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L'affaire De Lockerbie

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L'affaire De Lockerbie MEMOIRE DU DIPLOME D’ETUDES APPROFONDIES EN DROIT L’AFFAIRE DE LOCKERBIE DEVANT LA JUSTICE ECOSSAISE par M. William WOLL sous la direction de M. Eric DAVID Mai 2006 WilliamUniversité Libre de Bruxelles Woll TABLE DES MATIERES Liste des abréviations et sigles........................................................................................ 5 INTRODUCTION.….…………………………………………….………………………... 8 A. Vers un procès devant une Cour écossaise siégeant aux Pays-Bas………...…… 8 B. Le droit applicable……………………………………………………………….. 13 1. Le droit pénal écossais……………………..…………………………………... 14 2. Le droit international des Droits de l’Homme…………………………………. 15 C. Les procès………………………………………………………………………... 18 1. Le procès de première instance………………………………………………… 19 2. Le procès de seconde instance…………………………………………………. 22 D. L’enjeu international sous-jacent………………………………………………... 24 E. Justice a-t-elle été rendue ?.................................................................................... 26 CHAPITRE I - UN PROCES NON EQUITABLE……………………………………………... 28 ère SECTION 1 . -La remise en cause de l’impartialité apparente de la Cour d’appel………………………………………………………………………………….. 28 I. - LA DELIBERATION EN ECOSSE DE LA COUR D’APPEL CONTRAIRE AUX OBLIGATIONS INTERNATIONALES DU ROYAUME-UNI………………………………….. 30 A. L’obligation du déroulement de l’appel aux Pays-Bas……………………...… 30 1. L’appel explicitement visé par l’accord de siège…………………………….. 30 2. L’obligation incombant au Royaume-Uni de mettre en °uvre l’accord de siège……………………………………………………………………………….. 31 a) La mise en °uvre de l’accord demandé par la résolution 1192…………. 31 b) Le caractère obligatoire de la résolution 1192………………………….. 31 B. Le délibéré inclus dans le procès d’appel………………………………...…… 32 II. - L’APPARENT CHANGEMENT D’ATTITUDE D’UN DES JUGES D’APPEL A SON RETOUR D’ECOSSE…………………………………………………………………….. 34 ième SECTION 2 . - La violation des droits des accusés……………..…………………. 36 William1 WollTable des matières I. – LES IRREGULARITES ENTOURANT LA COLLECTE DE DEUX PREUVES……...……… 36 A. La saisie irrégulière de l’agenda de Khalifa Fhimah……………………...….. 37 1. Une preuve saisie illégalement au regard du droit maltais mais recevable devant la High Court par une appréciation discutable des faits …………..……… 37 a) L’illégalité de la saisie en droit maltais………………………………..... 37 b) L’agenda recevable devant la High Court…………………………...…... 38 c) Une appréciation discutable des faits……………………………………. 39 2. Une saisie violant la convention européenne des Droits de l’Homme……….. 40 a) L’applicabilité de l’article 8 de la convention européenne des Droits de l’Homme au cas d’espèce………………..….…………………………………... 40 b) Une ingérence des autorités écossaises non prévue par le droit maltais en violation de la convention européenne des Droits de l’Homme....................... 41 3. L’application possible d’un autre précédent plus adapté à une saisie effectuée à l’étranger……………………………………………...………………. 42 B. Le retardateur MST-13 : une preuve fabriquée ?................................................ 43 1. Les irrégularités de l’expertise du retardateur…………………………..……. 43 2. La réponse laconique des juges, contraire à un procès équitable…………..… 45 II. - LA RETENTION DE PIECES A DECHARGE PAR LA COURONNE SANS CONTROLE JURIDICTIONNEL……………………………………………………………………...... 47 III. - LA VIOLATION DU DROIT D’ABDELBASET AL MEGRAHI A UN APPEL COMPLET ET APPROFONDI, SANS RETARD EXCESSIF………………………………………………. 49 A. L’appel exigé par le Pacte international des Droits civils et politiques : complet, approfondi et sans retard excessif………………………………………… 49 B. L’existence d’un recours en droit pénal écossais conforme au Pacte……..….. 51 C. La violation du Pacte par le Royaume-Uni dans le cas d’Abdelbaset Al Megrahi………………………………..……………………………………………. 54 1. Un appel au sens du Pacte, inexistant ou tardif…………………………….. 54 2. La violation du Pacte imputable au Royaume-Uni………………………… 55 IV. – LES ERREURS COMMISES PAR LA DEFENSE…………………………………….. 56 A. Les arrêts pertinents de la Cour européenne des Droits de l’Homme non exploités……………………………………………………………………………... 57 B. Des griefs d’appel mal fondés en droit….…………..…………...…………..… 57 CHAPITRE II – COUPABLE EN DEPIT DE DOUTES RAISONNABLES…………..………..…. 62 ère SECTION 1 . - Des hypothèses en guise de preuves………………………………… 63 I - LE TEMOIGNAGE NON CONCLUANT DU VENDEUR…………………………………. 64 William2 WollTable des matières A. L’absence d’identification de l’accusé……………………………………...…. 64 1. Un témoignage douteux………………………………………………...……. 64 a) Un témoignage fluctuant…………………………………………………. 64 b) Un témoignage probablement influencé par la presse…………………... 66 c) Une identification incertaine……………………………………………... 66 2. Des doutes qui emportent la conviction de la Cour...…………………..……. 67 B. L’impossibilité de déterminer la date d’achat des vêtements………………...... 67 1. Le mercredi, un jour possible parmi d’autres……………………………...…. 68 2. Les deux mercredis retenus par la Cour, des hypothèses parmi d’autres…..… 68 3. L’élimination, contre toute logique, d’un des deux mercredis restants…….... 70 II - L’ABSENCE DE PREUVES CORROBORANTES………………………………………. 72 A L’absence de preuves que l’accusé ait utilisé un retardateur en provenance de la Libye……………………………………………………………….…………....... 73 1. L’origine libyenne du retardateur de l’engin explosif : une possibilité parmi d’autres……………………………………………………………………………. 73 2. Abdelbaset Al Megrahi, un agent libyen ?........................................................ 75 B. Le trajet de la valise piégée de Malte à Londres via Francfort : une simple hypothèse……………………………………………………………………………. 76 1. Aucune preuve du voyage de la valise de Francfort à Londres…………...…. 77 2. Aucune preuve du voyage de la valise de Luqa (Malte) à Francfort……...…. 78 3. Aucune preuve de l’introduction de la valise à Luqa dans un avion à destination de Francfort………………………………………………...…………. 82 ième SECTION 2 . – Les doutes suscités par la défense spéciale……………………….. 85 I – UNE INCRIMINATION D’AUTRUI CONVAINCANTE…………………………………. 85 A. La similitude des modes opératoires d’une cellule terroriste allemande et des auteurs de l’attentat de Lockerbie……………………………...…………………… 86 B. L’identification par le vendeur d’un terroriste notoire en lien avec la cellule terroriste allemande………………………………………………………………… 87 II - LA PERSISTANCE DE DOUTES RAISONNABLES NONOBSTANT LA REPONSE DE LA COUR…………………………………………………………………………………... 88 A. L’absence d’informations suffisantes pour exclure toute implication de la cellule terroriste de Francfort………………………………………………………. 88 B. Abou Talib, sans alibi, le jour retenu par la Cour pour la vente des vêtements……………………………………………………………………………. 89 Bibliographie.................................................................................................................... 91 William3 WollTable des matières Annexes............................................................................................................................ 108 Annexe I : accord du 18 septembre 1998 entre le gouvernement du Royaume des Pays-Bas et le gouvernement du Royaume de Grande-Bretagne et d’Irlande du Nord concernant la tenue aux Pays-Bas d’un procès selon la procédure écossaise................. 109 Annexe II : The High Court of Justiciary (Proceedings in the Netherlands) (United Nations) Order 1998......................................................................................................... 123 Annexe III : rapport de M. Hans Köchler sur la tenue au Pays-Bas du procès de première instance en application de la résolution 1192 (1998)………………...……… 131 Annexe IV : Note of Appeal du 8 juin 2001 présenté au nom d’Abdelbaset Al Megrahi devant la High Court of Justiciary……………………………………………. 137 Annexe V : rapport de M. Hans Köchler du procès écossais en appel dans l’affaire de Lockerbie en application de la résolution 1192 (1998)............................................... 144 Annexe VI : communiqué de presse du 23 septembre 2003 faisant état de la saisine de la Commission de Révision des affaires criminelles écossaises par Abdelbaset Al Megrahi............................................................................................................................. 156 William4 WollTable des matières LISTE DES ABREVIATIONS ET SIGLES A AC........................................................ Appeal Court A.F.D.I................................................. Annuaire français du Droit international AG....................................................... Aktion Gesellschaft Ann...................................................... Annexe à ce mémoire Art........................................................ Article ASIL…………………………………. The American Society of International Law B BKA…………………………………. Bundeskriminalamt BBC…………………………………. British Broadcasting Corporation C c........................................................... contre Case W. Res. J. Int’l L........................ Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law C.D.I.................................................... Commission du Droit international CEDH……………………………….. Cour européenne des Droit de l’Homme cf.......................................................... confer CGFPLP…………………………….. Commandement général du Front populaire pour la libération de la Palestine CIA………………………………….. Central Intelligence Agency C.I.J..................................................... Cour internationale de Justice CNRS.................................................. Centre national de la Recherche scientifique Cour. Eur. D. H.…………………….. Cour européenne des Droit de l’Homme C.P.J.I.................................................
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