asian Sport Management Review (ASMR), the official journal of the Asian Association for Sport Management (AASM)ASMR. The volume 14 is made up of seven unique articles. The topics consist of issues regarding governance of International sport federations, sense of community in local sport teams in Japan, team brand associations of a professional football league, Olympic organizing committees in Korea and Japan, consumer behavior in sport team merchandise, sports engineering of the Iran Taekwondo federation, and sports magazine covers in the United States and Japan. Many of editorial works have been completed by the deputy chief editor, Dr. Daichi Oshimi. I would like to express my appreciation for his great contribution and many collaborative reviewers’ hard work. I hope you enjoy reading each paper. Sincerely yours, Hirotaka Matsuoka, Ph. D. 3 Content **************************************************************************************** Governance Reform of International Sport Federations and its Implications for National Sport Associations: A case study of the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) and the Chinese Taipei Athletics Association (CTAA) ............................................................................................................................................ 4 Influence of Team Identification on Sense of Community in Local Sport Teams: Focusing on a High School Gymnastics Team in a Gymnastics-City ........................ 16 The Influence of Team Brand Associations on Intention to Watch Future Games: The case of a Japan Professional Football League (J.League) Team ................................ 27 Experiences and Meanings to Work for Mega Sport Event: A Comparative Study on Olympic Organizing Committees in Korea and Japan ............................................... 38 A Study of Message Valence on Perceived Value and Purchase Intention of Sport Team Merchandise: The Mediating Effect of Emotions ........................................................ 55 Appropriateness of Sports Engineering: The Case of the Iran Taekwondo Federation . 67 A cross-cultural comparison of sports magazine covers between the United States and Japan ................................................................................................................................ 78 4 Governance Reform of International Sport Federations and its Implications for National Sport Associations: A case study of the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) and the Chinese Taipei Athletics Association (CTAA) Tsu-Lin Yeha, Jörg Kriegerb University of South Carolinaa, Department of Public Health, Aarhus Universityb Governance in sport organizations has become a much-researched topic in recent time. However, we have identified a lack of studies on the organizational structures of national federations, in particular against the background of local/national histories. We aim to fill this research gap by centralizing the governance structures of the Chinese Taipei Athletics Association (CTAA) in light of recent governance structure reforms in international athletics. Our approach is twofold. First, we use previously unexamined sources from the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) Archives in Monaco to explore the CTAA’s reintegration into the IAAF in the late 1970s. This historical context provides essential background for the specific sport political circumstances in which the CTAA is situated. Second, we focus on seven key areas of the IAAF’s recent reform and explore how they are applicable to the CTAA. These areas are: 1) Presidential Power, 2) Area Representative Voice, 3) Greater Voice for Athletes, 4) Gender Balance, 5) Independent Anti-Doping Regulations, 6) Integrity and External Control Mechanisms, and 7) Readjustment of Finance Management/Control. Our findings indicate that there are discrepancies between the CTAA’s organizational structures and internationally recognized governance concepts. However, we argue that there is a need for an individual governance concept as the CTAA cannot completely follow the IAAF´s blueprint. In order to do so, the CTAA must be open for reform and thereby take its significant historical background into consideration. Key Words: Athletics, CTAA, IAAF, sport governance, Taiwan sport history Corresponding Author: Jörg Krieger E-mail: [email protected] Introduction In recent years, the international academic community has increasingly focused on the aspect of governance in sport. A majority of the studies built on the many corruption scandals and the lack of integrity in the world’s biggest international sport organizations such as the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) (Mason, Thibault & Misener, 2006; Pielke, 2013; Boudreaux, Karahan & Coats, 2016; Sugden & Tomlinson, 2017; Tomlinson, 2017). Thereby, research has not only produced theoretical constructs for the understanding of governance but also made suggestions for the practical implementation of good governance principles (Geereart, 2016). Nevertheless, governance issues remain a key problem in many governing bodies of sport, including the Olympic and non- Olympic International Sport Federations (IFs) (Lee & Hardin, 2016). A major IF that has recently addressed its organizational structures to allow for the installation of governance principles is the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF)a. This was a necessary process because international media reports and independent commissions have exposed the involvement of IAAF officials in wide-ranging corruptive practices to protect an alleged doping system in Russia (Pound, McLaren & Younger, 2016). A thorough review of the IAAF’s reform document reveals that the IAAF governance structure reform contains seven key areas: (1) reduction of presidential power; (2) expansion of area representation; (3) increased involvement of (former) athletes; (4) gender balance; (5) independent anti-doping regulation; (6) integrity and control functions; (7) readjustment of finance management. The reform is aimed at the sport´s international governing body itself. However, it potentially also effects its national member federations. Whilst the IAAF does not propose an immediate adoption of the governance reforms, the IAAF Reform Package reads: “In the future, it is envisaged there will need to be alignment across the sport but Member Federations and Area Associations should be actively involved in that reform process before any alignment is required” (IAAF, 2016, p. 23). aAfter the 2019 World Athletics Championships, the IAAF changed its official name into World Athletics. In this research we will refer to the organization as IAAF because our research has been conducted prior to the name change 5 Hence, the entire organizational athletic community faces a process of institutional change in light of the IAAF’s reform. Against the background of international reform and its potential effects on national athletics federations, this paper centralizes the organizational development of governing athletics in Taiwan. Research on national sport federations is scarce but it is necessary to understand the specific frameworks of national sport organizations to contextualize the consequences of reforms. The case of the Chinese Taipei Athletics Association (CTAA) is particularly effective in this regard as Taiwan’s sport history is complex and its specific history must be considered when approaching an internationally-driven change. Hence, before outlining the introduction of governance processes and the commercialization of athletics through the IAAF, it may be useful to clarify the historical circumstances in which the CTAA was founded under its current name. The contextualization will, in short, help readers to understand the complexity of the sport political tensions within the international athletics network regarding the “China question”. To accomplish this task, this study draws on previously unexamined historical sources from the IAAF Archives in Monaco. In a second step, we look at the structural development of the CTAA since its re- integration into the IAAF by focusing on each of the seven key reform areas mentioned above. For this part, we utilize CTAA publications from the CTAA annual manual, the CTAA quarterly, and other resources available online. Understanding the Historical Context: The CTAA’s Struggle to Remain in the IAAF Following the end of the Second World War, the Kuomintang (KMT, Chinese Nationalist Party) governed the Republic of China (ROC) including the Chinese mainland and the island of Taiwan. The Chinese Civil War changed the existing orders dramatically with the Communists taking control over Mainland China and the Nationalists fleeing to Taiwan (National Sport Cultural and History