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OVERVIEW of TAILINGS RECLAMATION in EASTERN CANADA By 695 OVERVIEW OF TAILINGS RECLAMATION IN EASTERN CANADA by T. H. Peters rL. Abstract An overview of the climate, topography, [ and the various factors associated with the pro- duction of minerals in Eastern Canada as they im- pact on mine tailings reclamation. Additional key words: Eastern Canada, mine tailings, reclamation. [ [ Introduction nickel, gold, uranium, silver, iron, and other minerals have The wide and diversified produced a variety of tailings [ range of metals mined in the wastes with unique character- mineral producing provinces of istics. Table 2 shows the Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick distribution of these areas in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland Eastern Canada. The area of [ represented 35% Of the total tailings from both active and value of mineral production in closed mining operations is Canada in 1986. The production included as well as the extent which accounted for the other of the area which has been 65% of the total value was vegetated or reclaimed as of mainly attributable to the 1975. This survey of mine [ hydrocarbon production of the wastes made in 1975 by CANMET Prairie Provinces (Manitoba, indicated that there were Saskatchewan and Alberta) and 10,372 hectares (25,629 acres) British Columbia. of tailings in Eastern Canada L of which 919 ha (2,271 acres) The production by provin- had been stabilized with some ces in Eastern Canada and the form of vegetative cover. It number of producing mines/ is of interest to note that L mills is shown in table 1. It this area of tailings occupies is of interest to note that 1 approximately 0.036% of the province, Prince Edward Island total area ofthe 6 eastern [ is the only non-mineral pro- proivinces. At the time of the ducing province in Canada and survey, mine waste it is located in Eastern stabilization was just Canada. beginning to be generally ac- l cepted. A large part of the Mine tailings in Eastern stabilized tailings could be [ Canada include a wide range of attributed to natural vegeta- waste types and conditions. tion encroachment and the re- Mining of./lead, copper, zinc, clamation efforts of a few 696 progressive mining firms. tailings surface and the-addi- tion of plant nutrients pro- The earliest reclamation vided the neccessary condi- work in the east was in 1932 tions for the establishment of in Timmins, Ontario, when the the early grasses and legumes. McIntyre-Porcupine Company With the sulphide containing converted their first tailings wastes of the copper, nickel, disposal site into a park. The zinc, lead and uranium mines, next major development in attention was also directed vegetating tailings was the towards alleviating the harm- work started in the mid 1950's ful chemical conditions inher- by Inco Limited in the Sudbury enlty present. The addition of. area with their successful lime, other alkaline tailings, establishment of grass and topsoil, rock barriers, and legumes on sulphide tailings. chemical sealants were used to nullify the impact of the re- By the mid 1970's an active nature of these tail- increasing number of test ings. plots began to appear on dif- ferent tailings areas in Eas- Research continued to tern Canada and plant growth find the answers to the many trials were initiated in var- problems confron~ing the . ious laboratories and green - people actively involved in houses. These experiments,car- the reclamation of thes~ ried out' by a few part-time wastes. In the late 1970's, and full-time reclamationists, both the federal and the prov- began to provide input into incial goverments became in- the literature on the ways and creasingly involved in devel- means of addressing tailings oping legislation regardin9 vegetation in the Canadian the sta~ilization and the re- situation. The foresight of vegetation of areas covered the various companies in with mine tailings to minimize underwriting the costs associ- their impact on the ated with this research at a environment. time when there was little or no public pressure reflected then and continues to reflect Ecological Situation to their credit. With the exception of the Gold, silver and iron coal mining operations in the tailingsappeared to present Maritime Provinces of Eastern little chemical difficulty to Canada; the major mining vegetation establishment. operations are located in the Local climatic conditions, Precambrian Shield. such as the growing season, precipitation distribution, The major portion pf the and wind direction were the topography can be classified predominant problems facing as undulating with valleys be- the reclamation of these tween rounded hill tops. Glac- wastes. Stabilization of the iation in the late Pleistocene 697 era was responsible for many Reclamation of the geomorphic formations and soil types in the Shield The developing of a park area. The land was heavily on their first tailins dispos- scoured and much of the soil al site by McIntyre Porcupine removed with the result that in 1932 initiated tailings numerous rock outcrops were reclamation in Canada. Their and remain exposed. method was to cover the tailings with soil and estab- The generally harsh cli- lish an appropiate planting of mate in the mining areas of grass, trees and shrubs. Other Eastern Canada with the short gold mines in the Tim- mins, number of frost free days and Ontario, area subse- quently [ long cold winters has started reclaiming their inhibited the rate of soil tailings dumps in the 1960's. development. Soil flora and Herman Keller pioneer- ed in fauna are active in most areas developing low mainten- ance [ less than half of the year. vegetation covers involv- ing The physical forces brought legumes in this same area. into play by the alternate Since the tailings were mainly cycles of freezing and thawing silica from the waste quartz with the associated expansion in the ore, he was able to and contraction of the mineral develop a program for direct [ material, has been a major seeding into the tailings. factor in breaking down the rock to particle size. The base metal mines and uranium mines in New Brunswick [ Compared to the rest of Quebec and Ontario were faced the world, the formation with the problems of mining period of the present soils in sulphide ores and the conse- [ Canada has been short. Most of quent acid generating poten- the material was transported tial and low pH levels of by ice or water as recently their tailings. Negative re- [ ( in geological time ) as the sults from early attempts at Wisconsin period of the Pleis- establishing vegetation on tocene era to its present their tailings in the 19940's site. at Ince Limited in Sudbury di- rected the Company's research In general the ecological efforts to other methods of factors have combined to de- dust control such as sealants L velop a podsol type soil with and water sprays. These proved glacial surface deposits of ineffective and costly. Small water modified tills, scale investigations into lacustrine silts and sands methods to establish vegeta- [ located in the valleys. tion on the tailings were re- sumed in the early 1950's. The procedures developed from this [ start will be discussed later in the paper. L L I 698 In the late 1960's Ors. side contractors to carry out E.Watkin and Jack Winch of the this work. Erocon Limited of Crop Science Department, Ont- Timmins, Ontario, founded by ario Agricultural College of Herman Keller and Dol Brothers the University of Guelph were of Cookstown, Ontario, founded involved in a project by J.Dol developed and sponsored by the Ontario Cover contributed, through their Crop Committee to improve low interest in this work, their grade rough pastures for ingenuity, and their under- livestock production. Their standing of the special interest in the research to factors involved in seeding improve the vegetative cover tailings, much of the know- on rough pasture land in ledge along with many of the Northern Ontario soon practices currently in use. broadened to include the prob- lems associated with estab- Case Studies lishing a vegetative cover on tailings. Before long, they The original approach to initiated a field test plot revegetation on the 3 sites program on the uranium reviewed is similar. However, tailings at Elliot Lake. somewhat different approaches to handling the problems In the early 1970's, the associated with acid genera- first major research program tion in tailings are evolving into developing the require- at the different sites. ments and methods to establish vegetation on sulphide The history and practices tailings was started in the followed in the current Inco Crop Science Department at the Limited tailings reclamation University of Guelph. This program since its inception in five year program was funded the early 1950's have been the and sponsored by Noranda Mines subject of numerous papers in Limited and was under the full recent years (Peters, 1985). time direction of Dr. Edward Watkin. Amongst other things, The experience gained this research proved the ne- over the past 35 years, both cessity of including legumes positive and negative, has in tailings revegetation pro- resulted in the formulation of grams. The superiority of the following guidelines. Birdsfoot Trefoil (Lotus corn- These, in general, are applic- iculatus L.) as the legume for able to most sites in Eastern this purpose was established. Canada. Other than Inco Limited, l. The first seeding in the the mining companies in tailings area should be Eastern canada did not have located in the portion the in house capabilities or closest to the prevailing equipment for undertaking re- winds during the growing clamation revegetation. These season to minimize damage companies had to turn to out- 699 I to or covering of the young should be applied, at low plants by drifting wind but sufficient rates, se- borne tailings.
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