CONNECTICUT STATE LIBRARY Standard Photogravure History of the War A CONTEMPORARY RECORD OF EPOCH-MAKING EVENTS FROM OFFICAL SOURCES, DIPLOMATIC CORRESPON­ DENCE, MILITARY ORDERS and PHOTOGRAPHIC EXHIBITS (SEE THE INSIDE BACK COVER FOR A FULL DESCRIPTION OF THIS WORK) EDITOR-IN -CHIEF FRANCIS TREVELYAN MILLER, LITT.D., LL.D. Editor-in-chief of the ten volume "Photographic History of the Civil War," Founder of "The Journal of American History" ASSOCIATE EDITORS ADVISORY BOARD OF MILITARY EGBERT GILLISS HANDY AUTHORITIES Founder of The Search-Light Library Major-General A. W. Greely, U.S. A. Major John Bigelow, U.S. A. WALTER R. BICKFORD Captain A. L. Conger, U. S. A. Formerly of Editorial Board uf the "Photagraphic Rear-Admiral Austin M. Knight, U. 8. N. History of the Civil War" and "The Journal of Rear-Admiral Bradley A. Fiske, U. S. N. American History." Rear-Admiral Colby M. Chester, U. S. N. ----- SYMPOSIUM OF CONTEMPORARY OPINIONS BY AMERICAN HISTORIANS Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler, LL.D., Litt.D., Dr. Guy Potter Benton, LL.D., D.D. Ph.D. President of U ni·oersity of Vermont President of Columbia University Dr. Albert A. Murphree, LL.D. Dr. John Grier Hibben, LL.D., Ph.D. President of Uni~ersit.IJ of Florida President of Princeton U nit•enity Dr. Samuel Black McCormick, LL.D., D.D. Dr. William H. P. Faunce, LL.D., D.D. Pre.~idcnt of Univcrs1'ty of Pittsburgh President uf Brown University J. C. Futrall, M.A. Dr. William DeWitt Hyde, LL.D., D.D., S.T.D. President of University of Arkansa11 Pre"aident of Bowdoin College Dr. Clyde A. Duniway, Ph.D. Dr. Albert Bushnell Hart, LL.D., Litt.D., Ph.D. Prt>sident of University of Wyoming Professrn of G011ernment in Harvard Unirenitu · Dr. James W. Cain, LL.D. Dr. Charles W. Eliot, LL.D., Ph.D. President of Washington College 1 President Emeritus of Harl!ard University Dr. Mary E. Woolley, LL.D. Dr. Arthur Twining Hadley, LL.D., Ph.D. President of Mount Holyoke College Prel!ident of Yale University Dr. Thomas Fell, LL.D., Ph.D. Dr. Benjamin Ide Wheeler, LL.D.,Litt.D.,Ph.D. President of St. John's College · President of University of Califrnnia Dr. William Milligan Sloane, LL.D., Ph.D. Dr. Charles R. VanHise, LL.D., Ph.D. Professor in Columbia University P~esident of Unive-rsity of Wisc

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Photojlraphs and text copyright, 1914, b)• Tribune Asso

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Photograph from collection of International News Service. Copyright, 1914. WAR INVADES THE SANCTUARY OF CHRIST-Photograph taken after the bombardment <>f Termonde, Belgium, by the Germans on September 3, 1914. The shell from a siege gun burst directly over the statue of Christ descending from the cross, 1eaving ruin at the feet of the Great Apostle of Peace and Love. The city was retaken by the Belgians. 76 Contemporary Judgment by American Historians

Just who are to blame for beginning the war and how the blame is to be dis­ tributed can certainly not be determined now. After many decades, when all the evidence has been collected, history will assign its exalted verdict. We are but just now coming to understand through the sifting of all the evidence precisely what was involved in the wars of the early part of the nineteenth century. Nation after nation slipped into war as helplessly as logs slip over Niagara into the chasm. Reason was so slight that chance predominated. The whole hodgepodge of occurrences is rich in warning to us as a people against the dangers of alliances and even of treaties. Nations were pulled this way and that into arbi­ trary combinations by previous understandings. "\rVe have renewed reason to respect the wisdom of Washington, who warned us against entangling alliances, and renew~ reason to stand by our Monroe Doctrine. We have further to learn that we cannot expect universal and wholesale peace in this world. Certainly we cannot expect to secure it by concatenations of treaties. Treaties between states pair by pair have proved more a danger than a safeguard. What we need is an international clearing house, made up of eight or ten great nations, who shall constitute a forum in whose presence every treaty shall be registered, so that treaties and understandings may become matters of the great whole world. We have reached a warlike epoch in the history of the world, and it is an epoch determined by racial readjustments at certain sensitive spots on tha world's crust. As against the tremendous force of this inevitable tendency the cold form of legal­ ity as represented in the customary devices of arbitration is utterly hopeless. For the great overflow which arbitration cannot deal with the arbitrament of the sword is inevitable. In the place of petty arbitrations the world must establish one central clearing house and one central policing of the world. BENJAMIN IDE \VHEELER, LL.D., Litt.D., Ph.D., President of University of California.

It is utterly irrational to labor for fifty years to build up a system of inter­ national exchange, creating a world of credit sensitive as a spider's web, and then to destroy that credit in order to achieve economic advance. It is absurd for armed , men aiming at each other's hearts to call on the same God to make their aim true and send their bullets home. The old polytheism was more consistent. When the Goths and Vandals sacked Rome they did not ask the Roman gods to help them do it. It is absurd that modern science should arm one section of humanity with weapons intended to cripple and kill, and another section with surgical in­ struments and drugs intended to heal. It is preposterous to exhaust the resources of applied science in creating machine guns to vomit lead, and at the same time send out an army of doctors and nurses to heal the wounds we ourselves have lnade. We can call home the Red Cross or we can call back the mailed fist; but to send them both at the same time, and in ever increasing numbers, is sheer unreason. WILLIAM H. P. -FAUNCE, LL. D., D. D., President of Brown University.

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Photograph f rom collection of International News Service. Copyright. 1914. B RITISH TROOPS ON BATTLEGROUNDS IN FRANCE-Photograph taken in northern France showing a file of English soldiers lying in shallow trenches awaiting the coming of the gray-clad German troops of invasion. In the foreground is seen the deadly machine gun whose continuous stream of bullets mowed down the enemy's ranks like a scythe. 78 CHAPTER III The Crisis in World Politics - and the Battlefields of Diplomacy

HE crisis in world politics- and the forebodings of a world war-were ill omens that had been hanging like a blood-red cloud over the nations for a generation. Statesmen frequently issued their warnings in the halls of legislation; while novelists described it in prophetic fiction, with stirring scenes of battles in the T air and under the seas. Military men drank toasts to "The Day" and the ""War of To-morrow." Humanitarians labored diligently to avert it with peace societies and tri­ bunals-and believed that the Great Crisis would finally be fought out in the Temple of The Hague by the world's statesmen rather than at the point of the sword. But all the while, day and night, the anvils and forges of the nations were shaping the armaments and creating gigantic fighting machine for the day of doom. That a crisis was approaching was never doubted. The only questions were. when and how will it arrive- and in what manner will it be mel? What nations will be im·olved- if there be war? ""hich will be the conquerors and whieh the conquered? .And what will b<· its effect upon civilization? We have seen in the preceding chapters how this Great \Yar is the result of essential and fundamental causes that have been indicated, and \'\·hich will become further apparent in the perspective of years; and how it is the natural consequence of political polieies that have long been creating an economic condition that sooner or later must meet the supreme test. It is what Gibbon might have called the "inexorable doom" of a political system, and what modern scientists may term the law of economic determinism. The situation reduced to an axiom is this: Politico-trade relations reached a point where it became necessary to determine by judicial or military processe · the next step in the world's progress, and, under the pre ent status of civilization, the decision rested upon war as the tribunal of final resort. It is no exaggeration to assert that the Great War was precipitated seven years before the first gun was fired, with the completion of the two great alignments of powers- the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente. During those seven years we have seen how the powers involved were making moves and counter-moves as important as those which werC' later made by the fighting forces on the battlegrounds. "The Day" had come! The internal complications of European politics, that had been rumbling like an earthquake for several decades, now began to rise to the surface. The statesmen of the Great Powers, adept in political seismography, stood, figuratively, with their ears to the ground, listening for the undulations. Their vigilance was not in vain. Let us now follow the dramatic sequence of events from that fateful Sunday of June 28, 1914, witnessing the tragic spectacle of nations standing on the brink of abysmal war, observ­ ing the emotions of the people, and visualizing the scenes in the capitals of Europe as tht-> official proclamations ·were issued. The descriptions here given form a mosaic from the testi­ mony of hundreds of eye witnesses, evidence gathered by special investigators. and the contemporary records from the great journals in the various European capitals- impartially analyzed and formed into this historical narrative. 79 Photograph from collection of Underwood & Underwood. Copyright, 1914. BELGIAN HUSSARS ON THE MARCH-Photograph showing King Albert's cavalry, composed of Hussars, Chasseu.rs and Lancers. These cavalrymen won great distinction in their hand-to-hand battles with the German Uhlans, who, next to the Cossacks, were the most dreaded and redoubtable horsemen of Europe. They were shining marks for the enemy.

80 DEFENDERS OF HAELEN AND DIEST- Here is shown the remnants of the gallant Delgian Hussars, who fought furiously against the invading German Uhlans, infantry and mounted infantry at the battles of Haelen and Diest. In action they rush toward the foe, dismount when within range, and, making their horses lie down, use the animals as breastworks.

81 Photograph from collection of Underwood &: Underwood. Copyright. 1914. CHARGE OF THE GERMAN INFANTRY-Photograph of the Kaiser's foot soldiers rushing the foe. It was by these short! sharp dashes from one entrenchment to anoth_er, u_su~lly under the stream of shells hurtling over their heads from artillery m the rear, that the Germans drove the Alhcs w1thm twenty-five miles of Paris in the first campaign of the war.

The assassination of the heir-presumptive to the throne of Austria-Hungary on that day in Sarajevo, by the Servian youth, who, imbued with Slav patriotism and the spirit of democracy, struck a blow in protest against the Hapsburg dynasty (described in Chapter I.), fell with terrible force. The aged Francis Joseph, Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary, uncle of the murdered Archduke, looked upon it as the voice of Servia rising in vengeance. Gloom settled over the royal palace in Yienna. The Austrian people were momentarily stunned by the tragedy. All day, during Sunday, crowds knelt in the streets, praying for the departed soul of their Archduke. But their emotions quickly changed to anger. Monday, the 29th, witnessed several mob attacks upon the Servian diplomatic offices in Vienna,.while in the cities of Bosnia and in Servia the natives displayed ill-concealed satisfaction at the turn of events in the tangled skein of Balkan affairs. The two leading Servian newspapers at Belgrade were outspoken in their hatred for Austro-Hungarian influence, and minimized the crisis. The Pravada, a progressive and liberal organ, declared: "The public mourning for Archduke Francis Ferdinand made small excitement in Austria-Hungary. The only genuine tears shed for the heir-apparent were those of his children. All others were CI~ocodile tears." The Balkan . (Belgrade) was equally severe, making this comment: "It is not the heir-apparent as an individual that ought to be mourned over, but only his worth to the country, which was practically nil." It was an impressive funeral cortege that passed _about midnight of July 3d through 82 TEUTONIC INVASION OF FRA~CE-At peace for half a century, the German army \~as sudden!~ g~lvanized int<;> action at the outbreak of the Great War, and surprised the world ~y its ren~arkabl_e effica~ncy. Thear mfantry_ tactacs differed from their foes' in that the soldiers charged in sohd formataon, firmg lhear weapons from the htp.

Hofburg to the train which was to carry them for burial at Artstetten. The sad cere­ mony inflamed the Austrians aiJ Lhe more, and demands for reprisals were heard on every side. The 11ewspapers devoted nearly their whole space to discussing the assassination. It was charged that the tragedy was not the deed of a fanatical student alone, but the result of a deep-laid plot, in which officials high in Servian governmental circles were involved;· that the real purpose was to force the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, to extend the kingdom of Servia, and to arouse the Slavic races to establish their independenc~ of the Germanic powers. It was violently declared that the hand of Russia could be distinguished "moving behind the great Slav conspiracy to overthrow the Austrian Empire." The Austrian press was bitter in its charges. The following exhibit from the Hungarian Pester Lloyd is typical of the feeling of the Austrians: "The Servian government will be shown up as a nest of pestilential rats, which come from their territory over our border to spread death and destruction. If the Servian government shows readiness to exterminate this nest of rats, it will bring proof of its upright sentiments, and again make good its title to that neighborly correctness which of late has become questionable.... Archduke Fran­ cis Ferdinand was bound to come to this end, especially as he was the friend of the Southern Slavs. Imperialistic Servia saw with alarm the rise of this ·potent personality, this knight ·without fear anJ without reproach,' who showed both the will and the power to promote pPaceful relations between the Southern Slavs and the Hapsburg dynasty." 83 Photograph from collection of Paul Thomp:.o:on i''REXCH ARTILLRHIST~ A WAITJN<; CALL TO ACTION - This photograph show> t.ht> arliiiNy that hallfc•cl ag·tinst the Germans in the Great War. During the period immec.lialdy pn1eeding llw outbreak uf hustiliti~>•, wht'n the• Europo•an nations were struggling ror mililao·y ~upremacy. the Frcn<:h artillery W<>S thought the bc~l trainNl and c•quipp€'ti. 84 DEFE:\DERS OF THE REPL"BLIC OF FRA~CE-The cannon here shown are of 75 mm. calibre and are capable of a continuous stream of missiles at the average rate of thirty shots a minute. They are destructively effective at ll distan<'(' of four miles, and because of their comparatively light weight can be ru~hed with dispal

Photocraph from collection of Underwood & UnderVI.'ood. Copyright, 1914. WONDERFUL ORDNANCE OF THE GERMAN HOST-This photograph shows one of the 100-ton cannon, which are so l)uge that they have to be divided into two sections for transportation; but are so created that they can be assembled almost instantaneously on the battlefield, and that the lrt>mendous explosions within the gun do not tear them apart where joined.

88 GUNS THAT CONQUERED BELGIUM-Each gun crew is so disposed on the guns and carriages that the men .are re~dy for instant action on the firing line. These guns are known as quick firing h6witzers, and are mounted on reco~l carrtages that absorb the" back-kick" when dischargetl. Spring spade brakes dig further into the ground at each dtscharge.

DEMOLISHER OF THE FORTS AT A~TWERP-At the right of photograph is shown the motor tractor, which pulls the gun sections and carries the artillerists. Next is the gun carriage used in action, with its tremendously p()werful recoil appa­ ratus. In the rear follows the huge cannon, looking like an elongated mortar. The Krupp side-breech is visible.

89 /

Photograph from collection of American Prese Associ atio n ~ Capyright, HJU . WATCH-DOGS OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE-This remarkable phologmph was taken behind the monster naval guns mounted on H. M. S. Dread1wught, one of the largest battleships of the British ~avy. Great Britain held the supremacy of the seas immediately after the outbreak of the war in 191-l. and thundered her challenges in all parts of the world . 90 G UNS THAT THUXDERED OVER THE NORTH SEA-This Dreadnought carriPd a main armament of ten guns, each of which fired a shell weighing 850 pounds. Her broadside discharge comprised eight guns, and the total weight of shells reached over three tons of steel. In addition she carried twenty-four 12-pounders in the secondary armament.

!)J Photograph from collection or Paul Thompson. MOBILIZATION OF THE BELGIAN ARMY- This photograph was taken whlle the Belgians were responding to King Al­ bert's call for troops in defense against German invasion. Every kind of vehicle was requisitioned to move the troops to the front. Here is a group of soldiers bound for the firing line aboard a common flat car; others rode in coal cars.

Photograph (rom collection of Underwood & Underwood. Copyright. 1914. BIVOUACKED IN THE STREETS OF PARIS'-This photograph was. taken while the French soldiers were camping in the streets of their capital. It became the focusing point for many regiments on their way to the front. So great became the congestion that some were compelled to sleep on the thoroughfares. Tnese French troopers are resting on the fodder. 92 THE P J-1 0 T 0 GRAPHIC - HIS T 0 R Y 0 F THE GREAT WAR The populace of Yienna \Vas calm following its issue. It has been described as the calmness of confidence in the ability of Austria to defeat Servia on the battlefield. In Servia the population was tense with excitement. -While anxiously awaiting their government's answer, they were confident that it would lead to war. Throughout the capitals of Europe the governments knew that the crisis had come at last-"the day of reckoning" was at hand. Again the powerful news journals rushed into the crisis. . The Austrian press was unani­ mous in laying the blame upon Servia. The Vienna Neue Freie Presse declared: "The situation between our government and that of King Peter has become intolerable. Our ultimatum has been the natural result." The R.eichspost (Vienna) urged the Austrian gov­ ernment to lay aside all hesitation and to take strict measures against the Servian foe, "who is as implacable and relentless as he is dastardly." The French press was apprehensive, as is shown by ex-Premier Clemenceau's state­ ment in his L' 1-Jamme Libre (Paris): "Never since 1870 has Europe been on the brink of a war of such magnitude. Austria's present attitude toward Servia can only be understood when we consider the weak compliance of Europe in permitting Francis Joseph to appropri­ ate Bosnia-Herzegovina." European diplomats discerned clearly the situation. Ambassadors hurriedly conferred with officials of the governments to which they were accredited. The results of these con­ ferences were dispatched by telegraph to the home governments. The possible effect of war between Austria and Servia upon other European nations was anxiously discussed. It was pointed out that Germany and Austria were members of the Triple Alliance and that they would stand together. It was reported that Germany approved fully of Austria's d~mands upon Servia. Russia, a member of the Triple Entente, which bound France and Great Britain to the defense of each other, made it known through diplomatic circles that the interests of Servia ,~· ere vital to Russia, and that, if Servia were attacked, Russia must go to her assistance.

European destiny was swaying m the balance. The political machinery of the eight nations involved was in motion. The foreign offices of the governments at London, Berlin, Paris, St. Petersburg, Vienna and Rome were diplomatic battlefields. Messages passed between ambassadors and ministers and the chiefs of the various diplomatic corps in a con­ stant stream, through day and night. These messages, which are incorporated into the British and the German "\Vhite Papers," the Russian "Orange Paper," the" Gray Paper" of Belgium, and the French State papers, form the most historically important series of documents ever laid before a critical world. They represent the claims of the various nations for immunity from the blame for the causation of the Great War of 1914. These dispatches began even before Austria issued her ultimatum to Servia. The first of these historic documents was written by Sir Edward Grey, the British Foreign Sec­ retary. On July 20th, he addressed a telegram to Sir H. Rumbold, the British Councilor of Embassy at Berlin, informing him of an interview with the German ambassador at Lon­ don, Prince Lichnowsky, regarding Austria's demands upon Servia. Grey urged moderation, deprecating the possibility of war, saying: " I hated the idea of a war between ·any of the great Powers, and that any of them should be dragged into a war by Servia would be detestable." Austria's ultimatum brought forth a deluge of diplomatic messages, which continued to flash between the European capitals until the eight nations had drawn the sword in the Great

93 PRIME MINISTEH OF SER\'IA-Nikola P. Pashitch, once King of Servia, who cementl'd IJonds between Russia and Servia.

of New8paper Illustration, Ltd , London. Copyri11ht, 1914 . GREAT BRITAIJ'\'S SECRETARY FOH 1-'0REIG:'I: AFF:\IR:-;-sir I'HE~tlEH. 01<' JAPAN-Count Shig· Edward Grey. who represented England when Belgium was invad!"tl, enobu Okuma, leader of Jap11nesf' and dec·lared war against Germany. eaiJinet for second time. 94 AI:STRIA'S FOREIG~ MINISTER-Count Leopold Berchtold, who sought to disci­ pline Servia and declared war.

Photographs from coHection of Paul Thompson. PREMIER OF FRAXCE-M. Rene RVSSIA'S MINISTER FOR WAR-General W. A. Soukhomlinoff, Viviani, who form<.>d the French whose call for troops against Austria anti Germany resulted 111 a War Cabinet for the Republic. huge army of vver 5,000,000 trained ~oldiers. 95 Pholograph from collection of Gebruder Haedu·l. Ber-lin . Copyright, 191 ... Pholo from collection of New~pa('H"r lllmtll'"ation, Lttl .. London. Copyrighl, I!H4 1~1PERIAL CHANCELLOR OF GEHMANY-Dr. Tbeollald PRIME MI:'\ISTER OF E~GLA:'\D-Phutograph of Rt. von Bethmann-Hollweg, fourth in succession since Bis­ Hon. Herbert Henry Asquith, taken at the historic :\lan,ion marck, and schoolmate of the Kaiser at Bonn. House in Londt>n. in 1914, just bdore the war.

96 T H E P H 0 T 0 G R A P H I C H I S T 0 R Y 0 F T H E .G R EAT W A R

War. With all this correspondence before him the future analyst will make his deductions. It is sufficient at this time to record the judgment of a contemporary American publicist, who in the New York Times makes this interpretation of these documents: "Austria putting her quarrel with Servia above the peace of Europe; England putting the peace of Europe above all other things, and striving through the tireless efforts of Sir Edward Grey to avert war; France, Russia and Italy joining England in the tender of good offices for the preservation of peace, and Germany assenting in principle to the exercise of a joint mediating influence, but leaving upon the minds of the diplomats of the other Powers the impression that her appeals to Vienna. were perfunctory and something less than half­ hearted." On July ~4th there appeared, figuratively speaking, on the edge of the precipice over which all Europe seemed ready to tumble into universal war, the hand of Sir Edward Grey, On that day, seeing that the danger spots of the .international conflagration were Vienna and St. Petersburg, he discussed the crisis with M. Cambon, the French amba"sador at Lon­ don. His own report of this interview, telegraphed to Sir F. Bertie, British Ambassador at Paris, states that he told the ambassador "that I thought that the only chance of any mdi-. ating or moderating influence being exercised was that Germany, France. Italy. and our­ selves, who had not direct interests in Servia, should act together for the sake of peace, sim­ ultaneously in Yienna and St. Petersburg." This he followed with urgent dispatches to the three nations mentioned. France and Italy replied with a whole-hearted acceptance of the plan; Berlin replied "that, being in effect a mediation, it was impracticable unless Russia and Austria would consent." On July 30th M. Sazonof, Russia's Minister of Foreign Affairs, personally drew up the following declaration and requested the German ambassador at St. Petersburg, Count P.ourtales. to forward it immediately to his imperial master: "If Austria, recognizing that the Austro-Servian question has assumed the character of a European question, declares herself ready to eliminate from her ultimatum the points which are an infringement of the ~overeign rights of Servia, Russia undertakes to cease her military preparations." Throughout this maze of diplomatic correspondence that preceded the war, the atti­ tudes of the four nations "who had no direct interests in Servia" remained unvarying. The courts of Europe waited for Servia's reply. Servia requested an extension of time to consider the ultimatum-and was refused. Ten minutes before the expiration of the time limit set by Austria, the Servian Prime l\finister handed his country's reply to the Austrian minister at Belgrade. In it Servia accepted all of Austria's conditions-except the investigation of Ser­ vians by Austrians. It suggested that the difficulties between the two countries be settled by the Tribunal at The Hague. The Austrian minister declared the reply unsatisfactory, and a half hour later he and his official suite were speeding toward Vienna in a special train. Simultaneously the Servian diplomat at Vienna was ordered by his government to leave the Austrian capital. Diplomatic relations had been severed, and it was generally believed in both countries to portend war. Peter, King of Servia, soon after the departure of the Austrian statesmen, boarded his private train and sped to the temporary capital of Nish, situated in the heart of the kingdom. Government officials accompanied him; government archives, hoards of money in Belgrade banks, and all movable wealth followed. The streets \vere thronged with departing inhabitants, soldiers and officers, the former car­ rying their possessions in every kind of vehicle available, and the latter laden with war 97 Photograph from collection of i\1. ·aranger, Paris. Copyright. 1914. FRE 'CH Ct:IRASSIERS WHO FOUGHT 1:-J BELGIU:\l- This photograph shows how the Cuirassiers of the French cav­ alry charged the German troops as they marched through Belgium and northern Fran~· e toward Par~s. These ~uri«?us at­ tacks upon the Banks of the enemy made it necessary for the German · to hl'anly guard the•r commumcatwns. kits as they hurried to the mobilization· points in response to the Crown Prince's orders, issued at three o'clock in the afternoon. Stores, shops, and residences were closed and shuttered. After a few hours, Belgrade, the capital of Servia and of old the main frontier fortress against the Turks, presented the appearance of a deserted city. War was imminent-the fate of Europe hung by a diplomatic thread. During the fol­ lowing day of July fl6th, the Austro-Hungarian government issued to the world's powers the following circuiar note denouncing Servia's reply to the ultimatum: The object of the Servian note is to create the false impression that the Servian Government is prepared in great mea ure to comply with our demands. As a matter of fact, however, Servia's note is filled with the spirit of dishonesty, which clearly lets it be seen that the Servian Government is not seriously determined to put an end to the culpable tolerance it hitherto has extended t.o intrigues against the Au. tro-Hungarian Monarchy. The Sen·ian note contains such far-reaching reserYations and limitations, not only regarding the general principle of our action, but also in regard to the individual claims we have put forward, that the concessions actually made hy Sen·ia become insignificant. In particular, our demand for the participa- 1ion of the Austro-Hungarian authorities in the conspiracy on Scrvian territory has been rejected, while our request that measures be taken against the section of the Servian pres · hostile to Austro-Hungary has been declined, and our wish that the Servian Government take the necessary measures to prevent the dissolved Austro-phobe associations continuing their activity under another name and under another form has not even been considered. Since the claims in the .\ustro-Hungarian note of July 23, regard being had to the attitude hitherto adopted by Servia, represent the minimum of what is necessary for the establishment of !}8 ROVING HORSEMEN OF THE FRENCH ARMY-These steel-helmeted cavaliers, whose metal breastplates recall the days of Joan of Arc, are the free lances of the French Army. Riding over the byways of J!'rance and Belgium, t~ey w~mld sud­ denly das& upon the flanks of the enemy, throwing the marching ranks into confusiOn, frequently capturmg pr1soners. permanent peace with the Southeastern monarchy, the Servian answer must be regarded as unsatisfactory. That the Servian Government itself is conscious that its note is not acceptable to us is proved by the circum­ stance that it proposes at the end of the note to submit the dispute to arbitration-an invitation which is ·thrown into its proper light by the fact that three hours before banding in the note, a few minutes before the expiration of the time limit, the mobilization of the Servian Army took place. What scenes, meanwhile, were being enacted in historic Vienna- the storm center ~)f the world's capitals! The news of the severance of diplomatic relations with Servia was re­ ceived with violent outbursts of cheering. The Emperor declared martial law throughout the Dual 1\Ionarchy. At eight o'clock special editions of newspapers spread the tidings broadcast. Huge demonstrations paraded the streets, cheering the names of Emperor Fran­ cis Joseph and Emperor William. The national hymns of Austria and Germany were sung far into the night. l.Vleanwhile troops were hurriedly gathering for the impending conflict. The war spirit swept all Europe. The people cast aside their petty political quarrels, and embraced the greater national issues with a fervid patriotism. The demonstration in Berlin was just as turbulent as in Yienna. Throngs gathered around the newspaper offices early in the evening. Even a rumor that Servia had unconditionally surrendered to Aus­ tria failed to disperse the crowds. When the real news was flashed onto the bulletin boards, Berlin dramatically burst into a flame of war fervor. Hats, canes, and handkerchiefs \vere tossed into the air. A mighty volume of shouting-in which ""War! War!" was plainly 99 Photograph from collection of lnternatiooal News Service. Copyright. 1914. DESTRUCTION OF THE "OXFORD OF THE LOW COl:~TRIE~"-This photogrR.ph was taken over the ruins of Lou- vain, in Belgium, immediately after its destruction l>y the Germans on August 25, 1914. This flourishing city, surviving from the Norman conquest in 986, suffered more severely than any other Belgian city during the Great War. 100 THE PHOTOGRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR diseernible-crashed through the principal streets of the German capital. With common impulse, the throngs fell into line and marched to the Austrian Embassy. The French Embassy was passed on the way, and was greeted in many instances with muttered impreca­ tions and shaken fists. Fronting the Austrian Embassy, the crowd gave vent to their friendly feelings in songs, cheers, and attempts at speeches, which were futile in that uproar. On the way to the Royal Castle, their next destination, the monuments of Bismarck and J\1oltke brought forth an ovation to these emblems of Germany's history, while at the Castle the height of the demonstration was reached. The Unter den Linden was a sea of cheering and parading Germans. Long after the midnight hour had struck the ·demonstra­ tion continued. Thousands prepared for an all-night vigil on the Unter den Lindert to greet Emperor W'illiam II., wl1,p was expected in Berlin in the morning, having cut short his holi­ day cruise in the North Sea. So great was the anxiety in official circles that the Imperial Chancellor left Berlin to meet the Emperor on the sea coast. Paris seemed stunned when the news of the probable European w· ar reached the French capital. Already raised to a tense emotional poin't by the revelations of the Caillaux mur­ der trial, the populace became deeply moved at the possibility of war with its old foe, Germany. Half the populace, it was estimated, crowded into the boulevards and squares, where the "l\Iarseillaise" and the national song of Servia were sung by thousands. Indica­ tive of the popular demand for war with Germany were the cries of "On to Berlin!" The spirit of re·mnche from the Franco-Prussian War inspired the people, and the cry, "Alsace­ Lorraine, we are coming," echoed through the capital. Official Parisian circles were worried; President Poincare was in Stockholm; Premier Viviani was in Russian Poland. London was quiet, the populace feeling the possibility of Great Britain being immedi­ ately embroiled in war as quite remote. Ireland's internal troubles in Ulster were para­ mount in the public mind. King George, recognizing the gravity of the European situa­ tion, postponed a trip into the country and remained at Buckingham Palace, while his diplo­ mats worked feverishly in all the European courts to avert a general conflagration. St. Petersburg loomed large in the crisis of 1914. Czar Nicholas called a grand council of his ministers, which convened for several hours during that momentous day. At its con­ clusion, he issued orders for a modified form of martial law. It was intimated to German diplomats that Russia would protect Servia in event of war. "We have stood this sort of thing for seven and a half years," declared the Czar at the close of the council. "It is enough."

When Servia's decision reached St. Petersburg, the newspapers proclaimed it under­ such headlines as "On the Eve of ·war," "War is Inevitable." The Slavs of Russia, blood­ brothers of the Slavs of Servia, vociferously cheered the action of Servia. In Warsaw they organized a monster demonstration. When the Czar attended the theater in St. Peters­ burg, great crowds gathered outside the playhouse and rendered an ovation to their monarch. He was about to act on the maxim of the "Iron" Duke of Wellington: "There are no mani­ festoes like cannon and musketry." Thus stood all Europe on the eve of the Great War of 1914. The war spirit increased day by day, while. the financial institutions staggered beneath the possibility of a general European war. Caution led all the nations to make preparations for the impending outbreak, in order not to be caught unprepared should war engulf Europe. It was at noon on the 9l8th of July, 1914, exactly a month after the Aus'trian Archduke

101 Photograph from collection or American Press Aesoc.iation. Copyriaht, 1 Yl4. RUSSIAN INSPIRATION FOR BATTLE- On the eve of departure for the front, the Czar inspired his troops with the spirit of a holy war by showing them the sacred Ikon, and. crying, "Great is the God of the Russian land! In prayer we call God's blessing on Holy Russia and her valiant troops." Thus fortifl('d, thttnd• of thu Great War. So•I!QI)" likt! tlwsc were nf frequent OC(:ttr•:nr:n thrnllgh<>lll thr: HttH>ian P.lllpirf:. THE PHOTOGRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR was shot in Bosnia, that Count Berchtold, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Austria-Hungary, formally declared war against Servia. The only sign from abandoned Belgrade in answer to the declaration was a general exodus across the river Save to Austro-Hungarian territory of those neutral non-combatants who had remained until the last moment. The Servian army had retired from the frontier to the interior. The text of the declaration was as follows: The Royal Government of Servia not having replied in a satisfactory manner to the note remitted to it by the Austro-Hungarian Minister in Belgrade on July 23, 1914, the Imperial and Royal Government finds itself compelled to proceed to safeguard its rights and interests and to have recourse for this purpose to force of arms. Austria-Hungary considers itself, therefore, from this moment in a state of war with Servia. The declaration of war was gazetted in Vienna late in the afternoon. Almost by com­ mon impulse, those citizens who had (~scaped the first call to arms besieged the provision shops to lay in supplies, only to find that the prices of commodities had risen to almost pro­ hibitive levels. Mobilization orders had thinned out the ranks of hotel, cafe, and other pub­ lic institution staffs, while there was a noticeable absence of those brilliantly uniformed offi­ cers who had given Vienna's streets a martial appearance in days of peace. A feeling of relief, which was voiced by the Austrian press, swept through the Dual Monarchy when it was learned that Emperor Francis Joseph had taken the irrevocable step. '' ""nen we consider," declared the Vienna Tageblatt, "the provocations of which Servia has been guilty for so many years, the· solemn pledges made and broken, the defiance which we have put up with from an unscrupulous neighbor, whom no kindness can appease, we experi­ ence a sense of relief on this outburst of war." The German press placed the blame upon Servia, the Vossische Zeitung of Berlin stating: "Servia has forced the conflict to a climax. Since the year 1909 Servia has been trying to bring on a European war, and with the help of Russia to deal a death blow to the Danubian monarchy. That indeed is her present aim." Coincident with Austria's declaration, a partial mobilization of Russian troops began by governmental decree. Crowds in St. Petersburg made repeated demonstrations before the British and French Embassies, but were dispersed by mounted police. The first hostilities of the war came at 1 :30 o'clock on the morning of July 29th, when Servians blew up the bridge that joined the Austrian city of Semlin with the Servian capital of Belgrade, standing on opposite sides of the river Save. Immediately a hot fusillade of artil­ lery crashed from the Austrian side, and a bombardment of Belgrade followed. The die had been cast. It was the signal for Russia to come to the assistance of Servia. Before nightfall of July 29th, Emperor Nicholas had issued an imperial ukase calling to arms over 1,000,000 Russian troops. Events followed swiftly. In the same afternoon, President Poincare had returned to Paris unannounced, accompanied by Premier Viviani. Being recog­ nized as he was driven through the streets of Paris, hundreds of thousands of Parisians lined the route from the railroad station to the Elysee. Heads were bared, handkerchiefs flut­ tered, and bouquets fell into the President's lap from balconies overhanging. The assemblage joined in a concerted cry of" Vive Poincare!" and broke off into variations of" Vive l' Armee!" and '' Yive la France!" The Parisians fell in behind the President and followed, singing the '' slarseillaise." Reports circulated throughout the republic that formidable bodies of French troops were already marching toward the eastern frontier. As we turn away from the stiring scenes at this point, Emperor "Yilliam and his ministers are in. midnight council in the Kew Castle at Potsdam-and the morning is to bring forth the momentous proclamations. that are to be recorded in the next chapter. 10:3 .H ' STRIAX TROOPS WHO IXVADED RUSSIA A~D SER\"IA-Austria was the first aggressor in the Great War. Her troops crossed the river-bound frontier into Servia, and bombarded Belgrade, the Sen·ian capital. on July 29, 1914. Hert> are shown types of the Dual Empire's soldiers as they are passing in review before their emperor, the aged Franci& Joseph.

Photograph• from COllection of Paul Thompeon. OX THE FIRING LIXE WITH SERVIAX ARTILLERY-This photograph shows the modern quick-fire guns with which the Servians trapped an Austrian army 80,000 strong in a valley of the Sbabatz \lountains on August 18, 1914. After an all day battle they routed their enemy, with a reported Austri11n loss of 8,000 killed, wounded and missing.

104 /

;-,i ,\ILOH SO\TS Of' NIPPO\T-Photograph of liH~ '\likado's sc·amen ad,·ancing in cutter~ to the attack upon thf' Germans at Kiao-Chow, which their battleships had blockaded on August 2~- . l!ll-l. .Just as they had suhduec.l Port Arthur in the Rus~ian-Japanese war, the Japanf'sc und<'rlook an elaborate siege of the German fortress.

Photographs from collection of Paul Thompson. SERVIA'S ALLIES FUOM MONTENEGUO-Two weeks after Austria attacked Servia. :VIonlencgro declared war against the Dual Empire, and sent her soldiers to aid their blood-brothers in Servia. l<'erocious of mien and couragE·ous by nature, they battled against the Austrians and drove them back. Within a month they overran Bosnia and besieged Sarajevo.

105 Photograph from collection of Underwood & Underwood. Copyright, 1914-. TRAINED HORSEMEN OF THE GERMAN CAVALRY-This photograph was taken while German cavalry in maneuvre rode down tl1e side of an almost perpendicular precipice. The Kaiser·s cavalry were assiduously trained to travel the must difficult trails, and were taught feats of horsemanship whieh might be the means of saving their lives in war.

lOti •

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