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The Economic Capital of Archaeology: Measurement and Management

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The Economic Capital of Archaeology: Measurement and Management The Economic Capital of Archaeology: Measurement and Management Volume 1 Paul Burtenshaw Thesis submitted for Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Institute of Archaeology, University College London 2013 Due to the need to ensure the well-being of contributors, Volume 2 of this thesis has had some details obscured. This Volume (1) remains unaltered. 1 Abstract The economic aspects of archaeology are becoming increasingly emphasised by stakeholders inside and outside the discipline. However, archaeology is currently ill-equipped – conceptually and practically – to deal with the new demands this emphasis places. This research responds to that situation, develops and applies a new conceptual model fit to approach the use of archaeology as an economic asset, examines how archaeology’s ability to act as an economic asset attracts value, and considers how archaeologists can best understand economic ‘capital’. The thesis first examines current approaches to ‘value’ and ‘economics’ in cultural heritage management and cultural economics, identifying a damaging divide between the ‘cultural’ and the ‘economic’. A ‘Capital Model’ is developed, which focuses on how value is created for the public and emphasises the equality and interrelationship of economic, social and cultural benefits of archaeological sites and materials. This research then analyses how the ‘economic capital’ of archaeology is currently used to create value for stakeholders and the public. Drawing on perspectives from environmental resource management, it examines the approaches of international organisations, national governments (focusing on the UK), and local heritage tourism projects. This analysis highlights the necessity, and current lack of, data and methodologies to measure the economic capital of archaeology. Available methodologies are examined and applied to the case study of Feynan, Jordan. Data on the quantity and distribution of the economic impact of the local archaeology, and its interaction with other social and cultural values, is collected to inform management strategies. The case study demonstrates the importance of archaeologists understanding the economic capital of archaeology. 2 Table of Contents Volume 1 Title Page 1 Abstract 2 List of Contents 3 List of Figures 6 List of Images 7 Abbreviations Used 8 Preface 10 Acknowledgements 11 Chapter 1: Introduction 12 Section 1: Conceptualising the Economic Value of Archaeology Chapter 2: Value of Archaeology in Cultural Economics 17 Concepts of Value in Cultural Economics 22 Wider Concepts in Cultural Economics 28 Cultural Heritage in Cultural Economics 32 Conclusion 38 Chapter 3: The Approach to Value in Archaeology 40 Value Schemes 40 Economic Perspectives in Heritage Value 48 Public Archaeology 57 Conclusion 65 Chapter 4: Closing the Divide: A Capital Model 68 A ‘Capital Model’ of Archaeological Resources 69 Closing the Divide 77 Section 2: The Relationship between Economic Capital and Value Chapter 5: Perspectives on the Economic Capital of Archaeology 80 Archaeology as an Economic Asset 80 3 Archaeology as a Tourism Asset 82 The Environmental Perspective 88 Comparisons between Natural and Cultural Resources 97 Conclusion 100 Chapter 6: International Perspectives on Economic Capital 102 Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Development 102 UNESCO, ICOMOS and WMF 103 The World Bank 112 Applying the Paradigm 115 Private Sector Investment in Archaeology 123 Conclusion 125 Chapter 7: The National Perspective on Economic Capital: the UK 127 Accounting for Value 127 Reports on the Economic Capital of Archaeology in the UK 138 Conclusion 147 Chapter 8: The Local Value of Economic Capital 151 International Guidance 152 Community Archaeology and the 153 Mobilisation of Economic Capital 163 Lessons from Projects and Tourism Strategies Economic Capital, Value and the Social Context 166 Data in Archaeological ICDPs 177 Conclusion 181 Section 2 Conclusion 182 Section 3: Understanding the Economic Capital of Archaeology Chapter 9: Measuring Economic Capital 185 Measuring the Economic Capital of Archaeology 186 Studies into the Economic Capital of Archaeology 188 Economic Capital in Context 195 Approaches to Economic Capital for Archaeologists 203 Chapter 10: Background to Tourism and Archaeology in Jordan and Feynan 205 Archaeology and Tourism in Jordan 205 Stakeholders in Tourism and Heritage 208 4 Archaeology, Tourism and Development in Jordan 211 Archaeology and Background of Feynan, southern Jordan 219 Archaeology and Tourism in Feynan: Blight or Boon? 246 Methodology for Understanding the Economic Capital 247 of Archaeology in Feynan Chapter 11: The Economic Capital of Feynan, Jordan 251 The Economic Capital of the Archaeology of Feynan 251 Local Community Perspectives on Archaeology 276 The Political Context 297 Conclusion 299 Chapter 12: Conclusion: The Economic Capital of Archaeology 304 Volume 2 Title Page 309 Contents 310 References 311 Appendix 375 1. Tourist Questionnaires and coding information 375 2. Tourist Questionnaire Results a. Feynan Tourist Survey 386 b. Dana Survey Details 390 3. National Stakeholder (NS) Interviews (NS1-8) 394 4. Archaeologist (A) Interviews (A1-6) 421 5. Local Tourism and Community Stakeholders (LTC) Interviews (LTC1-10) 449 6. Ecolodge Staff (EL) Interviews (EL1-10) 472 7. Dana Local Community (D)Interviews (D1-4) 482 8. Local Population Interview Structure and Coding Information 489 9. Local Population Survey (LP) Interviews (LP1-74) 495 10. Local Population Survey Data 551 5 List of Figures 1 Different Forms of Economic Goods 18 2 Locations in Text in Jordan 206 3 Contemporary Area of Feynan 219 4 Archaeology of Feynan 222 5 Origin of Tourists in Feynan 259 6 Origin of Tourists in Dana 259 7 Length of Stay in Jordan – Feynan Tourists 261 8 Length of Stay in Jordan – Dana Tourists 262 9 Motivation to Visit Jordan – Feynan Tourists 263 10 Motivation to Visit Jordan – Dana Tourists 263 11 Length of Stay in Feynan 265 12 Previous and Next Location of Feynan Tourists 265 13 Transport Used In and Out of Feynan 266 14 Previous and Next location of Dana Tourists 267 15 Lengths of Stay in Dana 268 16 Reasons for Visiting Feynan 269 17 Source of Information about Feynan 270 18 Reasons for Visiting Dana 271 19 Tribal Affiliation of LP Survey 278 20 Location of Interviews and Residence of Interviewees for LP Survey 278 21 Geographical Areas Used for Interviews 279 22 Tourism Work by Tribe 282 23 Reasons Why Archaeology is Important 283 24 Reasons Why Archaeology is Important Amongst Tourism Workers 285 25 Reasons Why Archaeology is Important by Tribe 286 26 Archaeological Knowledge by Tribe 287 27 Archaeological Knowledge by Involvement in Archaeological Work 288 28 Archaeological Work by Tribe 290 6 List of Images All photographs are by the author 1 View East from Khirbit Feynan up Wadi Feynan and Wadi Ghuwayr 220 2 View west of Wadi Dana from Dana Village towards Feynan. 220 3 View of WF16 223 4 View from Ghuwayr 1 West down Wadi Feynan 224 5 View of Ghuwayr 1 from Wadi Feynan 224 6 The Fortress at Khirbit-en-Nahas 227 7 Burials at Wadi Fidan 40 227 8 Slopes of Khirbit Feynan 228 9 Remains of Byzantine Church at Khirbit Feynan 228 10 View of the South Cemetery 229 11 Neolithic Reconstruction near WF16 229 12 View of Rashaydah Village 235 13 Rashaydah Tourist Centre / Ecolodge Reception 235 14 Part of Dana Village 237 15 RSCN Guesthouse at Dana 237 16 Feynan Ecolodge (looking East) 240 17 Detail of Feynan Ecolodge 240 18 View of Rashaydah Tourist Camp from Khirbit Feynan 242 19 Accommodation in Feynan Tourist Camp 243 20 Shell of DoA Museum in Rashaydah Village 243 21 Visit to Wadi Dana School, October 2011 296 7 Abbreviations and Acronyms Used AHRC Arts and Humanities Research Council AIM Association of Independent Museums BIAAH British Institute for Archaeology and History at Amman CASE Culture and Sport Evidence CBRL Council of British Research in the Levant CM Choice Modelling CSR Corporate Social Responsibility CRM Cultural Resource Management CV Contingent Valuation DCMS Department of Culture, Media and Sport DoA Department of Antiquities EBA Early Bronze Age EH English Heritage FTE Full Time Equivalent FoAH Friends of Archaeology and Heritage, Jordan GHF Global Heritage Fund GCI Getty Conservation Institute GDP Gross Domestic Product GVA Gross Value Added HEACS Historic Environment Advisory Council for Scotland HLF Heritage Lottery Fund ICDP Integrated Conservation and Development Project ICOMOS International Council of Monuments and Sites INGO International Non-Governmental Organisation ITFCSD Italian Trust Fund for Culture and Sustainable Development JD Jordanian Dinar JTB Jordan Tourism Board KHI Khirbit Hamra Ifdan KeN Khirbit en-Nahas LDC Less Developed Countries MDG Millennium Development Goal MLA Museums, Libraries and Archives Council MOCHE Mobilising Opportunity through Community Heritage Empowerment MoT Ministry of Tourism 8 MoTA Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities NEA National Ecosystem Assessment NHPA National Historic Preservation Act NHT Neolithic Heritage Trail NMMZ National Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe NPM New Public Management OUV Outstanding Universal Value PPN Pre-Pottery Neolithic PWC PriceWaterhouseCoopers RSCN Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature SLF Sustainable Livelihoods Framework SPI Sustainable Preservative Initiative SROI Social Return On Investment SSNHA Silos and Smokestacks National Heritage Area SWB Subjective Well-Being TEEB The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity UAP Uxbenká Archaeological Project UNESCO United Nations Educational,
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