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The Spatial Planning, Protection and Management of World Heritage in Serbia

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The Spatial Planning, Protection and Management of World Heritage in Serbia SPATIUM No. 36, December 2016, pp. 75-83 ReviewUDC 711(497.11) paper 930.85(497.11:100) DOI: 10.2298/SPAT1636075D THE SPATIAL PLANNING, PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF WORLD HERITAGE IN SERBIA Milica Dobričić1, Ministry of Construction, Transport and Infrastructure, Belgrade, Serbia Sanja Kesić Ristić, Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia Boško Josimović, Institute of Architecture and Urban & Spatial Planning of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia The paper indicates the importance of spatial planning as a specific instrument for the protection and management of World Heritage sites in Serbia. The paper analyses the obligations set forth in the international and national documents and legislation relevant for spatial planning, on the one hand, and World Heritage protection, on the other hand. The notion, criteria, method of zoning, systems and approaches to the management of sites inscribed on the World Heritage List are shown through the concept of World Heritage. The paper also emphasizes the importance of adopting management plans for all World Heritage sites and their incorporation into the national legislation and planning documents, primarily into the special purpose area spatial plans. It also gives examples of special purpose spatial plans in order to consider the treatment of World Heritage in these documents, and to make proposals for improving the spatial planning and the existing protection and management of the World Heritage sites in Serbia. Key words: spatial planning, World Heritage, management plan, Serbia. INTRODUCTION of their cultural and historical or ambience values, also including the sites that are inscribed on the List of World World Heritage Sites are places that are inscribed on UNESCO’s Heritage Sites. This paper analyses the international and World Heritage List based on the Convention concerning the national documents and legislation relevant for the spatial planning of World Heritage sites, as well as the existing The 2016 List contains 1,052 sites (814 World Cultural special purpose area spatial plans. The aim of the paper is to sites,Protection 203 World of World Natural Cultural sites, and and Natural 35 mixed Heritage properties) (1972). in indicate the importance and role of adopting management 165 countries, out of which 5 sites are in Serbia–Stari Ras plans and special purpose area spatial plans and their mutual harmonization, as well as to propose the possibilities and Sopoćani, Studenica Monastery, Gamzigrad-Romuliana, for improving the spatial planning and protection and Palace of Galerius, Stećci Medieval Tombstones Graveyards management of these sites. theand Church the Medieval of Our LadyMonuments of Ljeviška of Kosovo in Prizren, (Dečani as an Monastery extension as well as Patriarchate of Peć and Gračanica Monastery and CONCEPT OF WORLD HERITAGE UNESCO’s List of World Heritage in Danger (http://whc. World Heritage Concept and Site Selection Criteria unesco.org/en/list,of the Dečani Monastery accessed: site), 3 rdwhich Dec 2016). are also inscribed on According to the Convention concerning the Protection of According to the Law on Planning and Construction World Cultural and Natural Heritage, the general goal is to identify cultural heritage of Outstanding Universal Value development and improvement of heritage is a mandatory and ensure its protection, conservation and presentation segmentof the Republic of all spatial of Serbia plans. (2009-2014), The Law requires the protection, a special in the spirit of sustainable development and transmission regime of organization, development, use and protection to future generations. The sites considered to be of of space and the adoption of special purpose area spatial “Outstanding Universal Value” are those which meet at least plans for the sites that are of special importance because one of the ten selection criteria of the World Heritage List, as well as conditions of authenticity and integrity and the 1 Kralja Milutina 10a, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia requirement for the existence of adequate protection and [email protected] management (UNESCO WHC, 2015). spatium 75 Dobričić M. et al.: The spatial planning, protection and management of World Heritage in Serbia The basic criteria for the selection of World Heritage sites three results – outcomes, outputs and improvements to the are: (i) to represent a masterpiece of human creative genius, management system (UNESCO, ICCROM, ICOMOS and IUCN, which should be interpreted as an outstanding example 2013). The World Heritage site management systems vary (or the height) of a style that developed within a culture, from country to country and from site to site. In the majority along with a high intellectual or symbolic contribution and of cases, different bodies can be involved in the management a high level of artistic, technical or technological skills; (ii) of cultural heritage and its buffer zones, as well as in the to exhibit an important interchange of human values over decision-making process (Figure 1). a span of time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning or landscape design; (iii) to bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or civilization that exists or has disappeared; (iv) to be an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement, land-use,illustrates or (a) sea-use significant representing stage(s) in a humanculture history;(or cultures), (v) to beor human interaction with the environment especially when it has become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change; (vi) to be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas or with beliefs, with artistic Figure 1. Management scenario (Source: Managing Cultural World Heritage, World Heritage Resource (vii) to contain superlative natural phenomena or areas of Manual, UNESCO, ICCROM, ICOMOS and IUCN, 2013, Figure 7, p. 57) exceptionaland literary naturalworks ofbeauty outstanding and aesthetic universal importance; significance; the criteria (viii), (ix) and (x) primarily deal with determining Basically, management systems are developed depending the Outstanding Universal Value – outstanding examples on the approach applied to management, which can be (Business Plan for the Rehabilitation of Intangible Cultural and biological processes in the evolution and development Heritage, 2014): (i) the conventional approach – considers ofrepresenting different ecosystems, earth’s history, as well significant as the most on-going important ecological and cultural heritage as an object of protection, namely, the focus 2 (ICOMOS, 2008). is on the protection of its material component, whereby the responsibility for the protection and management is significant natural habitats on the cultural heritage protection institutions and on acceptability of sources of information, the main aspect The fulfilment of the condition of authenticity implies the professionals, while the local community is not included; (ii) the value-based approach – directed to the protection of the being credible and truthful. Depending on the type of value of the heritage (historical, aesthetic, symbolic, social, culturalfor the justificationheritage, the of authenticity Outstanding is Universalexpressed Value, through as the truthfulness of attributes comprising materials, form, whereby the heritage management includes different function and history, as well as a series of non-material stakeholders,cultural, scientific, also including etc.), and the not local only communities; material heritage, and (iii) the living heritage approach – focused on people and the measure of the wholeness and intactness of the natural and/ local community, whereby the main goal is to preserve and orfeatures. cultural In heritage contrast and to authenticity, its attributes integrity (UNESCO, is defined2015). as a protect the material and non-material elements of heritage, World Heritage Management while the decisions are made by consensus based on certain participation criteria. The systems for managing World Heritage sites have been World Heritage Site Zoning cultural heritage for the present and future generations. The ninedeveloped common for thecomponents purpose ofof athese more systems efficient include: protection three of of implementing the Convention concerning the Protection elements – the legal framework, institutional framework ofThe World buffer Cultural zones were and Naturalnot clearly Heritage. defined Their at the importance beginning and role were not completely considered either. It took processes – planning, implementation and monitoring; and and resources (human, financial and intellectual); three a certain amount of time to notice their numerous 2 Explanation of criteria: criterion (II) is to a great extent used for artistic or technological achievements based on the movement and merger of regulated buffer zones that, besides complementing the protectionbenefits, staring and frommanagement the precisely of Outstandingestablished andUniversal legally and lately also for cultural landscapes; criterion (IV) is easy to interpret, Value of World Heritage, also contribute to and promote thusdifferent very influences; popular and criterion widely used(III) is – oftenit was used used for for archaeological the evaluation sites,of as many as 80% of the sites; criterion (V) is the least used criterion,
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