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Libro 1.Indb Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de Madrid DEL EMPIRISMO A LA INVENCIÓN cálculo y proyecto en la arquitectura moderna Tesis Doctoral Ausías González Lisorge Arquitecto y Máster en Estructuras de la Edifi cación 2015 Del empirismo a la invención y la vía paralela II.1 3 4 II.1 Del empirismo a la invención y la vía paralela Departamento de Composición Arquitectónica Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de Madrid DEL EMPIRISMO A LA INVENCIÓN cálculo y proyecto en la arquitectura moderna Ausías González Lisorge Arquitecto y Máster en Estructuras de la Edifi cación Directores: Miguel Ángel Baldellou Santolaria Doctor Arquitecto Ana Esteban Maluenda Arquitecta y Doctora en Teoría e Historia de la Arquitectura 2015 7ULEXQDOQRPEUDGRSRUHO0DJIFR\([FPR6U5HFWRUGHOD8QLYHUVLGDG3ROLWpFQLFDGH 0DGULG HOGtDGH GH 3UHVLGHQWH 9RFDO 9RFDO 9RFDO 6HFUHWDULR 6XSOHQWH 6XSOHQWH 5HDOL]DGRHODFWRGHGHIHQVD\OHFWXUDGHOD7HVLVHOGtDGH HQOD(VFXHOD7pFQLFD6XSHULRUGH$UTXLWHFWXUDGH0DGULG &DOLILFDFLyQ«««««««««««« (O35(6,'(17( /2692&$/(6 (/6(&5(7$5,2 A mis padres, Antonio y Nieves, por su genero- sidad. A mi compañera, Diana, por su comprensión y paciencia. Agradecimientos Querría agradecer, en primer lugar, a Miguel Ángel Baldellou haberme de- dicado parte de su tiempo y haberme enseñado a dudar. También agradez- co a Ana Esteban sus consejos, ayudas y sus orientaciones. Esta Tesis no hubiera sido posible sin ellos. Asimismo, agradezco a Mattia Marzaro que hiciese las veces de tutor en mi estancia en Venecia y Trieste, así como sus consejos y que me dedicase su tiempo y su ayuda desinteresadamente. Doy las gracias a Giovanni Marras por sus siempre bien recibidas correc- ciones y puntualizaciones y a Giuseppina Scavuzzo por su interés en mi investigación y por su ayuda. Por otra parte, agradezco a Luis Fernández-Galiano y a Eduardo Prieto que me permitieran publicar en Arquitectura Viva. También a Santiago Huerta por haberme dejado asistir a sus clases de estructuras de fábricas, y a Al- bert Cabané por sus contribuciones en las traducciones de italiano, en las que también participó Mattia Marzaro. Además doy las gracias a Jeff Stein y a Paolo Soleri por haberme concedido una de las últimas entrevistas del segundo. En ese mismo sentido, agradezco a Florentino Regalado y a Ma Yansong que me brindaran la posibilidad de entrevistarlos. Por último, también doy las gracias a mis hermanas, Ada y Sira, por sus consejos, correcciones y apoyo. 10 Resumen El objetivo de esta tesis es poner de relieve cómo el desarrollo del cálculo de estructuras ha infl uido en la manera de concebir la forma arquitectó- nica y qué relaciones se establecen entre estructura (formal) y estructura resistente. Este modo de explicar el hecho arquitectónico, desde la relación arte-estructura, no es el más generalizado. Por lo que profundizar en él po- dría llegar a enriquecer la manera en la que se comprende la arquitectura. Por tanto, se parte de la base de que la técnica no es sólo un instrumento, un medio del que disponer, sino que es un proceso mediante el cual la abs- tracción se hace tangible. Con lo que se produce una retroalimentación en- tre lo universal, es decir, lo abstracto, y lo concreto, o sea, lo real. Además, esta investigación se centra en la estructura resistente, en tanto que se trata del único principio sine qua non de la tríada vitruviana. Sin embargo, no se incurre en el error de pensar que la arquitectura depende únicamente de la tecnología para su desarrollo; hay muchos más condicionantes que inter- vienen en ella, que van desde la expresión, hasta cuestiones sociológicas. La manera en la que los proyectistas diseñan se desarrolla en para- lelo a la evolución de la técnica. Ahora bien, la meta de esta investigación consiste en dilucidar hasta qué punto la voluntad de los arquitectos e inge- nieros es independiente de la tecnología. Para ello, se lleva a cabo un aná- lisis desde dos puntos de vista. El primero plantea un desarrollo histórico de la evolución de la teoría del cálculo de estructuras en el que, a través del tiempo, se analizan las repercusiones formales que se han ido derivando de él, tanto en ingeniería, como en arquitectura. Se pretende, así, llevar a cabo una lectura de la historia para entender el presente y proyectar el futuro. La segunda visión que se plantea estudia el modo en el que los histo- riadores de la arquitectura moderna han entendido la noción de estructura resistente. Dado que se entiende que los críticos de arquitectura infl uyen en la manera de pensar y entender dicha disciplina. Para desarrollarla se tomó como referencia a Panayotis Tournikiotis y su libro La historiografía de la arquitectura moderna. Finalmente, se elabora una lectura transversal de ambos puntos de vista, con la intención de discernir la infl uencia de la técnica en la génesis de la arquitectura en el siglo XX. En ella se estudian algunos de los ejemplos más importantes de la arquitectura moderna, así como se intentan esclare- cer las distintas maneras de proyectar en relación a la estructura resistente. A partir de todo lo anterior se pretende responder a la siguiente pregunta: ¿la manera en que los proyectistas plantean la relación entre es- tructura (formal) y estructura resistente ha sido la misma a lo largo de la Historia? Podría decirse que no. Dicha relación ha evolucionado desde el empirismo a la invención, pasando por la ciencia. En cada una de esas eta- pas el entendimiento, no sólo del comportamiento estructural de las cons- trucciones, sino también del Imago Mundi, ha ido variando; lo que se ha plasmado en la relación entre estructura (formal) y estructura resistente en los edifi cios. I Recensione L’obiettivo della presente tesi è mettere in evidenza come lo sviluppo del calcolo strutturale ha infl uenzato il modo di concepire la forma archi- tettonica e, che relazioni si stabiliscono tra struttura (formale) e struttura resistente. Questo modo di spiegare la questione architettonica, partendo dalla relazione arte-struttura, non è il più comune. Quindi, approfondire la ricerca su questo aspetto potrebbe arrivare ad arricchire la maniera in cui si capisce l’architettura. Per tanto, si parte da un principio di base ovvero che la tecnica non è soltanto uno strumento, un medio di cui disporre, ma che è un processo mediante il quale l’astrazione si fa tangibile. Con cui si produce una retro- alimentazione tra l’universale, cioè, l’astratto e il concreto, ossia, il reale. Inoltre, questa ricerca si centra nella struttura resistente, in quanto si trat- ta dell’unico principio sine qua non della triade vitruviana. Eppure, non s’incorre nell’errore di pensare che l’architettura dipenda unicamente della tecnologia per il suo sviluppo; ci sono molti altri condizionanti che inter- vengono in essa, che vanno dalla espressione fi no a questioni sociologiche. La maniera in cui i progettisti disegnano si sviluppa in parallelo alla evoluzione della tecnica. Tuttavia, l’obbiettivo della ricerca consiste nel cercare di chiarire fi no che punto la volontà progettuale e ideativa degli architetti e degli ingegneri è indipendente della tecnologia. Per questo, si realizza un’analisi da due punti di vista. Il primo ipotizza uno sviluppo sto- rico dell’evoluzione della teoria del calcolo strutturale in cui, attraverso del tempo, si analizzano le ripercussioni formali che si sono derivate da questo, sia in ingegneria sia in architettura. Si pretende così, realizzare una lettura della storia per capire il presente e progettare il futuro. La seconda visione che s’ ipotizza, studia il modo in cui gli storici dell’architettura moderna hanno capito la nozione di struttura resistente. Poiché si capisce che i critici di architettura infl uiscono nella maniera di pensare e capire questa disciplina. Per svilupparla si prese come riferimen- to Panayotis Tournikiotis e il suo libro La storiografi a dell’architettura mo- derna. Finalmente, si elabora una lettura trasversale di ambedue punti di vista, con l’intenzione di discernere l’infl uenza della tecnica nella genesi dell’architettura nel XX secolo. In questa si studiano alcuni degli esempi più importanti dell’architettura moderna, così come si tentano chiarifi care le diverse maniere di progettare in relazione alla struttura resistente. Oltretutto quello precedente, si pretende rispondere alla seguente domanda: La maniera in cui i progettisti ipotizzano la relazione tra struttu- ra (formale) e struttura resistente è stata la stessa lungo la storia? Potrebbe dirsi di no. Essa relazione si è evoluta dall’empirismo all’invenzione, pas- sando per la scienza. In ogni una di queste tappe si cerca di comprendere, non soltanto il comportamento strutturale delle costruzioni, ma anche l’a- spetto del Imago Mundi. Ció che é cambiato è la coesistenza tra struttura (formale) e struttura resistente negli edifi ci. II Abstract Th e objective of this thesis is to highlight how the development of structural analysis has infl uenced the way of conceiving architectural form and what relationship exists between (formal) structure and resistant struc- ture. Th is way of explaining architecture, from the relationship between art and structure, is not the most generalized, which is why increasing our understanding of it can enrich the way in which architecture is understood. Th erefore, the basis is that technique is not only an instrument, a medium to have, but rather a process through which abstraction becomes tangible. Because of this, a type of feedback is produced between what is universal, in other words, abstract, and concrete, real. Additionally, this re- search focuses on resistant structure in that it refers to the unique principal sine qua non of the Vitruvian triad. However, it does not err by accepting the idea that architecture depends only on technology for its development; there are many conditioners which intervene which include everything from expression to sociological issues.
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