Guidelines for Approach to a Child with Metabolic Acidosis (Including RTA)
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A Lady with Renal Stones
A lady with renal stones Dr KC Lo, Dr KY Lo, Dr SK Mak KWH History 53/F NSND, NKDA Good past health Complained of bilateral loin pain for few years No urinary symptoms/UTIs No haematuria Not on regular medications/vitamins No significant family history History Attended private practitioner in Feb, 2006: Blood test : Na/K 143/3.9 Ur/Cr 7.3/101 LFT N Urine test : RBC numerous/HPF WBC 5-8/HPF CXR unremarkable Given analgesics History Still on-and-off bilateral loin and lower chest pain Seek advice from Private Hospital: Blood test: WBC 3.2 Hb 12.9 Plt 139 Na/K 146/ 3.0 Ur/Cr 6.3/108 Ca2+/PO4 2.11/1.39 LFT unremarkable Urine test : RBC 6-8/HPF, WBC 0-1/HPF no cast KUB: bilateral renal stones (as told by patient) History ESWL done to right renal stone in 5/06, planned to have ESWL to left stone later But she then defaulted FU History This time admitted to our surgical ward complaining of similar bilateral lower chest wall pain (for six months) Had vomiting of undigested food 8 times per day for 1 day, no diarrhoea No fever Recent intake of herbs one week ago Physical exam BP 156/77 P 68 afebrile Hydration normal Chest, CVS unremarkable Local tenderness over bilateral lower chest wall Abdomen soft, mild epigastric tenderness, no rebound and guarding KUB Multiple tiny calcific densities projecting in bilateral renal areas with apparent distribution of the renal medulla bilateral medullary nephrocalcinosis CT Scan 1 yr ago in private CT Scan 1 yr ago in private Investigations WBC 3.1 HB 13.1 Plt 137 Na -
Electrolyte and Acid-Base
Special Feature American Society of Nephrology Quiz and Questionnaire 2013: Electrolyte and Acid-Base Biff F. Palmer,* Mark A. Perazella,† and Michael J. Choi‡ Abstract The Nephrology Quiz and Questionnaire (NQ&Q) remains an extremely popular session for attendees of the annual meeting of the American Society of Nephrology. As in past years, the conference hall was overflowing with interested audience members. Topics covered by expert discussants included electrolyte and acid-base disorders, *Department of Internal Medicine, glomerular disease, ESRD/dialysis, and transplantation. Complex cases representing each of these categories University of Texas along with single-best-answer questions were prepared by a panel of experts. Prior to the meeting, program Southwestern Medical directors of United States nephrology training programs answered questions through an Internet-based ques- Center, Dallas, Texas; † tionnaire. A new addition to the NQ&Q was participation in the questionnaire by nephrology fellows. To review Department of Internal Medicine, the process, members of the audience test their knowledge and judgment on a series of case-oriented questions Yale University School prepared and discussed by experts. Their answers are compared in real time using audience response devices with of Medicine, New the answers of nephrology fellows and training program directors. The correct and incorrect answers are then Haven, Connecticut; ‡ briefly discussed after the audience responses, and the results of the questionnaire are displayed. This article and Division of recapitulates the session and reproduces its educational value for the readers of CJASN. Enjoy the clinical cases Nephrology, Department of and expert discussions. Medicine, Johns Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 9: 1132–1137, 2014. -
Biochemical Profiling of Renal Diseases
INTRODUCTION TO LABORATORY PROFILING Alan H. Rebar, DVM, Ph.D., Diplomate ACVP Purdue University, Discovery Park 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2040 Biochemical profiling may be defined as the use of multiple blood chemistry determinations to assess the health status of various organ systems simultaneously. Biochemical profiling rapidly has become a major diagnostic aid for the practicing veterinarian for several reasons. First, a more educated clientele has come to expect increased diagnostic sophistication. Secondly, the advent of high-volume clinical pathology laboratories has resulted in low prices that make profiling in veterinary practice feasible and convenient. In addition, improved technology has resulted in the development of procedures that can be used to obtain accurate analyses on microsamples of serum. Such procedures offer obvious advantages to veterinarians, who in the past were hindered by requirements for large sample size. Although biochemical profiling offers exciting potential, it is not a panacea. Since standard chemical screens provide 12 to 30 test results, interpretation of data may be extremely complex. Interpretation is often clouded by the fact that perfectly normal animals may have, indeed, are expected to have, an occasional abnormal test result. It is estimated that in a panel of 12 chemistry tests, approximately 46% of all normal subjects will have at least one abnormal test result. Such abnormalities do not reflect inaccuracies in laboratory test procedures but rather the way in which reference (or normal) values are determined. In order to establish the "normal range" for a given test, the procedure is performed on samples from a large population of clinically normal individuals. -
Tests for Abnormal Constituents in Urine
By Sandipkumar Kanazariya Tuesday, December 11, 2018 1 Under pathological conditions urine excreted by patient shows the presence of abnormal constituents along with normal constituents. Abnormal constituents of urine are sugar, proteins, blood, bile salts, bile pigments and ketone bodies. Tuesday, December 11, 2018 2 A. Physical Characteristics 1. Volume : a. Polyuria: Volume more than 3000 ml / 24 hours It is observed in Diabetes mellitus, Diabetes insipidus, Addison’s disease, Chronic progressive renal failure, excess water intake, intake of diuretics like caffeine, alcohol etc. b. Oliguria: Volume less than 400 ml / 24 hours. It is observed in fluid deprivation, excess fluid loss as in hemorrhage and neurogenic shock, dehydration, acute glomerulonephritis, obstruction in the urinary tract, disease of heart and lungs & strenuous muscular exercise. Tuesday, December 11, 2018 3 c. Anuria: Less than 150ml / 24hrs Complete absence of urine output. It is observed in shock and renal failure. Tuesday, December 11, 2018 4 2. Colour:- The colour of urine is variable in following disease conditions as given following table Sr. No Colour possible causes/ disorder 1 Colour less Fatty disease, diabetes mellitus, Polyuria 2 Yellowish brown Bile pigment, fever 3 Reddish brown Hemoglobin in urine, hemorrhage, menstrual contamination 4 Milky Presence of Fat 5 Dark Yellow Fever 6 Dark green typhoid and cholera 7 Black Due to Melanin (Melanoma) or Homogentisic acid in Tuesday, December 11, 2018 Alkaptonuria 5 3. Odour:- Normal urine has faint aromatic odour. On standing it has ammoniacal odour due to bacterial contamination. Odour of urine is variable in certain diseased condition. Sr. No Odour diseases 1 Fruity odour ketosis 2 Cabbage type odour methionine Malabsorption 3 Maple sugar odour maple sugar urine disease(MSUD) 4 Mousy phenylketonuria 5 Rancid odour tyrosine 6 Foul Urinary Tract Infection, Tuesday, December 11, 2018 Vaginitis 6 Tuesday, December 11, 2018 7 4. -
Obesity, Albuminuria, and Urinalysis Findings in US Young Adults from the Add Health Wave III Study
CJASN ePress. Published on October 17, 2007 as doi: 10.2215/CJN.00540107 Obesity, Albuminuria, and Urinalysis Findings in US Young Adults from the Add Health Wave III Study Maria Ferris,* Susan L. Hogan,* Hyunsook Chin,* David A. Shoham,† Debbie S. Gipson,* Keisha Gibson,* Sema Yilmaz,‡ Ronald J. Falk,* and J. Charles Jennette§ *University of North Carolina Kidney Center and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and §Department of Pathology and Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; †Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois; and ‡Department of Pediatrics, Hospital of Dumlupinar University, Kutahya, Turkey Background and objectives: Obesity has been associated with kidney disease in adults. This study was designed to evaluate the association of obesity with an early marker of kidney disease, albuminuria, among young adults. and body mass ,(4463 ؍ albumin-to-creatinine ratio (n ,(9371 ؍ Design, setting, participants, & measurements: Urinalysis (n index (kg/m2) were measured in the Add Health Wave III cohort (2001 to 2002), a multiethnic sample of young adults followed for approximately 6 yr. Multivariate logistic regression modeled the association of sex-specific albuminuria with body mass index, adjusted for sample weights, sex, race, ethnicity, and glycosuria. Results: Urinalysis revealed that 0.8% had proteinuria, 4.6% had hematuria, 0.2% had combined hematuria and proteinuria, and 1.5% had glycosuria. Albuminuria prevalence was 4.4%. Mean body mass index was higher among those with albuminuria compared with those without. There were no associations between body mass index categories of 25 to <30 or 30 to <35 kg/m2 with albuminuria compared with the lowest body mass index (<25 kg/m2); however, the highest category (>35 kg/m2) was %95 ;4.0 ؍ CI: 1.02 to 3.04). -
The Investigation of Symptomless Glycosuria with the Galactose and Cortisone Modified Glucose Tolerance Tests by R
J Clin Pathol: first published as 10.1136/jcp.11.5.428 on 1 September 1958. Downloaded from J. clin. Path. (1958), 11, 428. THE INVESTIGATION OF SYMPTOMLESS GLYCOSURIA WITH THE GALACTOSE AND CORTISONE MODIFIED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TESTS BY R. B. GOUDIE, W. P. STAMM, AND S. DISCHE From the Royal Air Force Institute of Pathology and Tropical Medicine (RECEIVED FOR PUBLICATION OCTOBER 21, 1957) Glycosuria is sought in routine clinical exami- Joslin and Lawrence are two leading authorities nations in order to detect patients with early or who are representative of the two main schools of mild diabetes mellitus. There is good evidence thought. Joslin, Root, White, and Marble (1952) that early treatment may avert deterioration and gave the following criteria for the diagnosis of lead to a lower and later incidence of the vascular, diabetes mellitus with the 100 g. glucose tolerance renal, and ophthalmic complications (Dunlop, test (" true glucose " technique, capillary blood): 1954; Ricketts, 1947). a fasting blood glucose over 100 mg./100 ml., Certain occupations are unsuitable for the dia- or a peak glucose value over 170 mg./100 ml. He betic, and early diagnosis is of particular im- considered that the two-hour level was " of greatcopyright. portance in the Royal Air Force because a value " but that " one cannot disregard the height diagnosis of diabetes is a ban on aircrew duties. to which the curve goes. In borderline cases it is Since other conditions may give rise to glycos- well to be conservative and to repeat the test on uria, its discovery must be followed by a careful a later occasion." investigation in every case to determine the cause. -
Hyperglycaemia, Glycosuria and Ketonuria May Not Be Diabetes J Gray, a Bhatti, J M O'donohoe
The Ulster Medical Journal, Volume 72, No. 1, pp. 48-49, May 2003. Case Report Hyperglycaemia, glycosuria and ketonuria may not be diabetes J Gray, A Bhatti, J M O'Donohoe Accepted 20 November 2002 Diabetic ketoacidosis is a well recognised, tenderness, maximal in the lower abdomen now important, but rare differential diagnosis ofacute with associated guarding and rebound. abdominal pain in children. We report a case A presumptive diagnosis of acute appendicitis highlighting the need for complete assessment of was made and an exploratory laparotomy any child presenting with new-onset glycosuria, undertaken through a lower mid line incision. A ketonuria and hyperglycaemia. Causes other than perforated appendix was found along with pus in diabetes may rarely produce these findings. the peritoneal cavity. Appendicectomy and CASE REPORT A girl aged three years and ten peritoneal lavage were performed. months with a six-hour history ofabdominal pain Postoperative recovery was uneventful, and she and vomiting was referred to the surgical team by was discharged home on the third postoperative a general practitioner. Past medical history day. Subsequent random blood glucose was included a diagnosis of non-specific abdominal normal at 4.6mmol/L. Her HbAlc was normal pain at three years old. There was no significant while islet cell antibodies were negative. At review family history nor recent illness in the family she was well, with no complaints orcomplications. circle. DISCUSSION On examination she was restless and thirsty, but apyrexic. There was no foetor or rash. She had Rarely diabetic ketoacidosis may present with grunting respiration with tachypnoea, but the acute abdominal pain.' As this is an important lungs were clear on auscultation. -
Clinical Features, Genetic Background, and Outcome in Infants with Urinary Tract Infection and Type IV Renal Tubular Acidosis
www.nature.com/pr CLINICAL RESEARCH ARTICLE Clinical features, genetic background, and outcome in infants with urinary tract infection and type IV renal tubular acidosis Min-Hua Tseng1, Jing-Long Huang2, Shih-Ming Huang3, Jeng-Daw Tsai4,5,6,7, Tai-Wei Wu8, Wen-Lang Fan9, Jhao-Jhuang Ding1,10 and Shih-Hua Lin11 BACKGROUND: Type IV renal tubular acidosis (RTA) is a severe complication of urinary tract infection (UTI) in infants. A detailed clinical and molecular analysis is still lacking. METHODS: Infants with UTI who exhibited features of type IV RTA were prospectively enrolled. Clinical, laboratory, and image characteristics and sequencing of genes responsible for phenotype were determined with follow-up. RESULTS: The study cohort included 12 infants (9 males, age 1–8 months). All exhibited typical type IV RTA such as hyperkalemia with low transtubular potassium gradient, hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis with positive urine anion gap, hypovolemic hyponatremia with renal salt wasting, and high plasma renin and aldosterone levels. Seven had hyperkalemia-related arrhythmia and two of them developed life-threatening ventricular tachycardia. With prompt therapy, all clinical and biochemical abnormalities resolved within 1 week. Five had normal urinary tract anatomy, and three of them carried genetic variants on NR3C2. Three variants, c.1645T>G (S549A), c.538G>A (V180I), and c.1-2C>G, on NR3C2 were identified in four patients. During follow-up, none of them had recurrent type IV RTA, but four developed renal scaring. CONCLUSIONS: Genetic mutation on NR3C2 may contribute to the development of type IV RTA as a complication of UTI in infants fi 1234567890();,: without identi able risk factors, such as urinary tract anomalies. -
Clinical Significance of Biochemical Detection in Urine the Importance Of
Clinical significance of biochemical detection in urine The Importance of Urinalysis for Veterinary use In addition to the external excretion of metabolic products, sick pet urine also contains other pathogens as well as physical particles and cellular components. The physical , biochemical and cellular analysis of pet urine allows a comprehensive pathological assessment for pet various diseases. Due to their special body structure, pets such as cats, dogs etc. are prone to suffer from diseases of the urinary tract, which can endanger the health of pets. Urinalysis testing allows a profound diagnosis of pet diseases such as: • Kidney disease • Liver diseases • Diabetes mellitus • Anemia • Inflammation of urinary tract In addition, periodic physical examination is an important measure to maintain the health of pets, and early regular urine examinations also provides a wide range of comprehensive health information for pets. Ⅰ. Uric acid base reaction Clinical significance: The clinical significance of urine acid-base changes. The change of urine pH will affect the type of crystal formation in urine is as follows: 1. Pathological acid urine is found in animals, such as carnivores, suckling animals, and starved animals. Pathological acid urine is found in fever, acidosis (diabetes, uremia, etc.). Oral acid salts, such as phosphate, ammonium chloride, and sodium chloride, can cause artificial acid urine. 2. Alkaline urine is present in herbivores. Pathologically alkaline urine is present in cystitis, urinary retention (bacterial breakdown of urea into ammonia), and alkalosis. Artificially alkaline urine can be produced by alkaline salts, such as sodium bicarbonate, sodium citrate, and sodium lactate. Ⅱ.Urine protein Clinical meaning: The protein content in the urine increases, the physiology and pathology should be considered when increased protein is seen. -
Idiopathic Rhabdomyolysis D
Arch Dis Child: first published as 10.1136/adc.46.249.594 on 1 October 1971. Downloaded from Archives of Disease in Childhood, 1971, 46, 594. Idiopathic Rhabdomyolysis D. C. L. SAVAGE, MEHROO FORBES*, and G. W. PEARCE From the Department of Child Health, Dundee University; and the Department of Pathology, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Savage, D. C. L., Forbes, M., and Pearce, G. W. (1971). Archives of Disease in Childhood, 46, 594. Idiopathic rhabdomyolysis. The clinical, biochemical, and pathological findings in 2 children with idiopathic rhabdomyolysis are reported. Hypocalcaemic tetany, a previously unrecognized complication of severe muscle damage, was seen in one child and was associated with hyperphosphataemia and hyperphosphaturia consequent on the rhabdomyolysis. Respiratory distress and an acute tubular necrosis contributed to her eventual death. The second child recovered; an intracellular granular material of unknown nature was seen in his muscle biopsy on electron microscopy. The literature of idiopathic recurrent rhabdomyolysis occurring in childhood is reviewed. Idiopathic rhabdomyolysis, which may be re- with glucose 72 mg/100 ml. Urine contained a trace current, is a rare and potentially lethal disorder of of sugar and ketones. skeletal muscle, not previously recorded in the The child died shortly after admission to hospital, and copyright. British paediatric literature. Two forms of the death was recorded as being due to diabetic ketosis. At necropsy no abnormality was found; muscle tissue disease have been described: Type I usually pre- was not examined. In retrospect the CSF glucose ceded by physical exertion, and Type II often level makes this diagnosis untenable and it is probable associated with mild infections. -
Benedict's Testas Performed with the Qualitative Reagent Is Definitely
March, 1934 GLYCOSURIA IN CHILDHOOD 105 Postgrad Med J: first published as 10.1136/pgmj.10.101.105 on 1 March 1934. Downloaded from GLYCOSURIA IN CHILDHOOD.t By NOAH MORRIS, M.D. (From the Department of Pcediatrics, University of Glasgow and Biochemical Laboratory, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow.) Glycosuria although not in itself serious is of the utmost importance as a diagnostic clue to a metabolic defect which may or may not be of grave import. In the majority of cases the onset of diabetes mellitus in childhood is heralded by the symptoms of thirst and polyuria: thus in 30 cases of diabetes at the Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, thirst was a first manifestation in 27 and polyuria in 23. Nevertheless, there exists a certain number in whom the onset of glycosuria is silent so that in the routine examination of children it is of importance not to neglect the urinary tests which in children are so apt to be overlooked. It must, however, be emphasized that although glycosuria associated with polyuria and thirst is almost invariably due to diabetes, silent glycosuria is frequently not of the same grave significance. Hoist has followed the subsequent histories of who were refused life insurance because of he found that I50 persons glycosuria: Protected by copyright. over periods varying from 5 to I6 years only 30 exhibited the clinical picture of true diabetes mellitus. It is clear, therefore, that the correct interpretation of "silent" glycosuria presents a problem of great practical importance to the patient. The common tests for glycosuria are Fehling's and Benedict's. -
Abim Certification Exam: Nephrology
7/12/16 Disclosures • I am site PI for the REPRISE study evaluating efficacy of ABIM CERTIFICATION tolvaptan in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney EXAM: NEPHROLOGY disease (Otsuka pharmaceuticals) JULY 2016 UCSF CME Division of NephroloGy Department of Medicine Meyeon Park, MD MAS As s is tant Pr ofes s or Roadmap for today • Glomerular diseases (30 min) ---------Scheduled 15 min break------- • Common electrolyte abnormalities (30 min) • Acid-base (45 min) • Acute kidney injury (20 min) GLOMERULAR DISEASES • Secondary hypertension (10 min) 1 7/12/16 Case Laboratory studies A 74 yo man is evaluated for a 5-month history of sinusitis • Hemoglobin 11.5 g/dl and intermittent otitis media. He has lost 9 lbs (4.1 kg) • Leukocyte count 10.8x10^9 /L and has occasional joint pains. • Blood urea nitrogen 28 mg/dl Physical exam: Afebrile • Creatinine 1.6 m/dl HEENT: crusting in right nares; opaque right tympanic • Albumin 3.8 g/dl membrane; bilateral maxillary sinus tenderness • C3 100 mg/dl CV: 2/6 systolic murmur • C4 32 mg/dl Lungs: rhonchi • Urinalysis: 18 dysmorphic erythrocytes and 1 erythrocyte Extremities: 2+ edema bilateral lower ext cast/hpf • CXR: nodule in RUL, hazy density in LLL Case Question Case answer review A. Antinuclear antibody – lupus nephritis – wrong age / Which one of the following studies is most appropriate? sex – low complements A. Antinuclear antibody B. Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody – wrong B. Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody history; usually younger men; no respiratory C. Myeloperoxidase antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody involvement D. Proteinase-3 antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody C. Myeloperoxidase ANCA – can exist in granulomatous E.