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Mısır Đlişkileri Ve Kadeş Savaşı

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Mısır Đlişkileri Ve Kadeş Savaşı T. C. Đstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Eskiça ğ Dilleri ve Kültürleri Anabilim Dalı Hititoloji Bilim Dalı Doktora Tezi II. Muvatalli ve Dönemi Meltem Alparslan 2502000090 Tez Danı şmanı Prof. Dr. Belkıs Dinçol Đstanbul 2007 T. C. Đstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Eskiça ğ Dilleri ve Kültürleri Anabilim Dalı Hititoloji Bilim Dalı Doktora Tezi II. Muvatalli ve Dönemi Meltem Alparslan 2502000090 Tez Danı şmanı Prof. Dr. Belkıs Dinçol Đstanbul 2007 Bu Doktora çalı şması, Đstanbul Üniversitesi Bilimsel Ara ştırma Projeleri Birimi tarafından desteklenmi ştir. Proje No: T-117/11112002. II. Muvatalli ve Dönemi Meltem Alparslan Öz Hitit krallarından II. Muvatalli’nin Dönemi’nin açıklanması, kendisine ait belgelerin azlı ğı nedeniyle oldukça zordur. Muvatalli’nin icraatlarının önemli bir kısmı hakkında, daha sonraki Hitit Krallarına ait belgelerden faydalanmaktayız. Ancak, bu belgelerden elde etti ğimiz bilgilerin de tartı şmalı olması, Muvatalli devri olaylarını incelerken dikkatli olmamızı gerektirmektedir. Çalı şmamız içerisinde II. Muvatalli her yönüyle ele alınmı ş; tartı şmalı olan aile üyeleri çok yönlü olarak incelenmi ştir. Ayrıca, Muvatalli’nin politik kimli ğini gösteren iç ve dı ş faaliyetleri ayrıntılı bir şekilde ele alınmı ş ve problemli olan pek çok konu açıklanmaya çalı şılmı ştır. Böylece, Muvatalli hakkında elde edilen bilgileri bir araya getirerek kendisi hakkında yeni sonuçlara varmak, döneminde açıklanması sorunlu olan konuları ortaya koymak mümkün olabilmiştir. Bu amaçla hem birincil kaynaklar olarak adlandırdı ğımız Hitit çivi yazılı metinler ile mühürlerin orijinal kopyaları de ğerlendirilmi ş, hem de daha önce bu konu hakkında yapılmı ş tüm çalı şmalar incelenmi ştir. Bu sayede, II. Muvatalli döneminde en büyük sorunlarından biri olarak kendini gösteren, kralın icraatlarının sırası yani, faaliyetlerin kronolojisi problemine bir çözüm teklifi getirmek mümkün olabilmi ştir. Ayrıca, ba şkentin ba şka bir yere ta şınmasına sebep te şkil eden ko şulların neler oldu ğu ve ta şınmanın ne gibi sonuçlar do ğurdu ğu farklı bir bakı ş açısıyla açıklanmaya çalı şılmı ştır. Muvatalli’nin icraatlarına yansıyan dini kimli ği ayrı bir ba şlık altında ele alınarak, döneminde yapılan kült reformu her yönüyle irdelenmi ştir. Son bölümde ise, II. Muvatalli Dönemi hakkında ortaya koydu ğumuz açıklama önerileriyle, vardı ğımız sonuçları içeren dönemin rekonstrüksiyonu yer almaktadır. iii Abstract The reign of the Hittite king Muwatalli II is a difficult period to study because of the scarcity of the documents. Most of the achievements of Muwatalli can only be learned from the accounts of the later Hittite kings. But the controversial nature of the information from these documents necessitates a very careful interpretation of the events in the reign of Muwatalli. Our study covers all the aspects of Muwatalli II and his family members were studied in detail. The domestic and foreign activities that reveal his political identity are widely discussed and many issues relating to this subject were undertaken. In order to achieve this goal, the first and second hand evidence, that is the cuneiform tablets and seals were evaluated and former studies on his reign and persona were also taken into consideration. Thus, it became possible to offer solutions to one of the most problematic aspects of reign, i.e. the chronology of his activities. The possible consequences of the transfer of the capital to another place are discussed from a new point of view. The conclusion of this study and the reconstruction of the period are the subject of the last chapter. iv Önsöz Doktora tez konumuzu olu şturan II. Muvatalli Dönemi olaylarını açıklamak, çalı şmaya temel te şkil eden yazılı belgelerin azlı ğı sebebiyle, büyük bir zorlu ğu da beraberinde getiriyordu. Hitit krallarının kendi dönemleri içerisinde yaptıkları faaliyetlere ili şkin belgeler bırakmaları, Hititler’i tarihsel geli şim içerisinde anlamamızı sa ğlamı ştır. Ancak, Đmparatorluk Dönemi krallarından olan Muvatalli zamanında gerçekle şen ve Hitit tarihi için önemli olan iki olay; “ba şkentin sistemli bir şekilde Hattu şa’dan Tarhunta şş a’ya ta şınması” ve “Mısır Ülkesi ile yapılan Kade ş Sava şı” hakkında bilgi sahibi olunabilecek kaynakların bulunmaması, bu olayların sebep ve sonuç ili şkisi içinde açıklanabilmesi için, II. Muvatalli’den sonraki krallara ait belgelerden faydalanmamızı zorunlu hale getirmiştir. Özellikle III. Hattu şili Dönemi’ne ait belgeler, bu konudaki bo şlu ğu dolduran en büyük grubu olu şturmaktadır. Çalı şmamızda özellikle vurgulamaya çalı ştı ğımız üzere, III. Hattu şili’ye ait belgelerin do ğrulu ğunun tartı şmalı olması di ğer bir zorluktu. Bu nedenle, bazı olayları açıklarken özellikle dikkatli olmamız gerekmekteydi. Ancak, Hitit Devlet ar şivinde bulunan II. Muvatalli’ye ait bir antla şma belgesi, tarihlendirmesi tartı şmalı olan di ğer siyasi içerikli metinler ve dualar, az da olsa çalı şmamızı şekillendirmemizde yardımcı olmu ştur. Özellikle kralın batı yönündeki faaliyetlerini açıklamak ve dini kimli ğini ortaya çıkarmak mümkün olabilmi ştir. Böylelikle, öne sürülebilecek tutarlı teklifler ile bu dönemin muhtemel rekonstrüksiyonunu yapma imkanı elde edilmi ştir. Bana bu konuyu öneren ve çalı şmam için te şvikte bulunan Prof. Dr. Belkıs Dinçol ve Prof. Dr. Ali Dinçol’a te şekkürü bir borç bilirim. Hocam Prof. Dr. Belkıs Dinçol, çalı şmalarımı ba şından beri yakından takip etmi ş ve her a şamasında bana yol göstermi ştir. Hocam Prof. Dr. Ali Dinçol, çalı şmalarımı dikkatle izlemi ş ve her zaman yardımlarıyla destek vermi ştir. Her iki Hocam’a da bana gösterdikleri sabır, verdikleri güven ve sa ğladıkları imkanlar için yürekten te şekkürlerimi sunarım. V Çalı şmamın hazırlık a şamasında ilgi ve alakalarını gördü ğüm, de ğerli dostlarım Dr. Bilge Hürmüzlü ve Atilla Do ğrusoy’a önemli zamanlarını bana ayırdıkları, sabırla yardım ettikleri ve her zaman destek verdikleri için te şekkürlerimi sunmak istiyorum. Yine doktora tezimi çalı şırken pek çok yardımını gördü ğüm meslekta şım Hasan Peker’e, Dr. Erkan Konyar’a, Gürkan Ergin’e ve ö ğrencimiz Sezer Seçer’e de burada te şekkür etmek isterim. Ayrıca, gerek bilgi payla şımı, gerek verdi ği güvenle daima yanımda olan meslekta şım ve e şim Dr. Metin Alparslan’a da te şekkür etmeyi bir borç bilirim. Alman Arkeoloji Enstitüsü Đstanbul Şubesi ile Türk Eskiça ğ Bilimleri Enstitüsü’ne sa ğladıkları çalı şma imkanları için te şekkür ederim. Di ğer yandan, Alman Arkeoloji Enstitüsü’nün verdi ği bursla Berlin Şubesi’ndeki kütüphanelerini ve yanı sıra Tübingen Eberhard-Karls-Üniversitesi Troia Projekt’in sa ğladı ğı bursla da Tübingen Üniversitesi kütüphanelerini kullanmam, çalı şmamın daha hızlı ve sa ğlıklı bir şekilde ilerlemesini sa ğladı. Projemi bu burslara layık gördükleri ve verdikleri desteklerden dolayı ilgili kurumlara şükranlarımı sunarım. Çalı şmamı gerçekle ştirirken bir deste ği de Akdeniz Medeniyetleri Ara ştırma Enstitüsü’nden aldım. Bana sa ğlanan bu bursla, dönemin tarihi-co ğrafyasını anlamak üzere; Akdeniz havzası ve Güney Anadolu’da, Hattu şa ile Tarhunta şş a arasındaki yollar ve Tarhunta şş a’dan Mısır seferine gidilirken kullanılan olası yolları tespit etmek mümkün olabilmi ştir. Böylece, yazılı belgeler kullanılarak hazırlanan tez çalı şmamızda vardı ğımız sonuçlar, bu ara ştırmayla desteklenmi ştir. Bu çalı şma, ayrıca Đstanbul Üniversitesi Bilimsel Ara ştırma Projeleri Birimi tarafından da desteklenmi ştir. Proje No: T-117/11112002 . Meltem Do ğan-Alparslan Đstanbul 2007 VI Đçindekiler Sayfa Öz / Abstract……………………………..…….…………………………………….iii Önsöz…….…………………………………………………………………………...v Đçindekiler……..…………………………………………………………………….vii Tablo, Harita ve Resim Listesi……………………………………………………....ix Kısaltma Listesi………………………………………………………………….......xi Giri ş…………………………….……………………………………………………..1 I. II. Muvatalli’nin Kimli ği ve Soya ğacı……………………………..…………...4 A. Muvatalli Đsminin Kökeni ve Kullanımları…………………………..…..4 1. Muvatalli Đsminin Mühürler Üzerindeki Kullanımı……….……….8 2. Muvatalli Đsminin Kaya Kabartmaları Üzerindeki Kullanım Biçimleri………………………………………..………………...15 B. Aile Fertleri…………………………….……………………………….17 1. Karde şleri….……………………………………………………...19 a. Halpa şulupi………………………………………………..19 b. Ma şanauzzi………………………………………………..20 (1) Ma şanauzzi ve Evlili ği / Evlilikleri….……………...21 c. III. Hattu şili………………………………...……………..39 (1) III.Hattu şili’nin Çocuklu ğu ve Ki şili ğinin Geli şmesi....41 2. Annesi.……………………………………………………………52 3. E şi………………………………………………………………...65 4. O ğulları…………………………………………………………...77 II. II. Muvatalli’nin Karde şi III. Hattu şili ile Olan Rekabeti, Ki şilik Çatı şması ve Bunun Đcraatına Yansıması………………………………………………...87 A. II. Muvatalli’nin Dı ş Siyaseti…………………………………...……...87 1. Anadolu’nun Kuzeyinde Bulunan Ka şkalar’la Đli şkileri………….87 2. Batı Anadolu Đli şkileri……………………………………...……104 3. Suriye-Mısır Đli şkileri ve Kade ş Sava şı…………………………130 VII B. II. Muvatalli’nin Đç Siyaseti………….………………………….……156 1. Yeni Ba şkent: Tarhunta şş a..…………………………………….157 a. Eski Yakın Do ğu’da Ba şkentlerin Yer De ğiştirmesi.……157 b. Hitit Ba şkentinin Tarhunta şş a’ya Ta şınması…………….161 c. Tarhunta şş a’nın Konumu………………………………..170 d. Ba şkentin Tarhunta şşa’ya Ta şınmasının Nedenleri……..172 e. Ba şkentin Tarhunta şşa’ya Taşınmasının Sonuçları……...175 III. II. Muvatalli’nin Kültte Yaptı ğı Yenilikler ve Dini Kimli ği………………179 Sonuç: Bu Çalı şmanın I şığı Altında Muvatalli Dönemi’nin Rekonstrüksiyonu………………………………………….…………………….192 Bibliyografya…………..…………………………………………………………..199 Ekler (Hitit
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