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Tracing the Online Translations of Syrian “Poetry of Witness”: 2011-2016

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Tracing the Online Translations of Syrian “Poetry of Witness”: 2011-2016 Tracing the Online Translations of Syrian “Poetry of Witness”: 2011-2016 Hassan Al-Mohammad Under the supervision of Luise von Flotow, Ph.D. Thesis submitted to the University of Ottawa in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctorate of Philosophy degree in Translation Studies School of Translation and Interpretation Faculty of Arts University of Ottawa © Hassan Al-Mohammad, Ottawa, Canada, 2020 ii Abstract With the rise of “the sociological turn” in translation studies and its emphasis on translation agency, a good deal of research over the past two decades has focused on the translator’s involvement in ethical questions relating to human rights, political engagement, and the future of humanity (Inghilleri, 2008; Pym, 2001; Tymoczko, 2000; Wolf, 2014). However, little attention has been paid to the role poetry translation might play in shaping translation agents’ engagement in times of conflict. Given the view that poetry translation may serve as an ethical action (Meschonnic, 1999/2011), this research study has attempted to probe translation agents’ responses to the Syrian crisis by examining a set of online translations of the poetry coming out of it. For this purpose, a collection of poetic texts translated from Arabic into English was analyzed to reveal the various modes of suffering of civilians who were caught up in the lines of fire, the dynamics of dissemination of poetry translations on the Internet, and translation agents’ ethical responses to the victims of the Syrian crisis. A special focus was placed on the communicative effects associated with the selected poetic texts, the strategies used to communicate the suffering of victimized agents, the websites featuring online translations of poetry from Syria, and the motivations underpinning translation agents’ responses to the Syrian crisis events. The results of this study yield insights into the value of poetry in interpreting sociopolitical crises, the ways poetry translations circulate on the Internet, the ethical role of translation in responding to conflict events around the world, questions that still need further research in translation studies. The results also have implications that highlight the potential role of translation in raising awareness about the suffering of humanity in dire situations. Keywords: Syrian crisis, poetry of witness, online translation, dissemination of poetry of witness on the Internet, ethical engagement of translation, translation of witness. iii Resumé Avec la montée du «Tournant sociologique» dans les études de traduction et l’accent mis sur les agences de traduction, de nombreuses recherches au cours des deux dernières décennies se sont concentrées sur l’implication du traducteur dans les questions éthiques relatives aux droits de l’homme, à l’engagement politique et à l’avenir de l’humanité (Inghilleri, 2008; Pym, 2001; Tymoczko, 2000; Wolf, 2014). Cependant, peu d’attention a été accordée au rôle que pourrait jouer la traduction de poésie dans la détermination de l’engagement des agents de traduction en temps de conflit. Considérant que la traduction de poésie peut servir d’action éthique (Meschonnic, 1999/2011), cette étude a tenté de sonder les réactions des agents de traduction à la crise syrienne en examinant un ensemble de traductions en ligne de la poésie qui en sortait. Dans ce but, un recueil de textes poétiques traduits de l’arabe en anglais a été analysé pour révéler les différents modes de souffrance des civils pris dans les lignes de feu, la dynamique de propagation des traductions de poésie sur Internet, et les réponses éthiques des agents de traduction aux victimes de la crise syrienne. Un accent particulier a été mis sur les effets communicatifs associés aux textes poétiques sélectionnés, les stratégies utilisées pour communiquer la souffrance des agents victimes, les sites Web présentant des traductions en ligne de poèmes de la Syrie, et les motivations qui sous-tendent les réactions des agents de traduction aux événements de la crise syrienne. Les résultats de cette étude donnent un aperçu de la valeur de la poésie pour interpréter les crises sociopolitiques, les façons dont les traductions de poésie circulent sur Internet, le rôle éthique de la traduction dans face aux conflits survenus dans le monde, questions qui nécessitent encore des recherches plus poussées dans les études de traduction. Les résultats ont également des implications pédagogiques pour la formation de traducteurs aux tâches impliquant, par exemple, sensibiliser à la souffrance des êtres humains dans des situations pénibles et au potentiel de traduction pour faire face aux catastrophes humanitaires. Mots clés : Crise syrienne, poésie de témoin, traduction en ligne, diffusion de poésie de témoin sur Internet, engagement éthique de la traduction, traduction de témoin. iv I dedicate this work to... My Mom, Dad, Lina, Ayan, and Imar, with love. And to... Every individual who falls victim to human-made atrocities. May humanity evolve and find a cure soon! v Acknowledgments I would like, in the first place, to express my sincere thanks and gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Luise Von Flotow, for her invaluable comments, constructive feedback, and unconditional support throughout my journey in the PhD program. I am also indebted to my professors and the staff members at the School of Translation and Interpretation for their kindness and assistance during my studies at the University of Ottawa. Special thanks go to my thesis examiners, Dr. Michelle Hartman, Dr. Marc Charron, Dr. Ryan Fraser, and Dr. Cristina Perissinotto for their illuminating remarks and constructive feedback. Thanks to all my friends, colleagues, and coworkers who cheered me on along the way. Finally, I would like to extend my gratitude to my family who surrounded me with unlimited love and care throughout my life. My deepest appreciation goes to my Mom and Dad whose support played a major role in achieving this long-standing dream. I am especially indebted to my wife, Lina, for her encouragement throughout my studies and for taking good care of our children and me so that I have the time needed to work on my dissertation. To my bundles of joy, Ayan and Imar, I say that your arrival to this world gave me more energy and determination to complete this dissertation. vi Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgments........................................................................................................................... v List of Tables ............................................................................................................................... viii List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. viii Chapter One: Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 Chapter Two: Contextual Considerations and Review of Literature ...................................... 7 2.1. Overview: From a Crisis into a Humanitarian Catastrophe ................................................. 7 2.2. Literature Review 1: The Syrian Crisis in two Modes of Communication ......................... 9 2.2.1. The Syrian Crisis and Journalistic Practices ............................................................... 10 2.2.2. Poetry and the Syrian Crisis ........................................................................................ 16 2.2.3. Poetry Emerging from the Syrian Crisis ..................................................................... 24 2.2.4. The Importance of Translating Syrian Poetry of Witness .......................................... 30 2.3. Literature Review 2: Online Translation and Syrian Poetry of Witness ........................... 32 2.3.1. Defining an Online Translation .................................................................................. 33 2.3.2. Dynamics of Dissemination ........................................................................................ 33 2.3.3. Agency ........................................................................................................................ 37 2.3.4. Motivations and Ideologies ......................................................................................... 42 Chapter Three: Theoretical Framework .................................................................................. 55 3.1. Setting the Scene: Sociology of Translation ...................................................................... 55 3.2. Bourdieu’s Sociology......................................................................................................... 57 3.3. Bourdieu’s Sociology in Translation Studies .................................................................... 59 3.3.1. Field ............................................................................................................................ 60 3.3.2. Habitus ........................................................................................................................ 63 3.4. Habermas’s Notion of Communicative Action .................................................................. 68 3.4.1. Overview of Habermas’s Theory of Communicative Action ..................................... 68 3.4.2. Communicative Action and Speech Act Theory .......................................................
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