Submitted To

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I N PARTIAL FULFILMENT PARTIAL N A

F OUCAULDIAN OUCAULDIAN D EPARTMENT OF OF EPARTMENT P 2010 OWER C

T S ENTRAL ENTRAL

UPERVISORS U /K OF THE RE THE OF S - A 154 B K OCIOLOGY AND AND OCIOLOGY NOWLEDGE NOWLEDGE UDAPEST NALYSIS OF DISCOURSE OF NALYSIS AROLINA AROLINA S E

UBMITTED TO UBMITTED C UROPEAN UROPEAN OF OF QUIREMENTS FOR THE D THE FOR QUIREMENTS RASH IN IN RASH 2013 : B A ,

RTS H

UNGARY

UKLA U ROFESSOR ROFESSOR S P OCIAL OCIAL NIVERSITY

RODUCTION S

P MOLENSK

ROFESSOR ROFESSOR A NTHROPOLOGY P

REM REM

EGREE OF OF EGREE K VIOLETTA VIOLETTA S ON THE THE ON S

UMAR UMAR

R M AJARAM ASTER ASTER Z ENTAI

CEU eTD Collection process. o truth wherebymechanismthe the depictsdiscourses liberal and national the strugglesbetween as well as crash, plane Smolensk the of causes the on reports the of publications committees, theor true and official the asestablishedbeen accidental has one, namelyexplanations, the these processwhereby of one the is study this of focus major The concepts. or theories events, institutions, as elements rule the to specific relations the on depend crash plane Smolensk the of explanations these that argued is It contingencies. of result a as crash an the established latter the crash, action the for Russia of responsibility intentional the and conspiracy of theories an of result a as catastrophe the constituted former the Whereas discourses. liberal and national the crash: the on discourses major two investigates the on t focused which crash plane Smolensk which division social and political the examines study my mourning, national of phenomenon the of aftermaths the on investigation 96 which Tu 2010 the on discourses Polish the analyze study This A e rs hglgtd Wt te s o a ocuda cneta faeok ti study this framework, conceptual Foucauldian a of use the With highlighted. crash he n Smolensk crash was constituted, and reveals the power relations which participated in this in participated which relations power the reveals and constituted, was crash Smolensk n BSTRACT

state officials, including the Polish president, were killed. Contrary to previous previous to Contrary killed. were president, Polish the including officials, state

y. A genealogical study of such events as appointments of experts experts of appointments as events such of study genealogical A y. 2

- g overned systems which incorporate various various incorporate which systems overned - 5 pae rs i Soes in Smolensk in crash plane 154 produced d CEU eTD Collection suggestionsduring thesis. werewriting crucial the ofthis give I thesis. me provided I Acknowledgements would like to express to like would

special nelcul guidance intellectual acknowledgment

my sincere gratitude to my to gratitude sincere my

to and support throughout the course of working on this this on working of course the throughout support and rfso Pe Kmr aaa woe die and advices whose Rajaram Kumar Prem Professor 3

supervisor Professor Violtta Zentai who Zentai Violtta Professor supervisor

CEU eTD Collection newspapersAppendix. articles References Conclusions ChapterGenealogy th 3 of Chapter 2 The Archive Smolensk of Assassination Chapter 1 Archaeological Genealogical and Studies Introduction Contents of Table 3.2. Thecatastrophe apparatus ofthe 3.1. The of theaccident constitution producti assassination the discourse: National 2.2. 2.1 Discourse language versus 1.2.1. Power/knowledge 1.2 Genealogyand thepower/knowledge 1.1 Archaeologycatastroph ofthe 3.1.4. truth The Polish 3.1.3. IACgeneralThedrunken pilots a report: andincompetent 3.1.2 crossThe of lepers theSmolensk 2.2.3. oftheTherelations national discursive discourse 2.2.2. The 2.2.1. oftheTherelations national primary discourse

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The Katyn massacre was the secret execution of more than 20 thousand Polish nationals carried out by the by out carried nationals Polish thousand 20 than more of execution secret the was massacre Katyn The NTRODUCTION argues that The existing existing The The . only the only For instance, the book the instance, For response of response

the national tragedythe national catastrophe emergence Smolensk lead ofa ofthe tothe

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oiia scen political Smolensk catastrophe: social, political and media reactiomedia and political catastrophe: social, Smolensk suspicious or explicitlysuspicious or

national myths. 1 . When pilots attempted to land at the Smolensk the at land to attempted pilots When . The Category of Dislocation in the Analysis of Analysis the in Dislocation of Category The 5 o Poland of e

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actors pr actors , asover conflict well the as the opagating the unofficial explanation of the Smolensk the of explanation unofficial the opagating I present the basics of Foucauldian archaeology and and archaeology Foucauldian of basics the present I who defenders” “cross of - t et itriw wt the with interviews depth e rs isl, h pbiain f h Russian the of publication the itself, crash he 7

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a paradigm paradigm a - CEU eTD Collection the on knowledge the perspective, Foucauldian of light the In 1980a). (Foucault generator its and powerof producta both is it since neutral never is knowledge framework,Foucauldian body social (Dreyfus & the on performed operations of set a through entities discursive structurized Power groups. social or institutions actors, particular to power attributing avoids relations, power the by regulated and established been have discourses Smolensk the that arguing Thereof, A (1980b:93). conceptrefers to: ofpower society” particular a in relationship strategical complex a to it is neither structure; the In 1.2.1. Power/knowledge power/knowledge and technologies. its pro false or true deny or affirm can one which to relation in objects, of domain a constituting “ generated which practices the investigate I Foucault, of approach genealogical in Foucault by introduced power how makes and themauthoritative explain asymmet cannot it but research, my for valid remains it such as logic, internal oiin” Fual 1981:73). (Foucault positions”

Hist The thein various social hegemonies (Foucault 1980a: the formulation of the in apparatus, state the in embodies crystallizationinstitutional is or design general whose effect, take they which in strategies the as lastly, and another; one from the on or system, a or chain a forming thus another, one in find relations force these which support the as them; reverses T was which genealogy, is question this answering of capable is which method The relations are mobile, asymmetrical and productive in the sense that they constitute constitute they that sense the in productive and asymmetrical mobile, are relations he process which trough ceaseless struggles and confrontations, transforms, strengthens, or strengthens, transforms, confrontations, and struggles ceaseless trough which process he ory of Sexuality Sexuality of ory workings of power are power of workings Rabinow 1982 certain ).

icpie n Punish and Discipline

ocut e Foucault

strength we are endowed with; it is the name that one attributes one that name the is it with; endowed are we strength

contrary, the disjunctions and contradictions which isolate them isolate which contradictions and disjunctions the contrary, inseparable from knowledge from inseparable rical.

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n o te an en whe means main the of One o te ehnss hrb the whereby mechanisms the for .

n y eerh I mly h nto o te ehooy f oe i odr to order in power of technology the of notion the employ I research, my In 2 haeology. SubsequentlyIpresent myfeatures findings theof bydiscussing

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scourse, and numerous strugglesscourse, and numerous have which place between taken them. A RCHIVE OF OF RCHIVE llowing sections are based on my archaeological research of of research archaeological my on based are sections llowing ey oe/nweg oeae is operates power/knowledge reby S iea dsore ujgtd t opponents its subjugated discourse liberal les and power relations between diverse actors, actors, diverse between relations power and les MOLENSK MOLENSK 13

A SSASSINATION

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(Foucault A I As .

CEU eTD Collection 4 the in given meaningliteral its is statement a of are aspect hermeneutic interesting deal only the Thereof, researchers interpretations. already which with phenomena the because words of meaning “deeper” no (F interpret” to nothing is there because simply is it end, the to brought be never can interpretation “if Foucault, to archaeology.According background an non its from discourse of independence relative the is argue did (2002) Foucault What section. following the in argued be will it as discourse, on individuals or institutions archaeologi the does means no By intentions. author’s the of because not and discourse, of rules written the follows or it because said is something (2002) Foucault to According 1999). Wickham & (Kendall sens the in inside lacks discourse hand, other 2002) (Foucault discourse by mediated always is it materiality,as reach to discourse reality. in beyond exist go whichcannotthings One to refer not does itbecause outside no has & (Kendall inside nor outside, neither has contrast, in Discourse, reality. truth establishes which true Ra & elemental ofdiscourse,which dependsoccurs unit in it 2002;Dreyfus onthe system (Foucault truth the contrast, In false. or true either are which prepositions struc and hermeneutics logics, as disciplines such by employed language of studies the from differs research Archeological Discourse2.1 versus language

This longer needs issue a binow 1982). Moreover, logic usually applies a version of the correspondence theory of theory correspondence the of version a applies usually logicMoreover, 1982). binow t s also is It d individual modesofd individual thinking.

hermeneutics which deals with interpreting that largely differs from from differs largely that interpreting with deals which hermeneutics epistemologicalconsideration, goes which beyondmy scope of the thesis. - context in which it occurs (Dreyfus & Rabinow 1982). From such such From 1982). Rabinow & (Dreyfus occurs it which in context values of prepositions on the grounds of their relationship with relationship their of grounds the on prepositions of values

a apoc ecue n hs a te nlec o social of influence the way this in exclude approach cal turalism. From the point of view of logic, language consists of consists language logic, of view of point the From turalism.

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oucault 1990:64). For Foucault (1990), there is is there (1990), Foucault For 1990:64). oucault

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things and thoughts constitute discourse as well, but they do not have have not do they but well, as discourse constitute thoughts and things hra t Whereas s ewe dsusv patcs los o etbihn the establishing for allows practices discursive between ns a particular discursive practice, for such and such an enunciation to be made, made, be to enunciation an such and such for practice, discursive particular a ts, the latter denotes the relations between individual ways individual between relations the denotes latter the ts, he former refers to the relations between materialistic materialistic between relations the to refers former he the reality, convey a deeper meaning or express basic basic express or meaning reality,deeper the a convey ocuda acaooia apoc, am at aim I approach, archaeological Foucauldian

15 non The Archaeology ofKnowledge

- discursive dimensions of social reality. In In reality. social of dimensions discursive

a discourse or a group of statements statements of group a or discourse a d or written about Smolensk Smolensk about written or d

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The name of the committeeThe the of name derives of its head, surname from the Antoni Macierewicz. It has to be stressed that it is not possible to list all of the primary relations that are relevant for the Smolensk Smolensk relevant forthe are that relations primary the of all listto possible not is stressedit be that to has It ore hc alwd o cntttn tere o cnprc ad h Smolensk the and conspiracy of theories constituting for allowed which course e ideas have a decisive role in the process of producing truth on the Smolensk crash. Smolensk the on truth producing of process the in role decisive a have ideas e nt for this discursive formation, the following section begins with an an with begins section following the formation, discursive this for nt

governed system constitutes the Smolensk plane crash as an an as crash plane Smolensk the constitutes system governed

which have direct influence on these discourses these on influence direct have which

osiay hois n the and theories conspiracy iial, ete isiuin nor institutions neither Similarly, 5

of the national discourse and its and discourse national the of le who regularly gather in gather regularly who le 6 te Sldri 2010” “Solidarni the ,

party, the ch is the is ch - 154 154 CEU eTD Collection cross. Smolensk the 9 8 7 “Smolensk the Finally, cross”. victims were they which of offences and aggression the and defenders” “cross the of activity the depicted “Cross”, movie, latter The crash. plane to devoted movies, two shot Stankiewicz, Ewa 2010”, “Solidarni the of president Warsaw.ofThe center the from displacement from Cross Smolensk the protecting cross a defenders”: “cross the wi with related disagreement their express to order closely are 2010” “Solidarni crash. Smolensk the of investigation in the on government’spolicy years three almost for there stayed and palace presidential the of front in tent a pitched Smolensk, in crash the after who, people, develop who accidents aviation the with dealing experts various gathers committee government. The the by advocated crash the of explanation the oppose and crash the of causes “true” find to order in l the Kaczynski, Jaroslaw brother his with along was, crash, plane Smolensk the in killed president deceased the Kaczynski, Platform Civic the against the on 2005 in elections parliamentary the won It Poland. in party opposition main the is PiS “Smolenskdefenders”. “cross the the and Families” association, 2010” “Solidarni of claims the advocate and with connected supp openly Dziennik” “Nasz and Codziennie” Polska “Gazeta “Rzeczpospolita”, other. each to related closely are institutions these of All frontPalace ofthe Presidential in Warsaw, defenders”. commonlyreferred“cross toasthe

The t of issue Poland.The currentlyin party ruling The cross defenders were regularly physically and mentally tormented by unknown aggressor while guarding guarding while aggressor unknown by tormented mentally and physically regularly were defenders cross The 8

in front of the Presidential Palacein PresidentialWarsaw the of front in than morefor the the he

theories about an explosion on the Tuon explosion an about theories “ Smolensk cross Smolensk events which took place in front o front in place took which events

7 ” te omr omns ad te ih n euae” Lech educated”. and rich “the and communist former the ,

is discussed in the third chapter. the in discussed is

Families” is an association which gathers the families of the of families the gathers which association an is Families” eader of PiS. The party appointed Macierewicz’sappointed party Committee The PiS. of eader group which occupied the space around the Smolensk the around space the occupied which group ai o a right a of basis 17

f the presidential palace after the Smolensk Smolensk the after palace presidential the f ort the Law and Justice party, and are are and party, Justice and Law the ort - 154. “Solidarni 2010” is an association of association an is 2010” “Solidarni 154. 9

hn hy rtce te “Smolensk the protected they when

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CEU eTD Collection statements powerwell the asrelations on ale discoursed which depends third chapter. the In 10 the that suggested and government the towards critical highly were movies The it. towards Poles of reaction the and investigation its and crash Smolensk the on movies shot Gargas as understood is discourse national the in which interest”, “national the for struggle the in engagement their of because Poles” “true as considered are Gargas and Stankiewicz Sakiewicz, Poles!”. true presidential annivers the the of occasion the on palace of front in put was which stage the entered Codziennie” Polska the “Gazeta of section investigative the of editor Gargas, Anita and association, 2010” Codz “Solidarni Polska “Gazeta the of editor Sakiewicz, Tomaszcrash, plane Smolensk the of anniversary third the during instance, For Poles. “true” elements form ofthediscursive his of grounds the other the and party on the between relationships the of result a as party,well PiS 1982) as in leadership Rabinow & (Dreyfus act” speech “serious a as warranted i For 2002). (Foucault field discursive given a of actors the by not organization the provided within occupy actors the which ispositions the of basis the on authority but themselves, This it. of production the in participate which derive discourse national the of 2002), (Foucault authority with latter the provide which subjects and statements between relations the modality, enunciative The 2.2.2. authoritiesThe of discourse the national policyits ont and government the of critical highly are “Families” The PiS. of and Macierewicz’s Committee meetings the in participate members its of Some catastrophe. Smolensk the of victims

d nt ru ta eucaie oaiy f h ntoa dsore is discourse national the of modality enunciative that argue not do I h ntoa dsore rns h authority the grants discourse national The he investigation of investigation thecrash Smolensk. he in

tiig o ee te rt aot h Soes cah Bt Sakeiz and Stankiewicz Both crash. Smolensk the about truth the revel to striving

ation of discourse thenational ary, then the crowed stated shouting: “Applause for the for “Applause shouting: stated crowed the ary,then 18

nstance, the voice of Jaroslaw Kaczynski is Kaczynski Jaroslaw of voice the nstance, ene, w Stankiewicz, Ewa iennie”, to the subject considered patriots and and patriots considered subject the to

ai fr vroe Te uhrt of authority The everyone. for valid .

s from the institutions the from s

rsdn of president CEU eTD Collection the In discourse. national the of relations” “discourse them, Foucault call would as (2002) constitute, elements these between relations The nation. of concept positive inf corrupted government state Polish institutions,anda natureofthe Polish theory about astrong a on assumption an Poland, with relations its and Russia of history the of notion negative I media, alternative the by published articles and conduced I interviews the of analysis archeological an of use the With discourse 2.2.3. relationsthenational discursive of The (SB) Poland. communist of the S for Committee Soviet the with of agents collaboration former its of ground the on agency, Information intelligence military Military Polish liquidated the Macierewicz Services, 2006 in addition, In Poland. of Republic by se collected secret communist regime the with communist collaborated Macierewicz, the of documents the to according which, government Polish the of members 64 of list a 1991 in created “Macierewicz”, of “register called so for Counter Military the of head former a and Inferior the of Minister former a PiS, of member a is Macierewicz Tu the of Causes basis this authority formation thediscursive within discourse. ofthe national als are they well, as truth” “Smolensk the struggleforthe in actors main the are defenders cross the and Families” “Smolensk the as Furthermore, catastrophe. Smolensk R ussian and Polish authorities are collaborating to hide the actual circumstances of the the of circumstances actual the hide to collaborating are authorities Polish and ussian luence of former communists on the present situation in Poland, as well as a distinctly distinctly a as well as Poland, in situation present the on communists former of luence To be a patriot and a true Pole also means that one has to be an anti an be to has one that means also Pole true a and patriot a be To noi airwc, h ha o the of head the Macierewicz, Antoni - - Espionage Agency. He is famous for his anti his for famous is Agency.Espionage He 154 catastrophe, 154 on floig eeiie lmns f h ntoa dsore a discourse: national the of elements repetitive following found

is another authoritative subject of the national discourse. discourse. national the of subject authoritative another is 19 tate Security (KGB) and the Security Service Service Security the and (KGB) Security tate

alaetr Ui fr Investigatin for Unit Parliamentary rvices during the times of People’s of times the during rvices -

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unist activity,especially unist o granted with the the with granted o - communist. On communist.

following g the the g CEU eTD Collection selectivelyby drawingfrom its history subjective ways and thinking of Russia of concept negative a produces discourse national The production). their (rulesstatements of regularity Russia ofrepresentations subjective the equals it does Neither Russia. in affairs stateof current the of picture full a and history the all of use make not priority the by 11 The Poland! “Wakeup : caption: the with banner a was there example, For crash. Smolensk the of anniversary third the attended who people by brought palace. banners on presidential appear inscriptions the of front in evening every bring defenders cross the with 1940 “Katyn inscription an is there way: symbolic For theory.conspiracy a generate to discourse the by used was massacre Katyn the of anniversary 70 the commemorate to Smolensk to flewdelegation Polish the that fact Smolensk. veryThe “deceitful” natureitsauthorities. of the and Poland towards Russia contemporary the of hostility of sign a as massacre Katyn of issue the consider Poles many reason this For Russia. Soviet the of end the after also present massa the on documents the declassifying to regard with Russia between and dissension Poland The massacre. Katyn the for responsibility denied authorities Soviet the USSR of collapse the Until crimes. symb its negative and system strongly totalitarian a Soviet the is communism, Katyn Poland In Russia. Katyn, in 1940 in were murdered nationals Polish thousand 20 than more which in Affairs Internal for People’sCommissariat Soviet the by out carried crime communist the massacre, Katyn the is discourse history from drawing selectively by Poland with relations it and history its state, Russian the of image pejorative a produces discourse national The Poland and Russia Isections these discuss each elements. of

The concept of Russia produced by the national discourse is a good ex ample of what Foucault (2002) means means (2002) Foucault what of ample ex good a is discourse national the by produced Russia of concept The

ntne dsusv practices discursive instance, The national dis national The of the discursive relations over the primary and secondary relations. The national discoursedoes national The relations. secondary and primary the overrelations discursive the

course draws an analogy between the massacre and the plane crash in crash plane the and massacre the between analogy an draws course

of the interviewed individuals, since discourse can be distinguished by distinguished be can discourse since individuals, interviewed the of

f the of

cross defenders incorporates this analogy in a a in analogy this incorporates defenders cross 20

–

Smolensk 2010” engraved on the cross cross the on engraved 2010” Smolensk about the country.the about 11 . A crucial object of the nation the of object crucial A.

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CEU eTD Collection 13 formerMinister Transportof the rules the Poland. in during of party PiS 12 crashon theSmolensk investigation inthe following way: government’spolicy the against protests in engagement her explained Stankiewicz discourse. curren the distrust towards with linked are Poland with relations hostile its and Russia of notion negative The stateThe versus nation Stankiewicz argued: her, with conducted I interview the Inhistory. its and Russia also but discourse, national the ar that Russia and Poland between relations the only not are These countrywith energetic self de the as Russia from supply gas the on Poland of dependence the end can fields The Poland. of territory the on found were which fields gas shale the of example an give and Poland towards Russia of tendencies imperial Polish the on commenting while Likewise, Pol analogically tothe “Katynlie”, the“Smolensk lie” called, is crash the of investigation the and Katyn”, “Second the as to referred often is crash Mo Poland”. of independency the attack massacres Smolensk and Katyn

All the citationsAll the was translated from Polish author. the by Beat and as animperial one. Iconductedher: As Mertasaidinthe interview with a Gosiewska is the widow of Przemys of widow the is Gosiewska a h psiiiy ht usa udrd h Pls peiet h sod p a up stood it who president since giftbirthday (Stnakiwicz). as a delivered journalists ofdead bodies the having for famous Polish Tupolev], the murdered the Russia that of possibility the passengers exclude to stupidity a [the is …It journalists independent hundred assassinated than more killed which Russia not same The did Russia that ow its assassinated think I should Why (Gmyz). Russia of underthewhich influence remain Brezhnev’s should abroad”, “near on doctrine “a sentence the consciousness Russian the in because interests political its to threat a as situation this regards Russia (Merta) byMoscow but commanders, military not issuedthe by Polish are orders the that means This empire”. an is Beata Russia that understand not do “you crash]. commentary: a with along refusal Smolensk the of victims the [of autopsy the during experts independent of presence the for permission the give to refused Office]Prosecutor’s Military Polish [The and Russia between relationship the creates discourse national the Furthermore, hce i nt br ad oad s o ara” od still holds abroad” not is Poland and bird a not is chicken

t Polish government and state institutions within the field of national national of field the within institutions state and government Polish t

n citizens by blowing up the buildings with them in order to exterminate Chechens. Chechens. exterminate to order in them with buildings the up blowing by citizens n

- sufficiency,and therefore, according toGmyz,:

posit of shale gas in Poland is estimated to provide the the provide to estimated is Poland in gas shale of posit ł aw Gosiweski who died in the Smolensk crash. Gosiewski was a a was Gosiewski crash. Smolensk the in died who Gosiweski aw 21 - Rus

sian relationships, Gmyz mentioned the the mentioned Gmyz relationships, sian

e established as gloomy in in gloomy as established e –

t s raiain f h old the of realization a is it Gosiweska gainst Putin. And Putin is is Putin And Putin. gainst reover, the Smolensk Smolensk reover, the 13

met with such such with met

CEU eTD Collection 17 16 responsible fo 15 representative of Polish profile the of the mainstream media. 14 b last will Poland this. to agree Wenot Poland. do to done be can anything that means it Smolensk with happens what to agree we “if stated: catastrophe Smolensk the of anniversary third the on whichstands nation greatPolish a of concept a produces discourse national the stated, the towards distrust the with Along national the of program news a televisio of edition evening an for Invited nation. Polish the of interestservethe not doesgovernment thatthe doubt no is partythere LawJustice and Forthe wide, complained: nation Poland in available channel private a “Polsat”, by transmitted committee Macierewicz the Zietek, of Artur father traitor.The a as government Polish the of conceive families” “Smolensk the Likewise IFrom Edward myinterview that: Mizinski, with learnt

The listof references of Appendi newspapers the the can in found be articles refers Zietek to first of the Tuskmeeting crash after they Smolensk embracedthe Putin with each when other. oaz rbk i te ed f h Cacley f h Pie iitr f oad ic 21. rbk was Arabski 2011. since Poland of Minister Prime the of Chancellery the of head the is Arabski Tomasz dm ihk s the is Michik Adam 3). (“Dziennik” light. comethe to will we then maybe replaced, be to c have authorities Polish it…The form withdrawn to difficult very Putin Tsar, Russian the embracing was whisp Putinprobably [Tusk] he When lackey? Russian a or government Polish a scrap a just anything, got not have autopsy, I I now Until everything. get would we that Mr. said Tusk ago Twoyear Polish mentioned the Arabski on crime a committing on th possibility and the president of Office Prosecutor’s the to notification a sent I crash the after weeks Twothem. believed never Wehave them. trust to conscience without scoundrel belie to sin a is it that times many so lies told government] [the They top very the form savages Asian like in floods which “whorishness” of kind (Stankiewicz). this for agree st the of collapse the for testimony tangible more no is There president. new the by position hider a to promoted are security with him provide to supposed were how people the and died, what towards reaction a was It We are dealing with covering with dealing are We

ome closer to the truth… Those who rules in Russia and Poland nowadays do not want the truth to to truth the want not do nowadays Poland and Russia in rules who Those truth… the to closer ome n (TVP) on the 17 n (TVP) onthe 17 April Kaczynski 2012,Jaroslaw argued: cueteeaemlin o aros nPln.A oga w lf,Pln s not is Poland life, we as long As Poland. in patriots of millions are there ecause r the organizationthe r 2010. April 10 ofon flights the to Smolensk

deceased navigator of the Tuthe of navigator deceased

lt ftefut oihRpbi,b Michnik by Republic, Polish fourth the of elite e dtr of editor 15 , and this is what(Mizinski). regret I this and , is ered to his ear: “Weear: his to ered (“Dziennik” wanted” whatyou fixed

“ aea Wyborcza Gazeta

- in opposition the state. Jaroslaw Kaczynski during his speechduring his Kaczynski Jaroslaw state.opposition the in up the case…He [Tusk] got caught in a game with Putin, and now it is is it now and Putin, with game a in caught got [Tusk] case…He the up was going on: towards destroying the state, towards that the president president the that towards state, the destroying towards on: going was

- paper saying that my son died in Smolensk Oblast. Is this this Is Oblast. Smolensk in died son my that saying paper 22 ”

- the most popular newspaper in Poland, and the the and Poland, in newspaper popular most the 154, during a live broadcast of a meeting of of meeting a of broadcast live a during 154,

, Tusk and Komorowski. I did not did I Komorowski. and Tusk , ve in their reports. One has to be a be to has One reports. their in ve x “Newspapersx articles”.

have not got the [results] of the the of [results] the got not have 5 17 ). ). ate (…) and I do not do I and (…) ate

16 - ,

CEU eTD Collection was he elections candidatethe the of Platform. Civic the 19 yet succumbed,not as as we long remain 18 communist”. Stankiewicz and Wildstein also collaboratingwith and thepalacepresidential in havingJaruzelski Bolsheviks, of monument a building your thecross, because of:removing you honor alreadyhave youlost since surpasses “ caption: the with banner a held man aged middle anniversary,a all the Throughout crash. Smolensk the about truth the hiding the for anti of crash the the of anniversary third the of of celebration the instance, For system. remnants communist the of presence the by media mainstream the and state the of corruption juxtaposition This Poland. in situation prov current the on communists former negative and of strong influence a with state the of corruption the juxtaposes discourse national The Communism onthefaceto pretend split that didnot Russia ofPoland”. bett is “it continued: Stankiewicz country?”, sovereign a is nation different a to president its country.sovereignaauthority of ofdeathAthe on investigation givesawaythe which country a needs which pride dead

“ Bronis As long as we life, Poland is not dead not is Polandlife, we as long As ds h dsore ih h psiiiy f rdcn saeet wih xli the explain which statements producing of possibility the with discourse the ides 18 ! We have will because great Poland greatwe are nation!”. - ł nightm such revels commands…It out caring almost government, the towards complaisance their media, [Polish] the of sovereignty of lack complete a reveals case Smolensk The the form capital, (Stankiewicz) postcommunist from servi originates media secret mainstream communist the voice: one with speak and equally lie they media], mainstream [Polish private or public lies, who how here difference no is There national and interest national of concepts the creates discourse national Moreover,the communist exclamations which expressed the expressed which exclamations communist aw Komorowski was elected the President of Poland after the deat the after Poland of President the elected wasKomorowski aw

ares in the Military Prosecutor’s Office like those of the Peoples Republic of Republic Peoples the of those like Office Prosecutor’s Military the in ares

sovereign county: “they [the government] does not behave as the the as behave not does government] [the “they county: sovereign ce…all the clerks originate from the communist system…form the worst worst the system…form communist the from originate clerks the ce…all

” ”

. is a is

paraphraseof offered type this explanation: of 23

a verse of the Polish the verseof a beli

ef in the fault of “the communist” “the of fault the in h of Lech Kaczynski in Smolensk. In In Smolensk. in Kaczynski Lech of h

Komorowski

national - day celebration of the the of celebration day

anthem

19 ! This appeal This ! : “ Poland has has Poland was full was er er CEU eTD Collection regul is discourse national the that argued I conclusion, In arguesanyway: be blamed crash for should thatRussia the enou not is there since action intentional an of result a was catastrophe the that explicitly state not does which explanation of type third a produces discourse national the assassination, Smolensk the on theories alternative two with Along government. cannotknew imaginethat somethi they I situation, the by downcast really were they crash], the of day the [during on going was what idea no had government Polish The Russia. by out carried assassination an was it think I me, political byPolish elite committed in Smolensk. the of production the “Smolensk” in results which theory conspiracy a of version two of production the for allows and discourse national the regulate relations this that argue I above. discussed the of relations discursive The conspiracy,Theories of blame assassination and that Russians are to blame, and I am not necessarily talking about an assassination, because I do not not do I because assassination, an about t talking presuppose necessarily not am I and blame, to are Russians that obvious is it hands…Nevertheless, our investigati in evidence strong are a have theory.not we do we opposite and are photographs, the satellite what than ground remember better to has have assassination we the on However, theory the that seems is present At participated PM Polish the which in president Polish the against game (S a to was visits the separate This to led authorities Smolensk. Russian the with Tusk PM the which in game diplomatic a by to President the exposed consciously he but hand, his on blood has and collaborated consciously he amateur…or an is Minister Prime this Either Russian and Polish between collaboration the on theory the is version other The the of murder a as it presents crash the about theory conspiracy the of version firstThe limiting civilPoland, liberties, for (Wieldstein). instance surveillance ofjournalists the who crashed the plane, whether they did it on purpose, this is a totally different issue. (Merta). (Merta). totallydifferentthisa is issue. purpose, it on they whether did plane, the crashed who

tankiewicz). tankiewicz). assassination”, and a thesis on the Russia responsibility for the plane catastrophe catastrophe plane the for responsibility Russia the on thesis a and assassination”,

hat it was an intentional act. Nevertheless, I do not have any doubts that it were the Russian Russian the were it that doubts any have not do I Nevertheless, act. intentional anwas it hat

national discourse are established between the five elements five the between established are discourse national the Russian ng” (Wildstein). death, because he did: the Smolensk catastrophe was proceeded proceeded was catastrophe Smolensk the did: he because death, 24

authorities: “Formauthorities:

gh of evidence for such a claim, but it it but claim, a such for evidence of gh

ated by four elements: the negative the elements: four by ated g smltos o te Tu the [of simulations ng: the data thatare available data to the - 154 flight], flight], 154

CEU eTD Collection crash plane Smolensk the of investigation the conduct to right the granted discourse liberal The 3.1. relations power the as between and Poland Russia. well as discourse, liberal and national the between contradiction apparatus state the in embodiment following its and the of explanation official the on statements true constitute the to power the that argue I to catastrophe. I attributed knowledge, status of rational power and logical political the the deconstruct exposing Through truth”. of “regime Smolensk naturaliza of process the in place taken have which 2003) (Foucault of struggles” rediscovery "meticulous the at aims which analysis genealogical a employ I operated, has power the whereby mechanisms the reveal to order In crash. place Smolensk the about trut of constitution the to led which events discursive crucial the analyze I chapter this In C within resp Russia’s the on statement the conspiracy, of theories generating of possibility the with discourse national between relationships The nation. Polish great the of concept the a on premise the by explained influence significant partially is which government, Polish corrupted the the of on thesis character the Poland, with relations its and Russia of history the of notion HAPTER HAPTER The constitution theof a

the national discursive formation.

the Russian the 3

G onsibility for the crash, and the “Smolensk assassination” as reasonable reasonable as assassination” “Smolensk the and crash, the for onsibility ENEALOGY OF THE THE OF ENEALOGY

state of of former

by producing the theTuthe producing by

communist ccident

o n the current public sphere in Poland, as well as as well as Poland, in sphere public current the n 25 S

- MOLENSK MOLENSK 154 flight to Smolensk as a civil one. In the the In one. civil a as Smolensk to flight 154 ,

resulted from the disjuncture and and disjuncture the from resulted A these elements these CCIDENT Smolensk plane cash, plane Smolensk

provided the provided in f the of tion h CEU eTD Collection 20 Moreover, 3). (“Rzeczpospolita” standards” objective has and immediately action take to us allows which basis legal existing onlywith the is 13, Apprendix along Convention, Chicago “the assuredthat Minster (“Wirt Prime Polish the Inaddition, 4). Polska” inefficient thus and content”, with filled be to have would which framework an not it agreement the that claimed he Moreover, 4). Polska” o collapse the after Poland of territory the from corps Russian the withdrawing of issue the regulate to Polish the that stated Inferior of Minister the to inapplicable either as regulation destinyRussia” (“Wirtualna ofknowledge to Polska” 4). 2011). (PiekarskiAccordin 1993 in countries the by signed aircraft military on agreement Polish Russian the case this to apply to decided had government the if crash the on investigation a basis this on and one Tu of flight the considered discourse national the of experts the Aviation Interstate its and Russia (IAC)Committee by headed to given was crash Smolensk the of investigation the in state the by conducted t to According aviation. civil to institution suggests, the of name the as applies, which Aviation, Civil International on Convention Chicago the of 13 Annex under crash the of causes the investigate to decided authorities, governmen Polish the catastrophe, the after weeks two first

The Chicago Convention International Aviation, on Civil Annex13. hs rtqe a rbte b te iea dsore hc ecue ohr legal other excluded which discourse liberal the by rebutted was critique This all, of First shady. and unjustified as decision the constituted discourse national The g to Macierewicz, by applying the Chicago Convention “we [Poland] confined the the confined [Poland] “we Convention Chicago the applying by Macierewicz, to g f the USSR, and hence it cannot be used in the case of Smolensk crash (“Wirtualnacrash Smolensk of case the in used be cannot it hence and USSR, the f

rgued that the Polish state could have had the right to conduct the the conduct to right the had have could state Polish the that rgued “the territory of which an accident or incident occurs” incident or accident an which of territory “the

Tatiana supervisedAnodina and by Vladimir Putin.

case of the Smolensk crash, or inefficient. The Polish Polish The inefficient. or crash, Smolensk the of case - Russian agreement on military aircraft was intended intended was aircraft military on agreement Russian i Anx ivsiain f pae ciet is accident plane a of investigation Annex, his 26

t, in agreement with the Russian Russian the with agreement in t, - actual 154 to Smolensk a military a Smolensk to 154 h lbrl icus made discourse liberal the

regulation but “just a “just but regulation

20 . Therefore, ualna - CEU eTD Collection Macierewicz’scrash: Smolensk The Committee. the of causes the investigating for committee On begun. the cockpit oftheExpress”(“Super 3). plane. in doing been had Blasik general what speculation the on focused media mainstream cr the of version liberal the hand, other the the discourse: On national pride. the national of heart the to went crash plane Smolensk the for Forces Air IAC.as anaccident by alleged responsibility news theThe onthe Commander Polish of ofthe plane Smolensk the that account into take to failed discourse information additional this of Because 1). (“Interia” superior their of presence thi In Forces. Air Polish the of Commander then the Blasik, Andrzej as identified was them of One Smolensk. in land to attempted had pilots the when cockpit the in people other two been had there pilots Tupolev the of cockpit the in place took had that conversations the registered which box black the of s recording the that mentioned also They 1). (“Interia” catastrophe Smolensk the of causes possible as plane the of failure “terroris a excluded they that said IAC of experts The Smolensk. Tu the of circumstances the on findings preliminary its announced it which claims oflacking altern Russia and the result,IAC. a As Smolensk in catastrophe the of circumstances the expert own its creating investigate to government Polish the by by appointed was which Committee,Miller’s institution, discourse national the by exerted pressure the for provision However, at this point the struggles for the truth on Smolensk plane crash have just just have crash plane Smolensk on truth the for struggles the point this at However, Subsequently , 20 July 2010, the members of PiS party initiated the appointment of a new new a of appointment the initiated party PiS of members the 2010, July 20 as

well as the relations between the liberal and national discourse, under the the under discourse, national and liberal the between relations the as well s way the IAC suggested that the pilots had been under the pressure of the of pressure the under been had pilots the that suggested IAC the way s , the , of operation atives and objectivity.atives

IAC organized a conference in Moscow on 19 May 2010, during 2010, May 19 on Moscow in conference a organized IAC power / knowledge hid the political relations between Poland Poland between relations political the hid knowledge

before the crash happened, testified that except for for except that testified happened, crash the before

irrespectively of the findings of the Russian Russian the of findings the of irrespectively crash was officially was crash ash was confirmed and the the and confirmed was ash t attract”, explosion, fire or fire explosion, attract”, t - , 5 cah in crash 154

the national the

con stituted stituted CEU eTD Collection fo defenders cross the that explained expert The defenders. cross the of phenomenon the for account to psychologist a invited Poland, in station radio popular very a fm, TOK to describeof thecross thebehavior defenders: ask was expert the which in Science of AcademyPolish the of psychologist a with interview popu most the of one instance, For treatment. mental to subjected be should who individuals obsessive and paranoid as defenders cross the diagnosed media the expertise, psychiatric and psychological of use the With fanatics. “Smolensk assassination”. the of victims the to devoted prayers common and rallies organizing by governments Russian discour center of Warsaw. the from displacement from Cross Smolensk the protecting of purposes the yearsfor two than s the occupied group the The Church. in placed be should Cross Smolensk the that stated president new The Scouts. Polish of Warsawin group Palace aPresidential by the of front in placed was Cross”, “Smolensk the consolidated. defenders” “cross called so of group a 2010 August6 on Komorowski Bronislaw Poland, of President new a of election the After 3.1.2 ina government’s the Macierewicz, to according was, committee another appointing for reason bilitycompletetask ofcrash. the Smolensk finding theabout to thetruth The lepers of the Smolensk cross Smolensk of the lepers The e sne h dfnes osaty nemnd h tuh lis f h Pls and Polish the of claims truth the undermined constantly defenders the since ses the mechanism of the brain responsible for conspiracy thinking exactly. However, at least in some some in least at However, exactly. thinking conspiracy for delusions individuals responsible brain the of mechanism the “Weknow not continued: He do psychosis. wia is this view of point clinical bear the From paranoia. for typical palace presidential the of front in from statements the of Many The liberal defenders producedasag thecross discourse Smolensk the between struggles power the of centre the became defenders cross The

may be cause by disturbances in processing of information in the brain (Onet 1). 1). (Onetthe brain in information of in processing causedisturbances by may be

pace around the Presidential Palace in Warsaw for more more for Warsaw in Palace Presidential the around pace

a Pls wb otl oe.l pbihd an published “onet.pl” portal web Polish lar

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06 e ml o loo i hs lo a te oet f the of moment the at blood his in alcohol of mill per 0.6 d rmation of the liberal discourse started to disintegrate at this this atdisintegrate to starteddiscourse liberal the of rmation ). h misra mda conceiv media mainstream The te eot s nopee bt e te Polish [the we but incomplete, is report “the 30 which cited which

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fa is Anodina (“Wirtualnatruth” the knowing 3). from opinion Polska” Ms. of report the that proofs hands in having while Affairs,Foreign of Minister the and Inferior of Minister Minister,the Prime the county, including unpre is It explanation comprehensive a offered discourse national the Besides, completely is 1). Express” (“Super unreliable” it because [report] IAC the reject We institution. objective an of standards any meet not does I politics. Russian the of instrument an is IAC failure. complete a be to proved catastrophe the on Don of policy Minister…The Prime the of decisions wrong the of consequence a is report The

cedented case in the history of our nation and state that the most important people in the the in people important most the that state and nation our of history the in case cedented

report of IAC, the leader of PiS, Jaroslaw Kaczynski, blamed the the blamed Kaczynski, Jaroslaw PiS, of leader the IAC, of report

e hud pa aot ‘’hero about speak should we iller, on the other hand, was to sign, as Macierewicz Macierewicz assign, to was iller,hand,other the on 31

ler’s and Macierewicz’scommittees, and ler’s lse, they hide it, and preclude the public public the preclude and it, hide they lse,

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ald Tusk ald - 154 CEU eTD Collection transformation this section, following the in argue I As 2). Express (“Super weakness” or but secret dark a of because not hide to tries Russians called that something mean …I responsibility of so part Russian is facts, of face the in obvious somehow report, IAC the from missing is “what cr plane Smolensk the of anniversary first the before days two 2011, April 8 on However, Russia. and Poland between partnership the about assumption the on rested discourse liberal the beginning, the At transformation. constituting version truth. thePolish of of promise the by application another from prevented was pride, its and nation the discourse, the position dominant the taking from discourse national the strategy the changing Moreover, again. once consolidated discourse liberal findingsIAC. of the aggression”to refers without but possible as“precisely which IACreport the to comments ” own soon would committee Miller’s the that announced He 1). (“TVP.info” Poland” IA the and catastrophe Smolensk the tha claimed Tusk speech, his In report. IAC the to devoted place took parliament Polish the of session day two 2011 January 20 On strategy. his changes to forced was Minister Prime of the world”.(“Wirtualna Polska” 2). “ that stated Macierewicz Thereof, Smolensk. in tragedy (“TVP.info” 1).

os of loss findings which would „show a fuller truth about the catastrophe …regardl catastrophe the about truth fuller a „show would which findings However,report’sthe after liberalthe publication, withdrawal government the as soon As f the In

legitimacy c o te tak o te ainl icus ad h misra mda the media, mainstream the and discourse national the of attacks the of ace because of the traditional Russian unwillingness to admit to any kind of error of kind any to admit to unwillingness Russian traditional the of because

Moreover, Miller added that added Miller Moreover,

iea frain I adto, h cnrl ol f h national the of tool central the addition, In formation. liberal ash, Tusk gave an interview for BB2, in which he stated: he which in BB2, for interview Tuskan ash, gave rpr wr “used were report C

32 the Polish government prepared 150 pages of pages 150 prepared government Polish the

rm uprig h IC xlnto, the explanation, IAC the supporting from the report slanders Poland in the face face the in Poland slanders report the

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report of report of the of o h acdn were accident the to

Chancellery of the Prime Minister on 29 July 2011. The report stated that stated report The 2011. July 29 on Minister Prime the of Chancellery

Miller’s committee was presented to the public opinion during the press press the during opinion public the to presented was committee Miller’s

e, on the one hand. On the other, the report report the other, the On hand. one the on e,

anation did not indicate who was responsible for the crash, but crash, the for responsible was who indicate not did anation

h ernos omns f h ce Soes airport Smolensk crew the of comments erroneous the The Polish Ministry of Inferor of Ministry Polish The o conduct the investigation on the causes of the the of causes the on investigation the conduct o 33

, scent below the minimum descent altitude at at altitude descent minimum the below scent

- hc te iea dsore salse by established discourse liberal the which around procedure” ( procedure” around ne crash was constituted by the the by constituted was crash ne The Polish Ministry of Ministry Polish The was influenced by the the by influenced was

2011). There 2011).

fore, the the fore, : CEU eTD Collection publi The InvestigationParliamentary of the Catastrophe Unitforof theCauses of Tu insta For assassination. on statements explicit produce to able was it which of basis the on ground rational a regained discourse national the explosives, the on information the of light the In and legal and media mainstream the governmental institution of use the with power of technologies employed materialexplosive of traces discovered Smolensk in working experts Polish the that claimed article The 2012. October 30 on “Rzeczpospolita” Poland in daily popular most the Tupolev’sof one wreck’in a of publication the by endangered highly publication power The 3.2. The appara presented inthe regulate to discourse liberal the “ formation apparatus: the of consolidation report Millers the whereby process the However, attempted nce, the leader of the opposition party, Jaroslaw Kaczynski, stated at the meeting of the of meeting the at stated Kaczynski, party, Jaroslaw opposition the of leader the nce, take(“ will we other direction the is This and consequences. the suffer should Poland it, with do to of something had partisanship, Republic the unheard of an is president life, public the of representatives including people, 96 of murder The the how exposes article the of trajectory the of analysis My discourse national the report, Millers the of announcement the After cation of the article could have changed the power relations between the between relations power the changed have could article the of cation

to mobilize that has been institutionalized, frozen, immobilized” frozen, institutionalized, been has that relation between relation of the Miller’sHowever,report.the of Wirtualna1 Polska” following section of myfollowing section thesis. s, suchas trinitrotoluene and nitroglycerin, onthe Tupolev. tus of

its forces in order to the the

the liberal and national discourse was institutionalized after the after institutionalized was discourse national and liberal the ). ). catastrophe

the power relation between the liberal and national disc national and liberal the between relation power the against n repress and repress the liberal discourse liberal andthe

controversial article entitled ‘Trinitrotoluene on the ‘Trinitrotolueneon entitled article controversial the the dominant the

of crime. Everyone who, even if through machination or or machination through if even who, Everyone crime. of 34 h other. the statements ofthe statements

was

h wrig o ti aprts are apparatus this of workings The

position position constituted national discourse.

the ( of the liberalthe discourseof Bess

truth stated inthe truth s h tuh e t the to led truth the as liberal

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evidence, or the statements of experts, or pseudo or experts, of statements the or evidence, paau, u as sae ntttos uh s h Wra Military Warsaw the as such institutions state also but apparatus, liberal ntem ei ta cnrbtd o h re the to contributed that media instream - party struggle which the opposition party begin with the with begin party opposition the which struggle party

discourse attempted to integrate the news on explosives on news the integrate to attempted discourse about an explosion onthe explosion about an 3 ), 35

as prof. Marek Zylicz , a member of Miller’s of member a , Zylicz Marek prof. as

its

relati (“Wirtu ons. Such newspapers as “Gazeta “Gazeta as newspapers Such ons. alna Polska” 1 ion party: “It is unacceptable is “It party: ion plane (“Gazeta Wyborcza”

- experts, no matter matter no experts, -

iiain f the of limitation ). On the ground ground ). On the involved in the in involved CEU eTD Collection el s w ohr mmes f dtra saf ee icpiay imse form dismissed disciplinary were staff editorial of members others two as well t Gmyz, day, same the On 1). (“Rzeczpospolita” all at documented not was material the that acknowledged and article the publishing for apologized he result a As ‘Credibility important think’ isthemost inwhichhe claimed: dai the in published Hajdarowicz, Grzegorz “Rzeczpospolita”, owning 5 the on addition, In Gmyz, stated: he r the of deprived and journalist incompetent an as subjugated it, said would (1982) Foucault as was, Gmyz, Cezary article, the of author the Moreover, 1). Radio Polskie (Trojka PiS” shook Trinitrotoluene go? to have “Kaczynski or about article “The or 1), yea ten for media Polish the in scandal biggest the trinitrotoluene: (TokFM Bond” watched editor have must the They up “Trinitrotoluene? blow trinitrotoluene>> <

of November 2013 the private owner of “Presspublica”, the company the “Presspublica”, of owner private the 2013 November of

(“Fakt” (“Fakt” –

.. I eie t woe n wte ta I anan l o my of all maintain I that Twitter on wrote to decided I K.K.] the problem the 1 ).

The intervention of the Prosecutor’s Office and the and Office Prosecutor’s the of intervention The 36

ight to speak. I the interview I interview the I speak. to ight restraint the proliferation of of proliferation the restraint

me from the responsibility for the the for responsibility the from me rs” (“Gazeta Wyborcza” (“Gazeta rs” with following headings: following with - in y n ril entitled article an ly he editor he by a series of events events of series a by - he? (Fakt chief?” the statements on statements the conducted - vening, the the vening, in - chief, as as chief,

with 4 1 ), ), CEU eTD Collection how investigates it but grounded, for crash the of explanations the take not th in emerged which division political and social the analyze thesis my mourning, national of problem the with deal which catastrophe plane Smolensk the of aftermaths the on studies previous Unlikely C own dominationthroughexe reproduce position dominant its institutionalized and discourse liberal the consolidated lib and national the to relation in character neutral a acquired it staff editorial the of replacement the after However, discourse. national of formation the to belonged which media mainstream of case materialsexplosive which afterappealing was month any one not longer. the closing for allowed argumentation entangled Such method. one than more of was there that statement the with contradict not did trinitrotoluene of presence the detected devices the saythat to that claimed He response. confusinggavea prosecutor the announcement, previous i assassination on hypothesis the of propagator main the and politician Polish a Macierewicz, When plane. the on materials explosive detect did Smoleńsk in investigation the during used was which device the that General the of meeting politicians Polish major a with OfficeProsecutor’s was there article, Gmyz’s of publication the after month One “Rzeczpospolita”. ONCLUSIONS eral ssive discourses, thelatter. occasionallysupporting o u u, h taetr o Gy’ atce reveals articles Gmyz’s of trajectory the up, sum To pu the Until no evidence of explosive materials because such trace has to be proven with the use the with proven be to has trace such because materials explosive of evidence no

e later stage of the crash’s repercussions. Moreover, m Moreover, repercussions. crash’s the of stage later e lcto o Gy’ atce Rezoplt” a be te only the been had “Rzeczpospolita” article Gmyz’s of blication rcisingnational onthe discourse. power Soes, se wy h gnrl rsctr id n his in lied prosecutor general the why asked Smolensk, n 37

. During the meeting, the prosecutor claimed claimed prosecutor the meeting, the During .

how

the apparatus which which apparatus the

y approach does does approach y they

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its its

CEU eTD Collection cause that institutions Russian the to investigation the conduct to the of decision the only not was it that empathized be to was crash the about truth the constituting formati opposite from resulted apparatus, state the the of t order theconstitution toexplain formation. crash the for Russia gen of possibility nation Polish former influenced significant a on premise the by explained partially is which government, Polish the of character corrupted the on thesis the Poland, with relations its and Russia of history whi relations discursive association an as catastrophe the generated discourse national the hand, institutions expert rulin the media, mainstream the institutions, state between relations the of basis the on produced was accident Smolensk the that argued a or theories institutions as elements such between relations the on depended crash the constitution specific argued, I As discourses. liberal and national the namely discourses, Smolensk main two conceptualized I research, archaeological Foucauldian of use the With discursively whatpolitical factorsand to type and ofsocial contributed produced, power to constitute true statements on the on statements true constitute to power The second part of my thesis uses the conceptualization of the Smolensk discourse in in discourse Smolensk the of conceptualization the uses thesis my of part second The communist

uthoritative actors which unite which actors uthoritative . I also argued that these that argued also I . ons of national and liberal discourses. discourses. liberal and national of ons , rtn tere o cnprc and conspiracy of theories erating s

as well as the concept the as well as

on the current public sphere in Poland, as well as the concept of the great the of concept the as well as Poland, in sphere public current the on

s esnbe n rational and reasonable as ch are established between between established are ch he truth numerous struggles which took place between the two two the between place took which struggles numerous

relationships provided the national discourse with the the with discourse national the provided relationships s

the power relation between Poland in Russia. It has has It Russia. in Poland between relation power the of modern state and democratic order democratic and state modern of

them in a rule a in them about 38 catastrophe

the circumstancescrash. ofthe within the confines of national discursive discursive national of confines the within such elements as elements such g party, theories of of theories party, g h statem the Polish Polish - cuil atr n h poes of process the in factor crucial A

, governed system. Consequently, I Consequently, system. governed and

government to grant t grant to government ent its following embodiment in embodiment following its d the asymmetrical relation asymmetrical the d

s the negative notion of the the of notion negative the

n the on on the grounds of its of grounds the on applied , events, statements, events, , responsibility of of responsibility . On the other other the On .

Iargued that this processthis science and and science he right he s the the

of of of . CEU eTD Collection proved thatsuch an investi and state the towards resistance their and defenders cross the of phenomenon the is investigation the national discourse. on power exercising through domination own its reproduces apparatus this how articledepicts whi apparatus established the of workings the demonstrate to order in plane the on materials discourse institutions. and the Russian in Poland, Polish the constitute which discourse liberal the of transformation following the and disintegration which pride, national to appeal a be to occurred to discourse national the of capacity the from resulted revealed by mygenealogicala investigations needs between h lbrl icus. y hr priiat bevto i te etns f hs group this of meetings the in observation participant short My discourse. liberal the The aspect of the aftermaths of the Smo the of aftermaths the of aspect The thesis, my of section last the In Moreover, Poland and Russia. Russia. and Poland

the Miller’s report,isasynthesis ofthe

along n

efficient tool in the Polish political struggles, as well as well as struggles,political Polish the in tool efficient ih h tuh n h Soes crash. Smolensk the on truth the with age ta te process the that argued I - Russian relations as relations Russian

gationa needs long T he issue of power relations between the countries which were which countries the between relations power of issue he

I presented the case of the article on the explosive explosive the on article the of case the presented I

partnership. partnership. - 39 f constituting of term ethnographicterm study.

lensk plane crash which surely needs further needs surely which crash plane lensk

conflicting forces of the nationalconflicting andliberal forces ofthe further The official explanation of the crash the of explanation official The anal age ta te rjcoy f the of trajectory the that argued I

the Smolensk regime of truth truth of regime Smolensk the ysis.

f orm

the temporary the

ceased to to ceased ch was was ch CEU eTD Collection 163 Pp. Identity.” of Politics the and Power, “Sex, 2000. Michel. Foucault, Albany:of New Press. University State York 59 Pp. Hermeneut Marx.” Freud, “Nietzsche, 1990b. Michel. Foucault, Vintage/Random House. 1990a. Michel. Foucault, Chicago: Chicago UniversityPress. of Hermeneutics and Structuralism Beyond Foucault: Foucault,“Afterword:and Michel. Power.” the 1982.Subject 208 Pp. Young.R. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. 1981. Michel. Foucault, 1972 other writings, 1980a. Colin. Gordon, and Michel, Foucault, Hermeneutics 1982. Paul. Rabinow, and Hubert Dreyfus, Foucault.” Michel with Interview An Intellectual. the and Values Moral “Power, 1988. Michael. Bess, R EFERENCES ic Context: From Nietzsche to Nancy to Nietzsche From Context: ic ofHistory the Present . Chicago: University Chicago Press. of

- 1977 “The Order “The

. New York: Pantheon Books. h Hsoy f eult. oue : n Introduction An I: Volume Sexuality. of History The 4:1 – of Discourse.” Pp. 48 Pp. Discourse.” of 2.

ihl Foucault: Michel

, edited by G.L. Ormiston and A.D. Schrift. A.D. and Ormiston G.L. by edited , Power/knowledge : selected interviews and and interviews selected : Power/knowledge eie b H. by edited ,

– 78 in 78

Untying the Text the Untying – eod tutrls and Structuralism Beyond ryu and Dreyfus 7 in 67 – 226 in: in: 226 rnfrig the Transforming – Michel 7 in 173

. New York: York: New . . Rabinow. P. , edited by edited ,

Michel CEU eTD Collection chicagowskiej.” konwencji ws. Tuska do Rogalskiego list “Drugi 2011. Mariusz, Piekarski, New York: PlenumPress. Paul MacLean, (4):811 Post of Ideology the and Crash Presidential Poland’s Catastrophe: of Politics “The 2012. Leszek. Koczanowicz, Kendall, Gavin and Wickha 154m_101/finalreport_eng.pdf Poland 2011. Committee. AviationInterstate reactions medialne i polityczne 2011, Jacek. Wasilewski and Piotr Gliński, 1976 2003. Michel. Foucault, Foucault, Michel. 2002. Foucault: Ethics,and Subjectivity Truth, . London:. Lane.Allen Rtivd a 1, 03 ( 2013 15, May Retrieved . – 828. ].Warsaw:IFIS PAN.

. 1990. D. - Communism.” Communism.” The Archaeology ofKnowledge Society Must Be Defended. Lectures at the Collège de France 1975 France de Collège the at Lectures Defended. Be Must Society

h Tin Ban n vlto: oe n aecrba Functions Paleocerebral in Role Evolution: in Brain Triune The

m, Gary. 1999. [ h Soek aarpe sca pltcl n media and political social Catasrophe: Smolenk The ).

Final Report. Tu Report. Final at uoen oiis Sceis n Cultures and Societies Politics, European East

edited by P.edited by Rabinow. New York:New Press. Using Foucault’sUsing Methods http://www.mak.ru/russian/investigations/2010/tu 41

aatoa mlńk : ekj społeczne, reakcje : smoleńska Katastrofa - . London:. Routledge. 5Mtal n trail 154M . London: Sage.. umber 101, Republic of Republic 101, umber

26 - - . CEU eTD Collection poland.pl/FinalReportTu 192/2010/11”. no accident Polish The DiscoursePublic afterthe Catastrophe.” Smolensk “ 2012 Maciej, Witkowski, rogalskiego ( 2013 20, May Convention”] Chicago the Tuskto on Rrogalski of letter Secong [”The - iity f neir 01 “ia Rpr fo te xmnto o te aviation the of examination the from Report “Final 2011. Inferior of Ministry do - tuska http://www.rmf24.pl/raport - ws - - 154M.pdf konwencji The Category of Dislocation in the Analysis of Changes in Polish in Changes of Analysis the in Dislocation of Category The eree My 5 21 ( 2013 15, May Retrieved ). - chicagowskiej,nId,341066

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