DOCSLIB.ORG

A Comparison of the Greek-Orthodox Minority of Istanbul and Muslim-Turkish Minority of Western Thrace

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Comparison of the Greek-Orthodox Minority of Istanbul and Muslim-Turkish Minority of Western Thrace Political Representation of Minorities: A Comparison of the Greek-Orthodox Minority of Istanbul and Muslim-Turkish Minority of Western Thrace by BURCU TAŞKIN Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Istanbul Bilgi University Graduate School of Social Sciences July 2014 Political Representation of Minorities: A Comparison of the Greek-Orthodox Minority of Istanbul and Muslim- Turkish Minority of Western Thrace by BURCU TAŞKIN Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Istanbul Bilgi University Graduate School of Social Sciences July 2014 © 2014 Burcu Taşkın POLITICAL REPRESENTATION OF MINORITIES: A COMPARISON OF THE GREEK-ORTHODOX (ROMIOI) MlNORITY OF ISTANBUL AND MUSLIM- TURKISH MINORITY OF WESTERN THRACE AZINLIKLARIN SİYASAL TEMSİLİYETİ: İSTANBUL RUMLARI VE BATI TRAKYA TÜRK-MÜSLÜMAN AZINLIKLARlNIN KARŞıLAŞTıRMASı BURCU TAŞKIN 108802002 Prof. Ayhan KAYA (Thesis Supervisor) Assoc. Prof. Yaprak GüRSOY Prof. Nihai İNCİOGLU Prof. Elçin MACAR Prof. Sabri SAY ARI ..................... ~~ Date of Approval: 23.07.2014 Total Page Number: Anahtar Kelimeler: KeyWords: i) Siyasal Temsiliyet i) Political Representation 2) Mütakabiliyet İlkesi 2) Reciprocity Rule 3) Rum Azınlık 3) Greek- Orthodox Minority 4) Müslüman Türk Azınlık 4) Muslim- Turkish Minority 5) Tarihsel Kurumsakılık 5) Historical Institutionalism 6) Türk-Yunan İlişkileri 6) Turkish- Greek Relations 11 ABSTRACT Lausanne Treaty’s (1923) section on the ‘minority protection’ has a unique character as it brought the concept ‘mutual responsibility’. Since then, highly related to Turkish-Greek relations, ‘mutual responsibility’ has been perceived as ‘reciprocity rule’ which is implemented usually negatively but also positively by Greek and Turkish states for the Muslim minority in Western Thrace and Greek-Orthodox minority living in Istanbul respectively in cultural, social and economic fields. Whereas, reciprocity rule has not been applied in the political field. The thesis mainly aims to understand why two minority communities have different characteristics of political representation? Inspired by Fredrik Barth’s theory, the study claims that ethnic political behavior is not primordial but shaped according to the political institutions of the society they live in, and tests the assumptions by comparing the macro-level and micro- level factors that are expected to influence the possibility of minorities’ political representation. For this purpose the thesis utilizes a qualitative comparative method ‘historical institutionalism’ analysis, where for each electoral period (7 elections in Turkey and 31 elections in Greece in which minorities are represented in the national parliament) the political events and changes in the political institutions that are expected to influence the conditions of the minorities are examined. Historical institutionalism analysis; archival work on the minority MPs’ Parliamentary speeches, minority press evaluations and interviews conducted with prominent figures of the minority communities showed that despite the common assumptions, political representation potential is independent from bilateral relations and international organizations, however Muslim-Turkish minority continues to base its political choices on being part of Greek-Turkish relations. ‘Reciprocity rule’ has not been applied in political sphere due to legal issues; lack of political will; mutual distrust; and problems in negotiations. In general micro-level and macro-level factors matter for the political representation of Romioi and Muslim-Turkish minority: ‘party-identification’ is low; ‘localism’, ‘political cleavages’ and ‘ethnic bloc-voting’ are higher in Muslim community; while better ‘language skills’ increased the effectiveness of Romioi MPs and the community’s integration to the society. Increase in the professional skills of the Muslim MPs in Greece after 1977 improved their effectiveness in the parliament despite the fact that their number reduced. As expected, minority MPs are more effective in the parliament when the host-country has a more democratic atmosphere. Interviews with the minority members stressed a common point: the minority members respect the political system of the country they live in, and believe they should play within the same political game; however they do not trust the political system and they believe ‘quota system’ for political representation will increase the ethnic tension rather than diminishing it. ‘Reciprocity rule’ has negative associations for the Romioi community, while Lausanne Treaty has been perceived as a constitution by the Muslim-Turkish minority. Close-list PR electoral system with dominant party has potential to offer higher political involvement for the Romioi community; while it increases the ethnic tension in Western Thrace. Open-list PR system with multi-party systems provides the best conditions for Muslim-Turkish minority’s political representation. Minority MPs’ work in the parliament is more effective when they are elected with a party ticket (especially party in power) versus independent ticket. Key Words: Political Representation; Reciprocity Rule; Greek-Orthodox Minority; Muslim-Turkish Minority; Historical Institutionalism; Greek-Turkish Relations. iii ÖNSÖZ 1923 Lozan Anlaşmasında yer alan ‘azınlıkların korunması’ bölümünün benzersiz bir özelliği ‘karşılıklı sorumluluk’ kavramını getirmesidir. 1923 yılından bu yana ‘karşılıklı sorumluluk’la güvence altında olması gereken haklar Türk-Yunan ilişkilerine bağlı olarak ‘mütekabiliyet ilkesi’ olarak algılanmış, ve Yunan ve Türk devletleri tarafından Batı Trakya Müslüman azınlığı ve İstanbul’daki Rum azınlığı için kültürel, sosyal ve ekonomik alanlarda çoğunlukla olumsuz, bazen de olumlu şekilde uygulanmıştır. Ancak ‘mütekabiliyet ilkesi’ siyasal alanda uygulanmamaktadır. Bu tezin temel amacı ‘bu iki azınlık cemaatinin neden farklı siyasal temsiliyet özellikleri gösterdiğini’ anlamaktır. Fredrik Barth’ın teorisine dayanrak bu tez etnik grupların siyasal davranışlarının ilksel (primordial) olmadığını, ama içinde yaşadıkları toplumun siyasal kurumlarına göre biçimlendiğini savunarak, argümanlarını makro ve mikro faktörleri her iki azınlık için de analiz etmiş ve bu azınlıkların siyasal temsiliyetleri üzerindeki etkilerini ölçmeyi hedeflemiştir. Bu çalışma için tezde kalitatif karşılaştırmalı yöntem olan ‘tarihsel kurumsalcılık’ analizi kullanılarak her seçim dönemi için (azınlıkların temsil edildiği Türkiye’de 7 ve Yunanistan’da 31 seçim) tarihsel/siyasal olaylar; siyasal sistemlerdeki değişiklikler ve bunların azınlıkların durumları üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Tarihsel kurumsalcılık analizi; azınlık milletvekillerinin konuşmaları ve dönemin azınlık basını değerlendirmesi için yapılan arşiv çalışması; ve azınlığın önde gelenleri ile yapılan mülakatlar göstermiştir ki ortak varsayımın aksine siyasal temsiliyet potansiyeli Türkiye ve Yunanistan arasındaki ikili ilişkiden ve uluslararası kuruluşlardan bağımsızdır; ancak, Müslüman Türk azınlık siyasal tercihlerinin Türk-Yunan ilişkileri temelinde oluşturmasına devam etmektedir. ‘Mütekabiliyet ilkesi’ yasal unsurlar; siyasal niyetin olmaması; karşılıklı güvensizlik;pazarlıklarda ortaya çıkan problemler dolayısıyla siyasal alanda uygulanmamıştır. Genel olarak mikro ve makro faktörler Rum ve Müslüman Türk azınlığın siyasal temsiliyetinde etkili olmaktadır. Müslüman azınlıkta ‘parti ile özdeşleşme’ oranı düşük; ‘yerelcilik’, ‘siyasal bölünme’ ve ‘etnik blok-oy verme’ daha yüksekken, Rum azınlığın ‘kullanılan resmi dildeki’ yeterliliği mecliste etkili olmalarını ve topluma entegre olmalarını arttırmıştır. 1977’den sonra Müslüman azınlık milletvekillerinin meclisteki sayısı azalsa da, eğitimlerinin ve dil hakimiyetlerinin ilerlemesi onların meclisteki etkinliğini arttırmıştır. Beklendiği gibi azınlık temsilcilerinin yaşadıkları ülkenin siyasal rejimine bağlı olarak, demokratikleşme ilerledikçe meclisteki etkinlikleri artmıştır. Azınlık mensupları ile yapılan mülakatlar ortak bir noktayı vurgulamaktadır: azınlık üyeleri yaşadıkları ülkenin siyasal sistemine saygı göstermekte, aynı kurallar ile rekabet etmeleri gerektiğini belirtmekte ancak siyasal sisteme tamamıyla güvenmemekte ve ‘kota sisteminin’ azınlık ve çoğunluk arasındaki etnik gerilimi arttıracağına inanmaktadırlar. ‘Mütekabiliyet ilkesi’ Rum cemaat için negatif çağrışım oluştururken, Müslüman azınlık Lozan Anlaşmasını anayasa gibi algılamaktadır. Egemen partinin olduğu kapalı-liste nisbi temsil seçim sisteminin Rum azınlığın siyasete katılmasını arttırma potansiyali varken Batı Trakya’da etnik gerilimi arttırmaktadır. Çok- partili rekabetin yüksek olduğu ve açık-liste nisbi temsilin uygulandığı siyasal sistem Müslüman- Türk azınlığa siyasal temsiliyet için en uygun durumu sunmaktadır. Azınlık temsilcileri bir partiden seçilmişlerse (özellikle iktidar partisi) bağımsız seçilme durumuna göre mecliste daha etkili oldukları gözlenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Siyasal Temsiliyet; Mütekabiliyet İlkesi; Rum Azınlık; Müslüman Türk Azınlık;Tarihsel Kurumsalcılık; Türk- Yunan İlişkileri. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my special appreciation to my advisor Professor Ayhan Kaya, who has been a tremendous mentor and source of inspiration for me throughout my PhD study with his academic skills and priceless support. I owe a special thanks to my committee member Professor Sabri Sayarı. Since the beginning of my graduate study, it has been a privilege to be under his guidance, I am grateful
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Protection of Historical Artifacts in Ottoman Empire: the Permanent Council for the Protection of Ancient Artifactsi
    Universal Journal of Educational Research 7(2): 600-608, 2019 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/ujer.2019.070233 The Protection of Historical Artifacts in Ottoman Empire: The Permanent Council for the i Protection of Ancient Artifacts Sefa Yildirim*, Fatih Öztop Department of History, Faculty of Science and Letters, Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University, Turkey Copyright©2019 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License Abstract The historical artifacts that reveal the social, establishment, functioning, duties and activities of the political, aesthetic, moral, architectural, etc. stages, before-said council are tried to be explained. through which the human beings have been; which transfer and reveal information from past to present and Keywords Historical Artifacts, Protection of future; which have an artistic, historical or archaeological Historical Artifacts, Council importance are very important physical elements that the present-day civilized societies protect or must protect as cultural values. Such works both strengthen the ties to the past due to the transfer of cultural heritage to existing and 1 . Introduction future generations and plays a very important role in the writing of the past through the data provided to the The first initiative for the protection of the historical researchers. The protection of the historical artifacts was artifacts in the Ottoman Empire can be considered as the under sharia laws until 1858 in Ottoman Empire, since beginning of the storage of two collections of old weapons then, some regulations were done about this issue, in the and artifacts since 1846 in the Hagia Irene Church end, The Permanent Council for the Protection of Ancient (Sertoğlu & Açık, 2013, p.160).
    [Show full text]
  • Antiquity, Archaeology, and National Imagination in Greece
    CLASSICAL PRESENCES General Editors Lorna Hardwick James I. Porter CLASSICAL PRESENCES The texts, ideas, images, and material culture of ancient Greece and Rome have always been crucial to attempts to appropriate the past in order to authenticate the present. They underlie the mapping of change and the assertion and challenging of values and identities, old and new. Classical Presences brings the latest scholarship to bear on the contexts, theory, and practice of such use, and abuse, of the classical past. The Nation and its Ruins: Antiquity, Archaeology, and National Imagination in Greece YANNIS HAMILAKIS 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With oYces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York ß Yannis Hamilakis 2007 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2007 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization.
    [Show full text]
  • India – Greece Bilateral Relations Basic Facts About the Country Name
    India – Greece Bilateral Relations Basic facts about the country Name and capital of the country: Hellenic Republic, Athens Provinces/Administrative Divisions: 13 regions and 1 autonomous region -AgionOros (Mt. Athos). Population: 10.8 million (as per 2011 census - ELSTAT) Currency: Euro Language spoken: Greek Time: 3½ hours behind IST in winter; 2½ hours in summer Head of State: Mr. ProkopisPavlopoulos Head of Government: Mr. Alexis Tsipras Foreign Minister: Mr. Nikos Kotzias Political Relations India and Greece established diplomatic relations in May 1950. India opened its resident Embassy in Athens in March 1978. Interaction between India and Greece goes back to antiquity. In modern times, the two countries have developed a warm relationship based on a common commitment to democracy, peace and development in the world and to a social system imbued with principles of justice and equality. India and Greece also share common approaches to many international issues, such as UN reforms and Cyprus. Greece has consistently supported India’s core foreign policy objectives. Greece participated with India in the Six-National Delhi Declaration on Nuclear Disarmament in 1985. The relationship has progressed smoothly over the last 65 years. Bilateral VVIP visits have taken place regularly. President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam visited Greece in April 2007. Greek Prime Minister Kostas Karamanlis visited India in January 2008. The two countries held Foreign Office Consultations in New Delhi on 26 October 2016 and discussion focused on various issues of bilateral, regional and international importance. Commercial Relations India and Greece are keen to increase their commercial and investment contacts.Greece looks for Indian investments in their program of privatization of public assets.
    [Show full text]
  • Minister of Infrastructure & Transport, Mr. Kostas
    PRESS RELEASE MINISTER OF INFRASTRUCTURE & TRANSPORT, Mr. KOSTAS KARAMANLIS KEYNOTE SPEAKER AT THE “22nd ANNUAL CAPITAL LINK INVEST IN GREECE FORUM” “GREECE - Looking Ahead with Confidence” An International Summit about the Greek Economy & Investment Opportunities Featuring top US and International Investors, Government & Business Leaders, Global Investment Banks & Institutions & the Greek Government Tuesday & Wednesday, December 15 & 16, 2020 Digital Forum 2 Days – 33 Sessions – 112 Top Level Speakers December 16, 2020 The “22nd Capital Link Invest in Greece” Forum: “Greece – Looking Ahead With Confidence” took place, in digital form, on Tuesday & Wednesday, December 15 & 16, 2020 in co-operation with the New York Stock Exchange and major Global Investment Banks and Organizations. Also with the overwhelming support of the Greek business & financial community. Over the years, Capital Link Invest in Greece Forum has developed to become an International Summit about Greece, recognized as the main platform for updating US investors on developments in Greece, business and investment opportunities and the attractiveness of Greece as an investment destination. It gathers the elite of the financial and investment communities, as well business and government leaders from the United States and Greece. This year, as a Virtual Forum, the event was available to a global audience. Foreign investments are of critical significance for the re-launching of the economy. The Capital Link Invest in Greece Forum provided an effective platform and the perfect timing for communicating the Prime Minister’s relayed message at the HELEXPO on the Government’s 12 initiatives to support the economy, which he described as "12 steps of confidence", and "bridges that will transfer Greece and the Greeks from the health and economic turmoil to the calm waters of progress and hope”.
    [Show full text]
  • Contribution of Greece to the Victory of the Allies During Ww Ii
    CONTRIBUTION OF GREECE TO THE VICTORY OF THE ALLIES DURING WW II Lt Colonel of Engineering Panayiotis Spyropoulos Historian of the History Directorate of Hellenic Army General Staff The peninsula of Greece has, since antiquity, been a point of confrontation be- tween East and West, as it constitutes an area of utmost strategic value, situated on the flanks of the main axis of operations in East-West direction and vice-versa. Who- ever occupies Greece can effortlessly with his forces harass the flanks or even the rear of troops operating along the aforementioned axis, control the sea line of com- munication from Gibraltar to Suez, and block from the west the sea route from the Black Sea to Propontis (Marmara) Sea, the Hellespont (Straits), the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. The geo-strategic value of Greece has been dramatically enhanced during the XXth century, due to the rapid technological development of war equipment (as per the quote of sir Halford Mackinder on the «Heartland»). During the 2nd World War, Italy launched the attack against Greece, without informing its ally, Germany. Berlin was enraged by the Italian action and considered it «totally incoherent» and mistimed, because it was initiated just before wintertime, a season unsuitable for mountain operations, as well as just before the elections in the (still neutral) USA, providing Roosevelt with even more convincing arguments for go- ing to war. Moreover, it criticised the Italians refraining from any seaborne operation, a fact that facilitated the British in debarking on Crete and other islands, significant for their strategic importance; while they left them the margin to deploy in Thessalo- nica.
    [Show full text]
  • Hamilakis Nation and Its Ruins.Pdf
    CLASSICAL PRESENCES General Editors Lorna Hardwick James I. Porter CLASSICAL PRESENCES The texts, ideas, images, and material culture of ancient Greece and Rome have always been crucial to attempts to appropriate the past in order to authenticate the present. They underlie the mapping of change and the assertion and challenging of values and identities, old and new. Classical Presences brings the latest scholarship to bear on the contexts, theory, and practice of such use, and abuse, of the classical past. The Nation and its Ruins: Antiquity, Archaeology, and National Imagination in Greece YANNIS HAMILAKIS 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With oYces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York ß Yannis Hamilakis 2007 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2007 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization.
    [Show full text]
  • Galatasaray Lisesi Galatasaray High School Lycée Galatasaray 1481 - 1868 - 1923
    GALATASARAY LİSESİ GALATASARAY HIGH SCHOOL LYCÉE GALATASARAY 1481 - 1868 - 1923 School Profile Class of 2018-2019 School Principal College Guidance Counselor Ms. Meral Mercan Ms. Deniz Alp [email protected] Kuloglu Mah. Istiklal Cad. No: 159 Beyoglu/34430 Istanbul-Turkey Tel: 90- 212- 2491100 Ext 3006/ 90- 212- 2443666 Fax: 90-212 -2521752 www.gsl.gsu.edu.tr [email protected] CEEB/ACT Code: 696023 THE HISTORY Located in Istanbul, Turkey, Galatasaray is heir to five centuries of uninterrupted education history which started in 1481 with the establishment of an educational institution at the present site of the “Galatasaray High School" for the purpose of preparing young men for high-level public service. The school, originally named “Galata Sarayi Enderun Mektebi" (Galata Palace Imperial School) is one of the oldest establishments of its kind in the world. Last year, the school proudly celebrated it’s 150th year. After providing valuable services to the Ottoman state for over 350 years, it underwent a modernization process and adopted the French secondary education system in 1868. Up till the end of the First World War in 1918, the school welcomed a diverse student body of different religious and ethnic groups constituting the population of the Ottoman Empire, such as Turks, Arabs, Greeks, Armenians, Jews, Levantines, Bulgarians, Albanians. Many of the graduates of this period, coming from various communities, became prominent statesmen, educators, bureaucrats and writers in Turkey as well as in their home countries. With the proclamation of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, the name was changed to its current name “Galatasaray Lisesi" and it became co-educational in 1965.
    [Show full text]
  • Lakes of Northern Greece
    Lakes of Northern Greece Travel Passports are spelt correctly and match the names on your You may need to renew your British Passport if passport. Your flight ticket is non-transferable and you are travelling to an EU country. Please ensure non-refundable. your passport is less than 10 years old (even if it has 6 months or more left on it) and has at least 6 Departure Tax months validity remaining from the date of travel. Flight Taxes are included in the price of your EU, Andorra, Liechtenstein, Monaco, San Marino holiday. or Switzerland valid national identification cards are also acceptable for travel. For more information, please visit: Baggage Allowance passportchecker We advise that you stick to the baggage allowances advised. If your luggage is found to be Visas heavier than the airlines specified baggage If you’re a tourist, you do not need a visa for short allowance the charges at the airport will be hefty. trips to most EU countries, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Your EasyJet ticket includes one hold bag of up to Norway and Switzerland. You’ll be able to stay for 23kg plus one cabin bag that can fit under the seat up to 90 days in any 180-day period. in front of you, (maximum size 45 x 36 x 20cm, including any handles or wheels). If you book an For all other passport holders please check the upfront or extra legroom seat you can also take an visa requirements with the appropriate embassy. additional large cabin bag on board. For more For further information, please check here: travel information visit www.easyjet.com to the EU Greek Consulate: 1A Holland Park, London W11 Labels 3TP.
    [Show full text]
  • Königs-Und Fürstenhäuser Aktuelle Staatsführungen DYNASTIEN
    GESCHICHTE und politische Bildung STAATSOBERHÄUPTER (bis 2019) Dynastien Bedeutende Herrscher und Regierungschefs europ.Staaten seit dem Mittelalter Königs-und Fürstenhäuser Aktuelle Staatsführungen DYNASTIEN Römisches Reich Hl. Römisches Reich Fränkisches Reich Bayern Preussen Frankreich Spanien Portugal Belgien Liechtenstein Luxemburg Monaco Niederlande Italien Großbritannien Dänemark Norwegen Schweden Österreich Polen Tschechien Ungarn Bulgarien Rumänien Serbien Kroatien Griechenland Russland Türkei Vorderer Orient Mittel-und Ostasien DYNASTIEN und ihre Begründer RÖMISCHES REICH 489- 1 v.Chr Julier Altrömisches Patriziergeschlecht aus Alba Longa, Stammvater Iulus, Gaius Iulius Caesar Julisch-claudische Dynastie: Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero 69- 96 n.Ch Flavier Röm. Herrschergeschlecht aus Latium drei römische Kaiser: Vespasian, Titus, Domitian 96- 180 Adoptivkaiser u. Antonionische Dynastie Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Mark Aurel, Commodus 193- 235 Severer Aus Nordafrika stammend Septimius Severus, Caracalla, Macrinus, Elagabal, Severus Alexander 293- 364 Constantiner (2.flavische Dynastie) Begründer: Constantius Chlorus Constantinus I., Konstantin I. der Große u.a. 364- 392 Valentinianische Dynastie Valentinian I., Valens, Gratian, Valentinian II. 379- 457 Theodosianische Dynastie Theodosius I.der Große, Honorius, Valentinian III.... 457- 515 Thrakische Dynastie Leo I., Majorian, Anthemius, Leo II., Julius Nepos, Zeno, Anastasius I. 518- 610 Justinianische Dynastie Justin I.,Justinian I.,Justin II.,Tiberios
    [Show full text]
  • Military Entrepreneurship in the Shadow of the Greek Civil War (1946–1949)
    JPR Men of the Gun and Men of the State: Military Entrepreneurship in the Shadow of the Greek Civil War (1946–1949) Spyros Tsoutsoumpis Abstract: The article explores the intersection between paramilitarism, organized crime, and nation-building during the Greek Civil War. Nation-building has been described in terms of a centralized state extending its writ through a process of modernisation of institutions and monopolisation of violence. Accordingly, the presence and contribution of private actors has been a sign of and a contributive factor to state-weakness. This article demonstrates a more nuanced image wherein nation-building was characterised by pervasive accommodations between, and interlacing of, state and non-state violence. This approach problematises divisions between legal (state-sanctioned) and illegal (private) violence in the making of the modern nation state and sheds new light into the complex way in which the ‘men of the gun’ interacted with the ‘men of the state’ in this process, and how these alliances impacted the nation-building process at the local and national levels. Keywords: Greece, Civil War, Paramilitaries, Organized Crime, Nation-Building Introduction n March 1945, Theodoros Sarantis, the head of the army’s intelligence bureau (A2) in north-western Greece had a clandestine meeting with Zois Padazis, a brigand-chief who operated in this area. Sarantis asked Padazis’s help in ‘cleansing’ the border area from I‘unwanted’ elements: leftists, trade-unionists, and local Muslims. In exchange he promised to provide him with political cover for his illegal activities.1 This relationship that extended well into the 1950s was often contentious.
    [Show full text]
  • Orme) Wilberforce (Albert) Raymond Blackburn (Alexander Bell
    Copyrights sought (Albert) Basil (Orme) Wilberforce (Albert) Raymond Blackburn (Alexander Bell) Filson Young (Alexander) Forbes Hendry (Alexander) Frederick Whyte (Alfred Hubert) Roy Fedden (Alfred) Alistair Cooke (Alfred) Guy Garrod (Alfred) James Hawkey (Archibald) Berkeley Milne (Archibald) David Stirling (Archibald) Havergal Downes-Shaw (Arthur) Berriedale Keith (Arthur) Beverley Baxter (Arthur) Cecil Tyrrell Beck (Arthur) Clive Morrison-Bell (Arthur) Hugh (Elsdale) Molson (Arthur) Mervyn Stockwood (Arthur) Paul Boissier, Harrow Heraldry Committee & Harrow School (Arthur) Trevor Dawson (Arwyn) Lynn Ungoed-Thomas (Basil Arthur) John Peto (Basil) Kingsley Martin (Basil) Kingsley Martin (Basil) Kingsley Martin & New Statesman (Borlasse Elward) Wyndham Childs (Cecil Frederick) Nevil Macready (Cecil George) Graham Hayman (Charles Edward) Howard Vincent (Charles Henry) Collins Baker (Charles) Alexander Harris (Charles) Cyril Clarke (Charles) Edgar Wood (Charles) Edward Troup (Charles) Frederick (Howard) Gough (Charles) Michael Duff (Charles) Philip Fothergill (Charles) Philip Fothergill, Liberal National Organisation, N-E Warwickshire Liberal Association & Rt Hon Charles Albert McCurdy (Charles) Vernon (Oldfield) Bartlett (Charles) Vernon (Oldfield) Bartlett & World Review of Reviews (Claude) Nigel (Byam) Davies (Claude) Nigel (Byam) Davies (Colin) Mark Patrick (Crwfurd) Wilfrid Griffin Eady (Cyril) Berkeley Ormerod (Cyril) Desmond Keeling (Cyril) George Toogood (Cyril) Kenneth Bird (David) Euan Wallace (Davies) Evan Bedford (Denis Duncan)
    [Show full text]
  • The Rise and Fall of the 5/42 Regiment of Evzones: a Study on National Resistance and Civil War in Greece 1941-1944
    The Rise and Fall of the 5/42 Regiment of Evzones: A Study on National Resistance and Civil War in Greece 1941-1944 ARGYRIOS MAMARELIS Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy The European Institute London School of Economics and Political Science 2003 i UMI Number: U613346 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U613346 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 9995 / 0/ -hoZ2 d X Abstract This thesis addresses a neglected dimension of Greece under German and Italian occupation and on the eve of civil war. Its contribution to the historiography of the period stems from the fact that it constitutes the first academic study of the third largest resistance organisation in Greece, the 5/42 regiment of evzones. The study of this national resistance organisation can thus extend our knowledge of the Greek resistance effort, the political relations between the main resistance groups, the conditions that led to the civil war and the domestic relevance of British policies.
    [Show full text]