Llanthony Secunda Priory Llanthony Road Gloucester

Archaeological Evaluation and Watching Brief

for Llanthony Secunda Priory Trust

CA Project: 5024 CA Report: 14475

September 2015

Llanthony Secunda Priory Llanthony Road Gloucester

Archaeological Evaluation and Watching Brief

CA Project: 5024 CA Report: 14475

prepared by Ray Holt, Project Officer, and Alex Thomson, Project Supervisor

date 24 September 2015

checked by Laurent Coleman, Principal Fieldwork Manager

date 24 September 2015

approved by Mark Collard, Head of Contracts

signed

date 24 September 2015

issue 02

This report is confidential to the client. Cotswold Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability to any third party to whom this report, or any part of it, is made known. Any such party relies upon this report entirely at their own risk. No part of this report may be reproduced by any means without permission.

© Cotswold Archaeology

Cirencester Milton Keynes Andover Building 11 Unit 4 Stanley House Kemble Enterprise Park Cromwell Business Centre Walworth Road Kemble, Cirencester Howard Way, Newport Pagnell Andover, Hampshire Gloucestershire, GL7 6BQ MK16 9QS SP10 5LH t. 01285 771022 t. 01908 218320 t. 01264 347630 f. 01285 771033 e. [email protected] © Cotswold Archaeology Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony Road, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation and Watching Brief

CONTENTS

SUMMARY ...... 3

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 5

The site ...... 6 Archaeological background ...... 6 Archaeological objectives ...... 12 Methodology...... 13

2. RESULTS (FIGS 2-12) ...... 15

The finds ...... 23 The Faunal Remains ...... 27

3. DISCUSSION ...... 28

4. CA PROJECT TEAM ...... 33

5. REFERENCES ...... 33

APPENDIX A: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS ...... 36

APPENDIX B: THE FINDS ...... 42

APPENDIX C: THE FAUNAL REMAINS ...... 45

APPENDIX D: OASIS REPORT FORM ...... 46

1 © Cotswold Archaeology Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony Road, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation and Watching Brief

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Fig. 1 Site location plan (1:25,000) Fig. 2 Site, showing location of trenches (1:1000) Fig. 3 Trench 901; plan, sections and photographs (1:20 & 1:50) Fig. 4 Trench 902; photograph Fig. 5 Trench 903; plan, sections and photographs (1:20 & 1:50) Fig. 6 Trench 904; plan, section and photograph (1:20 & 1:50) Fig. 7 Trench 905; section and photograph (1:20) Fig. 8 Trench 906; section and photograph (1:20) Fig. 9 Trench 907; plan, sections and photographs (1:20 & 1:50) Fig. 10 Trench 908; plan, sections and photographs (1:20 & 1:50) Fig. 11 Trench 909; plans, sections and photographs (1:20 & 1:50) Fig. 12 Trench 910; plan, sections and photographs (1:20 & 1:50) Fig. 13 Trench 907; Architectural fragments Fig. 14 Trench 903; 16thcentury lead ventilator Fig. 15 Trench 913; wall footing 91304, looking south-west (scale 0.2m)

2 © Cotswold Archaeology Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony Road, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation and Watching Brief

SUMMARY

Project Name: Llanthony Secunda Priory Location: Llanthony Road, Gloucester NGR: SO 82384 17992 Type: Evaluation and Watching Brief Date: 15 September to 1 October 2014 and 17 March 2015 SMC: refs. S00091198 and S00099478 Location of Archive: To be deposited with Gloucester City Museum Accession Number: GLRCM: 2014.36 Site Code: LLP 14

An archaeological evaluation was undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology in September and October 2014 at Llanthony Secunda Priory. A total of ten trenches was excavated. In March 2015, an archaeological watching brief was completed during the excavation of seven contamination trial pits.

Three evaluation trenches were excavated in the area standing remains of the late medieval structure known as the Brick Range, although one trench had to be abandoned due to contamination. The two other trenches demonstrated a complex history of construction and repair of the building. The late medieval brick building currently standing appears to have been constructed on earlier stone footings with associated deposits dating to the 13th to 15th centuries. Within the western part of the building the earliest floor surface was covered by a 17th/18th century make-up deposit overlain by a substantial burnt deposit with large amounts of sandstone roof tile, suggesting a major destructive fire in the later post-medieval period. The current floor surface over this, made mainly of reused bricks, was laid in the early 20th century.

Three evaluation test pits were excavated within the standing buildings known as the Medieval Range and one immediately to the north within the Medieval Range North. The internal trenches showed a complex history of construction and alteration: A possible earlier phase of the medieval building and associated surfaces were identified at 1m below modern floor level. These were overlain by later medieval and post-medieval structures of the standing building, make-up and floor surfaces. The current floor surfaces all appear to be post-medieval or modern in date. The external trench contained remains of structures and surfaces relating to the post-medieval use of the site as a farm overlying the stone footings

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of a probable medieval wall footing with two possible phases, confirming that the medieval range previously extended to the north of its current extent.

Three evaluation trenches were excavated within an open area west of the standing medieval and later buildings of the priory. Two of these trenches encountered deep modern infill deposits to a depth of more than 3.1m below ground level, perhaps infilling a large cut feature. A stone wall footing of possible medieval date was also found.

During the archaeological watching brief, undertaken in March 2015, seven trial pits were excavated to investigate possible contamination within the site. One of these trial pits, revealed a wall foundation. This wall foundation is almost certainly part of the Brick Range.

4 © Cotswold Archaeology Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony Road, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation and Watching Brief

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 In September and October 2014 and in March 2015 Cotswold Archaeology (CA) carried out an archaeological evaluation and archaeological watching brief for Llanthony Secunda Priory Trust at Llanthony Secunda Priory (centred on NGR: SO 82384 17992; Fig. 1). The evaluation was undertaken to provide an up-to-date understanding of the buildings’ historic significance to inform applications for Listed Building and Scheduled Monument Consents for alterations to better conserve the buildings and bring the structures into beneficial use. The archaeological watching brief was undertaken during contamination investigation works,

1.2 The evaluation was carried out in accordance with a brief for archaeological evaluation (and volunteer excavation) (GCC 2014) prepared by Andrew Armstrong, Gloucester City Archaeologist, the archaeological advisor to the Local Planning Authority of Gloucester City Council, and with a subsequent detailed Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI) produced by CA (2014) and approved by Mr Armstrong. As the site is a Scheduled Monument (SM GC 337; HA 1002091), consent for the evaluation was granted by the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport, via English Heritage and the WSI was prepared to fulfil the requirements of the brief and the Scheduled Monument Consent (dated 20 August 2014, ref. S00091198). The detailed WSI was also approved by Ms Melanie Barge, Inspector of Ancient Monuments, Historic England. Scheduled Monument consent (ref. S00099478 was subsequently granted for the contamination investigation works with a condition (E) requiring archaeological watching brief during all excavations.

1.3 The fieldwork also followed the Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Field Evaluation (IfA 2009), the Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Watching Brief (IfA 2009), the Management of Archaeological Projects (English Heritage 1991) and the Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment (MORPHE): Project Manager’s Guide (English Heritage 2006). It was monitored by Andrew Armstrong (site visits on 17, 19, 25 and 29 October 2014) and Mel Barge (formal site visit on 19 October 2014).

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The site 1.4 The site lies to the south of Gloucester city centre, lying between Llanthony Road to the west and the Sharpness Ship Canal to the east. To the north of the site is the Gloucester College campus and to the south are the site of a public house, and an area of open space programmed for development. The site itself is level, mainly laid to grass, with some areas of hardstanding, and a pond on the western side near to Llanthony Road. Along Llanthony Road, the site is bounded by lengths of wall (West Precinct Wall), of varying degrees of survival, within which are the restored remains of the West Gatehouse for the Priory, probably dating to c. 1500. Along the north side is a much rebuilt wall (Outer range North) of post-medieval date, with the paved floors and footings of a range (North West Range) of buildings against it. To the east of this are the roofless remains of a Tithe barn of probable early 16th-century date. Within the eastern part of the site is low wall parallel to the canal (Eastern Canal Wall) which is substantially post-medieval in construction. The south-eastern boundary is formed by a largely demolished structure which is apparently late medieval in date. West of this, along the southern boundary (South Precinct Wall) is the Brick Range, a roofless brick-built shell, originally built c. 1500 but modified in the post-medieval period. To the north and west of the Brick Range are fragments of stone and brick-faced walls comprising the Cart Shed. The Victorian Farmhouse lies in the centre of the site and is thought to date to around 1870 or slightly earlier, and is built on the footprint of a section of the Medieval Range between The Outer Court and The Great Court of the priory. The Medieval Range as it is known lies to the north of the farmhouse and it is likely it was originally longer to the north and south. It is two storey, with rubblestone walls at ground level and timber framed construction above. Its use is unknown but it could have been part of high status guest accommodation for visitors to the Priory, possibly constructed c. 1500. It was used for agricultural use after the Dissolution (see para 1.13 below).

1.5 The underlying bedrock geology of the area is mapped as Blue Lias formation and Charmouth Mudstone formation of the Lower Jurassic period overlain by tidal flat deposits (sand, silt and clay) of the quaternary period (BGS 2014).

Archaeological background 1.6 A number of reports and publications have been prepared detailing the evidence for the history of the site have been prepared for the site (Hughes 2003; Hughes and Rhodes 2003; Watts and Hughes 2004; Morriss 2009) and reference should be made to those for the detailed historical background.

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1.7 In summary, taken from Watts and Hughes 2004, the Augustinian priory of Llanthony in Gloucester was founded in 1136 as a cell of the mother church, Llanthony Prima at Llanthony in Monmouthshire, at a time when the Welsh borders were in turmoil and the prior and canons required a refuge. The church at Llanthony Secunda was begun in May 1136 and was consecrated in September 1137. When peace returned to the borders, successive priors remained in Gloucester. The two communities separated in 1205 after which Llanthony Secunda flourished, amassing property within Gloucester, while the mother church became impoverished. Llanthony Secunda eventually absorbed its Welsh parent in 1481.

1.8 In 1301 the church, including four towers, was gutted by fire. The west front was rebuilt with twin towers flanking a great window of three stepped lancets. Most of the fabric surviving above ground today dates from the end of the 15th century when the then prior, Henry Deane, proceeded to reconstruct both church and precinct, including the outer gatehouse. He also enlarged the south and west ranges of the inner court. By this time Llanthony Secunda was the richest Augustinian house in England, and entertained the court of Henry VII in 1500 and 1501. The priory was dissolved in 1538.

1.9 In 1540 the priory site was sold for £723 to Arthur Porter, JP for the County of Gloucestershire and former under-steward to the priory. Part of the priory church remained in use as the parish church. This was probably the nave; elsewhere, where part of a dissolved monastic church was retained for local worship, the chancel was usually removed to prevent restoration of the monastery. As part of his lease, Porter was required to keep and pay for a chaplain, his wages being deducted from the priory rent.

1.10 In 1559, the site was described as a ‘capital messuage’ indicating that part of the site was then in use as a dwelling house. Three generations of the Porter family used the priory as their country house until 1615 when the property passed through marriage to Sir John (later Lord Viscount) Scudamore, although Sir Arthur and Lady Ann Porter continued to live there until their deaths in 1630 and 1632 respectively. Parts of the priory were then leased out to a succession of tenants including, in 1634, an Edward Spencer, yeoman, of Gloucester. The Scudamores also retained part of the property, which appears to have flourished right up to the outbreak of the Civil War.

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1.11 Llanthony suffered damage from both Royalists and Parliamentarians during the Civil War. Lord Viscount Scudamore, a fervent Royalist, was taken prisoner when Hereford fell in April 1643, after which his properties were plundered. The damage inflicted by the Parliamentarians was compounded by Royalists during the siege of Gloucester in August 1643, when Llanthony served as a base for the besieging forces. From the shelter of the priory walls and buildings, the Royalist troops bombarded the city with bullets and received similar punishment. One account tells of cannon fire from the Barbican that landed at Llanthony and ‘made the stones of the wall fly about their ears…’

1.12 Writing in about 1660, Lord Scudamore stated that the parochial church at Llanthony had been ‘utterly demolished’ and rather than rebuild it he decided to upgrade the church in the adjoining parish of Hempsted where a new rectory was finished in 1671. The damage and loss of revenue occasioned by the Civil War also signalled the end of Llanthony House as a gentleman’s residence. Although apparently still standing in 1662, there is no mention of the house in 1670 and it must have been demolished by then. At the end of that year the property was leased to John Clissold except for the churchyard and ‘all the old walls and ruinous buildings’. The impression gained is that stone was being cleared from the site and either sold or used on elsewhere on the estate.

1.13 Sometime after 1670 the property was given over to farming entirely and the timber- studded range was converted into a farmhouse. Little is known of the property in the 18th century as the accounts from Hempsted parish do not survive for that period. However, descriptions of Llanthony written by Archdeacon John Furney, who visited in 1717, provide important details from both his own observations and those of older people who recalled the substantial ruins of the church and cloister. These included one Welch Thomas, who in his teens had been stationed at Llanthony under Captain Morgan during the Siege of Gloucester (see below).

1.14 There is no doubt from Furney’s accounts and from other sources that by the 18th century there was little left of the church and cloisters. For example, writing in 1727 Matthew Gibson noted that ‘of the conventual church not one stone is left upon another that is not thrown down. All of the buildings belonging to the priory are likewise destroyed, except some of the meanest offices. Neither remain there any marks of its former greatness except the west and south gates…’

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1.15 The earliest known maps to accurately depict the layout of the priory date from the last quarter of the 18th century (Watts and Hughes 2004; Figs 2 and 3). By this time, the ruins of the priory church and cloisters were not considered a feature worth recording.

1.16 In the 1790s, work began on the construction of the Gloucester and Berkeley Canal (now the Gloucester and Sharpness Canal), the line of which cut straight through the priory precinct (Watts and Hughes 2004; Fig. 3). Construction involved cutting to a depth of 14 feet and piling the earth on the banks to a height not exceeding 6 feet. Little is known of the impact on the remains of the priory, although it was recorded that ‘many large stones were found in excavating for the canal but unfortunately no care was taken to preserve any record of them’. The construction of the banks produced a grassy verge with towpath running along it, between four and six feet above the level of the farmland adjacent.

1.17 The canal remained in this state for nearly 50 years, but with the advent of the railway and the need for an outlet for the coal from the Forest of Dean, a proposal was put forward by the Gloucester and Dean Railway Company for a railway link and a large dock to be constructed in Sizes Meadow (formerly Llanthony Orchard). The cost of this undertaking soon led to the abandonment of the dock proposal in favour of a railway yard and new quay constructed by widening the canal along the Llanthony frontage. This was achieved by digging a trench parallel to the canal in which the new quay wall was built, while the original bank was left in place. The railway line from Over to the new quay was completed in 1854 (Watts and Hughes 2004; Fig. 4).

1.18 During the works, the Gloucester Journal reported finds of ‘two stone coffins lying east and west on the spot on which the chapel is supposed to have stood’, and also reported encaustic tiles and fragments of stone arches, windows and doorways, together with human bone. Further observations of monastic remains were made by John Clarke (see below).

1.19 Although the construction of the canal wharves and railway dominated the development of the site in the 19th century, gradual ‘modernisation’ of the farmstead took place throughout the century. The accommodation was redesigned, probably between 1855 and 1860, to create the present Victorian farmhouse and various

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sheds were constructed and ponds created. Llanthony Abbey Farm (as it became known) continued to be owned by descendants of the Scudamores until 1898 when it was sold to J. M. Collett, chemical manufacturer, who intended to build a factory there. However, the farm was appropriated by the Great Western Railway in 1906. In the 20th century, various enterprises leased the farm including horn manufacturers and the Gloucester City Rifle Club. The importance of the upstanding remains of the priory was officially recognised in 1949 when the site of Llanthony Abbey Farm was protected as a Scheduled Ancient Monument (Gloucestershire no. 337). Gloucester City Council purchased the site from British Railways in 1974. It was transferred to Llanthony Secunda Priory Trust in 2009.

1.20 While the standing buildings described above give some indication of the layout of the later medieval priory, much remains to be discovered relating to the medieval and post-medieval archaeological remains of The Great Court and The Outer Court of the priory. Within the site as currently defined for this project, only a limited number of targeted archaeological investigations have been carried out - to identify the footprint of the West Gatehouse, investigation of some features close to the Tithe barn, and a medieval culvert running across the southern part of the site possibly associated with the leat of the Priory Mill – possible remnants of which have been encountered further east, on the opposite bank of the Sharpness Canal.

1.21 A number of archaeological investigations have been carried out in advance of development to the north and south of the Trust’s site. The most extensive of these were carried out by Oxford Archaeology (OA) to the north on the site of the new Gloucester College in 2006 following earlier evaluation by Cotswold Archaeology in 2003 and 2005 (CA 2003; Fig. 1 Trenches C1-4). The OA fieldwork comprised area excavation to the east and investigation in the areas of the pier bases for the new college to the west (Allen et al 2014). The results are summarised below:

1.22 Burials dating to the 12th to 14th centuries were identified in the eastern part of the site, confirming that the area had been within a monastic graveyard. A large malting kiln or corndrier was located to the west, together with medieval pits containing domestic refuse and quarry pits. The evidence suggested that the area lay outside the claustral complex. Later in the medieval period (late 13th or early 14th centuries) a ditch was cut across the site. The fill included elements derived from table waste and the identification of drains and ovens in the vicinity suggested that the area lay in close proximity to a refectory or guest range.

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1.23 The northern end of an aisled two-storey range was identified to the south of the ovens. This range was probably of later 14th or 15th-century date. A gardrobe was added later in the 15th century and the building probably continued in use until the dissolution.

1.24 To the west, ranges of buildings on either side of a north/south orientated track were found to be massively constructed. These two ranges represented a gatehouse, with vehicular and pedestrian entrances to the north and a single opening to the south, possibly corresponding to the Great Gate recorded in 1717. Further redevelopment of the buildings was identified, including post-Dissolution re-modelling, but all of the buildings within the excavation area appeared to have been demolished by the later part of the 17th century.

1.25 Other archaeological works were carried out to the south of the site, in areas of new development and consisted mainly of evaluation trenching and watching briefs (Fig. 2, TE1 to E3; TB1 to B6; T1 to T8) which demonstrated the amount of build-up of material relating to and following construction of the canal in the late 18th century, with only limited evidence for the medieval period, although some information about the pre-medieval and later topography around the Sudbrook which ran to the south of the priory was recovered (CA 2003, CA 2011a; CA 2011b; CA 2011c; CA 2012). The most extensive works were a programme of strip and map carried out in 2008 following the discovery of medieval and post-medieval structural remains in an evaluation trench (CA 2013; Fig. 1, Trench B6 excavation). Only limited intrusive investigation was carried out before the site was backfilled, but it appears that the remains may be the structures of a southern medieval gateway (the South Gate) to the Priory, with stone buildings and areas of metalling and paving.

1.26 Within the current site, trenches associated with drainage works were excavated to the north of the Brick Range in 1987 by Malcolm Atkin (Fig. 2) and the West Gatehouse was also investigated at this time. The results of these investigations have not been published. The Brick Range itself has also been investigated through the excavation of three test pits (CA 2009; Fig. 1, TP1 to TP3). These established that the extant remains of the late medieval brick building, probably representing early 16th-century stables, were constructed upon the foundations of an earlier structure which probably dates to the 13th to 14th centuries. The fieldwork also identified deposits associated with both phases of construction, including a mortar

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floor which is likely to relate to the earlier ecclesiastical building, as well as deposits associated with the later, secular use of the site.

1.27 Subsequent to this evaluation a detailed historic building assessment of the structures of the medieval range and the stables was carried out by Cotswold Archaeology (CA 2014) – the report prepared as result of that work takes into account the results of the evaluation trenching set out in this report and relates in detail the deposits and structures found below ground to the standing remains and reference should also be made to that report.

Archaeological objectives 1.28 The objectives of the evaluation were to provide information about the archaeological resource within the site, including its presence/absence, character, extent, date, integrity, state of preservation and quality. In accordance with the Standard and guidance for archaeological field evaluation (IfA 2009), the evaluation was designed to be minimally intrusive and minimally destructive to archaeological remains. The information gathered will enable English Heritage and Gloucester City Council to identify and assess the particular significance of any heritage asset, consider the impact of the proposed project upon it, and to avoid or minimise conflict between the heritage asset’s conservation and any aspect of the proposal, in line with the National Planning Policy Framework (DCLG 2012) and the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 (as amended).

1.29 The objectives of the archaeological watching brief were:

• to monitor groundworks, and to identify, investigate and record all significant buried archaeological deposits revealed on the site during the course of the contamination investigation works;

• at the conclusion of the project, to produce an integrated archive for the project work and a report setting out the results of the project and the archaeological conclusions that can be drawn from the recorded data.

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Methodology

Evaluation 1.30 The evaluation comprised the excavation of ten trenches in the locations shown on the attached plan (Fig. 2, Trenches 901 to 910). Specific objectives for each area were as follows, together with the dimensions of the trenches.

The Medieval Range and Medieval Range North 1.31 Three trenches (Fig. 2; T907, T908 and T910) were excavated in the ground floor of the Medieval Range. Each trench measured approximately 2m by 2m. The aim of this investigation was to determine the relationship of the above ground structures (both walls and the chimney) with any below ground archaeological remains. Also to identify any earlier floor surfaces, foundations or phases of activity. All trenches were hand excavated to no deeper than 1.2m below present ground level (bpgl). These works were undertaken as a community project using volunteers supervised by CA staff.

1.32 One trench was excavated (Fig. 2, T909) in the area of a proposed lift access to the north-east of the standing building (within the Medieval Range North). It was excavated across the width of the projected medieval range, measured 2m wide and was positioned 2m from the existing end wall of the Medieval Range.

The Brick Range 1.33 Four trenches were excavated (Fig. 2, T901, 902, 903). Trench 903 extended across the width of the Brick Range, approximately 7m metres, and was 2m wide. Trench 901 measured 2m by 2m. Trench 902 was abandoned after limited hand excavation and backfilled due to the presence of asbestos fragments. The aim of this investigation was to determine the relationship of the above ground structures (both walls, blocked doorways etc) with any below ground archaeological remains. These trenches were excavated to not more than 1.2m below ground level.

Proposed Access and Carpark (The Outer Court) 1.34 Three trenches were excavated (Fig. 2, T904, T905, T906). Trench 904 measured 15m in length and 1.8m in width, Trenches 905 and 906 measured 10m in length and 1.8m in width.

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1.35 Trenches 904, 905 and 906 were set out on OS National Grid (NGR) co-ordinates using Leica GPS and surveyed in accordance with CA Technical Manual 4 Survey Manual (2012). Trenches 901, 902, 903, 907, 908, 909 and 910 were set out and surveyed using offset measurements from the standing buildings.

1.36 Trenches 904, 905 and 906 were excavated by mechanical excavator equipped with a toothless grading bucket. All machine excavation was undertaken under constant archaeological supervision to the top of the first significant archaeological horizon or the natural substrate, whichever was encountered first. Trenches 901, 902, 903, 907, 908, 909 and 910 were excavated by hand (after the removal of modern concrete surfaces in Trenches 901, 903, 907 and 908 by mechanical breaker).

Watching Brief 1.37 The fieldwork followed the methodology set out within the WSI (CA 2015). An archaeologist was present during the contamination investigation works, comprising of the hand excavation of seven trial pits. These measured c. 0.4m in length, c. 0.4m in width and c. 0.4m to 1m in depth (Fig. 2).

General 1.38 Where archaeological deposits were encountered written, graphic and photographic records were compiled in accordance with CA Technical Manual 1: Fieldwork Recording Manual.

1.39 Deposits were assessed for their palaeoenvironmental potential in accordance with CA Technical Manual 2: The Taking and Processing of Environmental and Other Samples from Archaeological Sites (2003) and no deposits were identified that required sampling. All artefacts recovered were processed in accordance with Technical Manual 3 Treatment of Finds Immediately after Excavation (1995).

1.40 The archive and artefacts from the evaluation and watching brief are currently held by CA at their offices in Kemble. Subject to the agreement of the legal landowner, the artefacts will be deposited with Gloucester City Museum (Accession Number GLRCM: 2014.36) along with the site archive. A summary of information from this project, set out within Appendix D, will be entered onto the OASIS online database of archaeological projects in Britain.

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2. RESULTS (FIGS 2-12 AND FIG 15)

2.1 This section provides an overview of the results of both the archaeological evaluation and watching brief; detailed summaries of the recorded contexts, finds and faunal remains are to be found in Appendices A, B and C respectively.

Evaluation Trench 901 (Figs 2 & 3) 2.2 Trench 901 was located inside the Brick Range, alongside the north-eastern Brick Range wall (Fig. 2). The wall in this location showed three distinct phases of build and/or repair, broadly consistent with those identified in Trench 903 (paragraph 2.8 below). The earliest phase of construction, consisting of four courses of roughly hewn limestone blocks bonded with a pale yellowish brown very sandy lime mortar 90108 and may represent the foundation of an earlier medieval structure (Fig. 3, Sections BB, DD and photograph).

2.3 Deposit 90107 was identified in the base of Trench 901, at a depth of approximately 1.2m bpgl, consisted of dark grey sandy silt containing abundant charcoal flecks. A total of two sherds of 13th to 14th-century pottery were recovered from it. Deposit 90107 contained fragments of slag and it butted wall foundation 90108. However due to high ground water levels a full examination of the deposit was not possible. Deposit 90107 was overlain by dark greenish grey silty sand dump deposit or make up deposit 90106/90112 measuring 0.68m in thickness (Fig. 3, sections and photographs). Two sherds of pottery dating from the 14th to 15th centuries, medieval ceramic building material (including ridge and roof tile) and stone roof tile was recovered from 90106/90112, suggesting the incorporation of demolition material within the deposit; the greenish hue may suggest the presence of cess material.

2.4 Built upon wall foundation 90108 and presumably representing a later rebuild, a foundation, 90110, of smaller lias blocks interspersed with larger limestone blocks were bonded with a pale yellowish white sandy lime mortar and incorporated a doorway which utilised the upper course of wall foundation 90108 as the threshold. The lias blocks showed a degree of weathering similar to that observed in 90310 in Trench 903 suggesting the absence of a roof at one stage of the buildings life. Built upon the lias blocks, the upper extant portion of the stable wall 90109 consisted of a facing of Tudor red brick laid in an inconsistent English and English Garden Wall

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bond, bonded with a hard off-white lime mortar containing quartz grit and ceramic building material fragments with a rubble and mortar core. The doorway had been subsequently infilled with brick and ashlar blocks 90114 (Fig. 3, Section AA and photograph).

2.5 The threshold of the doorway in wall 90110 and made ground 90106/90112 were overlain by a possible floor surface 90105/90111 consisting of a compact sandy/silty clay, however it could not be ascertained whether this pre or post-dated the infill of the doorway 90114. The floor surface was overlain by a probable demolition deposit 90104, which contained large quantities of medieval/post-medieval stone roof tile, unworked angular stone and limited lime mortar fragments, however this deposit was otherwise undated (Fig. 3, sections BB, CC, DD and photographs).

2.6 Demolition deposit 90104 was cut both alongside the Brick Range wall foundation 90108 and alongside a possible internal dividing wall 90113 constructed of reused finely worked ashlar blocks by modern truncation 90103, possibly representing the robbing out of internal walls. The backfill 90102, of truncation 90103 formed a layer across the whole trench, contained modern building debris and industrial wastes and was overlain by modern concrete surface 90101. Wall 90113 remains undated due to the modern truncation removing any stratigraphic relationships with adjacent deposits (Fig. 3, sections BB, CC, DD and photographs).

Trench 902 (Figs 2 & 4) 2.7 Limited excavation was undertaken in Trench 902 due to the presence of asbestos fragments. The north-eastern wall of the Brick Range was exposed to a depth of approximately 0.3m bpgl. The lower portion of the wall 90203 consisted of finely worked ashlar blocks and formed the foundation for the upper red brick portion of the wall 90201 (Fig. 4 photograph). A modern dump deposit 90202 was banked against the wall and contained frequent inclusions of modern building materials.

Trench 903 (Figs 2 & 5) 2.8 Trench 903 was located inside the Brick Range, parallel to the north-western Brick Range wall (Fig. 2). Limited excavation was undertaken across the full width of the trench with deeper excavation alongside the south-western wall. The wall in this trench showed three distinct phases of build and/or repair, broadly consistent with those identified in Trench 901 (paragraph 2.4 above). The earliest phase of construction, consisting of three courses of yellow limestone blocks bonded with a

16 © Cotswold Archaeology Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony Road, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation and Watching Brief

pale yellowish brown very sandy lime mortar 90313, may represent the foundation of an earlier medieval structure (Fig 5, Section EE and photograph).

2.9 Wall foundation 90313 was abutted by deposit 90309 which was identified at the base of a sondage at the south-western end of Trench 903 and consisted of clayey silty gravel. Interpreted as a make-up deposit, 90309 was overlain by an undulating coarse sandy mortar layer 90308. Both deposits were artefactually undated; however the mortar within deposit 90308 was consistent with the mortar bonding of the lower three limestone courses of Brick Range wall 90313 against which it butted (Fig. 5, Section FF and photograph). This may suggest deposits 90309 and 90308 are broadly contemporary with the earliest phase of the stable structure, 90308 potentially representing the bedding for an early floor surface or more probably a construction drip.

2.10 Overlying foundation 90313 and presumably representing a later rebuild, smaller lias blocks were bonded with a pale yellowish white sandy lime mortar containing occasional charcoal flecks 90310. The lias blocks were interleaved with sandstone roof tile fragments, seemingly used to level up the courses during construction. Similar roof tiles were recovered from post-medieval deposit 90306 discussed below. The lias blocks showed a degree of weathering suggesting the absence of a roof at one stage of the building’s life. Built upon the lias blocks, the upper extant portion of the stable wall 90311 consisted of an outer face of Tudor red brick laid in an inconsistent English and English Garden Wall bond, bonded with a hard off-white lime mortar containing quartz grit and ceramic building material fragments (Fig 5, Section EE and photograph).

2.11 Overlying floor bedding 90308, a sandy clayey silt deposit 90307, measured 0.34m in thickness, contained brick and stone fragments in addition to five sherds of 17th to 18th-century pottery and has been interpreted as a build-up deposit to raise the internal floor level presumably after the construction of wall 90310 which it abuts. Directly overlying this layer, a burnt deposit 90306 contained large quantities of sandstone roof tile, iron nails and a 16th century lead ventilator (RA 1, Fig. 14) from a leaded window possibly suggesting a fire and destruction of the roof in the post- medieval period (Fig. 5, Section FF and photograph). At the northern end of the trench the lias blocks within the north-eastern wall of the Brick Range showed reddening consistent with burning.

17 © Cotswold Archaeology Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony Road, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation and Watching Brief

2.12 Sealing the burnt layer 90306, deposit 90305, in turn overlain by deposit 90304 represent bedding deposits for a subsequent brick floor 90303 which extended across the whole of the southern end of the Brick Range (Fig. 5, plan, section FF and photographs). Modern pottery recovered from bedding layer 90304 suggests a date for the floor construction in the early part of the 20th century, the bricks presumably reused from an earlier structure. A rubble levelling deposit 90302, also containing 20th-century material, overlay the brick floor and formed the base for the current concrete floor 90301 (Fig. 5, Section FF and photograph).

Trench 904 (Figs 2 & 6) 2.13 A machine cut sondage revealed the natural clay substrate, 90404, at a depth of approximately 1.65m bpgl overlain by dump deposits 90402. The earliest archaeological feature identified in Trench 904 consisted of an east/west aligned stone wall foundation 90403 (Fig. 6, plan and photograph). Constructed of irregular grey limestone blocks, wall 90403 measured 0.9m in width and was bonded by a sand and gravel mortar. The wall was overlain by and butted on both its northern and southern sides by dump deposits 90402, which contained post-medieval and modern pottery and glass in addition to fragments of modern building material (Fig. 6, Section GG).

Trench 905 (Figs 2 & 7) 2.14 No significant archaeological deposits were identified in Trench 905. The natural clay substrate, 90505, was revealed in machine cut sondages at opposite ends of the trench at approximately 1.8m bpgl. The natural substrate was overlain by clay and soil dump deposit 90504 measuring 0.3m in thickness, interpreted as material likely to have been derived from the adjacent canal construction. A soil horizon 90503 had formed over dump 90504, and was in turn sealed by modern building debris 90502 and topsoil 90501 (Fig. 7, Section HH and photograph).

Trench 906 (Figs 2 & 8) 2.15 The natural substrate consisting of yellowish orange gravel, 90603, was identified at a depth of 3.1m bpgl in a machine cut sondage at the northern end of Trench 906. The gravels were overlain by a series of inclined dump deposits 90602 containing predominantly post-medieval and modern building rubble. Measuring 2.84m in thickness dump 90602 was sealed by topsoil 90601 (Fig. 8, Section II and photograph).

18 © Cotswold Archaeology Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony Road, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation and Watching Brief

Trench 907 (Figs 2 & 9) 2.16 Wall foundation 90710, underlying the extant north-western wall of the Medieval Range was revealed at a depth of approximately 1.1m bpgl (Fig. 9, sections JJ and LL). It was aligned north-east/south-west and was constructed of rectangular lias blocks bonded with a coarse greyish white lime mortar with rounded gravel inclusions. A probable internal dividing wall 90707, surviving to two courses in height was aligned north-west/south-east, constructed of similar materials, and keyed into foundation 90710 suggesting they represent a contemporary phase of construction.

2.17 A compact gravel deposit 90716 butted both foundation 90710 and dividing wall 90707 and formed the bedding for a rough cobbled floor surface 90714. The floor surface was sealed by a fine sandy silt deposit 90706, suggesting a period of disuse or abandonment (Fig. 9, plan).

2.18 Built upon foundation 90710, the extant wall of the Medieval Range, 90711, appeared to be of a later construction, no continuation of the dividing wall being evidenced in the wall. Constructed of rectangular lias blocks bonded with a fine greyish lime mortar, wall 90711 had been repaired with red handmade brick (Fig. 9, Section JJ).

2.19 A compact clay bedding layer 90713, measuring 30mm in thickness sealed abandonment deposit 90706. Mortar surface 90705 sealed layer 90713 and appeared to overlap the upper surface of foundation 90710 suggesting it is contemporary with the build of wall 90711 (Fig. 9, Sections KK and LL).

2.20 Overlying floor 90705, make-up deposit 90704 contained large quantities of post- medieval material and was sealed by artefactually sterile fine clayey sand 90703. Deposit 90703 was cut by the construction cut, 90717, for an unmortared wall 90715 which contained reused 12th-century ecclesiastical architectural fragments, a chamfered plinth from the base of a wall (RA 2) and two capitals (RA 3 and 4) and probably functioned as an internal dividing wall. Wall 90715 was subsequently sealed by modern build-up deposit 90702. Fireplace 90712 was constructed upon deposit 90702, which also formed the bedding for concrete floor 90701, laid in the 1990’s (Fig. 9, Sections KK, LL, and photographs).

19 © Cotswold Archaeology Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony Road, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation and Watching Brief

Trench 908 (Figs 2 & 10) 2.21 The earliest feature identified in Trench 908 consisted of north-east/south-west orientated wall 90806. Constructed of irregular limestone blocks bonded with a pinkish lime mortar, wall 90806 survived to a depth of at least 0.2m. The limestone blocks in the south-eastern face of the wall were roughly worked and butted by cobbled lias floor surface 90808 (Fig. 10, plan, Section MM and photograph).

2.22 Overlying floor surface 90808 and butting wall 90806, clayey sand make-up deposit 90811 formed the bedding layer for a subsequent flagstone floor surface 90805. The north-western edge of floor 90805 was edged by red handmade brick bedded in a loose mixed rubbly deposit 90804 from which was recovered post-medieval plaster, slag and shell, and probably represents a later repair to the floor (Fig. 10, Section MM).

2.23 A sandy silt deposit 90803 sealed deposit 90804, measured 0.15m in thickness, contained 20th-century domestic debris and probably represents a levelling or bedding deposit.

2.24 Deposit 90803 was cut by the construction cut 90809 for the extant north-western wall of the Medieval range 90807 (Fig. 10, Section MM). The backfill 90810, of construction cut 90809 contained a single residual sherd of 13th-century pottery.

2.25 Backfill 90810 was sealed by thin mortar layer 90812, the bedding for a flagstone floor surface 90702 which forms the current floor of the north-eastern end of the hall. Concrete floor 90801 was laid over the flagstones in the 1990’s.

Trench 909 (Figs 2 & 11) 2.26 Trench 909 was located 2m to the north-east of the extant end wall (constructed in the 1870’s) of the Medieval Range and extended across the full width of the Medieval Range North (Fig. 2). Three sondages were excavated, located where the uppermost cobbled surface had been damaged (Fig. 11, Sondages A, B and C). A wall foundation of probable medieval date, 90914, was identified at the eastern end of the trench (Sondage A), post-medieval build up deposits were encountered in the central and eastern parts of the trench (Sondage, B and C) overlain by bedding deposits for post-medieval and modern cobble and brick yard surfaces. Natural substrate 90909 consisting of yellowish orange clayey sand was encountered in Sondage B at a depth of 1.1m bpgl (Fig. 11, Section OO).

20 © Cotswold Archaeology Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony Road, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation and Watching Brief

Sondage A 2.27 Aligned north-east/south-west, wall foundation 90914 was constructed of roughly worked limestone blocks of varying sizes bonded with a yellowish brown sandy lime mortar (Fig. 11, Section PP). On a slightly different alignment to the overlying wall 90912, foundation 90914 could potentially be of medieval date and was butted to the north-west by an undated clayey sand 90919 interpreted as redeposited natural. This deposit was overlain by further make up/levelling deposits; silty sand 90918 and sandy silt 90917 contained post-medieval artefacts (Fig. 11, Section PP). Overlying the post-medieval dump/levelling deposits remnants of a possible flagstone floor were revealed, floor 90113 (Fig. 11, plan and photograph).

2.28 Wall 90912 was constructed of well-dressed limestone blocks bonded with a very soft pale orangey yellow lime mortar. Cut, 90915, alongside wall 90912 was observed clearly cutting through deposits 90917 and 90918, and would suggest either wall 90912 was rebuilt in the later post-medieval period or more likely represents antiquarian investigation. The backfill of the cut, 90916, was overlain by topsoil 90901 to a depth of 0.2m which contained large quantities of post-medieval and modern artefacts (Fig. 11, plan and Section PP).

Sondage B 2.29 Natural substrate 90909 was revealed at a depth of 1.05m bpgl in Sondage B. Overlying the natural, similar post-medieval dump or levelling deposits (90807 and 90806) to 90918 and 90917 recorded in Sondage A were observed (Fig.11, plan, Section OO and photographs). Deposit 90806 was sealed by mortar and rubble bedding deposit 90902/90905 and overlain by cobbled yard surface 90904.

Sondage C 2.30 A flagstone floor 90911 was revealed in the base of Sondage C at a depth of approximately 0.25m bpgl. This was sealed by bedding deposit 90910 and overlain by brick and limestone yard surface 90908 (Fig.11, plan and photographs). The yard surface 90908 was sealed by topsoil 90901 measuring up to 0.2m thick containing large quantities of post-medieval and modern artefacts.

21 © Cotswold Archaeology Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony Road, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation and Watching Brief

Trench 910 (Figs 2 & 12) 2.31 The natural substrate 91009, identified at a depth of 1.05m bpgl was cut by the construction cut 91014 for a north-east/south-west aligned wall foundation 91007 (Fig.12, Section RR) . Visible to two courses in height and constructed of roughly dressed limestone blocks, wall foundation 91007 was bonded with a pale brownish yellow sandy lime mortar containing occasional flecks of charcoal and crushed limestone. Wall foundation 91007 was abutted by the backfill 91015 of the construction cut 91014 (Fig.12, plan and Section RR).

2.32 To the north-west of wall 91007 the backfill of the construction cut was covered by clayey sand levelling deposit 91008 containing coal and shell fragments which formed the bedding for a subsequent cobbled floor surface 91006 which extended out to the north-west of the wall. A levelling deposit of building rubble, 91005, containing 19th-century artefacts subsequently sealed floor 91006 to a depth of 0.11m. A curving brick plinth 91004 of uncertain function had been constructed at the same time this deposit was laid, the upper surfaces at the same horizontal level (Fig. 12, plan, sections and photographs).

2.33 To the south-east of wall 91007, the possible construction cut 91010 (or perhaps more likely a secondary excavation along the wall face) for the extant south-eastern wall of the Medieval Range 91020, cut through deposit 91005. The clayey sand backfill 91011 of construction cut 91010, contained pottery, glass, clay pipe and plaster of late 18th to 19th-century date. The backfill was sealed by a thin charcoal rich layer 91003 containing post-medieval pottery and frequent nails which extended across the whole trench (Fig. 12, Sections QQ, RR and photographs).

2.34 The burning layer 91003 was sealed by silty sand bedding layer 91002 measuring 0.12m in thickness. The construction cut 91012/91016 for the extant north-eastern wall 91019 of the Medieval Range cut through bedding layer 91002. The loose silty sand backfill 91017 of the construction cut contained mid 19th to mid 20th-century pottery and was sealed by the current brick floor surface 91001 (Fig. 12, Section QQ).

Watching Brief (Figs 2 & 15) 2.35 All of the trial pits excavated during the course of the watching brief, excepting Trial Pit 913, contained alluvial deposits, layers of modern made ground, topsoil and modern surfaces and contained no deposits of archaeological significance. The trial

22 © Cotswold Archaeology Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony Road, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation and Watching Brief

pits were excavated to depths of between 0.4m and 1.0m bpgl and the natural substrate was not encountered during the course of the watching brief.

2.36 Trench 913 contained a wall foundation 91304 at a depth of approximately 0.4m bpgl (Fig. 15). This north-west/south-east orientated foundation comprised a single large block of dressed stone (possibly ashlar), that extended beyond the boundaries of the trial pit, was at least 400mm in height, and extended beyond the base of the trench. Covering, and affixed in part, to the upper surface of this foundation was make-up deposit 91303 which comprised clay, CBM and gravel deposits. This was overlain by a modern surface, 91302, make-up deposit 91301 and topsoil 91300.

The finds 2.37 Finds recovered from evaluation included pottery, ceramic building material, glass, clay tobacco pipe, worked stone, plaster and metal objects. Codings for medieval and post-medieval fabrics given in the text and Appendix B in parenthesis correspond to the Gloucester pottery type series codes as defined by Vince (unpublished).

2.38 No artefactual material was recovered during the course of the watching brief.

Pottery: medieval 2.39 The backfill 90810 of the construction cut 90809 for wall 90807 produced a single bodysherd of Saintonge polychrome (TF81), which was manufactured in south-west France and is dateable to the mid 13th to early 14th centuries (McSloy 2013, 166).

2.40 Made ground layer 90112 produced two sherds of Cotswold oolitic limestone- tempered ware (TF41), dating to the 10th to 13th centuries (Vince unpublished), including a base sherd from an inturned dish (‘West Country Vessel’). The latter form is characteristic of the 12th to 13th centuries.

2.418 Two bodysherds of North Wiltshire oolitic limestone tempered ware (Minety ware) (TF44), one of which featured a thumbed, applied decorative strip, were recovered from topsoil 90902. This ware type was produced at or near Minety in north Wiltshire during the 12th to 15th centuries and is commonly found throughout Gloucestershire (Bryant 2004, 320). This deposit also produced two unfeatured bodysherds in an unglazed coarseware fabric.

23 © Cotswold Archaeology Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony Road, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation and Watching Brief

2.42 Two glazed, sand-tempered bodysherds were recovered from levelling deposit 90918. A possible source for this material is the Lacock/Nash Hill kilns (McCarthy 1974, 107). Broad dating in the 12th to 14th centuries is suggested.

2.43 A total of six sherds of oxidised Malvernian glazed ware (TF52) was recorded in burnt deposit 90107 and dump deposit 90905, including a frilled base sherd from a jug in deposit 90107 and a jug handle sherd in deposit 90905. Jugs in this fabric typically date to the 13th to 15th centuries.

Post-medieval/modern 2.44 Seventeen deposits produced a total of 147 sherds of pottery ranging in date from the 16th to mid 20th centuries, recovered from 17 deposits. The fabrics are common to Gloucester (see Table 1) in the period represented. The most commonly represented types were: refined whiteware (63 sherds, the majority of which featured transfer-printed decoration), of late 18th to 19th century date; glazed earthenware (11 sherds), dating to the 16th to 18th centuries; ‘late’ English stoneware (10 sherds), of the type dating to the mid 19th to mid 20th centuries; and Pearlware (nine sherds, all but one of which were transfer-printed), dateable to the late 18th to mid 19th centuries.

Ceramic building material 2.45 Made ground layer 90112 produced five fragments of medieval ceramic building material representing flat roof tile and glazed ridge tile.

2.46 A total of 23 fragments of ceramic building material of post-medieval or modern date was recovered from 10 deposits. Those which could be identified to type consisted of: brick from made ground layer 90302 and brick surface 90303; flat roof tile from refuse deposit 90704 and dump deposit 90907; nib tile from topsoil 90901 and made ground layer 90302; glazed flat tile from levelling layer 90918 and wall footing 91013; and glazed drainpipe from topsoil 90902.

2.47 The complete brick recovered from brick surface 90903 had formed part of the stable floor and was substantially worn on its exposed upper end. It measured 9 x 3½ x 2½” and was a hand-moulded brick which had probably been reused from an earlier structure. The fabric was sand-tempered and mid orange in colour, with buff swirls suggestive of poor mixing.

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2.48 Three bricks were recovered from made ground layer 90302. One broken brick, of probable 16th century date, measured 10½+ x 5 x 2”. It was well-made, with a mid orange, sand-tempered fabric, and retained traces of whitewash on the outer face. A complete, overfired brick, measuring 9 x 4¼ x 2”, was vitrified all over and made from a sand-tempered fabric. The colour ranged from grey to yellow to pink/orange, it had lost one face and it most likely dated to the 16th to 17th centuries. A broken floor brick had been deliberately overfired to produce blackish surfaces. The fabric was dark orange/pink in colour, well-mixed and tempered with sand and grit. Its surviving dimensions were 5” wide and 2” thick, and it was 19th century in date.

Glass 2.49 A total of 48 fragments of glass of post-medieval or modern date was recorded in 13 deposits (Table 1). The post-medieval glass mostly comprised wine or spirits bottles in green glass of types in use from the mid 17th to mid 19th centuries and small, pharmaceutical type bottles. Included was one wine bottle fragment with a string neck from backfill 91017, which dates before the early 19th century. The modern glass (dating to the later 19th and 20th centuries) included milk bottles from topsoil 90901 and frosted window glass from bedding deposit 91002.

Clay tobacco pipe 2.50 A total of 24 fragments of clay tobacco pipe, dateable to the late 16th to late 19th centuries, was recovered from nine deposits. Included were complete or almost complete bowls which were classified according to Oswald’s (1975) system. The bowl from backfill 90111 is a Type 20, dating to c. 1690–1730; that from bedding deposit 91002 is a Type 21, which dates to c. 1699–1740; and the bowl from made ground 90702 is a Type 24, dateable to c. 1810–40. One of the stem fragments from levelling layer 91005 featured the maker’s stamp “Southorn Broseley”. William Southorn & Co manufactured clay pipes at Broseley, Shropshire from 1823 until the mid 1950s.

Worked stone 2.51 Three architectural fragments of oolitic limestone were recovered from wall footing 90715 in the “medieval range”. These consisted of a chamfered plinth from the base of a wall and two capitals.

2.52 The plinth was plain and unweathered and smoothly worked on the visible faces. It was clearly from the interior of a building. It stepped back the wall face by 127mm

25 © Cotswold Archaeology Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony Road, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation and Watching Brief

(5”) at 45 degrees and was 178mm (7”) thick. Its back face was broken off and the block had been more than 317mm (12½”) deep. Hidden faces were diagonally worked with a narrow chisel.

2.53 The two capitals were of similar but not identical design and one was considerably squatter than the other (197mm or 7¾” high as against 273mm or 10¾”). Both were cut from a block 285mm (11¼”) sq., but the taller capital incorporated a section of wall face in one of these dimensions meaning that the capital was narrower on that side, at 267mm (10½”). Both were designed to sit on a sub-polygonal shaft or chamfered jamb rather than a column shaft, so that the corner at the base was cut off at 45 degrees. They each seem to be nook capitals sitting over a chamfered order in a door or window opening or possibly part of a compound pier. Both were trumpet capitals with a double chamfered fillet at the base. The squatter one had one angled fillet between the two corner trumpets (double trumpet) but nowhere else. The taller capital had angled fillets between the side trumpets and an unusual broad fillet on the angled face, with a keeled quasi trumpet on it which simply ran out in to the corner of the capital, rather than as a double trumpet. The semi-circular bells of the trumpets are plain and merge without interruption into the equally plain upper block of the capital. They presumably supported simply moulded or chamfered abaci. Faint marking out lines are visible on these faces and on the base of each block. The unseen faces were diagonally worked with a narrow chisel and the visible surfaces had been smoothed with a toothed drag drawn vertically in most places.

2.54 Both pieces were unweathered with sharp arrises, and were in good condition; some of the surfaces on both block had undergone a degree of what appears to be chemical weathering, the shorter block particularly so. The raw material is possibly Minchinhampton stone.

2.55 All the pieces are consistent with a date range of c. 1100 - c. 1160.

2.56 Topsoil 90901 produced a diamond-shaped, perforated Roman roof tile made of Stonesfield slate.

26 © Cotswold Archaeology Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony Road, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation and Watching Brief

2.57 A total of nine fragments of roof tile were recorded in seven deposits. Included was a complete rectangular tile in demolition layer 90104. All are likely to be medieval or post-medieval in date.

Metal objects 2.58 A total of 38 iron objects, 32 of which are nails, was recorded in 11 deposits. Refuse deposit 90704 also included a horseshoe and several fragments which were too heavily corroded for identification.

2.59 Four copper alloy objects were recovered: a ring from levelling deposit 91005; a buckle and a strip from refuse deposit 90704; and a shotgun cartridge casing from topsoil 90902. The buckle is a plain, annular type which was in use from the mid 14th to early 18th centuries (Whitehead 1996, 44–5).

2.60 A lead alloy object recorded in roof collapse 90306 was a ventilator quarry from a leaded window. The initials “RH” had been incorporated into the decoration, which is of a style dating to the 16th century. The last prior of the abbey was Richard Hart.

Plaster 2.61 A total of eight fragments of plaster was recorded in six deposits. A fragment of wall plaster, of probable 19th century date, from bedding deposit 90803 was painted with blue distemper. An unpainted fragment of lime plaster from the same deposit featured a lath impression. The fragment from levelling layer 90804 had been mixed with post-medieval bottle glass. The fragments from bedding deposit 91002, levelling layer 91005, and backfills 91011 and 91017 were all fragments of architectural lime plaster moulding from ceilings, walls or windows. These are probably 16th century in date.

The Faunal Remains 2.62 Animal bones numbering 204 fragments (5054g) were recovered from site. For the purpose of this report, the bones were identified to species and skeletal element using an osteological reference collection (Cotswold Archaeology Ltd) as well as standard reference literature (Schmid 1972, Hillson 1996), and quantified by fragment count and weight. The bones were very well preserved but highly fragmentary having suffered from both historical and modern damage, rendering 54% of the assemblage unidentifiable beyond the level of ‘large mammal’ or ‘medium mammal’. Where modern breakage was observed and re-fitting was

27 © Cotswold Archaeology Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony Road, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation and Watching Brief

possible, those fragments were recorded as a single bone. The dating of the material is based on the preliminary phasing of the features, determined from the spot-dating of the finds. Any material not confidently phased is not discussed beyond the details set out in Appendix C.

Medieval 2.63 Three fragments (137g) of bone were recovered from deposit 90112. It was possible to identify sheep/goat (Ovis aries/Capra hircus) and Red Deer (Cervus elephus), however due to the small amount of bone recovered, no inference can be drawn beyond confirming the presence of these species on site.

Post-medieval to modern. 2.64 A total of 185 fragments (164g) of bone were recovered from 14 deposits in association post-medieval or modern finds. It was possible to identify the remains of cattle (Bos taurus), sheep/goat, pig (Sus scrofa) and chicken (Gallus gallus), represented by both meat-rich and meat-poor skeletal elements. These species are common occurrences in assemblages from the Roman period onwards. It is possible these species were present on site, however as they were recovered from deposits interpreted as dumping or make-up layers, they may have been brought in from outside along with other material used within the dumping and make up levels.

3. DISCUSSION

3.1 The evaluation comprised the excavation of ten trenches within and to the north of the Medieval range, within and outside the Great Stable, and an area in the south- west corner of the site proposed for car parking.

3.2 The watching brief comprised archaeological monitoring of seven contamination trial pits within the site.

The Medieval Range and Medieval Range North 3.3 Three trenches (T907, T908 and T910) were excavated in the ground floor of the Medieval Range, one trench (Trench 909) was excavated to the north of the standing building (within Medieval Range North) in the area of a proposed lift access. Trench 907 was located between the north-western wall of the Medieval

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Range and an internal brick fireplace and revealed probable medieval wall foundations and cobbled floor surface, overlain by later build up deposits.

3.4 A wall foundation aligned north-east/south-west underlay the extant north-west wall of the Medieval Range at a depth of approximately 1.1m bpgl. A probable internal dividing wall, surviving to two courses in height was aligned north-west/south-east and keyed into the wall foundation suggesting they represent a contemporary phase of construction. Built upon this foundation, the extant wall of the Medieval Range appeared to be of a later construction and had been repaired with red handmade brick.

3.5 A rough cobbled floor surface butted both the early foundation and dividing wall. The floor surface was sealed by fine sandy silt, suggesting a period of disuse or abandonment. A compact clay layer sealed the abandonment deposit and formed the bedding layer for a subsequent mortar floor surface probably contemporary with the build of the extant wall. A series of post-medieval build up deposits overlay the mortar floor and incorporated an unmortared internal dividing wall that utilised reused 12th-century architectural fragments. The fireplace was constructed upon the uppermost of the post-medieval deposits, which was in turn sealed by a concrete floor laid in the 1990’s.

3.6 The earliest structure identified in Trench 908 consisted of north-east/southwest orientated wall constructed of irregular limestone blocks and surviving to a depth of at least 0.2m. The south-east face of the wall was roughly worked and butted by cobbled floor surface. A subsequent flagstone floor edged by red handmade brick overlay the earlier cobbled floor. A sandy silt deposit containing 20th-century domestic debris sealed the flagstone floor and formed the bedding for a flagstone floor surface which forms the current floor of the north-east end of the hall. The construction cut for the extant north-west wall of the hall cut through the 20th century deposits suggesting a recent rebuild.

3.7 Trench 910 was located in the north-eastern corner of the Medieval Range. Natural substrate, consisting of compact silty clay was revealed at a depth of 1.05m bpgl. The earliest structure consisted of a north-east/south-west aligned wall. Visible to two courses in height and constructed of roughly dressed limestone blocks the wall remains artefactually undated but could potentially be medieval in date. A contemporary cobbled floor surface extended out to the north-west of the wall. A

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levelling deposit of building rubble mixed with 19th-century domestic rubbish sealed both the wall and floor. A curving brick plinth of uncertain function had been constructed in the top of this deposit.

3.8 The construction cut for the extant south-east wall of the Medieval Range, cut through the levelling deposit. The backfill of which contained pottery, glass, clay pipe and plaster of late 18th to 19th century date. A thin charcoal rich layer containing post-medieval pottery and frequent nails sealed the above structures and deposits and may suggest either a fire or the dumping of fire debris. The current brick floor surface and associated bedding deposit sealed the burnt deposit and appears broadly contemporary with the extant north-east wall of the hall built in the 1870’s.

3.9 Trench 909 was excavated across the width of the projected Medieval Range North. A potential medieval wall footing 90914 was revealed at the south-eastern end of the trench on a slightly differing alignment to the overlying wall 90912 which utilised it as a foundation. A series of post-medieval build up deposits were revealed within the interior of the Medieval Range North (these overlay the natural substrate which was exposed at a depth of 1.1m bpgl), were cut through by the construction cut for wall 90912, and were subsequently overlain by a series of post-medieval and modern yard surfaces of probable agricultural origin.

3.10 Together the trenches demonstrate the complex developmental history of the ranges and seem to demonstrate that there were at least two main phases of medieval construction, although dating material of this period was sparse. It is notable that the earliest wall footings and the associated floor surface lie almost 1m below modern floor level. No floor surfaces contemporary with the apparent second medieval construction phase were encountered and all visible current floor surfaces which were investigated were of late post-medieval or modern date.

The Brick Range 3.11 Four test pits/trial trenches were excavated (Fig. 2, T901, 902, 903). Trench 903 extended from one side of the Brick Range to the other, approximately 7m metres, and was 2m wide. Trench 901 measured 2m by 2m, its eastern extent limited by the presence of asbestos. Trench 902 was abandoned after limited hand excavation and backfilled due to the presence of asbestos. The aim of this investigation was to determine the relationship of the above ground structures (both walls, doorways etc) with any below ground archaeological remains.

30 © Cotswold Archaeology Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony Road, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation and Watching Brief

3.12 Trench 901 was located adjacent to the northern wall at the north-eastern corner of the Brick Range to investigate the large blocked door at the east end of the northern wall. The Brick Range wall showed three distinct phases of build and/or repair, consistent with that identified in Trench 903. The earliest phase of construction may represent the foundation of an earlier medieval structure, confirming the interpretation offered in the previous evaluation of the Brick Range (CA 2007). A later rebuild of smaller lias blocks interspersed with larger limestone blocks incorporated a doorway and supported the upper extant portion of the Brick Range wall consisting of a facing of Tudor red brick with a rubble and mortar core. The doorway had been subsequently infilled with brick and ashlar blocks.

3.13 Two medieval deposits were identified in the base of Trench 901, interpreted as a dump deposits or made ground. Pottery dating from the 13th to 15th centuries, medieval ceramic building material (including ridge and roof tile) and stone roof tile was recovered from the deposits, suggesting the incorporation of demolition material.

3.14 Overlying the medieval deposits, a possible floor surface overlapped the threshold of the blocked in doorway of the north-east stable wall. A probable demolition deposit overlay the floor surface, which contained large quantities of stone roof tile, unworked angular stone and limited lime mortar fragments, however this deposit was artefactually undated. Further demolition and dump deposits, and an internal dividing wall were of post-medieval or modern date and were sealed by a modern concrete floor.

3.15 Limited excavation was undertaken in Trench 902 due to the presence of asbestos. The north-eastern wall of the Brick Range was exposed to a depth of approximately 0.3m BPGL. The lower portion of the wall consisted of finely worked ashlar blocks and formed the foundation for the upper red brick portion of the wall. Modern dump deposits were banked against the wall and contained industrial debris.

3.16 The earliest deposits revealed in Trench 903 consisted of potential bedding deposits for an undated early floor surface revealed at a depth on approximately 1m bpgl. These were overlain by a build-up deposit containing 17th to 18th century pottery, interpreted as build-up to raise the internal floor level of the stables. Overlying this layer, a burnt deposit contained large quantities of sandstone roof tile, iron nails and

31 © Cotswold Archaeology Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony Road, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation and Watching Brief

a 16th-century lead ventilator from a leaded window suggesting a fire and destruction of the roof in the later post-medieval period.

3.17 Following the potential fire, bedding deposits for a subsequent brick floor 90303 extended across the whole of the southern end of the Brick Range. Modern pottery recovered from the bedding layers suggests a date for the floor construction of the early 20th century, the bricks presumably reused from an earlier structure. A rubble levelling deposit also containing 20th-century material overlay the brick floor and formed the base for the current concrete floor.

Proposed Access and Carpark (The Outer Court) 3.18 Three trial trenches were excavated within the western part of the site (within the Outer Court), an area proposed for access and car parking (T904, T905, and T906). An undated wall was revealed in Trench 904 and could potentially date from the medieval period onwards. No other features or deposits of archaeological significance were revealed. Post-medieval and modern dump deposits were revealed in all three of the trenches to a depth of between 1.65m and 3.1m bpgl. The depth of infill may suggest that these dumps were infilling a cut feature in this areas as the level of the natural geology encountered eg in Trenches 905 and 906) was generally considerable lower than that encountered as the medieval ground level elsewhere on site. As a speculative interpretation of the landform in this area, although without in situ deposits to confirm it, this may perhaps have been a fishpond.

Watching Brief 3.19 The wall foundation, 91304, observed in Trench 913 almost certainly related to part of the north-eastern wall of the Brick Range, as postulated by Hughes (2003). This trench was excavated adjacent to an opening within the standing remains of the Brick Range and the discovery of the wall footing suggests that the north-eastern wall of the building may have extended across this space during an earlier phase of the building’s layout. This observation supports the interpretations from earlier archaeological works, including the evaluation outlined above, with Trenches 901, 902 and 903 containing evidence for various phases of construction.

32 © Cotswold Archaeology Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony Road, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation and Watching Brief

4. CA PROJECT TEAM

The evaluation k was undertaken by Ray Holt, assisted by Cotswold Archaeology staff, Matt Coman, James Green, Dane Wright, Franco Vartuca, Stuart Giles, Li Sou, and Volunteers, Kirsty Bennett, Lauren Mountford, Jane Cusworth, Ron Bishop, Jo Fawcett, Paul Crabtree and Lynne Cottam. The archaeological watching brief was undertaken by Alex Thomson. The report was written by Ray Holt and Alex Thomson, assisted by Dane Wright. The finds report and the faunal remains report were written by Jacky Somerville and Andrew Clarke respectively. The illustrations were prepared by Aleksandra Osinska. The archive has been compiled by Ray Holt, and prepared for deposition by Hazel O’Neil. The project was managed for CA by Laurent Coleman.

5. REFERENCES

Allen, T., Morriss, R. K. and Score, D. 2014 ‘Archaeological investigations in the Great Court of the Augustinian Priory of Llanthony by Gloucester, including a report on the upstanding ‘Great Stable’ and adjacent buildings’

BGS (British Geological Survey) 2011 Geology of Britain Viewer http://maps.bgs.ac.uk/geology viewer_google/googleviewer.html Accessed 4 September 2014

Bryant, V. 2004 ‘Medieval and early post-medieval pottery’, in Dalwood, H. and Edwards, R. 2004, 281–339.

CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2003 Gloucester Quays, Gloucester, Archaeological Evaluation. CA typescript report 03144

CA 2009 Remains of the Inner Court, Llanthony Priory, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation CA typescript report 09043

CA 2011a Marston’s Site, Gloucester Quays: Archaeological Evaluation. CA typescript report 11065

33 © Cotswold Archaeology Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony Road, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation and Watching Brief

CA 2011b Trench E3, Marston’s Site, Gloucester Quays: Archaeological Evaluation. CA typescript report 11130

CA 2011c Gloucester Quays Phase E Access Road, Gloucester: Archaeological Watching Brief. CA typescript report 11309

CA 2012 Marston’s Site, Gloucester Quays, Gloucester: Archaeological Watching Brief. CA typescript report 12092

CA 2013 Llanthony Wharf, Gloucester Quays, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation (Phase 4). CA typescript report 13185

CA 2014 Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony Road, Gloucester. Historic Buidlings Assessment. CA typescript report 1520

CA 2015 Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony Road, Gloucester: Written Scheme of Investigation for an Archaeological Watching Brief

Dalwood, H. and Edwards, R. 2004 Excavations at Deansway, Worcester 1988-89: Romano-British small town to late medieval city. CBA Research Report 139. York. Council for British Archaeology.

GCC (Gloucester City Council) 2014 Brief for an archaeological evaluation (and volunteer excavation).

Hillson, S. 1996 Mammal bones and teeth: An introductory guide to methods of identification London, The Institute of Archaeology. University of London

Hughes, P. 2003 Llanthony /High Orchard, Gloucester: A Historical Evaluation of the Impact of Canal, Railway and Industrial Development

Hughes, P. and Rhodes, J. 2003 Llanthony Priory, Gloucester: A Historical Evaluation

McCarthy, M. R. 1974 ‘The Medieval Kilns on Nash Hill, Lacock, Wiltshire’. The Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine 69, 97–160.

McSloy, E. R. 2013 ‘Medieval Pottery’, in Ridgeway, V. and Watts, M. (eds.) 2013, 155–75.

34 © Cotswold Archaeology Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony Road, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation and Watching Brief

Morriss, R.K. 2009 Llanthony Secunda Priory, Gloucester, Gloucestershire. A Conservation Plan. Richard K Morriss Associates, November 2009.

Oswald. A. 1975 ‘Clay Pipes for the Archaeologist’. Oxford. British Archaeological Reports, British Series, 14

Schmid, E. 1972 Atlas of animal bones: For prehistorians, archaeologists and quaternary geologists. Amsterdam, Elsevier Publishing Company

Watts, M. and Hughes, P. 2004 ‘Gloucester Quays: Llanthony Priory redefined?’ Glevensis 37, 19-28

35 © Cotswold Archaeology Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony Road, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation and Watching Brief

APPENDIX A: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS

Depth/thi Trench Context Context Spot- Type Fill of Description L (m) W (m) ckness No. No. interpretation date (m) Concrete floor 901 90101 Layer Concrete floor surface 0.14M surface Industrial waste, slag, Deliberate charcoal. Modern brick, 901 90102 Layer 0.28M Dump slate roof tile and FE metal. Linear, steep sided, Foundation 901 90103 Cut running parallel with 0.75M >0.35M 0.36M Cut 90113. Dark greenish grey sandy Medieval/ Demolition/ silt, abundant large to 901 90104 Deposit 2M >2M 0.14M Post- Silting deposit medium angular stone roof medieval tile. Dark brownish grey sandy 901 90105 Layer Floor Surface 0.04M clay, firm/ compact. Dark blackish grey sandy silt, abundant small to 901 90106 Deposit Made Ground 2M >0.5M 0.63M medium sub angular stone and roof tile. Very dark blackish grey, sandy silt, firm/ friable. 901 90107 Deposit Burnt deposit Abundant large poorly 2M >2M C13-C14 sorted flecks of charcoal and slag. Large worked Lias stone, Lower part of 901 90108 Structure worked and dressed stone 2M 1.5M NE stable wall wall super structure. Upper Brick Handmade red brick, 901 90109 Structure part of NE 4M bonded on stretcher. stable wall Blocked Sandstone ashlar dressed 901 90110 Structure >2.70M 2.1M Doorway block work. Light reddish pink silty clay, compact with 901 90111 Layer Floor surface >1.40M 0.05M frequent medium flecks of sub angular stone. Dark greenish grey sandy Demolition/ silt, abundant large 901 90112 Deposit 0.68M C14-C15 Made ground moderately sorted angular stone. Reused sandstone ashlar 901 90113 Structure Internal wall 0.75M 0.25M blocks. Reused red handmade Infill of blocked 901 90114 Deposit brick and sandstone >1.72M 2.1M doorway ashlar blocks. North wall of stables – red 902 90201 Structure Wall brick Modern dump deposit 902 90202 Deposit Modern dump containing building debris, 0.3M plastic, wire and asbestos Wall Ashlar foundation for 902 90203 Structure foundation 90201 Modern 903 90301 Deposit Modern concrete floor 7m >2M 0.06M concrete floor Loose reused brick, tile 903 90302 Deposit Made Ground >2M 0.31M C19-C20 and stone rubble. Brick surface laid on edge Post- 903 90303 Deposit Brick surface >7M >2M 0.12M with a central drain. medieval Light yellowish orange Bedding 903 90304 Deposit coarse sand friable, >1M >2M 0.22M C19-EC20 deposit sparse sub angular stone. Mid greyish brown clay Demolition silt, compact frequent sub 903 90305 Deposit >1M >2M 0.09M debris angular stone and abundant flecks of

36 © Cotswold Archaeology Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony Road, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation and Watching Brief

Depth/thi Trench Context Context Spot- Type Fill of Description L (m) W (m) ckness No. No. interpretation date (m) charcoal. Mid greyish brown clay silt, friable abundant large Post- 903 90306 Deposit Roof collapse >1M >2m 0.2M angular stone tiles and medieval flecks of charcoal. Dark brownish grey clay 903 90307 Deposit Made Ground silt, gritty. Sparse sub >1M >2M 0.34M C17-C18 angular stone. Light whitish yellow coarse Mortar floor 903 90308 Deposit sand, firm small abundant >1M >2M 0.1M surface sub angular stone. Dark brownish grey clay 903 90309 Deposit Made Ground silt, compact. Sparse >1M >2M 0.07M flecks of charcoal. Large dressed lias stone footings, with rebuilt rough lias stone blocks. Stone 903 90310 Structure Masonry roof tile and a skin of red >1.12M handmade bricks on the upper part of the superstructure. Brick upper part of wall 903 90311 Structure Masonry 90310 Central drain of machine 903 90312 structure Drain made brick within floor 90303 Dark brownish grey, loose. 904 90401 Deposit Topsoil >1M >1.80M 0.25M Gritty silty sand. Dumped industrial waste, 904 90402 Deposit Made Ground slag, Fe metal and modern >1.4 C19 building material. Sand stone dressed ashlar 904 90403 Structure Wall >1.8M 0.90M 0.18M blocks. 904 90404 Deposit Natural Clay Dark brownish grey, loose. 905 90501 Layer Topsoil >10m >1.8M 0.25M Gritty silty sand. Dumped industrial waste, 905 90502 Deposit Made ground slag, Fe metal and modern >10M >1.8M 1.25M building material. 905 90503 Layer Buried soil Buried soil horizon. >10M >1.8M 0.25M Deliberate dumping, Deliberate frequent angular poorly 905 90504 Layer >10M >1.8M 0.3M Dump sorted stone mixed with industrial waste. 905 90505 Deposit Natural Clay Dark brownish grey, loose. 906 90601 Layer Topsoil >10M >1.8M 0.26M Gritty silty sand. Dumped industrial waste, Deliberate 906 90602 Deposit slag, Fe metal and modern >10M >1.8M 2.84M Dump building material. 906 90603 Deposit Natural Yellowish orange gravel Concrete 907 90701 Layer Modern concrete floor >1.9M >1.28M 0.11M surface Mixed cement and 907 90702 Layer Made Ground concrete with dumped >1.9M >1.28M 0.33M C19 worked stone. Dark brownish orange fine clay sand, loose/ friable >1.48 907 90703 Layer Made Ground >1.28M 0.31M with rare small well sorted well rounded stone Dark brownish grey fine sandy silt, abundant well Silting/ Refuse 907 90704 Layer sorted medium angular >1.9M >1.28M 0.24M LC17-C18 deposit stone. Frequent animal bone and shell. Greyish white coarse >1.48 907 90705 Layer Floor surface >1.28M 0.05M sandy gravel, compact/

37 © Cotswold Archaeology Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony Road, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation and Watching Brief

Depth/thi Trench Context Context Spot- Type Fill of Description L (m) W (m) ckness No. No. interpretation date (m) friable with small well rounded well sorted stone. Dark brownish grey fine 907 90706 Layer Silting sandy silt, frequent well >1.9M >1.28M >0.2M sorted sub angular stone. Lias worked stone blocks, 907 90707 Structure Internal wall squared rectangular 0.72M 0.68M 0.3M coursing. 907 90708 Void Void 907 90709 Void Void Wall superstructure, Lias Large stone 907 90710 Structure stone blocks, squared >1.9M 0.22M footings rectangular coursing. North west Wall superstructure, Lias 907 90711 Structure wall super stone blocks, squared structure rectangular coursing. Red handmade brick, 907 90712 Structure Brick fire place stretcher brick bond. Dark orangey brown silty 907 90713 Layer Made ground <1.9M >1.18M 0.03M clay, firm/ friable. Cobbled stone floor Cobbled floor 907 90714 Layer surface, irregular sub >1.2M >0.8M surface rounded stone. Dark brownish grey sandy Wall silt, abundant dressed >1.28 EC12- 907 90715 Structure >0.40M 0.25M foundation stone blocks, irregular in MC12 form. Dark brownish grey sandy Gravel silt, gritty. Abundant small 907 90716 Deposit >1.2M >0.8M Bedding to medium well sorted well rounded stone. Foundation cut >1.28 907 90717 Cut Vertical sided, flat base. >0.40M 0.25M for wall 90715 Flagstone/ 908 90801 Surface Concrete floor surface >2M >2M 0.07M Brick floor Concrete floor Limestone flagstones with 908 90802 Surface >2M >2M 0.08M surface red brick repairs. Mid grey brown sandy silt, frequent building rubble 908 90803 Deposit Dump deposit and small to medium >2M >2M C20 angular fragments of limestone. Mid brownish grey, friable Post- 908 90804 Deposit Dump deposit >0.5M 0.4M 0.1M stone rubble. medieval Stone floor lined with 908 90805 Surface Stone floor >2M >1.5M 0.1M bricks. Truncated N/ Dressed limestone wall, 908 90806 Structure >0.5M >0.3M >0.2M S wall irregular finish. West wall of Limestone and lias blocks, 908 90807 Structure >2M >3M priory irregular coursing. Cobbled floor Irregular lias cobbles, laid 908 90808 Surface >0.5M >0.10M surface on end and on side. Construction Linear, steep sided. (not 908 90809 Cut >0.5M >0.2M >0.42M cut bottomed) Dark grey-brown clay 908 90810 Fill 90809 Backfill sand, with occasional >0.5M >0.2M >0.42M C13 gravel inclusions. Reddish brown slightly Unknow 908 90811 Deposit Made Ground clay sand with occasional >0.3M

angular stones. Mortar Mixed lime mortar and 908 90812 Deposit >0.65M 0.05M bedding rounded gravel bedding. Dark brownish grey, loose. Gritty silty sand, abundant 909 90901 Deposit Topsoil >7.9M >2M 0.15M C20 modern and post medieval waste. Mid grey brown sandy silt, 909 90902 Deposit Garden soil >2.5M >0.75M 0.35M C20 firm frequent small to

38 © Cotswold Archaeology Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony Road, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation and Watching Brief

Depth/thi Trench Context Context Spot- Type Fill of Description L (m) W (m) ckness No. No. interpretation date (m) medium angular CBM and limestone. Pale yellow brown sandy Mortar mortar, compact. Sparse 909 90903 Deposit >0.4M >0.4M 0.07M Bedding small angular CBM inclusions. Limestone cobbles, flat Cobbled floor fragments with occasional 909 90904 Deposit 2M >1.6M 0.12M surface small to medium sized blocks. Mid grey brown sandy silt, Dumped firm frequent small to 909 90905 Deposit >3M >2M 0.35M C19 deposit medium angular CBM and limestone. Light yellow orange sand mixed with small to Dumped 909 90906 Deposit medium angular fragment >1M >1M 0.23M deposit of building rubble, heavily rooted. Compacted crushed limestone building rubble Post- 909 90907 Deposit Dump deposit >1M >1M 0.5M mixed with grey sand and medieval occasional mortar lenses. Brick and limestone slabs/ blocks. Handmade bricks 909 90908 Surface Floor Surface 2.5M >2M 0.1M and reused dressed limestone blocks. Mid yellow orange clay 909 90909 Deposit Natural sand with frequent iron >1M >1M >0.15M staining Mid grey brown sandy silt, Dumping/ loose, occasional angular 909 90910 Deposit >1.2M >0.8M 0.15M C20 Levelling fragments of limestone and domestic refuse. Limestone slabs, dressed 909 90911 Surface Floor Surface >1.2M >0.8M and reused. Limestone slabs and 909 90912 Structure Wall blocks vary in size. >3M 0.8M 0.7M Dressed slabs/ block. Limestone slabs, loose 909 90913 Surface Floor surface 0.12M fragments. Limestone slabs and 909 90914 Structure wall footing blocks, vary in size. >2.9M >0.22M >0.7M Dressed slabs/ block. Construction Steep sided, flat bottom >2.95 909 90915 Cut >0.52M 0.7M cut cut, parallel to 90912 Dark grey brown sandy silt, firm/ compact with Deliberate >2.95 909 90916 Fill 90915 occasional post medieval/ >0.52M 0.7M backfill modern building rubble throughout. Pale yellowish brown sandy silt, firm/ compact. 909 90917 Deposit Dump deposit >2.95 >0.8M 0.31M LC17-C18 Abundant crushed sandy mortar throughout. Mid brownish grey silty sand, frequent small to medium angular limestone LC18- 909 90918 Deposit Dump deposit >1M >0.9M 0.5M fragments and occasional MC19 charcoal and mortar flecks. Mid yellow orange clay Redeposited >2.95 909 90919 Deposit sand with frequent iron >0.8M >0.34M natural staining Handmade red brick laid 910 91001 Surface Floor Surface >2M >2M 0.06M on edge Mid yellow brown silty Bedding 910 91002 Deposit sand, abundant flecks of >2M >2M 0.1M C20 deposit charcoal and CBM.

39 © Cotswold Archaeology Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony Road, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation and Watching Brief

Depth/thi Trench Context Context Spot- Type Fill of Description L (m) W (m) ckness No. No. interpretation date (m) Dark grey brown sandy silt, firm/ compact. Frequent charcoal 910 91003 Deposit Burnt deposit >2M >2M 0.03M LC18-C19 fragments and small angular limestone fragments. Handmade red brick laid 910 91004 Surface Brick surface 0.95M 0.5M 0.06M on edge. Pale brownish yellow silty sand, compact. Frequent 910 91005 Deposit Dump deposit >2M >2M 0.22M C19 building rubble, limestone, CBM and charcoal flecks. Limestone fragments, Cobbled floor 910 91006 Surface worked blocks and sub >2M >2M 0.15M surface rounded cobbles. Wall Limestone slabs, Irregular 910 91007 Structure >2M 0.36M 0.25M foundation dressed. Mid greyish brown clay silt, firm. Occasional 910 91008 Deposit Dump deposit angular fragments of >0.9M >0.8M 0.41M Limestone and CBM. Sparse domestic refuse. Light yellowish brown sandy clay, firm/ compact. 910 91009 Natural Natural >0.9M >0.8M Rare limestone fragment pressed in to the surface. Construction Parallel to 91020, vertical 910 91010 Cut >2M 0.3M 0.48M cut sides, not bottomed. Mid grey brown clay sand, Deliberate 910 91011 Fill 91010 firm. Sparse charcoal and >2M 0.3M 0.48M LC18-C19 backfill mortar inclusion. Construction Parallel to 91019 , vertical 910 91012 Cut >2M >0.5M 0.6M cut sides, not bottomed. Deliberate Light grey concrete mixed Post- 910 91013 Fill 91012 >2M >0.5M >0.6M backfill with building rubble. medieval Construction Vertical sides, not 910 91014 Cut >2M >0.25M >0.15M cut bottomed. Mid yellow brown clay Deliberate sand with occasional small 910 91015 Fill >2M >0.25M >0.15M backfill angular limestone fragments. Steep irregular sides, Flat Construction 910 91016 Cut base, stopes on a >2M 0.42M 0.45M cut concrete surface. Pale brownish yellow silty sand, loose. Frequent Deliberate MC19- 910 91017 Fill 91016 building rubble and >2M 0.42M 0.45M backfill MC20 crushed fragments of wall plaster. Mid yellow brown sand, Bedding soft. Rare charcoal flecks 910 91018 Deposit >2M >2M 0.15M deposit and small angular limestone fragments. Reused dressed limestone 910 91019 Structure Wall >2M >3M Blocks, irregular coursing. Reused dressed limestone 910 91020 Structure Wall >2M >3M Blocks, irregular coursing. Dark greyish-brown clayey-silt with modern 911 91100 Deposit Topsoil >0.3M >0.3M 0.23M and post-medieval inclusions Mixed gravel, stone, CBM and light greyish-brown 911 91101 Deposit Made ground >0.3M >0.3M 0.31M clay with modern inclusions Mixed dark greyish-brown clayey-silt, CBM and 911 91102 Deposit Made ground >0.3M >0.3M >0.46M gravel with modern inclusions

40 © Cotswold Archaeology Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony Road, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation and Watching Brief

Depth/thi Trench Context Context Spot- Type Fill of Description L (m) W (m) ckness No. No. interpretation date (m) Dark greyish-brown clayey-silt with modern 912 91200 Deposit Topsoil >0.3M >0.3M 0.22M and post-medieval inclusions Mixed light bluish-grey clay and yellowish-brown 912 91201 Deposit Made ground >0.3M >0.3M 0.51M gravelly-sand with CBM inclusions Light bluish-grey alluvial 912 91202 Deposit Alluvium >0.3M >0.3M >0.12M clay with stone inclusions 913 91300 Deposit Topsoil Dark brown gravelly-silt >0.4M >0.4M 0.05M Bedding 913 91301 Deposit Light greyish-yellow gravel >0.4M >0.4M 0.1M material Modern 913 91302 Deposit Tarmacadam >0.4M >0.4M 0.05M Surface Mixed CBM, stone, and 913 91303 Deposit Made ground >0.4M >0.4M 0.2M mortar 913 91304 Structure Wall footing Dressed ashlar block >0.3M >0.3M >0.04M 914 91400 Deposit Topsoil Dark brown gravelly-silt >0.4M >0.4M 0.1M Mixed gravel, stone, CBM and light greyish-brown 914 91401 Deposit Made ground >0.4M >0.4M 0.32M clay with modern inclusions Grey clayey-gravel with 914 91402 Deposit Made ground CBM, stone and modern >0.4M >0.4M >0.38M inclusions Dark greyish-brown 915 91500 Deposit Topsoil >0.5M >0.3M 0.15M clayey-silt Mixed greyish-brown clayey-silt, concrete, CBM 915 91501 Deposit Made ground and modern or post- >0.5M >0.3M >0.45M medieval industrial residues Dark greyish-brown 916 91600 Deposit Topsoil >0.5M >0.3M 0.2M clayey-silt Mixed greyish-brown 916 91601 Deposit Made ground clayey-silt, concrete and >0.5M >0.3M 0.2M CBM Modern 916 91602 Deposit Concrete pad >0.5M >0.3M >0.01M foundation 917 91700 Deposit Topsoil Dark brown gravelly-silt >0.3M >0.3M 0.5M Modern 917 91701 Deposit Light greyish-brown gravel >0.3M >0.3M 0.1M service infill Mixed light greyish-brown 917 91702 Deposit Made ground >0.3M >0.3M >0.3M gravel and silty-clay

41 © Cotswold Archaeology Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony Road, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation and Watching Brief

APPENDIX B: THE FINDS

Context Description Count Weight(g) Spot-date 90104 Stone: roof tile 2 4766 Medieval/ Post-medieval 90107 Medieval pottery: oxidised Malvernian glazed ware 2 46 C13-C14 Slag 3 555 90112 Medieval pottery: Cotswold oolitic limestone-tempered ware 2 131 C14-C15 Medieval ceramic building material: ridge tile, flat roof tile 5 149 Stone: roof tile 1 33 90302 Post-medieval/modern pottery: ‘late’ English stoneware 5 268 C19-C20 (TF96); refined whiteware; transfer-printed refined whiteware Post-medieval/modern ceramic building material: brick, nib 5 7517 tile Modern glass: bottles, jar 5 414 Clay tobacco pipe: bowl 1 7 Stone: slate 1 168 Stone: roofing tile 2 1943 90303 Post-medieval ceramic building material: brick 1 2383 Post-medieval 90304 Post-medieval/modern pottery: ‘late’ English stoneware 34 648 C19-EC20 (TF96); transfer-printed refined whiteware; Staffordshire iron- glazed ware (TF74) 90305 Iron object: nail 1 14 - 90306 Iron object: nail 1 10 Post-medieval Lead alloy: object 1 71 90307 Post-medieval pottery: North Devon gravel-tempered ware 5 103 C17-C18 (TF70) Iron object: nail 1 6 90402 Post-medieval/modern pottery: Creamware; transfer-printed 6 34 C19 Pearlware; transfer-printed refined whiteware; black-glazed earthenware; Post-medieval glass: bottle 2 108 90702 Post-medieval/modern pottery: transfer-printed Pearlware; 12 174 C19 tin-glazed earthenware (TF62); transfer-printed refined whiteware; refined whiteware Post-medieval glass: bottle 3 66 Clay tobacco pipe: stems, bowl 6 22 90704 Post-medieval pottery: tin-glazed earthenware (TF62) 2 19 LC17-C18 Post-medieval ceramic building material: flat roof tile 2 292 Post-medieval glass: bottle 1 5 Clay tobacco pipe: stem 1 7 Stone: roof tile 1 205 Copper alloy object: buckle, strip 2 46 Iron object: nail, horseshoe, fragments 7 725 Shell 1 15 90715 Stone: architectural fragments 3 112300 EC12-MC12 90803 Post-medieval pottery: Staffordshire white salt-glazed 5 171 C20 stoneware (TF67); glazed earthenware Post-medieval/modern glass: bottle 7 114 Iron object: nail 1 29 Stone: slate 3 42 Plaster 1 150 Painted wall plaster 1 31 90804 Iron object: nail 1 23 Post-medieval Plaster 1 269 Slag 3 103 Shell 2 15 90810 Medieval pottery: Saintonge polychrome 1 6 C13 Shell 1 5

42 © Cotswold Archaeology Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony Road, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation and Watching Brief

Context Description Count Weight(g) Spot-date 90901 Post-medieval/modern pottery: Creamware; English 32 429 C20 porcelain (TF66); Pearlware; tin-glazed earthenware (TF62); Staffordshire combed slipware (TF72); ‘late’ English stoneware (TF96); Staffordshire iron-glazed ware (TF74); refined black-glazed earthenware; refined brown-glazed earthenware; Staffordshire black-glazed earthenware (TF61); glazed earthenware; transfer-printed refined whiteware; refined whiteware Post-medieval ceramic building material: nib tile 2 205 Modern glass: bottles, bottle stopper 10 346 Clay tobacco pipe: stem, bowl 5 13 Iron object: nail 13 280 Copper alloy object: gun casing 1 4 Stone: roof tile 1 1608 Stone: slate 1 159 Shell 1 7 90902 Medieval pottery: North Wiltshire oolitic limestone tempered 4 47 C20 ware; unglazed coarseware Post-medieval/modern pottery: Staffordshire combed 13 266 slipware (TF72); mocha ware; Cistercian ware (TF60); Staffordshire black-glazed earthenware (TF61); glazed earthenware Post-medieval ceramic building material: glazed pipe 2 223 Post-medieval glass: bottle 6 32 Modern glass: bottle 1 4 Clay tobacco pipe: stem 1 4 Iron object: nail 2 182 Stone: roof tile 1 72 Rubber object 1 10 Shell 18 132 90903 Shell 1 16 - 90905 Medieval pottery: oxidised Malvernian glazed ware 4 44 C19 Post-medieval ceramic building material 4 69 Post-medieval glass: bottle 1 43 Modern glass: bottle 1 11 Iron object: nail 1 23 Stone: roof tile 1 15 Shell 22 203 90907 Post-medieval ceramic building material: flat roof tile 2 47 Post-medieval Shell 1 11 90910 Post-medieval/modern pottery: Creamware; refined 3 5 C20 whiteware Modern glass: bottle 1 24 Shell 1 9 90917 Post-medieval pottery: Staffordshire combed slipware (TF72) 1 21 LC17-C18 90918 Medieval pottery: Lacock-Nashill ware 2 9 LC18-MC19 Post-medieval pottery: transfer-printed Pearlware; glazed 2 10 earthenware Post-medieval ceramic building material: glazed flat tile 1 34 91002 Post-medieval/modern pottery: English porcelain (TF66); 13 815 C20 Pearlware; mocha ware; ‘late’ English stoneware (TF96); transfer-printed refined whiteware; glazed earthenware Post-medieval glass: bottle 5 140 Modern glass: window 1 39 Clay tobacco pipe: stems, bowl 4 26 Iron object: nail 1 49 Plaster 3 831 91003 Post-medieval/modern pottery: refined whiteware 1 0 LC18-C19 Clay tobacco pipe: stems, bowl 3 6 Iron object: nails, fragments 9 52 91005 Post-medieval/modern pottery: Staffordshire combed 6 67 C19 slipware (TF72); transfer-printed refined whiteware; refined whiteware; unglazed earthenware Post-medieval ceramic building material 1 5

43 © Cotswold Archaeology Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony Road, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation and Watching Brief

Context Description Count Weight(g) Spot-date Post-medieval glass: window 1 2 Clay tobacco pipe: stem 2 5 Copper alloy object: ring 1 3 Plaster 1 172 Shell 3 10 91008 Coal 3 32 - Shell 1 22 91011 Post-medieval pottery: Staffordshire combed slipware (TF72) 1 4 LC18-C19 Post-medieval glass: bottle 2 491 Clay tobacco pipe: bowl 1 9 Plaster 1 349 Shell 8 140 91013 Post-medieval ceramic building material: glazed flat tile 1 15 Post-medieval 91017 Post-medieval/modern pottery: Creamware; ‘late’ English 4 25 MC19-MC20 stoneware (TF96); transfer-printed refined whiteware; glazed earthenware Post-medieval glass: bottle 1 121 Plaster 1 388

44 © Cotswold Archaeology Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony Road, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation and Watching Brief

APPENDIX C: THE FAUNAL REMAINS

Identified animal species by fragment count (NISP) and weight and context.

Deposit BOS O/C SUS Cer GAL LM MM Total Weight (g) medieval 90112 1 1 1 3 137 post-medieval/modern 90307 1 3 4 8 34 90704 10 5 1 18 2 36 1257 90918 3 3 28 90702 2 1 10 13 38 90905 5 2 1 8 13 29 620 91005 1 1 2 22 91011 8 4 6 5 23 651 90302 1 1 27 90803 1 4 5 61 90901 1 9 2 7 5 24 292 90902 9 6 5 8 28 1191 90910 1 1 1 3 27 91002 1 1 53 90804 1 2 1 5 9 164 Subtotal 34 33 3 8 46 60 185 4465 undated 90707 1 1 2 3 90903 1 3 1 5 131 91008 3 5 1 9 317 Subtotal 4 5 1 1 3 2 16 451 Total 38 40 3 2 9 50 62 204 Weight 2377 705 86 128 24 1460 273 5053 BOS = Cattle; O/C = ovicaprid, SUS = pig; GAL = chicken; Cer = R. Deer; LM= large sized mammal; MM = medium sized mammal

45 © Cotswold Archaeology Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony Road, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation and Watching Brief

APPENDIX D: OASIS REPORT FORM

PROJECT DETAILS

Project Name Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony Road, Gloucester Short description An archaeological evaluation was undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology in September and October 2014 at Llanthony Secunda Priory. A total of ten trenches was excavated. In March 2015, an archaeological watching brief was completed during the excavation of seven contamination trial pits.

Three evaluation trenches were excavated in the area standing remains of the late medieval structure known as the Brick Range, although one trench had to be abandoned due to contamination. The two other trenches demonstrated a complex history of construction and repair of the building. The late medieval brick building currently standing appears to have been constructed on earlier stone footings with associated deposits dating to the 13th to 15th centuries. Within the western part of the building the earliest floor surface was covered by a 17th/18th century make-up deposit overlain by a substantial burnt deposit with large amounts of sandstone roof tile, suggesting a major destructive fire in the later post-medieval period. The current floor surface over this, made mainly of reused bricks, was laid in the early 20th century.

Three evaluation test pits were excavated within the standing buildings known as the Medieval Range and one immediately to the north within the Medieval Range North. The internal trenches showed a complex history of construction and alteration: A possible earlier phase of the medieval building and associated surfaces were identified at 1m below modern floor level. These were overlain by later medieval and post-medieval structures of the standing building, make-up and floor surfaces. The current floor surfaces all appear to be post-medieval or modern in date. The external trench contained remains of structures and surfaces relating to the post-medieval use of the site as a farm overlying the stone footings of a probable medieval wall footing with two possible phases, confirming that the medieval range previously extended to the north of its current extent.

Three evaluation trenches were excavated within an open area west of the standing medieval and later buildings of the priory. Two of these trenches encountered deep modern infill deposits to a depth of more than 3.1m below ground level, perhaps infilling a large cut feature. A stone wall footing of possible medieval date was also found.

During the archaeological watching brief, undertaken in March 2015, seven trial pits were excavated to investigate possible contamination within the site. One of these trial pits, revealed a wall foundation. This wall foundation is almost certainly part of the Brick Range. Project dates 15 September to 1 October 2014 and 17 March 2015 Project type Field Evaluation and Archaeological Watching Brief

Previous work Building record and analysis (J. Rhodes. 1970s), Field evaluation (CA 2007) Historical reviews (Hughes and Rhodes 2003, Watts and Hughes 2004). Evaluation and Building Assessment and Record (Allen et al 2014) Future work Unknown PROJECT LOCATION

46 © Cotswold Archaeology Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony Road, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation and Watching Brief

Site Location Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony Road, Gloucester Study area (M2/ha) Site co-ordinates (8 Fig Grid Reference) SO 82384 17992

PROJECT CREATORS Name of organisation Cotswold Archaeology Project Brief originator Gloucester City Council (GCC) Project Design (WSI) originator Cotswold Archaeology

Project Manager Laurent Coleman Project Supervisor Ray Holt and Alex Thomson MONUMENT TYPE Priory SIGNIFICANT FINDS Medieval and post-medieval pottery and ceramic building material; medieval architectural fragments. Late medieval window ventilation quarry. PROJECT ARCHIVES Intended final location of archive Content (e.g. pottery, (museum/Accession no.) animal bone etc)

Physical Gloucester City Museum Ceramics, animal bone, Iron and lead objects Paper Gloucester City Museum Context sheets, trench sheets, photographic registers, permatrace drawings, levels registers Digital Gloucester City Museum Database, digital photos, GPS survey BIBLIOGRAPHY

CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2015 Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony Road, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation and Watching Brief. CA typescript report 14475

47 site

N Cirencester 01285 771022 Milton Keynes 01908 564660 Cotswold Andover 01264 347630 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Gloucestershire Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony Road, Gloucester FIGURE TITLE Site location plan

0 1km

FIGURE NO. Reproduced from the 2005 Ordnance Survey Explorer map with PROJECT NO. 5024 DATE 08/10/2014 the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller DRAWN BY AO REVISION 00 of Her Majesty's Stationery Office c Crown copyright Cotswold Archaeological Trust 100002109 APPROVED BY JB SCALE@A4 1:25,000 1 824 825 823 N

181

HEMMINGSDALE ROAD

C4 C2 Remains of Llanthony Priory C3(N) C1(a)

C1(a) C3(S) evaluation trench 2014 Pond T912 contamination investigation trial pit Report References T909 CA 2003 Priory Gate (Fig. 11) (remains of) Llanthony Priory CA 2005 T908 (Fig. 10) T916 CA 2009 180 T910 CA 2011a ROAD (Fig. 12) Priory Wall T906 T905 T907 SUDMEADOW CA 2011b (remains of) (Fig. 8) (Fig. 7) (Fig. 9) CA 2011c ROAD LLANTHONY T911 CA 2012 CA 2013 T917 Oxford Archaeology 2005 Excavation Area T904 Llanthony Wharf (Fig. 6) T903 1987 Excavations T7 (Fig. 5) T915 medieval structure E1 T902 medieval surface (Fig. 4) T901 T913 (Fig. 3) TP1 T4 Scheduled Monument T8 T914 TP2 TP3 T9 The Gloucester and Sharpness Canal postulated layout of priory T6 E2 B4 precinct (after Hughes 2003)

T5

Baker's Quay B5 E3 0 50m

179 Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey Digital mapping with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office ‹&URZQFRS\ULJKW&RWVZROG$UFKDHRORJ\/WG

B6

line of Sudbrook Llanthony Wharf PRIORY JUNCTION Cirencester 01285 771022 B7 Milton Keynes 01908 564660 Andover 01264 347630 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk B3 e [email protected] Llanthony Wharf PROJECT TITLE ST ANN WAY Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony Road, Gloucester

FIGURE TITLE Site, showing location of trenches B1 B2 Control Twr

PROJECT NO. 5024 DATE 04-06-2015 FIGURE NO. DRAWN BY JB/AO REVISION 00 SO Und APPROVED BY JB SCALE@A3 1:1000 2 P:\5024 llanthony secunda priory re-formation eval\Illustration\Drafts\5024 Llanthony Glos Fig 02.dwg Trench 901, plan Section BB A B concrete surface 90101 wallwall N concrete 9010990109 surface 90101 SW NE 10m AOD wall foundation 90102 90108 concreteconcrete surfacesurface 9010190101 D A 90104 90107 90106/ 9010290102 90112 floor surface 90105/90111 truncation 90103 9901040104 9901030103 wall D 90113 wall 90108 B unexcavated floorfloor surfacesurface 90105/9011190105/90111 90106/90112 C 990106/901120106/90112

C wallwall wwallall 9010290102 9010890108

9901070107 90107 Trench 901, south-east facing section (BB) (1 m scale)

Section CC Section DD Section AA concrete concrete surface 90101 surface 90101 SE NW NE SW 10m 90102 AOD 10m AOD 90104 90102 90104 blocked wall doorway 90113 foundation cut 90110 floor surface 90103 90105/90111 floor surface 90105/90111

truncation wall 90103 90108 90106/90112 NW wall 90109 SE 90106/90112 11m AOD

90107

infill of doorway 90114 brick stone

01m

concreteconcrete surfacesurface 9010190101 section scale 1:20 02m wall 90110

infillinfill ooff plan scale 1:50 9901020102 doorwaydoorway 9011490114 Cirencester 01285 771022 threshold Milton Keynes 01908 564660 9010390103 9010490104 Cotswold Andover 01264 347630 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected] ffloorloor surfacesurface 90105/9011190105/90111 PROJECT TITLE

wall foundation 90108 Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony wallwall 90106/9011290106/90112 Road, Gloucester foundationfoundation 9901080108 FIGURE TITLE Trench 901; plan, sections and

9901070107 photographs

Trench 901, north-west facing section (DD) (1 m scales) PROJECT NO. 5024 DATE 06/10/2014 FIGURE NO. DRAWN BY AO REVISION 00 APPROVED BY JB SCALE@A3 1:20 & 1:50 3 4

wallwall foundationfoundation 9020190201

mmodernodern dumpdump 9902020202

Cirencester 01285 771022 Milton Keynes 01908 564660 Cotswold Andover 01264 347630 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk 4 Trench 902, wall 90201 looking south-east (1m scale) e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony Road, Gloucester FIGURE TITLE Trench 902; photograph

PROJECT NO. 5024 DATE 08/10/2014 FIGURE NO. DRAWN BY AO REVISION 00 APPROVED BY JB SCALE@A4 N/A 4 Trench 903, plan

N

brick floor 90303 brick Section EE stone roof tile SE NW Section FF stone 10.5m 90302 AOD wall 90311 concrete surface 90301 wall 90311 concrete surface 90302 90302 NE SW

10m brick floor 90303 AOD wall 90310 concrete drain 90312 90304 wall 90310 brick floor 90303 90305

90306

wall wall foundation 90313 90307 foundation 90313

F 90309 mortar surface 90309 90308

E

wall 90310

F E

concreteconcrete surfacesurface 9030190301

9903020302 wallwall 9031190311

brickbrick floorfloor 9030390303 01m

concreteconcrete 9903030303 section scale 1:20 surfacesurface 9030490304 9030190301 wallwall 9031090310 9903040304 02m 9903050305 plan scale 1:50 9030690306 wwallall ffoundationoundation 9903130313 9030690306

9903070307 Cirencester 01285 771022 Milton Keynes 01908 564660 9030290302 mmortarortar surfacesurface 9030890308 9903050305 Cotswold Andover 01264 347630 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected] brickbrick floorfloor 9030390303 9030990309 PROJECT TITLE

Trench 903, wall 90310 looking south-west (section EE) (1 m scale) Trench 903, north-west facing section (FF) (1 m scale) Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony Road, Gloucester FIGURE TITLE Trench 903; plan, sections and photographs

PROJECT NO. 5024 DATE 06/10/2014 FIGURE NO. DRAWN BY AO REVISION 00 APPROVED BY JB SCALE@A3 1:20 & 1:50 5 Trench 904, plan

N

G 90402 Section GG

topsoil 90401

wall 90403 tip lines

modern dumping deposits 90402 G S N 9m 90402 AOD wall foundation 90403

90402

wallwall foundationfoundation 9904030403

01m

section scale 1:20

02m

plan scale 1:50

Cirencester 01285 771022 Milton Keynes 01908 564660 Cotswold Andover 01264 347630 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk 90404 Trench 904, wall 90403 looking west (0.5m scale) e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony Road, Gloucester FIGURE TITLE 90402 Trench 904; plan, section and photograph

PROJECT NO. 5024 DATE 08/10/2014 FIGURE NO. DRAWN BY AO REVISION 00 APPROVED BY JB SCALE@A3 1:20 & 1:50 6 Trench 905, plan

N

Section HH

topsoil 90501 N S 10m 90502 AOD

tip lines 90505

modern dumping deposits 90502

buried soil 90503

dumping 90504

90502

natural substrate at 1.8m below present ground level

ttopsoilopsoil 9905010501

mmodernodern ddumpingumping ddepositseposits 9905020502 01m H section scale 1:20 bburieduried ssoiloil 9905030503 02m 90505 plan scale 1:50 dumpingdumping 9050490504

90502 H Cirencester 01285 771022 Milton Keynes 01908 564660 Cotswold Andover 01264 347630 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

Trench 905, east facing section (1m scale) PROJECT TITLE Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony Road, Gloucester FIGURE TITLE Trench 905; plan, section and photograph

PROJECT NO. 5024 DATE 08/10/2014 FIGURE NO. DRAWN BY AO REVISION 00 APPROVED BY JB SCALE@A3 1:20 & 1:50 7 Trench 906, plan

N

Section II

90602 topsoil 90601 SW NE 10m AOD 90603 tip lines

modern dumping deposits 90602

90602

natural substrate 90603 at 3.1m below present ground level

ttopsoilopsoil 9906010601

I

modernmodern dumpingdumping 9060290602 01m

section scale 1:20 90602 02m

I plan scale 1:50

90602

Cirencester 01285 771022 Cotswold Milton Keynes 01908 564660 Trench 906, north-west facing section (1m scale) Andover 01264 347630 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony Road, Gloucester FIGURE TITLE Trench 906; plan, section and photograph

PROJECT NO. 5024 DATE 08/10/2014 FIGURE NO. DRAWN BY AO REVISION 00 APPROVED BY JB SCALE@A3 1:20 & 1:50 8 Trench 907, plan Section JJ Section KK

fireplace wall 90712 J N

NE SW 10m AOD 90702 K SW NE wall 90707 wall 90711 10m AOD 90703 wall footing 90703 90715

construction cut gravel 90717 bedding 90704 90716 90705 fireplace foundation wall 90712 90710 wall foundation 90710 90706 90713

wall cobbled floor 90714 90707 gravel 90703 bedding 90716 cobbled floor 90714 cobbled gravel bedding 90716 floor 90714 concrete surface 90701 Section LL

gravel J bedding 90712 fireplace wall L 90716 concrete surface 90701

SE NW 10m 90702 K AOD L

wall 90711 90703

90704 90705

90713 wall foundation 90710 90706 concreteconcrete ssurfaceurface 9070190701 cobbled floor 90714

9070290702 gravel bedding 90716 wallwall 9071190711

9907030703 wallwall 9071290712 9070490704 9070590705 brick stone 9070690706 9071390713

wallwall foundationfoundation 9071090710 wwallall 01m ggravelravel 9071190711 wallwall foundationfoundation beddingbedding 9907160716 9907100710

wwallall 9907070707 Cirencester 01285 771022 ccobbledobbled ffloorloor 9071490714 Milton Keynes 01908 564660 Cotswold Andover 01264 347630 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

ggravelravel PROJECT TITLE bbeddingedding 9907160716 wwallall 9907070707 Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony wwallall ffootingooting Road, Gloucester cobbledcobbled 9907150715 FIGURE TITLE floorfloor 9071490714 Trench 907; plan, sections and photographs Trench 907, looking south-west (1 m scales) Trench 907, wall 90707 (0.5m scale)

PROJECT NO. 5024 DATE 06/10/2014 FIGURE NO. DRAWN BY AO REVISION 00 APPROVED BY JB SCALE@A3 1:20 9 Trench 908, plan

N

wall 90807

floor 90802

brick

N stone Section MM Section NN construction floor 90808 cut 90809

wall SW NE SE NW 90810 90806 10m wall N 10m floor 90702 AOD AOD 90807 90812 90803 M 90810 floor 90805 90804 floor 90805 wall floor 90811 90806 90802 90809 floor 90808

M

wallwall 9080790807

concreteconcrete wwallall 9080790807 floorfloor 9080190801

cconstructiononstruction ccutut 9908090809

9080390803 wallwall 9080690806 01m floorfloor 9080290802

ffloorloor 9080290802 floorfloor 9080890808 Cirencester 01285 771022 Milton Keynes 01908 564660 Cotswold Andover 01264 347630 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

floorfloor 9080590805 PROJECT TITLE Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony Road, Gloucester Trench 908, floor 90802 looking north-west (1 m scales) Trench 908 , wall 90806 looking north-west (0.3m scale) FIGURE TITLE Trench 908; plan, sections and photographs

PROJECT NO. 5024 DATE 08/10/2014 FIGURE NO. DRAWN BY AO REVISION 00 APPROVED BY JB SCALE@A3 1:20 10 Trench 909, plan Section OO P SE NW flagstone N surface P 10m 90911 AOD Sondage C 90919

mortar and rubble bedding 90905 9909050905

9909060906 90906 wall footing Sondage B flagstone surface 90914 9909070907 90913

9909090909 90907 mortar and rubble bedding O 90902/90905 Sondage A

brick and limestone 90909 natural substrate surface 90908 O Trench 909, bedding layers looking south (section OO) (1 m scale) topsoil 90901

Section PP mortar bedding wall 90903 90912 NW SE 10m limestone cobbled AOD surface 90904

mortar bedding 90903 90917 wall 90916 90912

cut 90915

90918 wall wallwall foundation 9091290912 90914

ffloorloor 9090490904 90919

9909050905 brick stone

01m

section scale 1:20 02m wallwall wallwall ffloorloor 9090890908 9091290912 9091290912 plan scale 1:50

ssurfaceurface 9090490904 Cirencester 01285 771022 Cotswold Milton Keynes 01908 564660 wallwall foundationfoundation Andover 01264 347630 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk 9091990919 9091490914 9091990919 e [email protected] flagstoneflagstone surfacesurface 9011390113 wallwall PROJECT TITLE 9091490914 wwallall ffoundationoundation 9091490914 Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony Road, Gloucester ffloorloor 9909040904 FIGURE TITLE Trench 909; plans, sections and Trench 909, looking south-east (2 m scale) Trench 909, wall 90912 and surface 90904 (2 m scale) Trench 909, wall 90912 (1 m scale) photographs

PROJECT NO. 5024 DATE 06/10/2014 FIGURE NO. DRAWN BY AO REVISION 00 APPROVED BY JB SCALE@A3 1:20 & 1:50 11 Trench 910, plan Q Section QQ

N wall 91019 brick floor 91001 91013 SW NE 10m 91003 91002 AOD 91016 brick plinth 91004 wall limestone floor 91005 91017 91005 surface 91006 91013 91019 foundation trench 91012/91016 wall foundation limestone limestone 91019 91013 cobbled floor cobbled floor natural substrate 91006 91006 91013 R 91009 91012

construction 91015 cut 91014

brick plinth brick 91004 stone

wall Section RR foundation 91011 R 91007 brick floor brick plinth 91001 floor surface 91004 91018 91006 SE NW 91002 10m foundation AOD trench 91010 91005

wall foundation floor surface 91006 Q 91007 91010

91008

91011

91015 natural substrate 91009 construction cut 91014

wallwall foundationfoundation 9101991019

wallwall 9102091020 floorfloor surfacesurface 9101391013 9910131013 9101291012 9910121012 9100691006

wallwall foundationfoundation 9910111011 9101591015 9101991019 9910091009 wallwall foundationfoundation 9910071007 9910101010 9910101010 constructionconstruction wallwall cutcut 9101491014 foundationfoundation 01m brickbrick plinthplinth 9100791007 9100491004 9910111011 9101691016 floorfloor surfacesurface 9100691006 floorfloor surfacesurface 9101791017 Cirencester 01285 771022 9100691006 Milton Keynes 01908 564660 Cotswold Andover 01264 347630 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

brickbrick plinthplinth PROJECT TITLE 9910041004 Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony Road, Gloucester FIGURE TITLE Trench 910, looking north-east (1 m scales) Trench 910, looking south-east (1 m scale) Trench 910; plan, sections and photographs

PROJECT NO. 5024 DATE 08/10/2014 FIGURE NO. DRAWN BY AO REVISION 00 APPROVED BY JB SCALE@A3 1:20 12 Cirencester 01285 771022 Milton Keynes 01908 564660 Cotswold Andover 01264 347630 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

Trench 907; architectural fragments PROJECT TITLE Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony Road, Gloucester FIGURE TITLE Photographs

PROJECT NO. 5024 DATE 28/10/2014 FIGURE NO. DRAWN BY AO REVISION 00 APPROVED BY JB SCALE@A4 N/A 13 Cirencester 01285 771022 Milton Keynes 01908 564660 Cotswold Andover 01264 347630 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

Trench 903; 16th century lead ventilator PROJECT TITLE Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony Road, Gloucester FIGURE TITLE Photograph

PROJECT NO. 5024 DATE 28/10/2014 FIGURE NO. DRAWN BY AO REVISION 00 APPROVED BY JB SCALE@A4 N/A 14 15

Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Cotswold Exeter 01392 826185 15 Trench 913, wall footing 91304, looking south-west Archaeology Milton Keynes 01908 564660 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk (scale 0.2m) e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Llanthony Secunda Priory, Llanthony Road, Gloucester

FIGURE TITLE Photograph

DRAWN BY JB PROJECT NO. 5024 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY AW DATE 04-06-2015 APPROVED BY LECC SCALE@A4 NA 15