E-Journal Zu Kulturen Des Heroischen

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E-Journal Zu Kulturen Des Heroischen 1 helden. Weinende Helden in der Ilias heroes. Justine Diemke Deheroisierung und Gender in Troy: Fall of a City Felix K. Maier héros. From Early Villainesses to Contemporary Antiheroines in Superhero Comics E-Journal Eleonora Sereni zu Kulturen des Heroischen. Herausgegeben von Ulrich Bröckling, Barbara Korte und Ulrike Zimmermann Band 8.1 (2020) helden. heroes. héros. 2 Inhaltsverzeichnis Artikel Editorial Ulrich Bröckling, Barbara Korte, Ulrike Zimmermann . 3 Weinende Helden in der Ilias Justine Diemke . 7 „This was always a shabby war“ – Deheroisierung und Gender in Troy: Fall of a City Felix K . Maier . 21 “When I’m Bad, I’m Better” From Early Villainesses to Contemporary Antiheroines in Superhero Comics Eleonora Sereni . 31 Rezensionen Thomas Riederer . Kriegsheld – Kinoheld . Günther Prien als Beispiel heroischer Männlichkeit in NS-Staat und Bundesrepublik . Hamburg: Verlag Dr. Kovač, 2017. Vera Marstaller . 43 Hans-Peter Nill . Gewalt und Unmaking in Lucans Bellum Civile . Textanalysen aus narratologischer, wirkungsästhetischer und gewaltsoziologischer Perspektive . Amsterdam Studies in Classical Philology, Bd. 27. Leiden: Brill, 2018. Dennis Pulina, Olmo Gölz . 47 Impressum . 50 helden. heroes. héros. DOI 10.6094/helden.heroes.heros./2020/01/01 Ulrich Bröckling, Barbara Korte und Ulrike Zimmermann 3 Editorial Diese Ausgabe des E-Journals erscheint in einer ‚Anderen‘ als ungreifbare, in ihrem Wir- außergewöhnlichen Zeit, der Corona-Pandemie . ken nicht mehr verständliche Macht ein Dies lädt ein, auf ein älteres Heft dieses E-Jour- Gesicht zu geben? (Hansen/Trauschke/ nals zurückzublicken: HeldInnen und Katastro- Sperlich 7) phen (5.1 2017). Wie die Herausgeberinnen (Hansen/Trauschke/Sperlich) festhalten, sind Wer sich wissenschaftlich mit Helden und Hel- Katastrophen – Szenarien der Bedrohung an dinnen beschäftigt, kam in den letzten Wochen den Grenzen von Kultur – Einbrüche des Außer- nicht umhin, die weiter verstärkte Deklaration ordentlichen in etablierte Ordnungen (vgl. 5), die des Heroischen im öffentlichen Diskurs wahrzu- sie ins Wanken bringen, so dass sich Aktions- nehmen . Seit Mitte März, als die Pandemie weite und Inszenierungsräume für heroische Figuren Teile Europas lahmlegte, Grenzen geschlossen öffnen. Zum einen stellt sich die Frage, inwie- wurden und in der Wahrnehmung vieler die weit diese Figuren Kristallisationspunkte für Pro- Welt stillstand, scheinen Helden und Heldinnen jektionen wie Ängste und Befreiungs- oder ubiquitär zu sein . Dabei sind zwei Dinge zu be- Erlösungsfantasien einer von einer Katastrophe obachten: ein Fokus auf das Alltagsheldentum betroffenen Gemeinschaft sind; zum anderen, und, wie bei Heldenfiguren zwar üblich, aber und in Zeiten einer Pandemie vielleicht noch hier in besonderem Maße zu beobachten, das wichtiger, muss untersucht werden, wie Helden- Einschreiben einer klaren Agenda in den Heroi- figuren einer abstrakten, zunächst unsichtbaren sierungsprozess . Bedrohung entgegentreten . Alltagshelden zeichnen sich gegenüber Gleichzeitig ließe sich prüfen, gegen wen der normgetreuen Vorbildhaftigkeit durch oder was sich heroische Agonalität in Ka- grenzüberschreitende Außergewöhnlich- tastrophenszenarien richtet – gerade dort, keit aus – sie riskieren Leben, Gesundheit wo die Bedrohung perzeptuell opak bleibt: oder wenigstens materielle Güter, indem Inwiefern bedient die Gestaltung eines sie anderen Menschen uneigennützig zu individualisierten Helden mit starker ago- Hilfe kommen. (Hochbruck/Stein)1 naler Agency auch das Bedürfnis, dem Abb. 1: Foto: Ulrich Bröckling helden. heroes. héros. 4 Abb. 2: Foto: Barbara Korte Während der Covid-19-Pandemie treten die- die Wertschätzung eigentlich wenig privilegierter se Alltagshelden in einem außergewöhnlichen und zumeist hoffnungslos unterbezahlter Be- Szenario, der Katastrophe, auf: es ist nun nicht rufe auf, wie hier ein Kölner Graffito Anfang Mai mehr die einzelne Person, die in ein brennendes (Abb. 2).2 Haus eilt und jemanden herausholt, sondern die Britische und US-amerikanische Medien veränderte, pandemische Welt . Alltagshelden, nennen Menschen, die sich aufgrund ihrer Be- so könnte man sagen, werden in eine Situation rufe einem höheren Infektionsrisiko ausgesetzt gestellt, die eigentlich Superheldenkräfte erfor- sehen, „frontline heroes“, ein direkter Rückgriff dert . Diese Überschneidung ist entscheidend für auf militärische Rhetorik 3. Zynisch erscheint in das Aufrufen der Idee von Superhelden für – bei- dem Zusammenhang eine Schlagzeile der bri- spielsweise – Pflegekräfte: tischen Daily Mail, die forderte „Let our teach- ers be heroes“, und damit versuchte, Bedenken Das Ethos des Helfens und Rettens, wie der Erziehungsgewerkschaften gegen eine vor- es in den Berichten über alltäglichen Hero- schnelle Öffnung der Schulen politisch zu dis- ismus verhandelt wird, findet sich auch in kreditieren .4 Zeichnerische Darstellungen von den Mission-Statements von Superman, Pflegekräften zeigen sie in direkter Konfron- Wonderwoman und Co . […] (Bröckling b tation mit einem übergroßen, als blutrünstiges 215) Monster dargestellten Coronavirus . Das jüngste Banksy-Werk, das sich im Southampton Gene- Während Helden und Heldinnen etwa in der Wer- ral Hospital befindet, enthält ebenfalls Verweise bung als Begriff in jüngerer Zeit überstrapaziert auf Superheldenfiguren: Ein kleiner Junge kniet und inhaltsleer waren, sind LKW-Fahrer*innen neben einem Papierkorb, in dem Batman und und Mitarbeiter*innen von Supermärkten, die Spiderman zu sehen sind. Er hat diese offenbar selbst in Zeiten von Panikkäufen für gefüllte Re- gerade entsorgt und spielt jetzt mit der Figur ei- gale sorgen, und vor allem Beschäftigte im Ge- ner Krankenschwester, die einen Umhang und sundheitswesen derzeit Fokuspunkte heroischer einen Mund-Nasen-Schutz trägt . Das rote Kreuz Zuschreibungen . Ihnen wurde nicht nur all- auf ihrer Schürze ist das einzige farbige Element abendlich öffentlich applaudiert. Im März tauch- des ansonsten monochromen Bildes (Gompertz/ ten vor Krankenhäusern in Deutschland auch er- BBC). munternde und lobende Botschaften auf, wie die Gerade in Deutschland, so Ulrich Bröckling, am Freiburger Lorettokrankenhaus von Ultras hatte der Heldenrummel aber bald ein Ende . des SC Freiburg angebrachte (Abb. 1). Street Schon von Anfang an waren sie unscharf, Art greift die Debatten um Systemrelevanz und helden. heroes. héros. Editorial 5 […] die Grenzen zwischen cleverem Mar- eigenen Herausforderungen . Daher sei an die- keting und dem redlichen Wunsch, endlich ser Stelle den Beitragenden gedankt, die unter jenen die gebührende Anerkennung zuteil außergewöhnlichen Bedingungen – sei es Kin- werden zu lassen, deren Arbeit normaler- derbetreuung, geschlossene Bibliotheken oder weise wenig beachtet wird . (Bröckling nicht zugängliche Archive – dennoch ihre Bei- a 43)5 träge einsandten und Überarbeitungen in Re- kordzeit schafften. Nicht alle geplanten Artikel Politikerinnen und Politiker traten hierzulande konnten letztlich rechtzeitig abgeschlossen wer- postheroisch auf: „Statt Feindbilder zu schü- den, doch hat die Bewilligung einer dritten För- ren und Durchhalteparolen auszugeben, ap- derperiode bis 2024 für den SFB 948 nun auch pellierten sie an die Solidarität.“ (43) Ebenso die erfreuliche Auswirkung, dass das E-Journal eignen sich Virologen und Virologinnen mit dif- weitergeführt werden und die Herbstausgabe ferenziertem und erkenntnisgeleitetem Auftreten ausstehende Beiträge aufnehmen kann . nicht zu Helden der Tat . Ganz im Gegenteil: Sie wollen „Nichtereignisse“ herbeiführen . „Es kann 1 Zu Alltagshelden siehe auch Wendt 2016. keine Vorbeugehelden geben.“ (Bröckling a 43) 2 Das Graffito suchte die Frage der Systemrelevanz mit ei- Die Problematik heroischer Zuschreibungen ner Betty-Boop-Referenz satirisch zu fassen und verschwand zeigt sich an der Corona-Pandemie besonders sehr rasch wieder . deutlich: sie dienen nicht nur der Komplexitäts- 3 Siehe beispielsweise die Sammlung des Time Maga- zine . Auf die Neigung, militärische Metaphern zu verwenden, reduktion, sondern möglicherweise auch der ei- verweist Bröckling (b 42). genen Entlastung zu Lasten der Heldenfiguren, 4 Daily Mail. 15. Mai 2020. wie Hardt formuliert: 5 Ein Beispiel für Marketing-Versuche, die zugleich die Unterstützung ehrenamtlich Helfender anstreben, ist etwa Indem wir Ärztinnen, Kassierer und alle die „Helden-Helfer-Aktion“ von Rot-Weiss Essen <https://rot- anderen, die zur Bewältigung der Situa- weiss-essen .de/newsdetail/rot-weisse-sind-helden-helfer/> . tion beitragen, zu Helden und Heldinnen Die „Heldenwochen“ von Bayern 1 widmen sich Menschen, erklären, verpflichten wir sie praktisch zur die beruflich oder im Ehrenamt besonderen Einsatz in der Krise zeigen, und versuchen, deren Leistungen, die zumeist Außerordentlichkeit . Wir „dürfen“ dann im Verborgenen geschehen, mit Kurzporträts ans Licht zu von ihnen erwarten, dass sie Krasses holen <www.br.de/radio/bayern1/bayern1-helden-100.html>. leisten, bis an den Rand der Erschöpfung, dass sie ihr eigenes Wohlergehen, ihre Familien und ihr eigenes Leben aufs Spiel setzen – schließlich sind sie Helden . Ob Literatur sie das sein wollen, steht erstmal nicht zur Debatte; gegen Klatschen können sie sich Bröckling, Ulrich . „Coronahelden – ein Abgesang .“Wirt - kaum wehren . schaftsWoche 26. 19. Juni 2020: 42-43. (a) --- . Postheroische Helden . Ein Zeitbild . Berlin: Suhrkamp, Menschen einmal eben schnell Helden zu nen- 2020. (b) nen, ist häufig eine fragwürdige Angelegenheit. Gompertz, Will . „New Banksy artwork appears at Southamp-
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