Norman Cousins

Delegate Handbook 2016/2017

“If the United Nations is to survive, those who represent it must bolster it; those who advocate it must submit to it; and those who believe in it must fight for it.”

Norman Cousins

1 Delegate Handbook 2016/2017

Delegate:

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11. edition first edition 2006 (ed. stephan werner) second edition 2007 (ed. jan kühn von burgsdorff, torsten müller) third edition 2008 (ed. marcel lewicki, andreas keller) fourth edition 2009 (ed. rachel shindelar) fifth edition 2010 (ed. raschid riazi) sixth edition 2011 (ed. michael buechl) seventh edition 2012 (ed. michael buechl) eigth edition 2013 (ed. adrian hassler) ninth edition 2014 (ed. konrad meinl) tenth edition 2015 (ed. armin angermeyer) eleventh edition 2016 (ed. kilian lorenz)

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contents

Foreword 4

UNITED NATIONS United Nations Charter 5 Statute of the International Court of Justice 32 Declaration of Human Rights 46 Sustainable Development Goals 52 Peacekeeping Operations 69 Reforms, Reorientations and Initiatives 73

MODEL UNITED NATIONS (MUN) Speaking at a MUN 76 Helpful Phrases 79 How to Negotiate 81 Tips for Effective Caucusing 90 Resolution and Report Writing 92 Glossary 105

Appendix India Facts 110 UN System 114 Regional Organizations 116 Dressing for NMUN 123 How to Tie a Tie 124

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Foreword

Honorable Excellencies, Fellow Students, Dear Friends,

For the 17th time, a delegation from the Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg will participate in the National Model United Nations conference (NMUN) in New York City. This year we have the great honor to represent the Republic of India.

As part of Magdeburg Model United Nations, you will be partaking in passionate debates and giving heartfelt speeches. You have also joined a long line of great delegates that have participated in MadMUN. As every delegation before, you too have embarked on a long journey that will lead you from your comfortable surroundings in Magdeburg to the bustling streets of New York City.

To guide you along this journey, we have created this handbook as support during the simulations ahead. It provides an overview over the great web of UN Bodies, as well as advice for debating and resolution writing. Though it is a helpful resource, it is far from complete and does not serve as a substitute for your own research.

Thank you all for your hard work in the past weeks and months, as well as your con- tinued efforts. As Mahatma Gandhi once said: “Strength does not come from physical capacity. It comes from an indomitable will”

We wish you, the delegates of India, all strength you need and a wonderful time during this lifetime experience.

Yours,

Orgateam 2016/17:

Juliane Selle, Julius Schüler, Josefin Winkler, Dr. R. Wesel, and all tutors

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CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS

Signed 26 June 1945 in San Francisco and brought into force on 24 October 1945. As amended on 13 August 1965, 24 September 1973 and 12 June 1968.

PREAMBLE

WE THE PEOPLES OF THE UNITED NATIONS DETERMINED – to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind, and – to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small, and – to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained, and – to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom, AND FOR THESE ENDS – to practice tolerance and live together in peace with one another as good neigh- bours, and – to unite our strength to maintain international peace and security, and – to ensure, by the acceptance of principles and the institution of methods, that armed force shall not be used, save in the common interest, and – to employ international machinery for the promotion of the economic and social advancement of all peoples, HAVE RESOLVED TO COMBINE OUR EFFORTS TO ACCOMPLISH THESE AIMS Accordingly, our respective Governments, through representatives assembled in the city of San Francisco, who have exhibited their full powers found to be in good and due form, have agreed to the present Charter of the United Nations and do hereby establish an international organization to be known as the United Nations.

CHAPTER I PURPOSES AND PRINCIPLES Article 1 The Purposes of the United Nations are: 1. To maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace, and for the

5 Delegate Handbook 2016/2017 suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace; 2. To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and selfdetermination of peoples, and to take other appropriate measures to strengthen universal peace; 3. To achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character, and in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion; and 4. To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of these common ends.

Article 2 The Organization and its Members, in pursuit of the Purposes stated in Article 1, shall act in accordance with the following Principles. 1. The Organization is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its Members. 2. All Members, in order to ensure to all of them the rights and benefits resulting from membership, shall fulfill in good faith the obligations assumed by them in accordance with the present Charter. 3. All Members shall settle their international disputes by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security, and justice, are not endangered. 4. All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territo rial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations. 5. All Members shall give the United Nations every assistance in any action it takes in accordance with the present Charter, and shall refrain from giving assistance to any state against which the United Nations is taking preventive or enforcement action. 6. The Organization shall ensure that states which are not Members of the United Nations act in accordance with these Principles so far as may be necessary for the maintenance of international peace and security. 7. Nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state or shall require the Members to submit such matters to settlement under the present Charter; but this principle shall not prejudice the application of enforcement measures under Chapter Vll.

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CHAPTER II MEMBERSHIP

Article 3 The original Members of the United Nations shall be the states which, having participated in the United Nations Conference on International Organization at San Fran- cisco, or having previously signed the Declaration by United Nations of 1 January 1942, sign the present Charter and ratify it in accordance with Article 110.

Article 4 1. Membership in the United Nations is open to all other peace-loving states which accept the obligations contained in the present Charter and, in the judgment of the Organization, are able and willing to carry out these obligations. 2. The admission of any such state to membership in the United Nations will be effected by a decision of the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council.

Article 5 A Member of the United Nations against which preventive or enforcement action has been taken by the Security Council may be suspended from the exercise of the rights and privileges of membership by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council. The exercise of these rights and privileges may be restored by the Security Council.

Article 6 A Member of the United Nations which has persistently violated the Principles contained in the present Charter may be expelled from the Organization by the Gen- eral Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council.

CHAPTER III ORGANS Article 7 1. There are established as the principal organs of the United Nations: a General Assembly, a Security Council, an Economic and Social Council. a Trusteeship Council, an International Court of Justice and a Secretariat. 2. Such subsidiary organs as may be found necessary may be established in accordance with the present Charter. Article 8 The United Nations shall place no restrictions on the eligibility of men and women

7 Delegate Handbook 2016/2017 to participate in any capacity and under conditions of equality in its principal and subsidiary organs.

CHAPTER IV THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY

COMPOSITION Article 9 1. The General Assembly shall consist of all the Members of the United Nations. 2. Each Member shall have not more than five representatives in the General As- sembly. FUNCTIONS and POWERS Article 10 The General Assembly may discuss any questions or any matters within the scope of the present Charter or relating to the powers and functions of any organs provided for in the present Charter, and, except as provided in Article 12, may make recommendations to the Members of the United Nations or to the Security Council or to both on any such questions or matters.

Article 11 1. The General Assembly may consider the general principles of co-operation in the maintenance of international peace and security, including the principles governing disarmament and the regulation of armaments, and may make recommendations with regard to such principles to the Members or to the Security Council or to both. 2. The General Assembly may discuss any questions relating to the maintenance of international peace and security brought before it by any Member of the United Na- tions, or by the Security Council, or by a state which is not a Member of the United Nations in accordance with Article 35, paragraph 2, and, except as provided in Article 12, may make recommendations with regard to any such questions to the state or states concerned or to the Security Council or to both. Any such question on which action is necessary shall be referred to the Security Council by the General Assembly either before or after discussion. 3. The General Assembly may call the attention of the Security Council to situations which are likely to endanger international peace and security. 4. The powers of the General Assembly set forth in this Article shall not limit the general scope of Article 10.

Article 12 1. While the Security Council is exercising in respect of any dispute or situation

8 Delegate Handbook 2016/2017 the functions assigned to it in the present Charter, the General Assembly shall not make any recommendation with regard to that dispute or situation unless the Security Council so requests. 2. The Secretary-General, with the consent of the Security Council, shall notify the General Assembly at each session of any matters relative to the maintenance of international peace and security which are being dealt with by the Security Council and shall similarly notify the General Assembly, or the Members of the United Nations if the General Assembly is not in session, immediately the Security Council ceases to deal with such matters.

Article 13 1. The General Assembly shall initiate studies and make recommendations for the purpose of: a. promoting international co-operation in the political field and encouraging the progressive development of international law and its codification; b. promoting international co-operation in the economic, social, cultural, educational, and health fields, and assisting in the realization of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion. 2. The further responsibilities, functions and powers of the General Assembly with respect to matters mentioned in paragraph 1 (b) above are set forth in Chapters IX and X.

Article 14 Subject to the provisions of Article 12, the General Assembly may recommend measures for the peaceful adjustment of any situation, regardless of origin, which it deems likely to impair the general welfare or friendly relations among nations, including situations resulting from a violation of the provisions of the present Charter setting forth the Purposes and Principles of the United Nations.

Article 15 1. The General Assembly shall receive and consider annual and special reports from the Security Council; these reports shall include an account of the measures that the Security Council has decided upon or taken to maintain international peace and security. 2. The General Assembly shall receive and consider reports from the other organs of the United Nations.

Article 16 The General Assembly shall perform such functions with respect to the interna-

9 Delegate Handbook 2016/2017 tional trusteeship system as are assigned to it under Chapters XII and XIII, including the approval of the trusteeship agreements for areas not designated as strategic.

Article 17 1. The General Assembly shall consider and approve the budget of the Organiza- tion. 2. The expenses of the Organization shall be borne by the Members as apportioned by the General Assembly. 3. The General Assembly shall consider and approve any financial and budgetary arrangements with specialized agencies referred to in Article 57 and shall examine the administrative budgets of such specialized agencies with a view to making recommendations to the agencies concerned.

VOTING Article 18 1. Each member of the General Assembly shall have one vote. 2. Decisions of the General Assembly on important questions shall be made by a two-thirds majority of the members present and voting. These questions shall include: recommendations with respect to the maintenance of international peace and security, the election of the non-permanent members of the Security Council, the election of the members of the Economic and Social Council, the election of members of the Trusteeship Council in accordance with paragraph 1 (c) of Article 86, the admission of new Members to the United Nations, the suspension of the rights and privileges of membership, the expulsion of Members, questions relating to the operation of the trusteeship system, and budgetary questions. 3. Decisions on other questions, including the determination of additional categories of questions to be decided by a two-thirds majority, shall be made by a majority of the members present and voting.

Article 19 A Member of the United Nations which is in arrears in the payment of its financial contributions to the Organization shall have no vote in the General Assembly if the amount of its arrears equals or exceeds the amount of the contributions due from it for the preceding two full years. The General Assembly may, nevertheless, permit such a Member to vote if it is satisfied that the failure to pay is due to conditions beyond the control of the Member.

PROCEDURE Article 20 The General Assembly shall meet in regular annual sessions and in such special

10 Delegate Handbook 2016/2017 sessions as occasion may require. Special sessions shall be convoked by the Secretary- General at the request of the Security Council or of a majority of the Members of the United Nations.

Article 21 The General Assembly shall adopt its own rules of procedure. It shall elect its Presi- dent for each session.

Article 22 The General Assembly may establish such subsidiary organs as it deems necessary for the performance of its functions.

CHAPTER V THE SECURITY COUNCIL COMPOSITION Article 23 1. The Security Council shall consist of fifteen Members of the United Nations. The Republic of China, France, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America shall be permanent members of the Security Council. The General Assembly shall elect ten other Members of the United Nations to be non-permanent members of the Security Council, due regard being specially paid, in the first instance to the contribution of Members of the United Nations to the maintenance of international peace and security and to the other purposes of the Organization, and also to equitable geographical distribution. 2. The non-permanent members of the Security Council shall be elected for a term of two years. In the first election of the non-permanent members after the increase of the membership of the Security Council from eleven to fifteen, two of the four additional members shall be chosen for a term of one year. A retiring member shall not be eligible for immediate re-election. 3. Each member of the Security Council shall have one representative.

FUNCTIONS and POWERS Article 24 1. In order to ensure prompt and effective action by the United Nations, its Mem- bers confer on the Security Council primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security, and agree that in carrying out its duties under this responsibility the Security Council acts on their behalf. 2. In discharging these duties the Security Council shall act in accordance with the

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Purposes and Principles of the United Nations. The specific powers granted to the Security Council for the discharge of these duties are laid down in Chapters VI, VII, VIII, and XII. 3. The Security Council shall submit annual and, when necessary, special reports to the General Assembly for its consideration.

Article 25 The Members of the United Nations agree to accept and carry out the decisions of the Security Council in accordance with the present Charter.

Article 26 In order to promote the establishment and maintenance of international peace and security with the least diversion for armaments of the world’s human and economic resources, the Security Council shall be responsible for formulating, with the assistance of the Military Staff Committee referred to in Article 47, plans to be submitted to the Members of the United Nations for the establishment of a system for the regulation of armaments. VOTING Article 27 1. Each member of the Security Council shall have one vote. 2. Decisions of the Security Council on procedural matters shall be made by an af- firmative vote of nine members. 3. Decisions of the Security Council on all other matters shall be made by an affir- mative vote of nine members including the concurring votes of the permanent members; provided that, in decisions under Chapter VI, and under paragraph 3 of Article 52, a party to a dispute shall abstain from voting.

PROCEDURE Article 28 1. The Security Council shall be so organized as to be able to function continuously. Each member of the Security Council shall for this purpose be represented at all times at the seat of the Organization. 2. The Security Council shall hold periodic meetings at which each of its members may, if it so desires, be represented by a member of the government or by some other specially designated representative. 3. The Security Council may hold meetings at such places other than the seat of the Organization as in its judgment will best facilitate its work. Article 29 The Security Council may establish such subsidiary organs as it deems necessary for the performance of its functions.

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Article 30 The Security Council shall adopt its own rules of procedure, including the method of selecting its President.

Article 31 Any Member of the United Nations which is not a member of the Security Council may participate, without vote, in the discussion of any question brought before the Security Council whenever the latter considers that the interests of that Member are specially affected.

Article 32 Any Member of the United Nations which is not a member of the Security Council or any state which is not a Member of the United Nations, if it is a party to a dispute under consideration by the Security Council, shall be invited to participate, without vote, in the discussion relating to the dispute. The Security Council shall lay down such conditions as it deems just for the participation of a state which is not a Member of the United Nations. CHAPTER VI PACIFIC SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES Article 33 1. The parties to any dispute, the continuance of which is likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace and security, shall, first of all, seek a solution by negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement, resort to regional agencies or arrangements, or other peaceful means of their own choice. 2. The Security Council shall, when it deems necessary, call upon the parties to settle their dispute by such means.

Article 34 The Security Council may investigate any dispute, or any situation which might lead to international friction or give rise to a dispute, in order to determine whether the continuance of the dispute or situation is likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace and security.

Article 35 1. Any Member of the United Nations may bring any dispute, or any situation of the nature referred to in Article 34, to the attention of the Security Council or of the General Assembly. 2. A state which is not a Member of the United Nations may bring to the attention of the Security Council or of the General Assembly any dispute to which it is a party

13 Delegate Handbook 2016/2017 if it accepts in advance, for the purposes of the dispute, the obligations of pacific settlement provided in the present Charter. 3. The proceedings of the General Assembly in respect of matters brought to its attention under this Article will besubject to the provisions of Articles 11 and 12.

Article 36 1. The Security Council may, at any stage of a dispute of the nature referred to in Article 33 or of a situation of like nature, recommend appropriate procedures or methods of adjustment. 2. The Security Council should take into consideration any procedures for the settlement of the dispute which have already been adopted by the parties. 3. In making recommendations under this Article the Security Council should also take into consideration that legal disputes should as a general rule be referred by the parties to the International Court of Justice in accordance with the provisions of the Statute of the Court.

Article 37 1. Should the parties to a dispute of the nature referred to in Article 33 fail to settle it by the means indicated in that Article, they shall refer it to the Security Council. 2. If the Security Council deems that the continuance of the dispute is in fact likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace and security, it shall decide whether to take action under Article 36 or to recommend such terms of settlement as it may consider appropriate.

Article 38 Without prejudice to the provisions of Articles 33 to 37, the Security Council may, if all the parties to any dispute so request, make recommendations to the parties with a view to a pacific settlement of the dispute.

CHAPTER VII ACTION WITH RESPECT TO THREATS TO THE PEACE, BREACHES OF THE PEACE, AND ACTS OF AGGRES- SION

Article 39 The Security Council shall determine the existence of any threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression and shall make recommendations, or decide what measures shall be taken in accordance with Articles 41 and 42, to maintain or

14 Delegate Handbook 2016/2017 restore international peace and security.

Article 40 In order to prevent an aggravation of the situation, the Security Council may, before making the recommendations or deciding upon the measures provided for in Article 39, call upon the parties concerned to comply with such provisional measures as it deems necessary or desirable. Such provisional measures shall be without prejudice to the rights, claims, or position of the parties concerned. The Security Council shall duly take account of failure to comply with such provisional measures.

Article 41 The Security Council may decide what measures not involving the use of armed force are to be employed to give effect to its decisions, and it may call upon the Members of the United Nations to apply such measures. These may include complete or partial interruption of economic relations and of rail, sea, air, postal, telegraphic, radio, and other means of communication, and the severance of diplomatic relations.

Article 42 Should the Security Council consider that measures provided for in Article 41 would be inadequate or have proved to be inadequate, it may take such action by air, sea, or land forces as may be necessary to maintain or restore international peace and security. Such action may include demonstrations, blockade, and other operations by air, sea, or land forces of Members of the United Nations.

Article 43 1. All Members of the United Nations, in order to contribute to the maintenance of international peace and security, undertake to make available to the Security Council, on its call and in accordance with a special agreement or agreements, armed forces, assistance, and facilities, including rights of passage, necessary for the purpose of maintaining international peace and security. 2. Such agreement or agreements shall govern the numbers and types of forces, their degree of readiness and general location, and the nature of the facilities and assistance to be provided. 3. The agreement or agreements shall be negotiated as soon as possible on the initiative of the Security Council. They shall be concluded between the Security Council and Members or between the Security Council and groups of Members and shall be subject to ratification by the signatory states in accordance with their respective constitutional processes.

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Article 44 When the Security Council has decided to use force it shall, before calling upon a Member not represented on it to provide armed forces in fulfilment of the obligations assumed under Article 43, invite that Member, if the Member so desires, to participate in the decisions of the Security Council concerning the employment of contingents of that Member’s armed forces.

Article 45 In order to enable the United Nations to take urgent military measures, Members shall hold immediately available national air-force contingents for combined international enforcement action. The strength and degree of readiness of these contingents and plans for their combined action shall be determined within the limits laid down in the special agreement or agreements referred to in Article 43, by the Security Council with the assistance of the Military Staff Committee.

Article 46 Plans for the application of armed force shall be made by the Security Council with the assistance of the Military Staff Committee.

Article 47 1. There shall be established a Military Staff Committee to advise and assist the Security Council on all questions relating to the Security Council’s military require- ments for the maintenance of international peace and security, the employment and command of forces placed at its disposal, the regulation of armaments, and possible disarmament. 2. The Military Staff Committee shall consist of the Chiefs of Staff of the permanent members of the Security Council or their representatives. Any Member of the United Nations not permanently represented on the Committee shall be invited by the Committee to be associated with it when the efficient discharge of the Committee’s responsibilities requires the participation of that Member in its work. 3. The Military Staff Committee shall be responsible under the Security Council for the strategic direction of any armed forces placed at the disposal of the Security Council. Questions relating to the command of such forces shall be worked out sub- sequently. 4. The Military Staff Committee, with the authorization of the Security Council and after consultation with appropriate regional agencies, may establish regional sub- committees.

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Article 48 1. The action required to carry out the decisions of the Security Council for the maintenance of international peace and security shall be taken by all the Members of the United Nations or by some of them, as the Security Council may determine. 2. Such decisions shall be carried out by the Members of the United Nations directly and through their action in the appropriate international agencies of which they remembers.

Article 49 The Members of the United Nations shall join in affording mutual assistance in carrying out the measures decided upon by the Security Council.

Article 50 If preventive or enforcement measures against any state are taken by the Security Council, any other state, whether a Member of the United Nations or not, which finds itself confronted with special economic problems arising from the carrying out of those measures shall have the right to consult the Security Council with regard to a solution of those problems.

Article 51 Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Na- tions, until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and security. Measures taken by Members in the exercise of this right of self- defence shall be immediately reported to the Security Council and shall not in any way affect the authority and responsibility of the Security Council under the present Charter to take at any time such action as it deems necessary in order to maintain or restore international peace and security.

CHAPTER VIII REGIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

Article 52 1. Nothing in the present Charter precludes the existence of regional arrangements or agencies for dealing with such matters relating to the maintenance of international peace and security as are appropriate for regional action provided that such arrangements or agencies and their activities are consistent with the Purposes and Principles of the United Nations. 2. The Members of the United Nations entering into such arrangements or con-

17 Delegate Handbook 2016/2017 stituting such agencies shall make every effort to achieve pacific settlement of local disputes through such regional arrangements or by such regional agencies before referring them to the Security Council. 3. The Security Council shall encourage the development of pacific settlement of local disputes through such regional arrangements or by such regional agencies either on the initiative of the states concerned or by reference from the Security Council. 4. This Article in no way impairs the application of Articles 34 and 35.

Article 53 1. The Security Council shall, where appropriate, utilize such regional arrangements or agencies for enforcement action under its authority. But no enforcement action shall be taken under regional arrangements or by regional agencies without the authorization of the Security Council, with the exception of measures against any enemy state, as defined in paragraph 2 of this Article, provided for pursuant to Article 107 or in regional arrangements directed against renewal of aggressive policy on the part of any such state, until such time as the Organization may, on request of the Govern- ments concerned, be charged with the responsibility for preventing further aggression by such a state. 2. The term enemy state as used in paragraph 1 of this Article applies to any state which during the Second World War has been an enemy of any signatory of the present Charter.

Article 54 The Security Council shall at all times be kept fully informed of activities undertaken or in contemplation under regional arrangements or by regional agencies for the maintenance of international peace and security.

CHAPTER IX INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CO-OPERATION

Article 55 With a view to the creation of conditions of stability and well-being which are necessary for peaceful and friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, the United Nations shall promote: a. higher standards of living, full employment, and conditions of economic and social progress and development; b . solutions of international economic, social, health, and related problems;

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and international cultural and educational cooperation; and c. universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion. Article 56 All Members pledge themselves to take joint and separate action in co-operation with the Organization for the achievement of the purposes set forth in Article 55.

Article 57 1. The various specialized agencies, established by intergovernmental agreement and having wide international responsibilities, as defined in their basic instruments, in economic, social, cultural, educational, health, and related fields, shall be brought into relationship with the United Nations in accordance with the provisions of Article 63. 2. Such agencies thus brought into relationship with the United Nations are hereinafter referred to as specialized agencies.

Article 58 The Organization shall make recommendations for the co-ordination of the policies and activities of the specialized agencies.

Article 59 The Organization shall, where appropriate, initiate negotiations among the states concerned for the creation of any new specialized agencies required for the accom- plishment of the purposes set forth in Article 55.

Article 60 Responsibility for the discharge of the functions of the Organization set forth in this Chapter shall be vested in the General Assembly and, under the authority of the General Assembly, in the Economic and Social Council, which shall have for this purpose the powers set forth in Chapter X.

CHAPTER X THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL

COMPOSITION Article 61 1. The Economic and Social Council shall consist of fifty-four Members of the United Nations elected by the General Assembly. 2. Subject to the provisions of paragraph 3, eighteen members of the Economic and Social Council shall be elected each year for a term of three years. A retiring mem-

19 Delegate Handbook 2016/2017 ber shall be eligible for immediate re-election. 3. At the first election after the increase in the membership of the Economic and Social Council from twentyseven to fifty-four members, in addition to the members elected in place of the nine members whose term of office expires at the end of that year, twenty-seven additional members shall be elected. Of these twenty-seven additional members, the term of office of nine members so elected shall expire at the end of one year, and of nine other members at the end of two years, in accordance with arrangements made by the General Assembly.

FUNCTIONS and POWERS Article 62 1. The Economic and Social Council may make or initiate studies and reports with respect to international economic, social, cultural, educational, health, and related matters and may make recommendations with respect to any such matters to the General Assembly to the Members of the United Nations, and to the specialized agencies concerned. 2. It may make recommendations for the purpose of promoting respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all. 3. It may prepare draft conventions for submission to the General Assembly, with respect to matters falling within its competence. 4. It may call, in accordance with the rules prescribed by the United Nations, international conferences on matters falling within its competence.

Article 63 1. The Economic and Social Council may enter into agreements with any of the agencies referred to in Article 57, defining the terms on which the agency concerned shall be brought into relationship with the United Nations. Such agreements shall be subject to approval by the General Assembly. 2. It may co-ordinate the activities of the specialized agencies through consultation with and recommendations to such agencies and through recommendations to the General Assembly and to the Members of the United Nations.

Article 64 1. The Economic and Social Council may take appropriate steps to obtain regular reports from the specialized agencies. It may make arrangements with the Members of the United Nations and with the specialized agencies to obtain reports on the steps taken to give effect to its own recommendations and to recommendations on matters falling within its competence made by the General Assembly. 2. It may communicate its observations on these reports to the General Assembly.

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Article 65 The Economic and Social Council may furnish information to the Security Council and shall assist the Security Council upon its request.

Article 66 1. The Economic and Social Council shall perform such functions as fall within its competence in connexion with the carrying out of the recommendations of the General Assembly. 2. It may, with the approval of the General Assembly, perform services at the request of Members of the United Nations and at the request of specialized agencies. 3. It shall perform such other functions as are specified elsewhere in the present Charter or as may be assigned to it by the General Assembly.

VOTING Article 67 1. Each member of the Economic and Social Council shall have one vote. 2. Decisions of the Economic and Social Council shall be made by a majority of the members present and voting.

PROCEDURE Article 68 The Economic and Social Council shall set up commissions in economic and social fields and for the promotion of human rights, and such other commissions as may be required for the performance of its functions.

Article 69 The Economic and Social Council shall invite any Member of the United Nations to participate, without vote, in its deliberations on any matter of particular concern to that Member.

Article 70 The Economic and Social Council may make arrangements for representatives of the specialized agencies to participate, without vote, in its deliberations and in those of the commissions established by it, and for its representatives to participate in the deliberations of the specialized agencies.

Article 71 The Economic and Social Council may make suitable arrangements for consultation with non-governmental organizations which are concerned with matters within its competence. Such arrangements may be made with international organizations and,

21 Delegate Handbook 2016/2017 where appropriate, with national organizations after consultation with the Member of the United Nations concerned.

Article 72 1. The Economic and Social Council shall adopt its own rules of procedure, including the method of selecting its President. 2. The Economic and Social Council shall meet as required in accordance with its rules, which shall include provision for the convening of meetings on the request of a majority of its members.

CHAPTER XI DECLARATION REGARDING NON-SELF-GOVERNING TERRITORIES Article 73 Members of the United Nations which have or assume responsibilities for the administration of territories whose peoples have not yet attained a full measure of self-government recognize the principle that the interests of the inhabitants of these territories are paramount, and accept as a sacred trust the obligation to promote to the utmost, within the system of international peace and security established by the present Charter, the well-being of the inhabitants of these territories, and, to this end: a. to ensure, with due respect for the culture of the peoples concerned, their political, economic, social, and educational advancement, their just treatment, and their protection against abuses; b. to develop self-government, to take due account of the political aspira- tions of the peoples, and to assist them in the progressive development of their free political institutions, according to the particular circumstances of each territory and its peoples and their varying stages of advancement; c. to further international peace and security; d. to promote constructive measures of development, to encourage research, and to co-operate with one another and, when and where appropriate, with specialized international bodies with a view to the practical achievement of the social, economic, and scientific purposes set forth in this Article; and e . to transmit regularly to the Secretary-General for information purposes, subject to such limitation as security and constitutional considerations may require, statistical and other information of a technical nature relating to economic, social, and educational conditions in the territories for which they are respectively responsible other than those territories to which Chapters XII and XIII apply.

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Article 74 Members of the United Nations also agree that their policy in respect of the territories to which this Chapter applies, no less than in respect of their metropolitan areas, must be based on the general principle of good-neighbourliness, due account being taken of the interests and well-being of the rest of the world, in social, economic, and commercial matters.

CHAPTER XII INTERNATIONAL TRUSTEESHIP SYSTEM Article 75 The United Nations shall establish under its authority an international trusteeship system for the administration and supervision of such territories as may be placed thereunder by subsequent individual agreements. These territories are hereinafter referred to as trust territories.

Article 76 The basic objectives of the trusteeship system, in accordance with the Purposes of the United Nations laid down in Article 1 of the present Charter, shall be: a. to further international peace and security; b. to promote the political, economic, social, and educational advancement of the inhabitants of the trust territories, and their progressive development towards self-government or independence as may be appropriate to the particular circumstances of each territory and its peoples and the freely expressed wishes of the peoples concerned, and as may be provided by the terms of each trusteeship agreement; c. to encourage respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion, and to encourage recognition of the interdependence of the peoples of the world; and d. to ensure equal treatment in social, economic, and commercial matters for all Members of the United Nations and their nationals, and also equal treatment for the latter in the administration of justice, without prejudice to the attainment of the foregoing objectives and subject to the provisions of Article 80.

Article 77 1. The trusteeship system shall apply to such territories in the following categories as may be placed thereunder by means of trusteeship agreements: a. territories now held under mandate; b. territories which may be detached from enemy states as a result of the

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Second World War; and c . territories voluntarily placed under the system by states responsible for their administration. 2. It will be a matter for subsequent agreement as to which territories in the foregoing categories will be brought under the trusteeship system and upon what terms.

Article 78 The trusteeship system shall not apply to territories which have become Members of the United Nations, relationship among which shall be based on respect for the principle of sovereign equality.

Article 79 The terms of trusteeship for each territory to be placed under the trusteeship system, including any alteration or amendment, shall be agreed upon by the states directly concerned, including the mandatory power in the case of territories held under mandate by a Member of the United Nations, and shall be approved as provided for in Articles 83 and 85.

Article 80 1. Except as may be agreed upon in individual trusteeship agreements, made under Articles 77, 79, and 81, placing each territory under the trusteeship system, and until such agreements have been concluded, nothing in this Chapter shall be construed in or of itself to alter in any manner the rights whatsoever of any states or any peoples or the terms of existing international instruments to which Members of the United Nations may respectively be parties. 2. Paragraph 1 of this Article shall not be interpreted as giving grounds for delay or postponement of the negotiation and conclusion of agreements for placing mandated and other territories under the trusteeship system as provided for in Article 77.

Article 81 The trusteeship agreement shall in each case include the terms under which the trust territory will be administered and designate the authority which will exercise the administration of the trust territory. Such authority, hereinafter called the administering authority, may be one or more states or the Organization itself.

Article 82 There may be designated, in any trusteeship agreement, a strategic area or areas which may include part or all of the trust territory to which the agreement applies, without prejudice to any special agreement or agreements made under Article 43.

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Article 83 1. All functions of the United Nations relating to strategic areas, including the approval of the terms of the trusteeship agreements and of their alteration or amendment shall be exercised by the Security Council. 2. The basic objectives set forth in Article 76 shall be applicable to the people of each strategic area. 3. The Security Council shall, subject to the provisions of the trusteeship agreements and without prejudice to security considerations, avail itself of the assistance of the Trusteeship Council to perform those functions of the United Nations under the trusteeship system relating to political, economic, social, and educational matters in the strategic areas.

Article 84 It shall be the duty of the administering authority to ensure that the trust territory shall play its part in the maintenance of international peace and security. To this end the administering authority may make use of volunteer forces, facilities, and assistance from the trust territory in carrying out the obligations towards the Security Council undertaken in this regard by the administering authority, as well as for local defence and the maintenance of law and order within the trust territory.

Article 85 1. The functions of the United Nations with regard to trusteeship agreements for all areas not designated as strategic, including the approval of the terms of the trusteeship agreements and of their alteration or amendment, shall be exercised by the General Assembly. 2. The Trusteeship Council, operating under the authority of the General Assembly shall assist the General Assembly in carrying out these functions.

CHAPTER XIII THE TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL COMPOSITION Article 86 1. The Trusteeship Council shall consist of the following Members of the United Nations: a. those Members administering trust territories; b . such of those Members mentioned by name in Article 23 as are not administering trust territories; and c. as many other Members elected for three-year terms by the General As- sembly as may be necessary to ensure that the total number of members

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of the Trusteeship Council is equally divided between those Members of the United Nations which administer trust territories and those which do not. 2. Each member of the Trusteeship Council shall designate one specially qualified person to represent it therein.

FUNCTIONS and POWERS Article 87 The General Assembly and, under its authority, the Trusteeship Council, in carrying out their functions, may: a. consider reports submitted by the administering authority; b. accept petitions and examine them in consultation with the administering authority; c. provide for periodic visits to the respective trust territories at times agreed upon with the administering authority; and d. take these and other actions in conformity with the terms of the trusteeship agreements.

Article 88 The Trusteeship Council shall formulate a questionnaire on the political, economic, social, and educational advancement of the inhabitants of each trust territory, and the administering authority for each trust territory within the competence of the General Assembly shall make an annual report to the General Assembly upon the basis of such questionnaire. VOTING Article 89 1. Each member of the Trusteeship Council shall have one vote. 2. Decisions of the Trusteeship Council shall be made by a majority of the members present and voting. PROCEDURE Article 90 1. The Trusteeship Council shall adopt its own rules of procedure, including the method of selecting its President. 2. The Trusteeship Council shall meet as required in accordance with its rules, which shall include provision for the convening of meetings on the request of a majority of its members.

Article 91 The Trusteeship Council shall, when appropriate, avail itself of the assistance of the Economic and Social Council and of the specialized agencies in regard to matters

26 Delegate Handbook 2016/2017 with which they are respectively concerned.

CHAPTER XIV THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE Article 92 The International Court of Justice shall be the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. It shall function in accordance with the annexed Statute, which is based upon the Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice and forms an integral part of the present Charter.

Article 93 1. All Members of the United Nations are ipso facto parties to the Statute of the International Court of Justice. 2. A state which is not a Member of the United Nations may become a party to the Statute of the International Court of Justice on conditions to be determined in each case by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council.

Article 94 1. Each Member of the United Nations undertakes to comply with the decision of the International Court of Justice in any case to which it is a party. 2. If any party to a case fails to perform the obligations incumbent upon it under a judgment rendered by the Court, the other party may have recourse to the Security Council, which may, if it deems necessary, make recommendations or decide upon measures to be taken to give effect to the judgment.

Article 95 Nothing in the present Charter shall prevent Members of the United Nations from entrusting the solution of their differences to other tribunals by virtue of agreements already in existence or which may be concluded in the future.

Article 96 1. The General Assembly or the Security Council may request the International Court of Justice to give an advisory opinion on any legal question. 2. Other organs of the United Nations and specialized agencies, which may at any time be so authorized by the General Assembly, may also request advisory opinions of the Court on legal questions arising within the scope of their activities.

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CHAPTER XV THE SECRETARIAT

Article 97 The Secretariat shall comprise a Secretary-General and such staff as the Organiza- tion may require. The Secretary-General shall be appointed by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council. He shall be the chief administrative officer of the Organization.

Article 98 The Secretary-General shall act in that capacity in all meetings of the General As- sembly, of the Security Council, of the Economic and Social Council, and of the Trusteeship Council, and shall perform such other functions as are entrusted to him by these organs. The Secretary-General shall make an annual report to the General Assembly on the work of the Organization.

Article 99 The Secretary-General may bring to the attention of the Security Council any matter which in his opinion may threaten the maintenance of international peace and security.

Article 100 1. In the performance of their duties the Secretary-General and the staff shall not seek or receive instructions from any government or from any other authority external to the Organization. They shall refrain from any action which might reflect on their position as international officials responsible only to the Organization. 2. Each Member of the United Nations undertakes to respect the exclusively international character of the responsibilities of the Secretary-General and the staff and not to seek to influence them in the discharge of their responsibilities.

Article 101 1. The staff shall be appointed by the Secretary-General under regulations established by the General Assembly. 2. Appropriate staffs shall be permanently assigned to the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, and, as required, to other organs of the United Na- tions. These staffs shall form a part of the Secretariat. 3. The paramount consideration in the employment of the staff and in the determination of the conditions of service shall be the necessity of securing the highest standards of efficiency, competence, and integrity. Due regard shall be paid to the importance of recruiting the staff on as wide a geographical basis as possible.

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CHAPTER XVI MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS

Article 102 1. Every treaty and every international agreement entered into by any Member of the United Nations after the present Charter comes into force shall as soon as possible be registered with the Secretariat and published by it. 2. No party to any such treaty or international agreement which has not been registered in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article may invoke that treaty or agreement before any organ of the United Nations.

Article 103 In the event of a conflict between the obligations of the Members of the United Nations under the present Charter and their obligations under any other international agreement, their obligations under the present Charter shall prevail.

Article 104 The Organization shall enjoy in the territory of each of its Members such legal capacity as may be necessary for the exercise of its functions and the fulfilment of its purposes.

Article 105 1. The Organization shall enjoy in the territory of each of its Members such privileges and immunities as are necessary for the fulfilment of its purposes. 2. Representatives of the Members of the United Nations and officials of the Or- ganization shall similarly enjoy such privileges and immunities as are necessary for the independent exercise of their functions in connexion with the Organization. 3. The General Assembly may make recommendations with a view to determining the details of the application of paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article or may propose conventions to the Members of the United Nations for this purpose.

CHAPTER XVII TRANSITIONAL SECURITY ARRANGEMENTS Article 106 Pending the coming into force of such special agreements referred to in Article 43 as in the opinion of the Security Council enable it to begin the exercise of its responsibilities under Article 42, the parties to the Four-Nation Declaration, signed at Moscow, 30 October 1943, and France, shall, in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 5 of that Declaration, consult with one another and as occasion requires

29 Delegate Handbook 2016/2017 with other Members of the United Nations with a view to such joint action on behalf of the Organization as may be necessary for the purpose of maintaining international peace and security.

Article 107 Nothing in the present Charter shall invalidate or preclude action, in relation to any state which during the Second World War has been an enemy of any signatory to the present Charter, taken or authorized as a result of that war by the Governments having responsibility for such action.

CHAPTER XVIII AMENDMENTS Article 108 Amendments to the present Charter shall come into force for all Members of the United Nations when they have been adopted by a vote of two thirds of the members of the General Assembly and ratified in accordance with their respective constitutional processes by two thirds of the Members of the United Nations, including all the permanent members of the Security Council.

Article 109 1. A General Conference of the Members of the United Nations for the purpose of reviewing the present Charter may be held at a date and place to be fixed by a two-thirds vote of the members of the General Assembly and by a vote of any nine members of the Security Council. Each Member of the United Nations shall have one vote in the conference. 2. Any alteration of the present Charter recommended by a two-thirds vote of the conference shall take effect when ratified in accordance with their respective constitutional processes by two thirds of the Members of the United Nations including all the permanent members of the Security Council. 3. If such a conference has not been held before the tenth annual session of the General Assembly following the coming into force of the present Charter, the proposal to call such a conference shall be placed on the agenda of that session of the General Assembly, and the conference shall be held if so decided by a majority vote of the members of the General Assembly and by a vote of any seven members of the Security Council. 4. The states signatory to the present Charter which ratify it after it has come into force will become original Members of the United Nations on the date of the deposit of their respective ratifications.

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CHAPTER XIX RATIFICATION AND SIGNATURE

Article 110 1. The present Charter shall be ratified by the signatory states in accordance with their respective constitutional processes. 2. The ratifications shall be deposited with the Government of the United States of America, which shall notify all the signatory states of each deposit as well as the Secretary-General of the Organization when he has been appointed. 3. The present Charter shall come into force upon the deposit of ratifications by the Republic of China, France, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United King- dom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America, and by a majority of the other signatory states. A protocol of the ratifications deposited shall thereupon be drawn up by the Government of the United States of America which shall communicate copies thereof to all the signatory states. 4. The states signatory to the present Charter which ratify it after it has come into force will become original Members of the United Nations on the date of the deposit of their respective ratifications.

Article 111 The present Charter, of which the Chinese, French, Russian, English, and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall remain deposited in the archives of the Government of the United States of America. Duly certified copies thereof shall be transmitted by that Government to the Governments of the other signatory states. in faith whereof the representatives of the Governments of the United Nations have signed the present Charter. DONE at the city of San Francisco the twenty-sixth day of June, one thousand nine hundred and forty-five.

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STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

Article 1 The International Court of Justice established by the Charter of the United Nations as the principal judicial organ of the United Nations shall be constituted and shall function in accordance with the provisions of the present Statute.

CHAPTER I ORGANIZATION OF THE COURT Article 2 The Court shall be composed of a body of independent judges, elected regardless of their nationality from among persons of high moral character, who possess the qualifications required in their respective countries for appointment to the highest judicial offices, or are jurisconsults of recognized competence in international law.

Article 3 1. The Court shall consist of fifteen members, no two of whom may be nationals of the same state. 2. A person who for the purposes of membership in the Court could be regarded as a national of more than one state shall be deemed to be a national of the one in which he ordinarily exercises civil and political rights.

Article 4 1. The members of the Court shall be elected by the General Assembly and by the Security Council from a list of persons nominated by the national groups in the Per- manent Court of Arbitration, in accordance with the following provisions. 2. In the case of Members of the United Nations not represented in the Permanent Court of Arbitration, candidates shall be nominated by national groups appointed for this purpose by their governments under the same conditions as those prescribed for members of the Permanent Court of Arbitration by Article 44 of the Convention of The Hague of 1907 for the pacific settlement of international disputes. 3. The conditions under which a state which is a party to the present Statute but is not a Member of the United Nations may participate in electing the members of the Court shall, in the absence of a special agreement, be laid down by the General As- sembly upon recommendation of the Security Council. Article 5

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1. At least three months before the date of the election, the Secretary-General of the United Nations shall address a written request to the members of the Permanent Court of Arbitration belonging to the states which are parties to the present Statute, and to the members of the national groups appointed under Article 4, paragraph 2, inviting them to undertake, within a given time, by national groups, the nomination of persons in a position to accept the duties of a member of the Court. 2. No group may nominate more than four persons, not more than two of whom shall be of their own nationality. In no case may the number of candidates nominated by a group be more than double the number of seats to be filled.

Article 6 Before making these nominations, each national group is recommended to consult its highest court of justice, its legal faculties and schools of law, and its national academies and national sections of international academies devoted to the study of law.

Article 7 1. The Secretary-General shall prepare a list in alphabetical order of all the persons thus nominated. Save as provided in Article 12, paragraph 2, these shall be the only persons eligible. 2. The Secretary-General shall submit this list to the General Assembly and to the Security Council.

Article 8 The General Assembly and the Security Council shall proceed independently of one another to elect the members of the Court.

Article 9 At every election, the electors shall bear in mind not only that the persons to be elected should individually possess the qualifications required, but also that in the body as a whole the representation of the main forms of civilization and of the principal legal systems of the world should be assured.

Article 10 1. Those candidates who obtain an absolute majority of votes in the General Assembly and in the Security Council shall be considered as elected. 2. Any vote of the Security Council, whether for the election of judges or for the appointment of members of the conference envisaged in Article 12, shall be taken without any distinction between permanent and non-permanent members of the Security Council. 3. In the event of more than one national of the same state obtaining an absolute

33 Delegate Handbook 2016/2017 majority of the votes both of the General Assembly and of the Security Council, the eldest of these only shall be considered as elected.

Article 11 If, after the first meeting held for the purpose of the election, one or more seats remain to be filled, a second and, if necessary, a third meeting shall take place.

Article 12 1. If, after the third meeting, one or more seats still remain unfilled, a joint conference consisting of six members, three appointed by the General Assembly and three by the Security Council, may be formed at any time at the request of either the General Assembly or the Security Council, for the purpose of choosing by the vote of an absolute majority one name for each seat still vacant, to submit to the General Assembly and the Security Council for their respective acceptance. 2. If the joint conference is unanimously agreed upon any person who fulfills the required conditions, he may be included in its list, even though he was not included in the list of nominations referred to in Article 7. 3. If the joint conference is satisfied that it will not be successful in procuring an election, those members of the Court who have already been elected shall, within a period to be fixed by the Security Council, proceed to fill the vacant seats by selection from among those candidates who have obtained votes either in the General Assembly or in the Security Council. 4. In the event of an equality of votes among the judges, the eldest judge shall have a casting vote.

Article 13 1. The members of the Court shall be elected for nine years and may be re-elected; provided, however, that of the judges elected at the first election, the terms of five judges shall expire at the end of three years and the terms of five more judges shall expire at the end of six years. 2. The judges whose terms are to expire at the end of the above-mentioned initial periods of three and six years shall be chosen by lot to be drawn by the Secretary- General immediately after the first election has been completed. 3. The members of the Court shall continue to discharge their duties until their places have been filled. Though replaced, they shall finish any cases which they may have begun. 4. In the case of the resignation of a member of the Court, the resignation shall be addressed to the President of the Court for transmission to the Secretary-General. This last notification makes the place vacant.

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Article 14 Vacancies shall be filled by the same method as that laid down for the first election, subject to the following provision: the Secretary-General shall, within one month of the occurrence of the vacancy, proceed to issue the invitations provided for in Article 5, and the date of the election shall be fixed by the Security Council.

Article 15 A member of the Court elected to replace a member whose term of office has not expired shall hold office for the remainder of his predecessor’s term.

Article 16 1. No member of the Court may exercise any political or administrative function, or engage in any other occupation of a professional nature. 2. Any doubt on this point shall be settled by the decision of the Court.

Article 17 1. No member of the Court may act as agent, counsel, or advocate in any case. 2. No member may participate in the decision of any case in which he has previously taken part as agent, counsel, or advocate for one of the parties, or as a member of a national or international court, or of a commission of enquiry, or in any other capacity. 3. Any doubt on this point shall be settled by the decision of the Court.

Article 18 1. No member of the Court can be dismissed unless, in the unanimous opinion of the other members, he has ceased to fulfill the required conditions. 2. Formal notification thereof shall be made to the Secretary-General by the Reg- istrar. 3. This notification makes the place vacant.

Article 19 The members of the Court, when engaged on the business of the Court, shall enjoy diplomatic privileges and immunities.

Article 20 Every member of the Court shall, before taking up his duties, make a solemn declaration in open court that he will exercise his powers impartially and conscientiously.

Article 21 1. The Court shall elect its President and Vice-President for three years; they may

35 Delegate Handbook 2016/2017 be re-elected. 2. The Court shall appoint its Registrar and may provide for the appointment of such other officers as may be necessary.

Article 22 1. The seat of the Court shall be established at The Hague. This, however, shall not prevent the Court from sitting and exercising its functions elsewhere whenever the Court considers it desirable. 2. The President and the Registrar shall reside at the seat of the Court.

Article 23 1. The Court shall remain permanently in session, except during the judicial vaca- tions, the dates and duration of which shall be fixed by the Court. 2. Members of the Court are entitled to periodic leave, the dates and duration of which shall be fixed by the Court, having in mind the distance between The Hague and the home of each judge. 3. Members of the Court shall be bound, unless they are on leave or prevented from attending by illness or other serious reasons duly explained to the President, to hold themselves permanently at the disposal of the Court.

Article 24 1. If, for some special reason, a member of the Court considers that he should not take part in the decision of a particular case, he shall so inform the President. 2. If the President considers that for some special reason one of the members of the Court should not sit in a particular case, he shall give him notice accordingly. 3. If in any such case the member Court and the President disagree, the matter shall be settled by the decision of the Court.

Article 25 1. The full Court shall sit except when it is expressly provided otherwise in the present Statute. 2. Subject to the condition that the number of judges available to constitute the Court is not thereby reduced below eleven, the Rules of the Court may provide for allowing one or more judges, according to circumstances and in rotation, to be dis- pensed from sitting. 3. A quorum of nine judges shall suffice to constitute the Court.

Article 26 1. The Court may from time to time form one or more chambers, composed of three or more judges as the Court may determine, for dealing with particular categories

36 Delegate Handbook 2016/2017 of cases; for example, labour cases and cases relating to transit and communications. 2. The Court may at any time form a chamber for dealing with a particular case. The number of judges to constitute such a chamber shall be determined by the Court with the approval of the parties. 3. Cases shall be heard and determined by the chambers provided for in this article if the parties so request.

Article 27 A judgment given by any of the chambers provided for in Articles 26 and 29 shall be considered as rendered by the Court.

Article 28 The chambers provided for in Articles 26 and 29 may, with the consent of the parties, sit and exercise their functions elsewhere than at The Hague.

Article 29 With a view to the speedy dispatch of business, the Court shall form annually a chamber composed of five judges which, at the request of the parties, may hear and determine cases by summary procedure. In addition, two judges shall be selected for the purpose of replacing judges who find it impossible to sit.

Article 30 1. The Court shall frame rules for carrying out its functions. In particular, it shall lay down rules of procedure. 2. The Rules of the Court may provide for assessors to sit with the Court or with any of its chambers, without the right to vote.

Article 31 1. Judges of the nationality of each of the parties shall retain their right to sit in the case before the Court. 2. If the Court includes upon the Bench a judge of the nationality of one of the parties, any other party may choose a person to sit as judge. Such person shall be chosen preferably from among those persons who have been nominated as candidates as provided in Articles 4 and 5. 3. If the Court includes upon the Bench no judge of the nationality of the parties, each of these parties may proceed to choose a judge as provided in paragraph 2 of this Article. 4. The provisions of this Article shall apply to the case of Articles 26 and 29. In such cases, the President shall request one or, if necessary, two of the members of the Court forming the chamber to give place to the members of the Court of the national-

37 Delegate Handbook 2016/2017 ity of the parties concerned, and, failing such, or if they are unable to be present, to the judges specially chosen by the parties. 5. Should there be several parties in the same interest, they shall, for the purpose of the preceding provisions, be reckoned as one party only. Any doubt upon this point shall be settled by the decision of the Court. 6. Judges chosen as laid down in paragraphs 2, 3, and 4 of this Article shall fulfill the conditions required by Articles 2, 17 (paragraph 2), 20, and 24 of the present Statute. They shall take part in the decision on terms of complete equality with their colleagues.

Article 32 1. Each member of the Court shall receive an annual salary. 2. The President shall receive a special annual allowance. 3. The Vice-President shall receive a special allowance for every day on which he acts as President. 4. The judges chosen under Article 31, other than members of the Court, shall receive compensation for each day on which they exercise their functions. 5. These salaries, allowances, and compensation shall be fixed by the General As- sembly. They may not be decreased during the term of office. 6. The salary of the Registrar shall be fixed by the General Assembly on the proposal of the Court. 7. Regulations made by the General Assembly shall fix the conditions under which retirement pensions may be given to members of the Court and to the Registrar, and the conditions under which members of the Court and the Registrar shall have their travelling expenses refunded. 8. The above salaries, allowances, and compensation shall be free of all taxation.

Article 33 The expenses of the Court shall be borne by the United Nations in such a manner as shall be decided by the General Assembly.

CHAPTER II COMPETENCE OF THE COURT Article 34 1. Only states may be parties in cases before the Court. 2. The Court, subject to and in conformity with its Rules, may request of public international organizations information relevant to cases before it, and shall receive such information presented by such organizations on their own initiative. 3. Whenever the construction of the constituent instrument of a public interna-

38 Delegate Handbook 2016/2017 tional organization or of an international convention adopted thereunder is in question in a case before the Court, the Registrar shall so notify the public international organization concerned and shall communicate to it copies of all the written proceedings.

Article 35 1. The Court shall be open to the states parties to the present Statute. 2. The conditions under which the Court shall be open to other states shall, subject to the special provisions contained in treaties in force, be laid down by the Security Council, but in no case shall such conditions place the parties in a position of inequality before the Court. 3. When a state which is not a Member of the United Nations is a party to a case, the Court shall fix the amount which that party is to contribute towards the expenses of the Court. This provision shall not apply if such state is bearing a share of the expenses of the Court

Article 36 1. The jurisdiction of the Court comprises all cases which the parties refer to it and all matters specially provided for in the Charter of the United Nations or in treaties and conventions in force. 2. The states parties to the present Statute may at any time declare that they recognize as compulsory ipso facto and without special agreement, in relation to any other state accepting the same obligation, the jurisdiction of the Court in all legal disputes concerning: a. the interpretation of a treaty; b. any question of international law; c . the existence of any fact which, if established, would constitute a breach of an international obligation; d. the nature or extent of the reparation to be made for the breach of an international obligation. 3. The declarations referred to above may be made unconditionally or on condition of reciprocity on the part of several or certain states, or for a certain time. 4. Such declarations shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who shall transmit copies thereof to the parties to the Statute and to the Registrar of the Court. 5. Declarations made under Article 36 of the Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice and which are still in force shall be deemed, as between the parties to the present Statute, to be acceptances of the compulsory jurisdiction of the Inter- national Court of Justice for the period which they still have to run and in accordance with their terms.

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6. In the event of a dispute as to whether the Court has jurisdiction, the matter shall be settled by the decision of the Court. Article 37 Whenever a treaty or convention in force provides for reference of a matter to a tribunal to have been instituted by the League of Nations, or to the Permanent Court of International Justice, the matter shall, as between the parties to the present Statute, be referred to the International Court of Justice.

Article 38 1. The Court, whose function is to decide in accordance with international law such disputes as are submitted to it, shall apply: a. international conventions, whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting states; b. international custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law; c. the general principles of law recognized by civilized nations; d. subject to the provisions of Article 59, judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations, as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law. 2. This provision shall not prejudice the power of the Court to decide a case ex aequo et bono, if the parties agree thereto.

CHAPTER III PROCEDURE Article 39 1. The official languages of the Court shall be French and English. If the parties agree that the case shall be conducted in French, the judgment shall be delivered in French. If the parties agree that the case shall be conducted in English, the judgment shall be delivered in English. 2. In the absence of an agreement as to which language shall be employed, each party may, in the pleadings, use the language which it prefers; the decision of the Court shall be given in French and English. In this case the Court shall at the same time determine which of the two texts shall be considered as authoritative. 3. The Court shall, at the request of any party, authorize a language other than French or English to be used by that party.

Article 40 1. Cases are brought before the Court, as the case may be, either by the notification of the special agreement or by a written application addressed to the Registrar. In ei-

40 Delegate Handbook 2016/2017 ther case the subject of the dispute and the parties shall be indicated. 2. The Registrar shall forthwith communicate the application to all concerned. 3. He shall also notify the Members of the United Nations through the Secretary- General, and also any other states entitled to appear before the Court.

Article 41 1. The Court shall have the power to indicate, if it considers that circumstances so require, any provisional measures which ought to be taken to preserve the respective rights of either party. 2. Pending the final decision, notice of the measures suggested shall forthwith be given to the parties and to the Security Council.

Article 42 1. The parties shall be represented by agents. 2. They may have the assistance of counsel or advocates before the Court. 3. The agents, counsel, and advocates of parties before the Court shall enjoy the privileges and immunities necessary to the independent exercise of their duties.

Article 43 1. The procedure shall consist of two parts: written and oral. 2. The written proceedings shall consist of the communication to the Court and to the parties of memorials, counter-memorials and, if necessary, replies; also all papers and documents in support. 3. These communications shall be made through the Registrar, in the order and within the time fixed by the Court. 4. A certified copy of every document produced by one party shall be communi- cated to the other party. 5. The oral proceedings shall consist of the hearing by the Court of witnesses, experts, agents, counsel, and advocates.

Article 44 1. For the service of all notices upon persons other than the agents, counsel, and advocates, the Court shall apply direct to the government of the state upon whose territory the notice has to be served. 2. The same provision shall apply whenever steps are to be taken to procure evidence on the spot.

Article 45 The hearing shall be under the control of the President or, if he is unable to preside, of the Vice-President; if neither is able to preside, the senior judge present shall

41 Delegate Handbook 2016/2017 preside.

Article 46 The hearing in Court shall be public, unless the Court shall decide otherwise, or unless the parties demand that the public be not admitted .

Article 47 1. Minutes shall be made at each hearing and signed by the Registrar and the Presi- dent. 2. These minutes alone shall be authentic.

Article 48 The Court shall make orders for the conduct of the case, shall decide the form and time in which each party must conclude its arguments, and make all arrangements con- nected with the taking of evidence.

Article 49 The Court may, even before the hearing begins, call upon the agents to produce any document or to supply any explanations. Formal note shall be taken of any refusal.

Article 50 The Court may, at any time, entrust any individual, body, bureau, commission, or other organization that it may select, with the task of carrying out an enquiry or giving an expert opinion.

Article 51 During the hearing any relevant questions are to be put to the witnesses and experts under the conditions laid down by the Court in the rules of procedure referred to in Article 30.

Article 52 After the Court has received the proofs and evidence within the time specified for the purpose, it may refuse to accept any further oral or written evidence that one party may desire to present unless the other side consents.

Article 53 1. Whenever one of the parties does not appear before the Court, or fails to defend its case, the other party may call upon the Court to decide in favour of its claim. 2. The Court must, before doing so, satisfy itself, not only that it has jurisdiction in accordance with Articles 36 and 37, but also that the claim is well founded in fact

42 Delegate Handbook 2016/2017 and law.

Article 54 1. When, subject to the control of the Court, the agents, counsel, and advocates have completed their presentation of the case, the President shall declare the hearing closed. 2. The Court shall withdraw to consider the judgment. 3. The deliberations of the Court shall take place in private and remain secret.

Article 55 1. All questions shall be decided by a majority of the judges present. 2. In the event of an equality of votes, the President or the judge who acts in his place shall have a casting vote.

Article 56 1. The judgment shall state the reasons on which it is based. 2. It shall contain the names of the judges who have taken part in the decision.

Article 57 If the judgment does not represent in whole or in part the unanimous opinion of the judges, any judge shall be entitled to deliver a separate opinion.

Article 58 The judgment shall be signed by the President and by the Registrar. It shall be read in open court, due notice having been given to the agents.

Article 59 The decision of the Court has no binding force except between the parties and in respect of that particular case.

Article 60 The judgment is final and without appeal. In the event of dispute as to the meaning or scope of the judgment, the Court shall construe it upon the request of any party.

Article 61 1. An application for revision of a judgment may be made only when it is based upon the discovery of some fact of such a nature as to be a decisive factor, which fact was, when the judgment was given, unknown to the Court and also to the party claim- ing revision, always provided that such ignorance was not due to negligence. 2. The proceedings for revision shall be opened by a judgment of the Court ex-

43 Delegate Handbook 2016/2017 pressly recording the existence of the new fact, recognizing that it has such a character as to lay the case open to revision, and declaring the application admissible on this ground. 3. The Court may require previous compliance with the terms of the judgment before it admits proceedings in revision. 4. The application for revision must be made at latest within six months of the discovery of the new fact. 5. No application for revision may be made after the lapse of ten years from the date of the judgment.

Article 62 l. Should a state consider that it has an interest of a legal nature which may be affected by the decision in the case, it may submit a request to the Court to be permitted to intervene. 2. It shall be for the Court to decide upon this request.

Article 63 1. Whenever the construction of a convention to which states other than those concerned in the case are parties is in question, the Registrar shall notify all such states forthwith. 2. Every state so notified has the right to intervene in the proceedings; but if it uses this right, the construction given by the judgment will be equally binding upon it.

Article 64 Unless otherwise decided by the Court, each party shall bear its own costs.

CHAPTER IV ADVISORY OPINIONS Article 65 1. The Court may give an advisory opinion on any legal question at the request of whatever body may be authorized by or in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations to make such a request. 2. Questions upon which the advisory opinion of the Court is asked shall be laid before the Court by means of a written request containing an exact statement of the question upon which an opinion is required, and accompanied by all documents likely to throw light upon the question.

Article 66 1. The Registrar shall forthwith give notice of the request for an advisory opinion

44 Delegate Handbook 2016/2017 to all states entitled to appear before the Court. 2. The Registrar shall also, by means of a special and direct communication, notify any state entitled to appear before the Court or international organization considered by the Court, or, should it not be sitting, by the President, as likely to be able to furnish information on the question, that the Court will be prepared to receive, within a time- limit to be fixed by the President, written statements, or to hear, at a public sitting to be held for the purpose, oral statements relating to the question. 3. Should any such state entitled to appear before the Court have failed to receive the special communication referred to in paragraph 2 of this Article, such state may express a desire to submit a written statement or to be heard; and the Court will decide. 4. States and organizations having presented written or oral statements or both shall be permitted to comment on the statements made by other states or organizations in the form, to the extent, and within the time-limits which the Court, or, should it not be sitting, the President, shall decide in each particular case. Accordingly, the Registrar shall in due time communicate any such written statements to states and organizations having submitted similar statements.

Article 67 The Court shall deliver its advisory opinions in open court, notice having been given to the Secretary-General and to the representatives of Members of the United Nations, of other states and of international organizations immediately concerned.

Article 68 In the exercise of its advisory functions the Court shall further be guided by the provisions of the present Statute which apply in contentious cases to the extent to which it recognizes them to be applicable.

CHAPTER V AMENDMENT Article 69 Amendments to the present Statute shall be effected by the same procedure as is provided by the Charter of the United Nations for amendments to that Charter, subject however to any provisions which the General Assembly upon recommendation of the Security Council may adopt concerning the participation of states which are parties to the present Statute but are not Members of the United Nations.

Article 70 The Court shall have power to propose such amendments to the present Statute as it may deem necessary, through written communications to the Secretary-General, for consideration in conformity with the provisions of Article 69. 45 Delegate Handbook 2016/2017

UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS

Adopted and proclaimed by General Assembly resolution 217 A (III) of 10 December 1948. PREAMBLE

Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world, Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind, and the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the common people, Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law, Whereas it is essential to promote the development of friendly relations between nations, Whereas the peoples of the United Nations have in the Charter reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person and in the equal rights of men and women and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom, Whereas Member States have pledged themselves to achieve, in co-operation with the United Nations, the promotion of universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms, Whereas a common understanding of these rights and freedoms is of the greatest importance for the full realization of this pledge, Now, Therefore The General Assembly proclaims This Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Decla- ration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among the peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction.

46 Delegate Handbook 2016/2017

Article 1 All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brother- hood.

Article 2 Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty.

Article 3 Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.

Article 4 No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.

Article 5 No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.

Article 6 Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.

Article 7 All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination.

Article 8 Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law.

Article 9 No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile.

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Article 10 Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him.

Article 11 1. Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence. 2. No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or omis- sion which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the penal offence was committed.

Article 12 No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.

Article 13 1. Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the bor- ders of each state. 2. Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country.

Article 14 1. Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from per- secution. 2. This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from non-political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.

Article 15 1. Everyone has the right to a nationality. 2. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality.

Article 16 1. Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights

48 Delegate Handbook 2016/2017 as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution. 2. Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses. 3. The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State.

Article 17 1. Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others. 2. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property.

Article 18 Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance.

Article 19 Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.

Article 20 1. Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association. 2. No one may be compelled to belong to an association.

Article 21 1. Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives. 2. Everyone has the right of equal access to public service in his country. 3. The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures.

Article 22 Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality.

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Article 23 1. Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment. 2. Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work. 3. Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social protection. 4. Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests.

Article 24 Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay.

Article 25 1. Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well- being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control. 2. Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection.

Article 26 1. Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Techni- cal and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit. 2. Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace. 3. Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children.

Article 27 1. Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits. 2. Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests

50 Delegate Handbook 2016/2017 resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author. Article 28 Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized.

Article 29 1. Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full development of his personality is possible. 2. In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to such limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just require- ments of morality, public order and the general welfare in a democratic society. 3. These rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.

Article 30 Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruc- tion of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein.

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THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

The seventeen Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) – part of the United Na- tions 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Declaration (A/RES/70/1), established at the United Nations summit for the adoption of the post-2015 development agenda in 2015– form a plan of action for people, planet and prosperity.

I. End poverty in all its forms everywhere Targets: and those in vulnerable situations and 1.1. reduce their exposure and vulnerability By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty to climate-related extreme events and oth for all people everywhere, cur er economic, social and environmental rently measured as people living shocks and disasters on less than $1.25 a day 1.a. 1.2. Ensure significant mobilization of re By 2030, reduce at least by half the pro- sources from a variety of sources, includ portion of men, women and children of ing through enhanced development co all ages living in poverty in all its dimen- operation, in order to provide adequate sions according to national definitions: and predictable means for developing countries, in particular least developed 1.3. countries, to implement programmes and Implement nationally appropriate social policies to end poverty in all its dimen protection systems and measures for all, sions including floors, and by 2030 achieve sub stantial coverage of the poor and the vul 1.b. nerable Create sound policy frameworks at the national, regional and international levels, 1.4. based on pro-poor and gender-sensitive By 2030, ensure that all men and women, development strategies, to support in particular the poor and the vulnerable, accelerated investment in poverty eradica have equal rights to economic resources, tion action as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial services, including microfinance

1.5. By 2030, build the resilience of the poor

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II. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutri- tion and promote sustainable agriculture Targets: 2.1. 2.5 By 2030, end hunger and ensure access By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of by all people, in particular the poor seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and do- and people in vulnerable situations, in mesticated animals and their related wild cluding infants, to safe, nutritious and species, including through soundly man- sufficient food all year round aged and diversified seed and plant banks at the national, regional and international 2.2. levels, and promote access to and fair and By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, equitable sharing of benefits arising from including achieving, by 2025, the interna the utilization of genetic resources and as- tionally agreed targets on stunting and sociated traditional knowledge, as interna- wasting in children under 5 years of age, tionally agreed and address the nutritional needs of ado lescent girls, pregnant and lactating wom 2.a. en and older persons Increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural 2.3. infrastructure, agricultural research and ex- By 2030, double the agricultural producti tension services, technology development ty and incomes of small-scale food and plant and livestock gene banks in or- producers, in particular women, indig der to enhance agricultural productive ca- enous peoples, family farmers, pastoral pacity in developing countries, in particular ists and fishers, including through secure least developed countries and equal access to land, other produc tive resources and inputs, knowledge, fi 2.b. nancial services, markets and opportuni Correct and prevent trade restrictions and ties for value addition and non-farm em distortions in world agricultural markets, ployment including through the parallel elimination of all forms of agricultural export subsi- 2.4. dies and all export measures with equiva- By 2030, double the agricultural produc- lent effect, in accordance with the mandate tivity and incomes of small-scale food of the Doha Development Round producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoral- 2.c. ists and fishers, including through secure Adopt measures to ensure the proper and equal access to land, other productive functioning of food commodity markets resources and inputs, knowledge, financial and their derivatives and facilitate timely services, markets and opportunities for access to market information, including value addition and non-farm employmen on food reserves, in order to help limit extreme food price volatility

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III. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages Targets: tive health into national strategies and pro- 3.1. grammes By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live 3.8. births Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality es- 3.2. sential health-care services and access to safe, By 2030, end preventable deaths of new- effective, quality and affordable essential med- borns and children under 5 years of age, icines and vaccines for all with all countries aiming to reduce neo- natal mortality to at least as low as 12 per 3.9. 1,000 live births and under-5 mortality to By 2030, substantially reduce the number of at least as low as 25 per 1,000 live births deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contami- 3.3. nation By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropi- 3.a. cal diseases and combat hepatitis, water- Strengthen the implementation of the World borne diseases and other communicable Health Organization Framework Convention diseases on Tobacco Control in all countries, as appropriate 3.4. By 2030, reduce by one third premature 3.b. mortality from non-communicable dis- Support the research and development of eases through prevention and treatment vaccines and medicines for the communicable and promote mental health and well-being and non-communicable diseases that primarily affect developing countries, provide access to 3.5 affordable essential medicines and vaccines, in Strengthen the prevention and treatment accordance with the Doha Declaration on the of substance abuse, including narcotic drug TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, which abuse and harmful use of alcoho affirms the right of developing countries to use to the full the provisions in the Agree- 3.6. ment on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual By 2020, halve the number of global deaths Property Rights regarding flexibilities to pro- and injuries from road traffic accidents tect public health, and, in particular, provide access to medicines for all 3.7. By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual 3.c. and reproductive health-care services, in- Substantially increase health financing and the cluding for family planning, information and recruitment, development, training and reten- education, and the integration of reproduc- tion of the health workforce in developing

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countries, especially in least developed coun- particular developing countries, for early tries and small island developing States warning, risk reduction and management of 3.d national and global health risks Strengthen the capacity of all countries, in

IV. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning oportunites for all

Targets: 4.6. 4.1. By 2030, ensure that all youth and a sub- By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys stantial proportion of adults, both men complete free, equitable and quality pri- and women, achieve literacy and numer- mary and secondary education leading to acy relevant and effective learning outcomes 4.7 4.2. By 2030, ensure that all learners acquire By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys the knowledge and skills needed to pro- have access to quality early childhood mote sustainable development, includ- development, care and pre-primary edu- ing, among others, through education cation so that they are ready for primary for sustainable development and sus- education tainable lifestyles, human rights, gender equality, promotion of a culture of peace 4.3. and non-violence, global citizenship and By 2030, ensure equal access for all appreciation of cultural diversity and of women and men to affordable and qual- culture’s contribution to sustainable de- ity technical, vocational and tertiary edu- velopment cation, including university 4.a. 4.4. Build and upgrade education facilities By 2030, substantially increase the num- that are child, disability and gender sensi- ber of youth and adults who have rel- tive and provide safe, non-violent, inclu- evant skills, including technical and voca- sive and effective learning environments tional skills, for employment, decent jobs for all and entrepreneurship 4.b. 4.5. By 2020, substantially expand globally By 2030, eliminate gender disparities in the number of scholarships available to education and ensure equal access to all developing countries, in particular least levels of education and vocational train- developed countries, small island devel- ing for the vulnerable, including persons oping States and African countries, for with disabilities, indigenous peoples and enrolment in higher education, including children in vulnerable situations vocational training and information and

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communications technology, technical, of qualified teachers, including through engineering and scientific programmes, international cooperation for teacher in developed countries and other devel- training in developing countries, espe- oping countries cially least developed countries and small island developing States 4.c. By 2030, substantially increase the supply

V. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls Targets: 5.1. 5.6. End all forms of discrimination against Ensure universal access to sexual and all women and girls everywhere reproductive health and reproductive rights as agreed in accordance with the 5.2. Programme of Action of the Interna- Eliminate all forms of violence against tional Conference on Population and all women and girls in the public and Development and the Beijing Platform private spheres, including trafficking and for Action and the outcome documents sexual and other types of exploitation of their review conferences

5.3. 5.a. Eliminate all harmful practices, such as Undertake reforms to give women equal child, early and forced marriage and fe- rights to economic resources, as well as male genital mutilation access to ownership and control over land and other forms of property, finan- 5.4. cial services, inheritance and natural re- Recognize and value unpaid care and sources, in accordance with national laws domestic work through the provision of public services, infrastructure and so- 5.b. cial protection policies and the promo- Enhance the use of enabling technology, tion of shared responsibility within the in particular information and communi- household and the family as nationally cations technology, to promote the em- appropriate powerment of women

5.5. 5.c. Ensure women’s full and effective partic- Adopt and strengthen sound policies and ipation and equal opportunities for lead- enforceable legislation for the promotion ership at all levels of decision-making in of gender equality and the empower- political, economic and public life ment of all women and girls at all levels

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VI. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all

Targets: substantially reduce the number of peo- 6.1. ple suffering from water scarcity By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking 6.5. water for all By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, includ- 6.2. ing through transboundary cooperation By 2030, achieve access to adequate and as appropriate equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special 6.6. attention to the needs of women and By 2020, protect and restore water-relat- girls and those in vulnerable situations ed ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes 6.3. By 2030, improve water quality by reduc- 6.a. ing pollution, eliminating dumping and By 2030, expand international coopera- minimizing release of hazardous chemi- tion and capacity-building support to de- cals and materials, halving the propor- veloping countries in water- and sanitation of untreated wastewater and sub- tion-related activities and programmes, stantially increasing recycling and safe including water harvesting, desalination, reuse globally water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies 6.4. By 2030, substantially increase water-use 6.b. efficiency across all sectors and ensure Support and strengthen the participation sustainable withdrawals and supply of of local communities in improving water freshwater to address water scarcity and and sanitation management

VII. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all Targets: 7.1. 7.3. By 2030, ensure universal access to af- By 2030, double the global rate of im- fordable, reliable and modern energy provement in energy efficiency services 7.a. 7.2. By 2030, enhance international coopera- By 2030, increase substantially the share of tion to facilitate access to clean energy renewable energy in the global energy mix 57 Delegate Handbook 2016/2017

research and technology, including re- 7.b. newable energy, energy efficiency and By 2030, expand infrastructure and up- advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel technol- grade technology for supplying modern ogy, and promote investment in energy and sustainable energy services for all in infrastructure and clean energy technol- developing countries, in particular least ogy developed countries, small island developing States, and land-locked developing countries, in accordance with their respective programmes of support

VIII. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and dencent work for all

Targets: ronmental degradation, in accordance 8.1. with the 10-year framework of pro- Sustain per capita economic growth in grammes on sustainable consumption accordance with national circumstances and production, with developed coun- and, in particular, at least 7 per cent gross tries taking the lead domestic product growth per annum in the least developed countries 8.5. By 2030, achieve full and productive em- 8.2. ployment and decent work for all women Achieve higher levels of economic pro- and men, including for young people and ductivity through diversification, techno- persons with disabilities, and equal pay logical upgrading and innovation, includ- for work of equal value ing through a focus on high-value added and labour-intensive sectors 8.6. By 2020, substantially reduce the propor- 8.3. tion of youth not in employment, educa- Promote development-oriented policies tion or training that support productive activities, decent job creation, entrepreneurship, creativity 8.7. and innovation, and encourage the for- Take immediate and effective measures malization and growth of micro-, small- to eradicate forced labour, end modern and medium-sized enterprises, including slavery and human trafficking and secure through access to financial services the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour, including 8.4. recruitment and use of child soldiers, Improve progressively, through 2030, and by 2025 end child labour in all its global resource efficiency in consump- forms tion and production and endeavour to 8.8. decouple economic growth from envi Protect labour rights and promote safe 58 Delegate Handbook 2016/2017

and secure working environments for all financial services for all workers, including migrant workers, in particular women migrants, and those in 8.a. precarious employment Increase Aid for Trade support for developing countries, in particular least 8.9. developed countries, including through By 2030, devise and implement policies the Enhanced Integrated Framework for to promote sustainable tourism that cre- Trade-Related Technical Assistance to ates jobs and promotes local culture and Least Developed Countries products 8.b. 8.10. By 2020, develop and operationalize a Strengthen the capacity of domestic fi- global strategy for youth employment nancial institutions to encourage and and implement the Global Jobs Pact of expand access to banking, insurance and the International Labour Organization

IX. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation

Targets: 9.1. 9.4. Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and By 2030, upgrade infrastructure and ret- resilient infrastructure, including region- rofit industries to make them sustainable, al and transborder infrastructure, to sup- with increased resource-use efficiency port economic development and human and greater adoption of clean and en- well-being, with a focus on affordable vironmentally sound technologies and and equitable access for all industrial processes, with all countries taking action in accordance with their 9.2. respective capabilities Promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and, by 2030, significantly 9.5. raise industry’s share of employment Enhance scientific research, upgrade the and gross domestic product, in line with technological capabilities of industrial national circumstances, and double its sectors in all countries, in particular de- share in least developed countries veloping countries, including, by 2030, encouraging innovation and substantially 9.3. increasing the number of research and Increase the access of small-scale indus- development workers per 1 million peo- trial and other enterprises, in particular ple and public and private research and in developing countries, to financial ser- development spending vices, including affordable credit, and their integration into value chains and markets 59 Delegate Handbook 2016/2017

9.a. oping countries, including by ensuring a Facilitate sustainable and resilient infra- conducive policy environment for, inter structure development in developing alia, industrial diversification and value countries through enhanced financial, addition to commodities technological and technical support to African countries, least developed coun- 9.c. tries, landlocked developing countries Significantly increase access to informa- and small island developing States tion and communications technology and strive to provide universal and af- 9.b. fordable access to the Internet in least Support domestic technology develop- developed countries by 2020 ment, research and innovation in devel-

X. Reduce inequality within and among countries

Targets: of global financial markets and institu- 10.1. tions and strengthen the implementation By 2030, progressively achieve and sus- of such regulations tain income growth of the bottom 40 per cent of the population at a rate higher 10.6. than the national average Ensure enhanced representation and voice for developing countries in deci- 10.2. sion-making in global international eco- By 2030, empower and promote the nomic and financial institutions in order social, economic and political inclusion to deliver more effective, credible, ac- of all, irrespective of age, sex, disability, countable and legitimate institutions race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other status 10.7. Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and re- 10.3. sponsible migration and mobility of Ensure equal opportunity and reduce in- people, including through the implemen- equalities of outcome, including by elim- tation of planned and well-managed mi- inating discriminatory laws, policies and gration policies practices and promoting appropriate legislation, policies and action in this regard 10.a. Implement the principle of special and 10.4. differential treatment for developing Adopt policies, especially fiscal, wage countries, in particular least developed and social protection policies, and pro- countries, in accordance with World gressively achieve greater equality Trade Organization agreements

10.5. 10.b. Improve the regulation and monitoring Encourage official development assis-

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tance and financial flows, including for- 10.c. eign direct investment, to States where By 2030, reduce to less than 3 per cent the need is greatest, in particular least the transaction costs of migrant remit- developed countries, African countries, tances and eliminate remittance corri- small island developing States and land- dors with costs higher than 5 per cent locked developing countries, in accordance with their national plans and programmes

XI. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable

Targets: ber of deaths and the number of people 11.1. affected and substantially decrease the By 2030, ensure access for all to ad- direct economic losses relative to global equate, safe and affordable housing and gross domestic product caused by disas- basic services and upgrade slums ters, including water-related disasters, with a focus on protecting the poor and 11.2. people in vulnerable situations By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport 11.6. systems for all, improving road safety, By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita notably by expanding public transport, environmental impact of cities, including with special attention to the needs of by paying special attention to air quality those in vulnerable situations, women, and municipal and other waste manage- children, persons with disabilities and ment older persons 11.7. 11.3. By 2030, provide universal access to safe, By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustain- inclusive and accessible, green and pub- able urbanization and capacity for par- lic spaces, in particular for women and ticipatory, integrated and sustainable children, older persons and persons with human settlement planning and manage- disabilities ment in all countries 11.a. 11.4. Support positive economic, social and Strengthen efforts to protect and safe- environmental links between urban, per- guard the world’s cultural and natural urban and rural areas by strengthening heritage national and regional development planning 11.5. By 2030, significantly reduce the num-

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11.b. saster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, holistic By 2020, substantially increase the num- disaster risk management at all levels ber of cities and human settlements adopting and implementing integrated 11.c.. policies and plans towards inclusion, Support least developed countries, in- resource efficiency, mitigation and ad- cluding through financial and technical aptation to climate change, resilience to assistance, in building sustainable and disasters, and develop and implement, in resilient buildings utilizing local materials line with the Sendai Framework for Di-

XII. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns

Targets: human health and the environment 12.1. Implement the 10-year framework of 12.5. programmes on sustainable consump- By 2030, substantially reduce waste gen- tion and production, all countries taking eration through prevention, reduction, action, with developed countries taking recycling and reuse the lead, taking into account the development and capabilities of developing 12.6. countries Encourage companies, especially large and transnational companies, to adopt 12.2. sustainable practices and to integrate By 2030, achieve the sustainable man- sustainability information into their re- agement and efficient use of natural re- porting cycle sources 12.7. 12.3. Promote public procurement practices By 2030, halve per capita global food that are sustainable, in accordance with waste at the retail and consumer levels national policies and priorities and reduce food losses along production and supply chains, including post-harvest 12.8. losses By 2030, ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information and aware- 12.4. ness for sustainable development and By 2020, achieve the environmentally lifestyles in harmony with nature sound management of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycle, in 12.a. accordance with agreed international Support developing countries to frameworks, and significantly reduce strengthen their scientific and techno- their release to air, water and soil in or- logical capacity to move towards more der to minimize their adverse impacts on sustainable patterns of consumption and

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production tion by removing market distortions, in accordance with national circumstances, 12.b. including by restructuring taxation and Develop and implement tools to moni- phasing out those harmful subsidies, tor sustainable development impacts for where they exist, to reflect their envi- sustainable tourism that creates jobs and ronmental impacts, taking fully into ac- promotes local culture and products count the specific needs and conditions of developing countries and minimizing 12.c. the possible adverse impacts on their de- Rationalize inefficient fossil-fuel subsi- velopment in a manner that protects the dies that encourage wasteful consump- poor and the affected communities

XIII. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts

Targets: United Nations Framework Convention 13.1. on Climate Change to a goal of mobiliz- Strengthen resilience and adaptive capac- ing jointly $100 billion annually by 2020 ity to climate-related hazards and natural from all sources to address the needs of disasters in all countries developing countries in the context of meaningful mitigation actions and trans- 13.2. parency on implementation and fully Integrate climate change measures into operationalize the Green Climate Fund national policies, strategies and planning through its capitalization as soon as possible 13.3. Improve education, awareness-raising 13.b. and human and institutional capacity on Promote mechanisms for raising capacity climate change mitigation, adaptation, for effective climate change-related plan- impact reduction and early warning ning and management in least developed countries and small island developing 13.a. States, including focusing on women, Implement the commitment undertak- youth and local and marginalized com- en by developed-country parties to the munities

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XIV. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development Targets: eries subsidies which contribute to over- 14.1. capacity and overfishing, eliminate subsi- By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce dies that contribute to illegal, unreported marine pollution of all kinds, in particular and unregulated fishing and refrain from from land-based activities, including ma- introducing new such subsidies, recogniz- rine debris and nutrient pollution ing that appropriate and effective special and differential treatment for developing 14.2. and least developed countries should be By 2020, sustainably manage and protect an integral part of the World Trade Or- marine and coastal ecosystems to avoid ganization fisheries subsidies negotiation significant adverse impacts, including by strengthening their resilience, and take 14.7. action for their restoration in order to By 2030, increase the economic benefits achieve healthy and productive oceans to Small Island developing States and least developed countries from the sus- 14.3. tainable use of marine resources, includ- Minimize and address the impacts of ing through sustainable management of ocean acidification, including through en- fisheries, aquaculture and tourism hanced scientific cooperation at all levels 14.a. 14.4. Increase scientific knowledge, develop By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting research capacity and transfer marine and end overfishing, illegal, unreported technology, taking into account the In- and unregulated fishing and destructive tergovernmental Oceanographic Com- fishing practices and implement science- mission Criteria and Guidelines on the based management plans, in order to re- Transfer of Marine Technology, in order store fish stocks in the shortest time fea- to improve ocean health and to enhance sible, at least to levels that can produce the contribution of marine biodiversity maximum sustainable yield as determined to the development of developing coun- by their biological characteristics tries, in particular small island developing States and least developed countries 14.5. By 2020, conserve at least 10 per cent of 14.b. coastal and marine areas, consistent with Provide access for small-scale artisanal national and international law and based fishers to marine resources and markets on the best available scientific information 14.c.

14.6. Enhance the conservation and sustain- By 2020, prohibit certain forms of fish- able use of oceans and their resources

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by implementing international law as re- sustainable use of oceans and their re- flected in UNCLOS, which provides the sources, as recalled in paragraph 158 of legal framework for the conservation and The Future We Want

XV. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of ter- restrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss

Targets: 15.5. 15.1. Take urgent and significant action to re- By 2020, ensure the conservation, res- duce the degradation of natural habitats, toration and sustainable use of terres- halt the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, trial and inland freshwater ecosystems protect and prevent the extinction of and their services, in particular forests, threatened species wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line with obligations under international 15.6. agreements Promote fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of 15.2. genetic resources and promote appropri- By 2020, promote the implementation ate access to such resources, as interna- of sustainable management of all types tionally agreed of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially increase 15.7. afforestation and reforestation globally Take urgent action to end poaching and trafficking of protected species of flora 15.3. and fauna and address both demand and By 2030, combat desertification, restore supply of illegal wildlife products degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and 15.8. floods, and strive to achieve a land degra- By 2020, introduce measures to prevent dation-neutral world the introduction and significantly reduce the impact of invasive alien species on 15.4. land and water ecosystems and control or By 2030, ensure the conservation of eradicate the priority species mountain ecosystems, including their biodiversity, in order to enhance their ca- 15.9. pacity to provide benefits that are essen- By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodi- tial for sustainable development versity values into national and local planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies and accounts

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15.a. equate incentives to developing countries Mobilize and significantly increase finan- to advance such management, including cial resources from all sources to con- for conservation and reforestation serve and sustainably use biodiversity and ecosystems 15.c. Enhance global support for efforts to 15.b. combat poaching and trafficking of pro- Mobilize significant resources from all tected species, including by increasing the sources and at all levels to finance sustain- capacity of local communities to pursue able forest management and provide ad- sustainable livelihood opportunities

XVI. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institions at all levels Targets: 16.1. 16.6. Significantly reduce all forms of violence Develop effective, accountable and trans- and related death rates everywhere parent institutions at all levels

16.2. 16.7. End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and Ensure responsive, inclusive, participa- all forms of violence against and torture tory and representative decision-making of children at all levels

16.3. 16.8. Promote the rule of law at the national Broaden and strengthen the participation and international levels and ensure equal of developing countries in the institu- access to justice for al tions of global governance

16.4. 16.9. By 2030, significantly reduce illicit finan- By 2030, provide legal identity for all, in- cial and arms flows, strengthen the recov- cluding birth registration ery and return of stolen assets and combat all forms of organized crime 16.10. Ensure public access to information and 16.5. protect fundamental freedoms, in accor- Substantially reduce corruption and brib- dance with national legislation and inter- ery in all their forms national agreements

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including through international coopera- 16.b. tion, for building capacity at all levels, in Promote and enforce non-discriminatory particular in developing countries, to pre- laws and policies for sustainable develop- vent violence and combat terrorism and mentv crime

XVII. Strengthen the means of implementation and revi- talize the global partnership for sustainable development

Targets: 17.5. Finance Adopt and implement investment promotion 17.1. regimes for least developed countries Strengthen domestic resource mobilization, including through international support to Technology developing countries, to improve domestic 17.6. capacity for tax and other revenue collection Enhance North-South, South-South and triangular regional and international coopera- 17.2. tion on and access to science, technology and Developed countries to implement fully their innovation and enhance knowledge sharing official development assistance commitments, on mutually agreed terms, including through including the commitment by many devel- improved coordination among existing mech- oped countries to achieve the target of 0.7 per anisms, in particular at the United Nations cent of ODA/GNI to developing countries level, and through a global technology facilita- and 0.15 to 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to tion mechanism least developed countries; ODA providers are encouraged to consider setting a target to pro- 17.7. vide at least 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to Promote the development, transfer, dis- least developed countries semination and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies to developing countries 17.3. on favourable terms, including on concession- Mobilize additional financial resources for deal and preferential terms, as mutually agreed veloping countries from multiple sources 17.8. 17.4. Fully operationalize the technology bank and Assist developing countries in attaining long- science, technology and innovation capacity- term debt sustainability through coordinated building mechanism for least developed coun- policies aimed at fostering debt financing, tries by 2017 and enhance the use of enabling debt relief and debt restructuring, as appro- technology, in particular information and priate, and address the external debt of highly communications technology indebted poor countries to reduce debt dis- tress

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Capacity-Building velopment 17.9. Enhance international support for imple- 17.15. menting effective and targeted capacity- Respect each country’s policy space and lead- building in developing countries to support ership to establish and implement policies for national plans to implement all the sustainable poverty eradication and sustainable develop- development goals, including through North- ment South, South-South and triangular cooperation Multi-stakeholder partnership 17.16. Trade Enhance the global partnership for sustain- 17.10. able development, complemented by multi- Promote a universal, rules-based, open, non- stakeholder partnerships that mobilize and discriminatory and equitable multilateral trad- share knowledge, expertise, technology and fi- ing system under the World Trade Organiza- nancial resources, to support the achievement tion, including through the conclusion of of the sustainable development goals in all negotiations under its Doha Development countries, in particular developing countries Agenda 17.17. 17.11. Encourage and promote effective public, Significantly increase the exports of develop- public-private and civil society partnerships, ing countries, in particular with a view to dou- building on the experience and resourcing bling the least developed countries’ share of strategies of partnerships global exports by 2020 Data, monitoring and accountability 17.12. 17.18. Realize timely implementation of duty-free By 2020, enhance capacity-building support and quota-free market access on a lasting ba- to developing countries, including for least de- sis for all least developed countries, consistent veloped countries and small island developing with World Trade Organization decisions, States, to increase significantly the availability including by ensuring that preferential rules of high-quality, timely and reliable data disag- of origin applicable to imports from least de- gregated by income, gender, age, race, eth- veloped countries are transparent and simple, nicity, migratory status, disability, geographic and contribute to facilitating market access location and other characteristics relevant in national contexts Systemic issues Policy and Institutional coherence 17.19. 17.13. By 2030, build on existing initiatives to devel- Enhance global macroeconomic stability, op measurements of progress on sustainable including through policy coordination and development that complement gross domes- policy coherence tic product, and support statistical capacity- building in developing countries 17.14. Enhance policy coherence for sustainable de-

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PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS Peacekeeping Operations since 1948: 71 Current Peacekeeping Operations directed and supported by the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO): 16

Personnel (as of August 31, 2016) Uniformed personnel (incl. troops, police and military observers): 100,019 Countries contributing uniformed personnel: 123 International civilian personnel (as of July 31, 2016): 16,471 Total number of personnel serving in the 16 peacekeeping operations: 118,792

Finance Approved budgets (July 1, 2016 – June 30, 2017): $ 7,87 billion, which is less than 0.5% of global military expenditures

Estimated total costs of operations (1948 – June 30, 2016): $ 108 billion

The top 10 providers of assessed contributions to UN Peacekeeping operations in 2016-2017 are:

1. United States (28.57%) 6. United Kingdom (5.80%) 2. China (10.29%) 7. Russian Federation (4.01%) 3. Japan (9.68%) 8. Italy (3.75%) 4. Germany (6.39%) 9. Canada (2.92%) 5. France (6.31%) 10. Spain (2.44%)

Outstanding contributions to peacekeeping (30 June 2015): about $4.80 billion

Current Peacekeeping Operations: Duration, Personnel & Budgets

UNTSO (UN Truce Supervision Organization, Middle East): o since 1948 o 146 military observers (381 personnel in total) o 2014/15 appropriation: $ 74,291,900

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UNMOGIP (UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan): o since 1949 o 41 military observers (116 personnel in total) o 2016/17 appropriation: $21,134,800

UNFICYP (UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus) o since 1964 o 959 troops and 69 police (1,080 personnel in total) o 2016/17 appropriation: $ 55,560,100

UNDOF (UN Disengagement Observer Force, Syria) o since 1974 o 819 troops (927 personnel in total) o 2016/17 appropriation: $ 47,714,100

UNIFIL (UN Interim Force in Lebanon) o since 1978 o 10,490 troops (11,345 personnel in total) o 2016/17 appropriation: $ 488,691,600

MINURSO (UN Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara) o since 1991 o 24 troops, 193 military observers (461 personnel in total) o 2016/17 appropriation: $ 56,582,500

UNMIK (UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo) o since 1999 o 8 military observers, 7 police (362 personnel in total) o 2016/17 appropriation: $36,486,900

UNMIL (United Nations Mission in Liberia) o since 2003 o 1,179 troops, 63 military observers, 752 police (3,100 personnel in total) o 2016/17 appropriation: $ 187,192,400

UNOCI (United Nations Operations in Côte d’Ivoire) o since 2004 o 1,947 troops, 108 military observers, 752 police (4,556 personnel in total) o 2016/17 appropriation: $ 153,046,000

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MINUSTAH (United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti) o since 2004 o 2,358 troops, 2,350 police (6,014 personnel in total) o 2016/17 appropriation: $ 345,926,700

UNAMID (African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur) o since 2007 o 13,599 troops, 153 military observers, 3,271 police (20,616 personnel in total) o 2016/17 appropriation: $ 1,039,573,200

MONUSCO (UNO Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) o since 2010 o 16,735 troops, 478 military observers, 1,407 police (22,498 personnel in total) o 2016/17 appropriation: $ 1,235,723,100

UNISFA (United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei) o since June 2011 o 4,397 troops, 129 military observers, 8 police (4,778 personnel in total) o 2016/17 appropriation: $ 268,624,600

UNMISS (United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan) o since July 2011 o 12,111 troops, 185 military observers, 1,264 police (16,147 personnel in total) o 2016/17 appropriation: $ 1,081,788,400

MINUSMA (United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali) o since March 2013 o 10,579 troops, 40 military observers, 1,264 police (13,083 personnel in total) o 2016/17 appropriation: $ 933,411,000

MINUSCA (United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic) o since April 2014 o 10,245 troops, 148 military observers, 1,759 police (13,327 personnel in total) o 2016/17 appropriation: $ 920,727,900

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Contributions by countries (as of September 2016)

Overall number of countries contributing uniformed personnel: 123 Total number contributions: 118,792 Ranking: the top 10 contributors

rank / country Military Police Total 1. Ethopia 8,272 54 8,326 2. India 7,572 899 7,471 3. Pakistan 6,881 280 7,161 4. Bangladesh 5,168 1,139 6,772 5. Rwanda 5,454 978 6,146 6. Nepal 4,405 726 5,131 7. Senegal 2,233 1,384 3,617 8. Burkina Faso 2,543 493 3,036 9. Ghana 2,510 462 2,972 10. Egypt 2,190 699 2,889

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REFORMS, REORIENTATIONS AND INITIATIVES

Despite the considerably high obstacles to reform the Charter of the United Nations, the UN has demonstrated a remarkable ability to respond to the challenges of the modern world and to moderate the ensuing complexity of the United Nations’ system. The following section will provide a brief overview over essential reform steps and initiatives during the past decades.

Internal Organisation

In 1994 the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) was established in order to assist the Secretary General regarding his internal oversight responsibilities, seeking to correct underlying obstacles to organizational efficiency and effectiveness. In order to further mitigate the UN system’s complexity, in 1997 former Secretary General Kofi Annan allocated the various funds, programmes, and specialized agencies to four core activities: peace and security, economic and social affairs, development cooperation, and humanitarian affairs. After all United Nations entities have been assigned to one or more of these activities, Executive Committees have been established for each of the four core areas, aiming to sharpen the contribution that each unit makes to the overall UN objectives by reducing duplication of effort and facilitating greater complementarity. A fifth core activity human rights was designated as cutting across and consequently par- ticipating in the other four areas. In addition, a Senior Management Group comprising senior UN managers has been set up in 1997, in order to assist the Secretary General in fostering the organization’s strategic coherence.

Peace and Security

One of the most essential reform steps taken in the field of peace and security during the past decade has been the establishment of the Peacebuilding Commission (PCB) by General Assembly resolution 60/180 and Security Council resolution 1645 of 20 De- cember 2005. The core institution of the PCB, the organizational committee, comprises 31 member states, with the General Assembly, Security Council, and Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) electing in each case seven members, complemented by the five top providers of contributions to United Nations budgets and funds, programmes and agencies, as well as the five top providers of military personnel and civilian police to UN missions. Mandated with an advisory function to the Security Council, the General

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Assembly and the ECOSOC, the PCB seeks to contribute to the success of proposed integrated strategies for post-conflict peacebuilding, facilitate the financing of peacebuilding activities, as well as providing a forum for all relevant actors on peacebuilding issues. Acknowledging the benefit of integrating civil society in its consultations, the Security Council invited in its presidential note S/2006/507 any affected Member State, relevant organization or individual to participate in informal Arria-formula meetings to enhance contact with non-governmental organizations.

Economic Affairs and Development Cooperation

The 2005 World Summit has assigned the ECOSOC with two new key functions: paragraph 155 of the World Summit Outcome Document (A/RES/60/1) mandated the ECOSOC to hold Annual Ministerial Reviews (AMR) to assess the progress made towards the Millennium Development Goals and other targets of the United Nations development agenda. Launched in 2007, the AMR sessions include a global review of the development agenda, specific thematic reviews, and national presentations of both developing and developed countries on their record of implementing development goals. Furthermore, paragraph 155 of A/RES/60/1 mandated the ECOSOC to hold a biennial high-level Development Cooperation Forum (DCF) in order to review trends and progress in international development cooperation and promote greater coherence among the development activities of key development actors. Launched in 2008, the DCF is supported by an Advisory Group, consisting of 23 national experts and senior officials, aiming to promote active involvement of influential stakeholders, experts, think tanks and networks in different regions in the preparations for the DCF.

Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms

In April 2006 the Human Rights Council (HRC) has been established by General As- sembly resolution A/RES/60/251, replacing the former Commission on Human Rights. The HRC inter alia administers the Universal Periodic Review (UPR), which has been created through paragraph 5 of A/RES/60/251. The UPR reviews the human rights record of all UN member states once every four years, having started the first four-year cycle in 2008. The reviews are undertaken by an UPR Working Group consisting of the 47 member states of the HRC, while each State review is assisted by a group of three States serving as rapporteurs, known as troikas. Furthermore, following HRC resolution 5/1 of June 2007 an Advisory Committee has been established composed of 18 experts on human rights, which serves as a think tank for the Council, seeking to promote the HRC’s procedural efficiency. In addition, subsequent to HRC resolution 5/1 a new Complaint Procedure has been adopted, establishing the Working Group on Commu- nications (WGC) and the Working Group on Situations (WGS), which are mandated to

74 Delegate Handbook 2016/2017 examine communications related to the violation of human rights and to bring to the attention of the Council patterns of gross and reliably attested violations of human rights.

Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development

Harmonizing economic interests and environmental protection has been a critical issue in achieving sustainable development. In this regard, the Food and Agriculture Organisa- tion (FAO), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the United Na- tions Environment Programme (UNEP) launched the United Nations Collaborative initiative on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (UN-REDD) in September 2008. The programme seeks to create an incentive for forested developing countries to protect and carefully manage forest resources by creating a financial value for the carbon stored in standing forests. A subsequent programme REDD+ further includes the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest stocks. Furthermore, in 2008 the Green Economy Initiative has been launched by UNEP, inter alia providing analysis and policy support for investing in green sectors and in greening environmental unfriendly sectors, publishing research findings in the Green Economy Report, as well as providing UN member states advisory services on how to move towards a green economy.

Sustainable Development Goals

The sustainable development goals follow and expand on the millennium development goals, which were agreed on by governments in 2001 and expired at the end of 2015. Establishing post-2015 goals to replace them was an outcome of the Rio+20 summit in 2012, which mandated the creation of an open working group to come up with a draft agenda.The open working group, with representatives from 70 countries, had its first meeting in March 2013 and published its final draft, with its 17 suggestions, in July 2014. The draft was presented to the UN general assembly in September of 2014. Member state negotiations followed, and the final wording of the SDGs, targets, the preamble and declaration that come with them, were agreed on in August 2015. In general they are a new, universal set of goals, targets and indicators that UN member states will be expected to use to frame their agendas and political policies until the end of 2030.

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SPEAKING AT A MUN

Public speaking is one of the most important skills you will use as a Model UN delegate. You will need to convey your member state’s positions, help build consensus and formulate resolutions. Usually, the length of time a delegate is allowed to speak is set by the conference organizers. Delegates can make a motion to increase or decrease the time allotted to each speaker. If another delegate seconds the motion, then the committee will vote on changing the speaker’s time. You will have numerous opportunities to speak in your committee during a Model UN simulation. The Chair will maintain a speakers’ list of delegates who would like to make formal speeches. During caucusing you will have an opportunity to speak informally to delegates in your committee, but it is still important to keep the principles of effective public speaking in mind. Although speaking is an important part of any Model UN simulation, many delegates fear speaking in front of a large group. The best way to cope with these fears is to be well-prepared.You should research as much as possible about your country and the issue the committee will be debating. You should be comfortable explaining your country’s position and have ideas on what you would like to include in the committee’s resolution. If you come to the conference prepared, you will be eager to speak in committee and project confidence.

1. How to make an opening speech

– First, you should thank the presiding official by saying “Thank you Mr./ Madame/ Honourable Chair/ President/ Director…” – Then begin by providing a brief history on the issue as it relates to your country. – Speak about how the issue is currently affecting your country. – Provide your country’s position on the issue. Include an explanation for your country’s stance, such as economic or security concerns or political or religious ideology. – You may choose to give an explanation of how your country’s position relates to the positions of other member states such as the major powers or countries in your regional bloc. – You should discuss some of the past actions taken by the UN, member states and NGOs to address the issue. – Present ideas for a resolution and stress your country’s objectives for the resolution. –Talk about the role of NGOs or regional organizations. – Indicate to the committee members whether your country is willing to negotiate.

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2. How to make a speech during debate

– Again, you should thank the presiding official by saying “Thank you Mr./ Ma- dame/ Honourable Chair/ President/ Director…” – Encourage collaboration among member states by proposing ways that your country would be willing to work with other member states. – By referencing what other delegates have said, you can show support for your allies or indicate which proposals your country does not favour. – Present ideas for draft resolutions. – Explain why your country does or does not support other draft resolutions.

3. Further recommendations

Prepare: Decide how you feel most comfortable delivering your speech. You may choose to use your position paper text as your opening speech or you may write out some key points. In time, you may feel comfortable speaking without any written notes at all. If you plan to use a word or phrase that is unfamiliar to you, make sure you learn its meaning and how to pronounce it properly.

Practice: Rehearsing your speech is the best way to perfect your public speaking skills. Try practicing in front of a teacher, a parent, or fellow Model UNers from your class or club. When you listen to a speech, provide constructive feedback rather than criti- cism. When someone critiques your speech, accept the feedback graciously and use it as a tool to strengthen your public speaking.

Consider your audience: Make your speech appropriate to the age and experience- level of the other delegates at the conference. Remember that the beginning of the speech should captivate your audience and make them to want to hear more.

Eliminate unnecessary “filler” words: Fillers are words and phrases such as “umm,” “well,” “sort of,” and “like”. These words take away from the message you are trying to convey. Some additional fillers to avoid are “so,” “you know,” “I think,” “just,” and “uh.”

Use meaningful pauses: Leaving a moment of silence between sentences can be a powerful public speaking tool. Pausing after an important point or before answering a question will help to hold the audience’s attention. A pause can also give you time to formulate your next statement.

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Breathe: Try to breathe from your diaphragm – the organ below your lungs that con- trols your respiration. You are breathing properly if you can see your abdomen rising and falling with each breath. Try to inhale and exhale completely.

Pace yourself: Don’t talk too fast or too slow. Remember that most speakers have a tendency to talk too quickly.

Choose a powerful posture: Be aware of your posture when you speak. Slouching, tilting your head and crossing your arms or legs will take away from your message. Stand up straight, relax your shoulders, plant your feet firmly and keep your knees unlocked to help you communicate confidence.

Project your presence: Speaking in a low to medium volume can help to project authority, but make sure that you are speaking loud enough to be easily heard. Focus on speaking with enthusiasm and energy.

Gesture: It is worthwhile to use your face, hands, arms and body to help you communicate as long as your motions do not distract the audience from your speech.

Connect with your audience: Glance at your notes rather than reading them so that you can make eye contact with the other delegates. It is often helpful to speak directly to individual members of the audience.

Get to the point: Speak concisely so that your audience does not lose your main arguments among less-important details. Try not to speak in circles. Instead, go straight to your most important point.

Be positive: Rather than criticizing another point of view, critique it in a constructive way. Always provide alternatives and be sure to back up your arguments.

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HELPFUL PHRASES

Getting started

– May I begin by warmly welcoming you all… – Here we are again, starting the (7)th year of work… – In light of those questions and charges, I come before you tonight with an explicit purpose… – Tonight/today I wish to speak honestly and frankly about an issue that concerns every one of us… – Today I would like to focus on… – I believe, today the time has come to… – It’s a pleasure to be here… – Today’s meeting is our chance to… – I have come here today not in/to anger – I have come to state that… – The [country] welcomes the debate/recommendations… – What we are confronted with…

Middle Part

– With respect to the previous/following delegate… – As has become the custom… – You will have noticed that… – In may last statement… – We had all agreed… / We all agree that – Furthermore you will recall my intimation/proposal/statement that… – This is the challenge (we face today)… – We continue to witness a situation… – We cannot allow another disaster to happen… – I we fail once again… – Time and time again we have seen that/ observed inactively… – Thinking of the faces I have seen (e.g. in … war)… – We have important work to do/ real opportunities to seize/ problems to solve/ matters to face/ to take the chance… – The/our strong desire to establish peace… – This is the spirit we need to… – Neither I nor any other man can say…

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– In this room and to those whom we seek to represent (e.g. this is unbearable)… – This is a grave issue for no other reason than the fact that… – History has much to teach us about… – Let me be clear… – As a nation where (no) (e.g. child is forced to labor)… – Today we deny (e.g. the very opportunity)… – We also share the challenge of… – We must together find a way to… – I am certain that each of us… – (…) years ago, we all focused intensely on the topic… – One of the interesting surprises is… – As I have noted, I find a… – Unfortunately, … – From time to time… – Clearly, heated reaction (e.g. will not create consensus… – It should be obvious that… – What goes around does (indeed) come around… – Today, of course, it is customary to… – Despite some of the nonsense that has been said about… – It goes without saying that – The (inverse) relationship between… – With differing, but equally fallible views… – It pains me deeply… – Let me also say a word concerning… – Today, we face other problems than… – The affected nations must… – I strongly support the goal/strategy/effort… – The [country] will contribute/support… – Enhancing the effectiveness of… – Let us fulfill our moral obligations towards future generations… – According to the UN charter… – To meet the needs of the times… – Facts have proven/shown that… – It is (not) true that… – It is/happens before our eyes… – Under no circumstances… – The most important task… – In order to solve this urgent problem… – Peace is/must be our primary objective… – We must also tackle everything that…

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Summing up

– I am done and thank you for your kind attention/consideration… – Let us all use this chance to… – The facts and opinions I laid out before you were carefully considered… – We hope we shall be willing, by god’s assistance – Finally, I want to share with you a hope… – Finally, Mr. Secretary-General… – Let us work together towards… – We must join hands to improve… – Through strength and solidarity we can… – To conclude…

Rhetorical questions

– Is this not the ultimate goal we all want to achieve? – Isn’t it time to… – What does this lead to? – How can we prevent…

HOW TO NEGOTIATE

Einführung

Jedes Kind übt sich ständig im Verhandeln. “Muss ich tatsächlich um zehn Uhr schon ins Bett?”, fragt Anna beispielsweise die Eltern. Nach längerem Hin und Her darf die Tochter eine halbe Stunde länger auf bleiben. Im Leben gibt es laufend Kom- promisse. Die Interessen werden gegenseitig abgesteckt - in Verhandlungen. Verfügen alle Beteiligten über vergleichbare Machtmittel, spielt das Grundprinzip jeglicher Ver- handlung: Ich gebe: damit du gibst. (“do ut des”)

Nur wenn auf einer Seite eine Übermacht besteht, endet die Verhandlung ohne Kompromisse. Wer übermächtig ist, handelt meist selbstherrlich. In der scheinbar schwer erfassbaren Verhandlungskunst gibt es theoretische und experimentelle Erken- ntnisse, die alltagstauglich sind.

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Grundelemente des Verhandelns

Jede Person, die verhandelt, strebt nach Anerkennung der eigenen Bewertung des Verhandlungsgegenstandes durch den Partner. Folgende Grundelemente des Verhan- delns spielen bei allen Verhandlungsprozessen eine Rolle:

– Sachkenntnis (Fachwissen) – Logik – Überzeugungskraft (Redekunst) – psychologisches Verständnis

Zur Logik Unter Logik versteht man die Fähigkeit des exakten folgerichtigen Denkens. Der griechische Philosoph Aristoteles war einer der ersten, der über das deduktive Denken nachgedacht hat. Er hat die Logik als Wissenschaft begründet. In einem ersten Schritt hatte Aristoteles die Logik im Zusammenhang mit der Rhetorik untersucht, später nicht mehr nur als Mittel der Einwirkung des Redners auf das Auditorium sondern als Wissen, das als Weg zur Erlangung der Wahrheit dient. Trotzdem, logisch aufgebaute Denkschritte und Argumentationsfolgen spielen bei Verhandlungen eine zentrale Rolle. Der logische Aufbau einer Gedankenkette kann für den Ausgang aus- schlaggebend sein. Nur wer bei der Argumentation die Situation, die Wünsche, Absi- chten und Ziele des Partners berücksichtigt, hat Erfolg. Deshalb kommt der Analyse des Sachverhaltes eine so große Bedeutung zu. Der Vorbereitung (Analyse der Realität des Partners) bewahrt uns vor Fehlschlägen. Bei jenen, die bei Verhandlungen um die eigene Person kreisen - selbst, wenn sie noch so logisch argumentieren - ist der Misser- folg bereits vorprogrammiert.

Zur Rhetorik und zur Überzeugungskraft Demosthenes, der Vater der abendländischen Rhetorik, sei unter ständiger Rezi- tation seiner Reden den Berg hinaufgestiegen und habe dabei versucht, seinen an- geborenen Sprachfehler zu korrigieren. Er ist für seine zündenden Reden bis heute berühmt geblieben. Ziel der Rhetorik: Den Verhandlungspartner zu überzeugen d.h. ihn für den eigenen Standpunkt gewinnen. Rhetorik umfasst: Sprachliche Beherrschung der Thematik. Die Fähigkeit, die Gedanken einfach, klar verständlich, bildhaft, anschaulich und situationsgerecht darzustellen. Mimik, Gestik, Intona- tion müssen mit Inhalt und Person übereinstimmen. Überzeugend reden: Gefühl und Einstellung des Partners berücksichtigen und ansprechen

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In der Praxis zeigt sich, dass bei Verhandlungen rein sprachliche und rhetorische Bereiche immer mehr in den Hintergrund rücken zugunsten einer ehrlichen, natürli- chen Ausdrucksweise, die sich nach der jeweiligen Situation respektive der Realität aus- richtet. Zu perfektes, geschliffenes Verhalten ist verdächtig, denn es kann das Gefühl des ‘Übertölpelt - Werdens’ bewirken.

Zum psychologischen Verständnis Der prominente Wiener Arzt und Psychologe Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) wies auf die außerordentliche Rolle des Unterbewussten im Leben und Tun hin. Bei allen Verhandlungen sind Leidenschaften, Emotionen, Sympathien, Angst usw. im Spiel. Wer deshalb die Persönlichkeit des Partners besser erfassen und situations- gerechter beurteilen kann, ist stets im Vorteil. In einem sehr groben Modell kann man bei einer Person drei Schichten unters- cheiden: – geistige Ebene – Temperament – Gefühle und Triebe

Zum Prinzip „Gleichgewicht der Kräfte“ Fürst Clemens von Metternich (1773-1859) war Österreichischer Staatsmann und Kanzler zur Zeit Napoleons und einer der begabtesten Verhandler der Geschichte. Er kämpfte gegen Hegemonie (Vorherrschaft) und vertrat die Auffassung, dass nur ein Gleichgewicht der Kräfte den Frieden sichern und harte Konflikte vermeiden könne. Tatsächlich bestätigt die Praxis, dass es bei Verhandlungen dann zu Abschlüssen mit Dauercharakter kommt, wenn alle Beteiligten über vergleichbare Machtmittel verfü- gen. Das Gleichgewicht der Kräfte ist die wichtigste Voraussetzung zu langfristigen Lösungen. Jede Verhandlung hat letztlich etwas mit Koexistenz zu tun. Nach Met- ternich ist jedoch Koexistenz nur so lange möglich, wenn sich alle Beteiligten einem Gleichgewicht der Kräfte annähern. Sind nicht erst dann Verhandlungen erfolgreich, wenn sie beiden Seiten Nutzen bringen? Es geht um realen oder vermeintlichen Nutzen) Beide Seiten müssen gewinnen. Beide Seiten sollten auch verlieren. Das Geben und Nehmen ist bei Verhandlun- gen ein Dauerprozess. Dazu benötigt es immer viel Geduld, Dynamik sowie Einfüh- lungsvermögen.

Verhandlungstechnik

Ich gebe, damit du gibst’

Bei Verhandlungen versuchen zwei oder mehrere Verhandlungspartner ihre vonein-

83 Delegate Handbook 2016/2017 ander abweichenden Ansichten oder Ziele auf einen gemeinsamen Nenner zu bringen. Je näher die Ziele beieinander liegen, umso einfacher ist die Verhandlung. Jeder Part- ner muss geben und nehmen. Für den Kompromiss haben beide Verhandlungspartner von ihrem Standpunkt abzurücken. Jeder ‘opfert’ und ‘gewinnt’ anderseits auch etwas.

Voraussetzungen für erfolgreiche Verhandlungen – Geduld – Dynamik – Einfühlungsvermögen – Gleichgewicht der Kräfte (Bei eindeutiger Übermacht einer Seite sind Kompromisse in Frage gestellt. Beide Seiten sollten über vergleichbare Machtmittel verfügen.)

Verhandlungsgrundsätze – Argumente, nicht Meinungen sind gefragt. – Aufmerksamkeit, Interesse, Wünsche wecken. – Handeln, nicht zögern.

Wie schaffe ich günstige Verhandlungsbedingungen? Einstellungs-Nischen nutzen, das heißt Begriffe wählen, die nicht vorbelastet sind. Manchmal geht es nur im ‘Zick-Zack’ indem an vorhandene Einstellungen oder Ge- wohnheiten appelliert werden. Erst dann den Versuch wagen, das Problem auf das vorbelastete Thema zu übertragen. Fluchtweg offen lassen. (Angekettete Raubtiere beißen eher als frei laufende. Wer bei Verhandlungen keinen Ausweg mehr sieht, sperrt sich oder passt sich nur zum Schein an.) Deshalb: ‘Brücken bauen’, ‘Rückzug in Ehren’ anbieten. Gemeinsames suchen. Bei Differenzen hilft oft: Gemeinsame Werte, Interessen unterstreichen und aufbauen.

Die sechs Phasen der Verhandlung 1. Begrüßung 2. Einleitung des Gesprächs. Wir erstellen eine gemeinsame Ausgangsbasis. 3. Eigene Position A begründen lassen. (Vorteile/Nachteile) 4. Partner Position B begründen lassen. (Vorteile/Nachteile). Partner nicht unterbrechen! Vollständig ausreden lassen. 5. ‘Feilschen’, Gegenvorschläge unterbreiten. Partner Rückzug erleichtern. Zwisch- energebnisse absichern.

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Erkenntnisse: – Unnötige Spannungen vermeiden. – Positives Klima schaffen (positiv eingestellt sein, den Verhandlungsort selbst bestimmen). – Fehler zugeben – Partner anreden, anschauen. Wer betrachtet wird, wird beachtet.” (Ich sehe, wie das Argument ankommt). – Ein “Nein” vermeiden. Besser: ‘Grundsätzlich stimme ich zu ...’ Punkt .... sehe ich so .... ‘ ‘Punkt .... sehe ich noch nicht klar.’ – Vorteilsgespräche führen (Vorteile betonen). Einwand übergehen und auf Vor- teile zu sprechen kommen. Beispiele anführen, die für beide Seiten Vorteile bringen. Fragetechnik einsetzen. – Sich gut vorbereiten. (Sich in die Lage der Partner versetzen, von Ihren Seiten aus denken. Antizipieren.) – ‘Für Sie ist wichtig ...... ’ Eventuell vorher ein Einzelgespräch führen um das Ter- rain zu sondieren, Argumente sammeln. – Unfaire Tricks kennen (siehe Unredliche Methoden). – Kleidung und andere Statussymbole können Verhandlungen negativ beeinflussen. – Verständnisbereit bleiben. Nicht: ‘Hier sehe ich keine Chance’, sondern ‘Sehen Sie hier keine Chance?’ – Aussagen positiv formulieren statt: ‘Sie haben mich falsch verstanden’, besser: ‘Ich habe mich wohl undeutlich ausgedrückt.’ – Bildhafte und einfache Sprache. – Sachverhalte logisch analysieren. Nicht assoziativ denken oder auf Reizworte hereinfallen. – Eigene Interessen und Erwartungen darstellen. – Auf Alternativen hinweisen. – Vorteile visualisieren, Vorteile. erkennen lassen (zeigen, zeichnen, demonstrieren). – Einwandtechniken benutzen (siehe Argumentationstechniken). – Zeit einhalten und sich trotzdem auch Zeit für den Partner nehmen. – Optimistisch sein; gewinnen, ohne zu siegen – Jeder muss das Gesicht wahren können. Keiner darf das Gefühl haben: ‘Ich werde ausgenutzt.’ Verhandeln heißt:

Verhandlungstaktik (nach D. Leeds ) Beobachtung und analytische Kontrolle 1. Trägt zur Diskussion bei 2. Zeigt Aufmerksamkeit 3. Zeigt Interesse am Thema

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4. Identifiziert Probleme auf effektive Weise 5. Löst identifizierte Probleme effektiv 6. Ist effektiv in der Entscheidungsbildung 7. Reagiert mit Feingefühl auf andere 8. Zeigt gute Zuhörfähigkeiten 9. Ist ehrlich mit sich selbst und anderen 10. Drückt Ideen klar aus 11. Zeigt Objektivität 12. Unterstützt andere 13. Erkennt wichtige Punkte 14. Zeigt kritische Selbstanalyse 15. Ist lernwillig 16. Sorgt dafür, dass auch andere lernen 17. Hält Schritt mit der Diskussion 18. Regt andere zum Nachdenken an 19. Ist aufgeschlossen 20. Ist empfänglich für neue Ideen 21. Hat Informationen 22. Ist kreativ 23. Projekte und Aufgaben werden prompt erledigt 24. Hat eine effiziente Zeiteinteilung 25. Hat hohe Leistungsmaßstäbe

Vorbereitung, Überlegungen

Überlegungen zur eigenen Position – Das Wunschergebnis kennen – Wissen, was man nicht will – Die eigenen Grenzen kennen – Die Verhandlungsmasse kennen – Die eigenen Stärken und Schwächen kennen – Die Idealposition, die realistische Position und die Rückzugsposition kennen. Die Kräfteverteilung kennen. –Überlegungen zur Gegenpartei – Was könnte sie wollen? – Wo könnten ihre Grenzen liegen? – Was könnte sie als Verhandlungsmasse anbieten? – Wo liegen ihre Stärken und Schwächen? – Wie könnten ihre Idealposition, die akzeptable Position und die Rückzugsposition

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aussehen? – Wie viel Macht hat sie verglichen mit mir?

Wichtige Fragen vor der Verhandlung – Was will ich erreichen, welches Ergebnis strebe ich an? – Was könnte schlimmstenfalls geschehen, wenn ich das ‘angestrebte Ergebnis nicht erreiche? – Gibt es mehr als einen Weg mein Ergebnis zu erzielen? – Warum strebe ich dieses Ergebnis an - was bedeutet es für mich? – Ist mein Ergebnis positiv? – Was will ich nicht und weshalb? – Wo liegen meine Grenzen - wo werde ich hart bleiben? – Zu welchen Zugeständnissen bin ich bereit? Was ist wichtig für mich? – Wo liegen meine Stärken und Schwächen? – Wie kann ich meine Stärken demonstrieren ohne meine Schwächen zu zeigen? – Was wäre ein guter Abschluss? – Was wäre ein zufrieden stellender Abschluss? – Was wäre ein akzeptabler Abschluss? – Habe ich die Befugnisse mit den anderen zu verhandeln? – Haben sie die Befugnisse mit mir zu verhandeln? – Was will die Gegenseite vermutlich erreichen und weshalb? – Weiche Bereiche spielen für sie eine Rolle? – Wie könnten ihre Stärken/Schwächen und Strategien aussehen? – Wie wichtig ist eine Vereinbarung für die Gegenseite, was würde sie verlieren, wenn wir uns nicht auf eine Vereinbarung einigen könnten? – Welchen Einfluss könnten frühere Verhandlungen auf die jetzt anstehende haben? – Welchen Einfluss könnten die bestehenden Gewohnheiten haben? – Welche rechtlichen, sachlichen oder betrieblichen Einschränkungen müssen berücksichtigt werden?

Tipps zur Durchführung einer Verhandlung

– Verhandeln heißt: Interessen ausloten und ausgleichen, nicht kämpfen. – Seien Sie gut vorbereitet. Stellen Sie sich ein auf Nehmen und Geben. – Eine positive Atmosphäre ist von Nutzen. – Ihren Verhandlungspartner sollten Sie gleichberechtigt behandeln. Sie wollen etwas. – Halten Sie verbindlichen Kontakt (Blickkontakt, Zuhören, Ausreden lassen) und vermeiden Sie einen falschen Ton, das belastet nur die Beziehung. – Verhandeln Sie kontrolliert. Bleiben Sie ruhig und klar. Vermeiden Sie falsche Ein-

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drücke, Missverständnisse, aber auch Leichtsinn. Bemühen Sie sich um ‘selektive Offenheit’ statt um ein ‘Pokerface’, denn Misstrauen schadet. – Steuern Sie das Gespräch bewusst: Überblick bewahren, Ordnung anstreben, Unklares klären, Eskalation vermeiden, Fragetechnik einsetzen statt selber “leer laufen”. – Steuern Sie gemeinsames Problernlösen an. Vermeiden Sie Kampf (Sieg und Niederlage) ebenso wie Beschwichtigungsrituale. ‘Gute Stimmung’ ist auch kein Selbstzweck. – Heben Sie Gemeinsamkeiten hervor, zeigen Sie Optimismus. – Statt Bedingungen stellen: Gegebenheiten erläutern (vermeidet Festfahren und fördert Einsicht). – Begründen Sie Bewertungen mit Argumenten, nicht umgekehrt (fördert Einsi- cht und kann Ihre Forderungen hinausschieben). Konzentrieren Sie sich auf die Sichtweise Ihres Partners’(am interessiertesten ist er daran, wie seine Vor- und Nachteile aussehen). – Bevor Sie Bewertungen zurückweisen: Zuhören, Nachfragen, Prüfen. Das ist gut fürs Klima. Sind Kompromissmöglichkeiten sichtbar? Verlangen Sie plausi- ble Begründungen. Fordern Sie nicht unüberlegt (zu viel, zu wenig, zu früh sind schlecht), aber fordern Sie. Konfrontierende Gegenforderungen nur mit Augen- mass wegen Gefahr des Festfahrens. – Nicht gleich die Tür zuschlagen, wenn Sie ablehnen müssen. Es soll ja weiterge- hen. – Zugeständnisse nur überlegt machen, vorher einplanen, evtl. um Pause bitten. – Ohne Kampfgeschrei Druckmittel einsetzen oder Druckmittel zurückweisen. – Bleiben Sie beweglich, vermeiden Sie ein Festfahren. Wenn nötig die Situation analysieren, je nach Sachlage: Ideen suchen, Vertrauen bilden, diplomatisch sein. Beziehung pflegen, Pausen einlegen; Taktieren und Manipulation absprechen, sich dagegen verwahren. – Ergebnisse genau festhalten, zwischendurch und am Ende. Notizen machen. – Auf konkreten Vereinbarungen bestehen - die Form wahren. – Nachbereitung sichert Ergebnisse und nützt der Aufarbeitung wie auch der Kor- rektur von Fehlern.

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13 Gebote für eine erfolgreiche Verhandlung

1. Eine gemeinsame Ausgangsbasis erstellen. 2. Eigene Vorschläge begründen. 3. Die Vorteile des eigenen Vorschlages für den Partner herausstreichen. 4. Dann erst folgen die konkreten Vorschläge. 5. Falls notwendig, lässt man den Partner seine Vorschläge begründen. 6. Den Partner anhören, ohne ihn destruktiv” zu unterbrechen. 7. Gegenvorschläge nach der ‘Ja-aber-Methode” machen. 8. Falls notwendig, dem Partner den Rückzug erleichtern. 9. Zugeständnisse des Partners zurückhaltend aufnehmen. 10. Zwischenergebnisse durch entsprechende Zusammenfassungen absichern. 11. Eigenen Rückzug durch hinhaltenden Widerstand decken. 12. Jedem Zugeständnis ein eigener Vorstoß folgen lassen. 13. Falls ernste Probleme drohen, Waffenstillstand/ Vertagung anbieten.

Regeln zur Gesprächsführung

– Ansichten sind das Ergebnis von Erfahrungen. Andere Erfahrungen sind viel- leicht auch ‘echt’. Deshalb, die Meinung des anderen verdient Achtung/Beach- tung und muss ernst genommen werden. Auf den Partner eingehen. – Gesprächspartner anschauen. Blickkontakt fördert nicht nur Konzentration. Er verrät, wie ehrlich wir es meinen. – Zu oft reagieren wir bei widersprüchlicher Meinung mit ‘beleidigtem Verhalten’. In Kindheitserlebnissen ist Kritik oft mit Infragestellung der Person verbunden und die Beleidigungsreaktion verständlich. – Die Kunst des ‘Zuhörens’ muss erlernt werden. Menschen, die das Ego als einzi- gen Bezugspunkt haben, tun sich besonders schwer beim Zuhören. – ‘Irren’ ist kein schuldhaftes Verhalten. Oft wollen wir Fehler nur deshalb nicht eingestehen, weil wir das ‘Gesicht wahren’ wollen. – Aus Mangel an Geduld lauern viel beim Zuhören auf das Stichwort für den eigenen Einsatz. Unterbrechen ist bei ‘Langrednern’ gestattet. – Über unfreiwillige Enthüllungen und ungeschickte Antworten dürfen wir uns nicht lustig machen. Wir würden es auch nicht schätzen, würde jemand bei einer eigenen dummen Antwort ein schadenfreudiges Gelächter anstimmen. – Wir müssen uns nicht aus Menschenliebe ‘Monologen’ ausliefern. In der Schule, in der Familie müsste bereits der gleichberechtigte Austausch von Meinungen erlernt worden sein. – Wer sich an Gesprächspartnern interessiert, stellt Fragen. Fragen stellen heißt:

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‘Ich will auf Partner eingehen’ ihm zuhören, ihn ermuntern, ihn sich darstellen lassen. – Erst dann reden, wenn jemand zuhört. Wer kennt nicht das Phänomen beim Es- stisch, Partys, Pausenplätze usw., dass alle wild aufeinander einreden. Keiner hat die Geduld zu warten, bis Luft” für ein neues Thema geschaffen ist. – Wer den Gesprächspartner persönlich angreift, beweist, dass er für die eigene Meinung nur schlechte Argumente besitzt. – Persönliche Angriffe sind bei Gesprächen verboten. – Partner mit Namen ansprechen fördert die Gesprächsatmosphäre. Wer mit Na- men angesprochen wird, fühlt sich bestätigt und beachtet. – Meinungen müssen mit Fakten und Argumenten begründet werden. – Sie können X-mal sagen: “Das glauben Sie ja selbst nicht”. Das ist kein Gegenbe- weis! Ohne Argumente überzeugen Sie nicht. – Beim Thema bleiben! Nicht ausweichen oder das Thema ständig wechseln. Das heißt auch: Gespräche lenken!

TIPS FOR EFFECTIVE CAUCUSING

Enter the caucus with a plan in mind: Formulate ideas on what your country would like to see included in a resolution. Decide which clauses you are willing to negotiate on and which you are not.

Find delegates in your regional bloc: This is the easiest way to seek out allies. How- ever, if you find that the group you are working with is not meeting your needs, do not be afraid to switch groups.

Provide ideas: Tell others what your country is hoping to achieve. If you do not agree with an idea, do not hesitate to say that it is against your country’s policy.

Negotiate: While it is often necessary to give up something that you want, make sure that you are not giving up anything too important.

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Listen: By listening to what others are saying you will able to build on other people’s ideas and add more to the discussion. Listening also shows respect for each delegate in your group.

Do not interrupt: Allow other delegates to finish their thoughts rather than interrupt- ing others in the middle of a sentence. It sometimes helps to write down your idea so that you can bring it up when the delegate is finished speaking.

Record ideas: Start to formulate a resolution in writing. Rather than waiting until the last minute, begin recording fellow delegates’ ideas right away.

Be resourceful: By providing fellow delegates with resolution text, maps or information as they need it, you will show that you are valuable to the group. Have one-on-one conversations: Speaking with an individual or in a small group is the best way to find out a delegate’s position on an issue. Larger groups are better suited to brainstorming.

Stay calm: In caucuses, delegates can sometimes “lose their cool.” Staying calm will not only help your group be more effective, but will be noticed by the conference staff. Always keep your voice at a normal level. If you see that you are becoming upset or raising your voice, excuse yourself from the group for a few minutes.

Use time effectively: Make sure you have enough time to hear everyone’s ideas so that you can discuss them during formal debate. Try not to waste time arguing over small details that do not seriously affect the draft resolution.

Show respect: Never give orders or tell other delegates what they should or should not do. Be polite and treat all your fellow delegates with respect. Provide constructive critique: Rather than negatively criticizing another delegate, focus on providing constructive critique. If you dislike an idea, try to offer an alternative. Critique ideas, not people.

Establish connections with other delegates: Although it can be tempting to call a fellow delegate “Pakistan,” “Brazil” or “Sweden”, you can form a better connection with a delegate by learning his or her name and where he or she comes from. Ask the delegate about his or her ideas and impressions of the debate. Showing interest in your fellow delegates at the beginning of the conference will help you gain more support later on and can help you to form lasting friendships.

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RESOLUTION AND REPORT WRITING

Resolutions, for the most part, are the formal recommendations of UN bodies and become the focal point of discussions in committee and plenary sessions. Resolutions can simply register an opinion or recommend action be taken by a UN organ or related agency. Resolutions have many capacities; keep the following points in mind when drafting a resolution:

– Once a resolution is passed it is the official policy of the body that passed it. – While most resolutions are a statement of policy, some may include an entire treaty, declaration or convention. – Resolutions can be either general statements or directives to specific organizations, UN bodies, or States. – Resolutions can condemn actions of states, call for collective actions, or as is the case of the Security Council, require economic or military sanctions.

For a resolution to ultimately be successful, a majority of the body must vote to pass it. To achieve this end, certain steps should be taken on the part of the delegations sponsoring the resolution. In most cases, a working paper (a preliminary draft resolution) must be written first and the views and ideas of a number of other delegations should be incorporated into this. Ideally, the ideas of members from as many different caucusing blocs as possible should be included in reviewing the working paper so as to increase the support from as many blocs as possible. Working papers are used as a tool for discussion and resolution formulation and they are not put to a vote. To become resolutions, draft papers must be approved by the Director of the committee and must have a certain number of signatories above and beyond the sponsors of the resolution. Being a signatory to a resolution only means that delegates want to see it put on the floor; it does not indicate sponsorship or support and the signatory has no further obligations. Sponsors are generally the countries who have written the draft document. They are also those countries who not only agree to see the draft resolution be put to a vote but also commit themselves to supporting it. Signatories on the other hand only wish to see the draft resolution debated and so do not commit themselves to neces- sarily supporting it. For instance, you might be against a draft resolution but might want to see it debated to be able to convince other countries to find new avenues of compromise. When drafting a resolution, delegates should keep in mind that the wording of the

92 Delegate Handbook 2016/2017 resolution will inevitably influence its appeal. It should be clear, concise and specific; vague resolutions that do not really say or propose much may be seen as documents created by delegates who did not prepare themselves a great deal for the simulation. The substance of the resolution must be well-researched and in the character of the sponsoring nations. However, the language used must be carefully selected in order to allow as many countries as possible to support the resolution. A resolution is one long sentence, with commas and semi-colons used to separate the ideas and a period at the very end of the document. They should be single-spaced, with each line numbered in the left-hand margin. Resolutions consist of three main parts: 1. The Heading

The heading includes the topic of the resolution, the committee in which it is introduced and the sponsoring nations. A document number will be given to the resolution as part of the heading and it will be referred to by this number for the remainder of the simulation.

2. The Preambulatory Clauses

Within the preamble of a resolution, one will not find clauses proposing action or making substantive statements. The preambulatory clauses explain the purpose of the resolution and state the main reasons for the suggestions to follow. This is where previous UN resolutions are referred to and relevant precedents of international law are cited. Preambulatory clauses should specifically refer to factual situations or incidents regarding the topic at hand. The preamble may also include altruistic appeals to the common sense or humanitarian instincts of members with reference to the Charter, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, etc. Each clause begins with an italicized participle and is followed by a comma. Please refer to the chart below for examples.

Acknowledges Appreciating Highly Acknowledges with gratitude Approving Acknowledging Aware of Affirming Basing itself Again requests Bearing in mind Alarmed by Beliving Alarmed and concerned by Calling attention Also bearing in mind Cognizant Appealing Concerned Appreciating Confident

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Confident Gravely concerned Conscious Guided by Contemplating Having Continuing to take the view Having adopted Convinced Having considered Declaring Having considered further Deeply alarmed Having constituted Deeply appreciative Having devoted attention Deeply concerned Having examined Deeply convinced Having heard Deeply conscious Having met Deeply disturbed Having received Deeply regretting Having received and examined Deploring Having regarded Desiring Having studied Desirous Inter alia Determined Keeping in mind Dismayed Looking forward Distressed Mindful Emphasizing Noting with interest Expecting Noting with alarm Expressing its appreciation Noting also Expressing its concern Noting with appreciation Expressing its deep concern Noting with approval Expressing its grave concern Noting with concern Expressing its regret Noting with deep concern Expressing its satisfaction Noting further Expressing its utmost concern Noting with gratitude Finding Noting with regret Firmly convinced Noting with satisfaction Fulfilling Observing Fully alarmed Paying tribute Fully aware Profoundly concerned Fully believing Reaffirming Further deploring Realizing Further recalling Recalling

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Recalling further Stresses once again Recognizing Strongly emphasizes Reconfirming Strongly supporting Re-emphasizing Supporting fully Referring Taking into account Regretting Taking into consideration Reiterating its dismay Taking note Reiterating its appreciation Taking note also Reiterating its conviction Taking note with satisfaction Resolving Underlining Seeking Underscoring Seriously concerned Urging Solemnly declares Viewing with appreciation Solemnly proclaims Welcoming Stresses its desire Wishing

3. The Operative Clauses The operative clauses list the recommendations for action, or state a favorable or unfavorable opinion regarding the existing situation. These clauses may request action by member states, by the Secretariat, or by any UN bodies or agencies. These actions can be as vague as a denunciation of a certain situation or a call for negotiations, or as specific as a call for a cease-fire or a monetary commitment for a particular project. Remember that only Security Council resolutions are binding on member states, the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council can only make recommendations. Operative clauses begin with an active, present tense, verb and are followed by a semi-colon. The first word in each operative clause underlined (please refer to the chart below for examples). Resolutions should not be seen as complete solutions to the problem. Your prior research should have revealed alternative proposals that failed, but hopefully, through imagination and study, delegates will be able to produce new and ingenious solutions to problems that before had seemed unsolvable. Remem- ber, compromise is the key to successful diplomatic relations but a delegate should never lose sight of his/her country’s position on the agenda topic at hand. In essence, a delegate is a salesperson and must try to sell his/her country’s views and resolutions, to delegates from other countries. Accepts Affirms Acknowledges Agrees Adopts Appeals

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Applauds Expresses its readiness Approves Expresses its regret Asks Expresses its support Authorizes Expresses its sympathy Calls Expresses its thanks Calls upon Fully supports Commends Further invites Concurs Further proclaims Condemns Further recommends Confirms Further reminds Congratulates Further requests Considers Further resolves Decides Have resolved Decides accordingly Insists Declares Instructs Declares accordingly Intends Demands Instructs Denounces Invites Deplores Is fully conscious Designates Notes Directs Notes with appreciation Directs attention Notes with approval Draws attention Notes with concern Emphasizes Notes with deep concern Encourages Notes with profound concern Endorses Notes with gratification Endorses the call Notes with gratitude and sa- Establishes tisfaction Expresses its hope Notes with interest Expresses its appreciation Notes with regret Expresses its belief Notes with deep regret Expresses its concern Notes with satisfaction Expresses its deep concern Opposes Expresses its grave concern Pays special tribute Expresses its serious concern Praises Expresses its conviction Proclaims Expresses its hope Reaffirms 96 Delegate Handbook 2016/2017

Reaffirms its belief Solemnly affirms Recalls Stresses Recognizes Stresses its readiness Recommends Strongly condemns Regrets Suggests Reiterates its call upon Supports Reiterates its calls Takes note of Reiterates its demand Takes note with appreciation Reiterates its request Transmits Remains deeply concerned Trusts Reminds Underlines with concern Repeats Urges Requests Welcomes Requires Notes with interest Reserves Resolves 4. Amendments

Approved draft resolutions are modified through amendments. An amendment is a written statement that adds, deletes or revises an operative clause in a draft resolution. The amendment process is used to strengthen consensus on a resolution by allowing delegates to change certain sections. There are two types of amendments: A friendly amendment is a change to the draft resolution that all sponsors agree with. After the amendment is signed by all of the draft resolution’s sponsors and approved by the committee director or president, it will be automatically incorporated into the resolution. An unfriendly amendment is a change that some or all of the draft resolution’s sponsors do not support and must be voted upon by the committee. The author(s) of the amendment will need to obtain a required number of signatories in order to introduce it (usually 20 percent of the committee). Prior to voting on the draft resolution, the committee votes on all unfriendly amendments. Ultimately, resolutions passed by a committee represent a great deal of debate and compromise. They are the tangible results of hours if not days of Model UN debate. As a result, it is important to become familiar with the resolution process and practice drafting resolutions using the proper structure and wording.

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5. Concluding: The Process Resolutions are the desired outcome of a committee and are the foundation of substantive debates and negotiations. Once sponsors have submitted a working paper which has been approved and signed by 20% of the committee called signatories, the Director of the committee can than be in the position of reviewing it. The Director will approve the document once satisfied with its content and format. The document is distributed to the entire committee and can now be referred to as a draft-resolution. At this stage, amendments can be passed. Once the committee moves to the voting phase, the committee will vote on these draft resolutions and any document that passes will then be considered a Resolution.

6. Tips for Resolution Writing

– Be sure to follow the format for resolutions provided by the conference organizers. Each conference may have a slightly different format – Create a detailed resolution. For example, if your resolution calls for a new program, think about how it will be funded and what body will manage it. – Try to cite facts whenever possible. – Be realistic. Do not create objectives for your resolution that cannot be met. Make sure your body can take the action suggested. For example, the General Assembly can’t sanction another country – only the Security Council can do so. – Try to find multiple sponsors. Your committee will be more likely to approve the resolutions if many delegates contribute ideas. – Preambulatory clauses are historic justifications for action. Use them to cite past resolutions, precedents and statements about the purpose of action. – Operative clauses are policies that the resolution is designed to create. Use them to explain what the committee will do to address the issue.

7. Report Writing There are some committees within the United Nations or associated with the Unit- ed Nations whose mandate is not to deliver resolutions but to write reports on specific issues in order to make recommendations for superior bodies or directly for member states. In contrast to resolutions, reports are written in full sentences separated by periods. The aim of reports is to reveal current problems in a specific policy area (environment, human rights, development, intellectual property and others), to review the implementation of certain initiatives, programs and treaties and to recommend measures in order to permit progress. Report-writing committees are, for example, the Human Rights Council (subsidiary body), the Commission on the Status of Women

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(commission of ECOSOC) or the Food and Agriculture Organization (specialized agency). But until a report is adopted, it has to run through several stages. By combining their various thoughts in written form, delegates create a “working paper” that is likely to include stylsitic flaws. If a working paper is fulfilling the standards of format and structure it is accepted by the dais as a “draft report segment” that will be voted upon in the voting procedure. Furthermore, if the draft report segment is adopted it becomes a report segment which will eventually constitute the final report with other report segments. Despite the differences resolutions and reports are similar in structure and format. Both have a heading that is needed in order to identify the document and assign it to a certain body. The “introduction” and the “mandate” section in a report are compa- rable to the preambulatory clauses of a resolution as these text components contain general information on the topic at stake and reiterate already taken decisions and measures. Moreover, the “conclusions” and “recommendations” sections of a report have similar characteristics in relation to operative clauses of a resolution.

Structure and Format:

1. Heading The heading is the address of a report. It includes the Code (filled in by the dais), the name of the Committee, the topic, sponsors and signatories. The sponsors are countries whose delegates decisively contributed to the creation of a report during the sessions of the committee. If a draft report segment is amended the sponsor may decide to withdraw its support. By signing a draft report segment these countries show their willingness to discuss a report segment on the floor and they cannot withdraw their signature. 2. Introduction The introduction describes the situation that the topic is dealing with. Thus the delegates should portray the issues regarding this topic which shall eventually be resolved by the proposals enlisted in latter paragraphs. Moreover, the delegates may mention broad past actions by various actors whereas the following mandate section should reiterate committee specific measures. 3. Mandate Officially, the mandate section is supposed to be neutral in tone but the delegates should try to establish this section as the basis for their action plan that will eventually be included in the conclusions and recommendations section. The introduction and mandate sections are structured in numbered paragraphs and separated through periods.

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4. Conclusions and Recommendations Here, you have to draw conclusions from the previous sections supplying your report segment with a stylistic framework. Consequently, the delegates sum up the issues and formulate recommendations in order to tackle the presented problems. The recommendations should ideally reflect your action plan that you have elaborated in your position paper before.

Amendments

Draft report segments can be amended before they are adopted as report segments. Amendments are used to complement, replace or delete certain parts of a draft report segment and must be worded accordingly. There are two types of amendments, friendly and unfriendly. For a friendly amendment, delegates need to obtain the assent and accordingly the signature of the sponsoring countries of a draft report segment. Unfriendly amendments are against the will of sponsors and are more difficult to achieve as delegates need to gather a bunch of signatures in order to outvote the sup- porters of a respective draft report segment. Surely, it is easier to influence the content of a working paper before it has already been accepted by the dais as draft report segment. But amendments can be a strong instrument to change essential characteristics of a draft report segment in the very last moment.

Fictive Example:

Code: IBREW/ 1516 (filled in by the dais) Committee: International Organisation for the Preservation of Traditional Brewage (IBREW) Topic: Setting international standards according to the Bavarian purity law on brewage

Sponsors: Germany, Czech Republic etc.

Signatories: France, Italy etc.

I. Introduction

A. EFFICIENT DISSEMINATION OF BAVARIAN KNOWLEDGE REGARD- ING BREWAGE AND IMPLEMENTING STANDARDS ACCORDING TO THE BAVARIAN PURITY LAW

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1. Since the establishment of the International Organisation for the Preservation of Traditional Brewage (IBREW) in 1987, it has played a vital role in harmonizing international standards on traditional brewage.

2. IBREW has fostered international cooperation between the member states in order to tackle the pressing issue of preserving knowledge on traditional brewage. Fur- thermore, IBREW succeeded in raising international public awareness regarding the healthiness and good taste of traditionally brewed beer.

II. Mandate

A. EFFICIENT DISSEMINATION OF BAVARIAN KNOWLEDGE REGARD- ING BREWAGE AND IMPLEMENTING STANDARDS ACCORDING TO THE BAVARIAN PURITY LAW

3. While the IBREW Development Agenda of 1993 allows the use of only excellent agricultural commodities for producing beer, there are still breweries using corn and fruit flavours thereby distorting the traditional taste of beer.

4. IBREW recalls Article 25 of the Munich Agreement of 1995 that emphasizes the need to distribute knowledge on the qualitative production of beer coping with the Bavarian standards of brewage. Moreover, IBREW reiterates Article 14 of the Univer- sal Brewage Declaration that manifests the correlation between the healthiness of the people and the traditional way of producing beer.

III. Conclusions

A. EFFICIENT DISSEMINATION OF BAVARIAN KNOWLEDGE REGARD- ING BREWAGE AND IMPLEMENTING STANDARDS ACCORDING TO THE BAVARIAN PURITY LAW

5. The traditional knowledge on brewage must be preserved and upheld as it is as cultural heritage according to a decision by UNESCO. Thus, IBREW has the duty to fight for a further distribution of Bavarian standards of brewage and to take care of the global implementation of these standards.

6. IBREW identifies problems in teaching brewers in specific countries the glorious Bavarian standards as IBREW notices a lack of trainers to do so. This lack of person-

101 Delegate Handbook 2016/2017 nel must be addressed in order induce an efficient distribution of knowledge.

IV. Recommendations

A. EFFICIENT DISSEMINATION OF BAVARIAN KNOWLEDGE REGARD- ING BREWAGE AND IMPLEMENTING STANDARDS ACCORDING TO THE BAVARIAN PURITY LAW

7. IBREW recommends to increase the number of well educated trainers who are sent to countries that have difficulties in implementing Bavarian standards. Therefore, IBREW encourages the United Nations University to offer a study course on traditional brewage: a. Students shall be taught by Bavarian Trainers in subjects like Beer Philosophy, Marketing of Beer etc.; b. Students may apply for a scholarship financed by fees of breweries that still do not meet Bavarian standards; c. Students shall be part of a Training the Trainers Programme after their grad- uation teaching brewage personnel in specific countries.

8. IBREW also encourages the WHO to further research on the positive effects of traditional beer on the health of men. IBREW identifies beer as beneficial for our psychological and physical well-being.

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UN Document Abbreviations Hauptorgan der UNO Untergliederung/Unter- Technischer Charakter [Daneben bestehen serie der Hauptglieder- des Dokuments weitere Organe + ung oder einer weiteren verselbständigte Or- Untergliederung („._“ ganisationen mit einem = in historischer Folge Kürzel] laufend durchnummeriert) A/… …/ AC._/… …/ INF/… (Generalversammlung) (Ad-hoc-Ausschuss) (Informationsreihe)

E/… …/ C._/… …/ NGO/… (Wirtschafts- und Sozialrat) (ständiger Ausschuss) (Stellungnahme einer nich- tstaatlichen Organisation) S/… …/ CN._/… (Sicherheitsrat) (Kommission) …/ PET/… (Eingabe/ Bittschrift) ST/… …/ CONF._/… (Sekretariat) (Konferenz) …/ PV._/ … (Wortprotokolle) T/… …/ GC/… (Treuhandrat) (Verwaltungsrat) …/ RES/… (Resolution) Beispiele für weitere …/ PC/… Organe / verselbstständigte (Vorbereitender Ausschuss) …/ SR._/… Organisationen: (Zusammenfassendes Sit- …/ SC._/… zungsprotokoll) CCPR/… (Unterausschuss) (Menschenrechtsausschuss …/ WP._/… unter dem IPBürg) ST/ SG/… (Arbeitspapier) (Büro des Generalsekretärs) CERD/… (Rassendiskriminierungsau- A/ SPC/… sschuss) (Ausschuss für spezielle politische Fragen) UNEP/… (Umweltprogramm der …/ WG._/… UNO) (Arbeitsgruppe)

…/ WP._/ … (Arbeitsausschuss) 103 Delegate Handbook 2016/2017

Nummer der Session Art der Verbreitung des Zusätze bzw. Jahreszahl* Dokuments – grundsätzlich nicht begrenzt, außer:

…/ L._ …/ Add._ (Begrenzte Verbreitung des (Nachtrag / Ergänzung zu Dokuments – für dokumente einem Dokument) provisorischer Natur) …/ Amend._ …/ R._ (Berichtigender Zusatz zu (Eingeschränkte Dokumente einem bereits verabschiede- – Dokumente nur für einen ten Text) begrenzten Kreis zugän- glich) …/ Corr._ (Korrektur einer bereits verabschiedeten Textes) …/ Rev._ (Neufassung)

*Anm.: Die Dokumente der Generalversammlung werden erst seit der 31. Session (1976) mit der Nummer der Session bezeichnet, z.B. A/RES/43/200. Vor 1976 wurde nach der Bezeich- nung der Arte des Dokuments in arabischen Zahlen dessen laufende Durchnummerierung angegeben und danach in Klammern in römischen Zahlen angegeben, auf welcher Jahrestagung das Dokument erstellt wurde. So bezeichnete beispielsweise A/RES/2625 (XXV) die Resolu- tion 2625 der Generalversammlung, die auf der 25. Jahrestagung (1970) verabschiedet wurde. Dokumente des Wirtschafts- und Sozialrats werden seit 1978 jährlich neu durchnummeriert. Sie werden nicht mehr mit der Nummer der Tagung, sondern der Jahreszahl versehen, z.B. E/ RES/1995/4. Bei den Dokumenten des Sicherheitsrates wird – naturgemäss – nicht die Num- mer der Tagung, sondern am Ende in Klammern die Jahreszahl beigesetzt, z.B. S/RES/841 (1993) bzw. in der Klammer in römischen Zahlen die Anzahl der Jahre der Existenz des Sicher- heitsrates angegeben, z.B. S/RES/841 (XLVIII).

Beispiele: A/CN.4/L.1000/Rev.1 = 1. Neufassung des nur begrenzt verteilten Dokuments 1000 der Kommission der 4 Generalversammlung (= International Law Commissio)

A/CONF.39/PC/10/Add.1 = Ergänzung 1 zu Dokument 10 des Vorbereitenden Aus- schusses zur von der General versammlung veranlassten Konferenz 39 (= Konferenz über die Kodifikation des Ver- tragsrechts) 104 Delegate Handbook 2016/2017

GLOSSARY

Abstain: During a vote on a substantive matter, delegates may abstain rather than vote yes or no. This generally signals that a state does not support the resolution being voted on, but does not oppose it enough to vote no.

Adjourn: All UN or Model UN sessions end with a vote to adjourn. This means that the debate is suspended until the next meeting. This can be a short time (e.g., over- night) or a long time (until next year’s conference).

Agenda: The order in which the issues before a committee will be discussed. The first duty of a committee following the roll call is usually to set the agenda.

Amendment: A change to a draft resolution on the floor. Can be of two types: a “friendly amendment” is supported by the original draft resolution’s sponsors, and is passed automatically, while an “unfriendly amendment” is not supported by the original sponsors and must be voted on by the committee as a whole.

Binding: Having legal force in UN member states. Security Council resolutions are binding, as are decisions of the International Court of Justice; resolutions of the Gen- eral Assembly and Economic and Social Council are not.

Bloc: A group of countries in a similar geographical region or with a similar opinion on a particular topic.

Caucus: A break in formal debate in which countries can more easily and informally discuss a topic. There are two types: moderated caucus and unmoderated caucus.

Chair: A member of the dais that moderates debate, keeps time, rules on points and motions, and enforces the rules of procedure. Also known as a Moderator.

Dais: The group of people, usually high school or college students, in charge of a Model UN committee. It generally consists of a Chair, a Director, and a Rapporteur.

Decorum: The order and respect for others that all delegates at a Model UN conference must exhibit. The Chair will call for decorum when he or she feels that the committee is not being respectful of a speaker, of the dais, or of their roles as ambas- sadors.

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Director: A member of the dais that oversees the creation of working papers and draft resolutions, acts as an expert on the topic, makes sure delegates accurately reflect the policy of their countries, and ensures that decorum is maintained during caucuses.

Division of the Question: During voting bloc, delegates may motion to vote on certain clauses of a resolution separately, so that only the clauses that are passed become part of the final resolution. This is known as division of the question.

Draft resolution: A document that seeks to fix the problems addressed by a Model UN committee. If passed by the committee, the draft resolution will become into a resolution.

Faculty Advisor: The faculty member in charge of a Model UN team, class or club.

Flow of debate: The order in which events proceed during a Model UN conference.

Formal debate: The “standard” type of debate at a Model UN conference, in which delegates speak for a certain time in an order based on a speakers’ list.

Head Delegate: The student leader of a Model UN club or team.

Member State: A country that has ratified the Charter of the United Nations and whose application to join has been accepted by the General Assembly and Security Council. Currently, there are 191 member states. The only internationally recognized state that is not a member state is the Holy See.

Moderated Caucus: A type of caucus in which delegates remain seated and the Chair calls on them one at a time to speak for a short period of time, enabling a freer ex- change of opinions than would be possible in formal debate.

Motion: A request made by a delegate that the committee as a whole do something. Some motions might be to go into a caucus, to adjourn, to introduce a draft resolution, or to move into voting bloc.

Observer: A state, national organization, regional organization, or non-governmental organization that is not a member of the UN but participates in its debates. Observers can vote on procedural matters but not substantive matters. An example is the Holy See.

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On the floor: At a Model UN conference, when a working paper or draft resolution is first written, it may not be discussed in debate. After it is approved by the Director and introduced by the committee, it is put “on the floor” and may be discussed.

Operative clause: The part of a resolution which describes how the UN will address a problem. It begins with an action verb (decides, establishes, recommends, etc.).

Page: A delegate in a Model UN committee that has volunteered to pass notes from one delegate to another, or from a delegate to the dais, for a short period of time.

Placard: A piece of cardstock with a country’s name on it that a delegate raises in the air to signal to the Chair that he or she wishes to speak.

Point: A request raised by a delegate for information or for an action relating to that delegate. Examples include a point of order, a point of inquiry, and a point of personal privilege.

Position paper: A summary of a country’s position on a topic, written by a delegate before a Model UN conference.

Preambulatory clause: The part of a resolution that describes previous actions taken on the topic and reasons why the resolution is necessary. It begins with a participle or adjective (noting, concerned, regretting, aware of, recalling, etc.).

Procedural: Having to do with the way a committee is run, as opposed to the topic being discussed. All delegates present must vote on procedural matters and may not abstain.

Quorum: The minimum number of delegates needed to be present for a committee to meet. In the General Assembly, a quorum consists of one third of the members to begin debate, and a majority of members to pass a resolution. In the Security Council, no quorum exists for the body to debate, but nine members must be present to pass a resolution.

Rapporteur: A member of the dais whose duties include keeping the speakers’ list and taking the roll call.

Resolution: A document that has been passed by an organ of the UN that aims to address a particular problem or issue. The UN equivalent of a law.

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Right of Reply: A right to speak in reply to a previous speaker’s comment, invoked when a delegate feels personally insulted by another’s speech. Generally requires a written note to the Chair to be invoked.

Roll Call: The first order of business in a Model UN committee, during which the Rapporteur reads aloud the names of each member state in the committee. When a delegate’s country’s name is called, he or she may respond “present” or “present and voting.” A delegate responding “present and voting” may not abstain on a substantive vote.

Rules of Procedure: The rules by which a Model UN committee is run.

Second: To agree with a motion being proposed. Many motions must be seconded before they can be brought to a vote.

Secretariat: The most senior staff of a Model UN conference.

Secretary General: The leader of a Model UN conference.

Signatory: A country that wishes a draft resolution to be put on the floor and signs the draft resolution to accomplish this. A signatory need not support a resolution; it only wants it to be discussed. Usually, Model UN conferences require some minimum number of sponsors and signatories for a draft resolution to be approved.

Simple majority: 50% plus one of the number of delegates in a committee. The amount needed to pass most votes.

Speakers’ List: A list that determines the order in which delegates will speak. When- ever a new topic is opened for discussion, the Chair will create a speakers’ list by asking all delegates wishing to speak to raise their placards and calling on them one at a time. During debate, a delegate may indicate that he or she wishes to be added to the speakers’ list by sending a note to the dais.

Sponsor: One of the writers of a draft resolution. A friendly amendment can only be created if all sponsors agree.

Substantive: Having to do with the topic being discussed. A substantive vote is a vote on a draft resolution or amendment already on the floor during voting bloc. Only member states (not observer states or non-governmental organizations) may vote on substantive issues.

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Unmoderated Caucus: A type of caucus in which delegates leave their seats to min- gle and speak freely. Enables the free sharing of ideas to an extent not possible in formal debate or even a moderated caucus. Frequently used to sort countries into blocs and to write working papers and draft resolutions.

Working Paper: A document in which the ideas of some delegates on how to resolve an issue are proposed. Frequently the precursor to a draft resolution.

Veto: The ability, held by China, France, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, and the United States to prevent any draft resolution in the Security Council from passing by voting no.

Vote: A time at which delegates indicate whether they do or do not support a proposed action for the committee. There are two types: procedural and substantive.

Voting bloc: The period at the end of a committee session during which delegates vote on proposed amendments and draft resolutions. Nobody may enter or leave the room during voting bloc.

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APPENDIX The Republic of India Area: 3,28,263 sq km Capital: New Delhi (Population: Approximately 18,007,835) National holiday: 26th of January (Commemorates the date on which the Constitution of India came into force in 1950) Government: - Chief of State: President Pranab Mukhherjee (since 22 July 2012) - Head of Government: Prime Minister Narendra Modi (since 26 May 2014) Population: - 1,266,883,598 (July 2016 est.) - Religion: Hindu 79.8%, Muslim 14.2%, Christian 2.3%, Sikh 1.7%, other and unspeci fied 2% (2011 est.) - Urbanization rate: 32.7% Economy: - GDP 2015: $2.091 trillion - GDP growth rate: 7.3% (2015 est.) - Unemployment: 8.4% (2015 est.) - Inflation Rate: 4.9% (2015 est.) - Military Expenditures: 2.4% of GDP (2014) - Sectors (2015 est.): agriculture: 17%, industry: 29.7%, services: 45% - Natural Resources: ccoal (fourth-largest reserves in the world), iron ore, manganese, mica, bauxite, rare earth elements, titanium ore, chromite, natural gas, diamonds, petro leum, limestone, arable land Exports (2015): $272.4 billion (2015 est.) - petroleum products, precious stones, vehicles, machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, pharmaceutical products, cereals and apparel - US 15.2%, UAE 11.4%, Hong Kong 4.6% Imports (2015): $409.2 billion - Commodities: crude oil, precious stones, machinery, chemicals, fertilizer, plastics, iron and steels - Partners: China 15.4%, UAE 5.5%, Saudi Arabia 5.4%, Switzerland 5.3%, US 5.1% Development: - HDI 2015: 0.609 (“Medium Human Development”), World Rank: 130 - Life Expectancy 2015, est. (at birth): 68.5 years

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Rabindranath Tagore - Jana Gana Mana

Bengali:

জনগণমন-অধিনা붼ক জ붼 হে ভারতভাগ্যবিধাতা!

পঞ্জাব সিন্ধু গুজরাট মরাঠা দ্রাবি薼 উৎকল বঙ্গ

বিন্ধ্য হিমাচল যমুনা গঙ্গা উচ্ছলজলধিতরঙ্গ

তব শুভ নামে জাগে, তব শুভ আশিষ মাগে,

গাহে তব জ붼গাথা।

জনগণমঙ্গলদা붼ক জ붼 হে ভারতভাগ্যবিধাতা!

জ붼 হে, জ붼 হে, জ붼 হে, জ붼 জ붼 জ붼 জ붼 হে॥

Bengali Romanisation:

Janagaṇamana-adhināẏaka jaẏa hē Bhāratabhāgyabidhātā!

Pañjāba Sindhu Gujarāṭa Marāṭhā Drābiṛa Uṯkala Baṅga Bindhya Himācala Yamunā Gaṅgā ucchalajaladhitaraṅga

Taba śubha nāmē jāgē, taba śubha āśiṣa māgē, Gāhē taba jaẏagāthā.

Janagaṇamaṅgaladāẏaka jaẏa hē Bhāratabhāgyabidhātā!

Jaẏa hē, jaẏa hē, jaẏa hē, jaẏa jaẏa jaẏa jaẏa hē..

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English Translation:

You are the ruler of the minds of all people, Dispenser of India’s destiny.

Thy name rouses the hearts of Punjab, Sindh, Gujarat and Maratha, Of the Dravida,Orissa and Bengal;

It echoes in the hills of the Vindhyas and Himalayas, mingles in the music of Yamuna Ganges and ischanted by the waves of the Indian Sea.

They pray for thy blessings and sing thy praise.The saving of all people waits in thy hand,

Thou dispenser of India’s destiny. victory forever.

German Translation:

Herrscher über den Geist des Volkes, Heil Dir, Indiens Schicksalslenker!

Panjab, Sindh, Gujarat, Maratha,Dravida, Utkal und Bengalen, das Vindhya-Gebirge, der Himalaya, die Yamuna, der Ganges, die hohen Wogen des Ozeans, erwachen durch deinen glückverheißenden Namen, erbitten deinen glück- verheißenden Segen, singen dein Siegeslied.

Glückbringer des Volkes, Heil Dir, Indiens Schicksalslenker! Heil Dir! Heil Dir! Heil Dir! Heil, Heil, Heil, Heil Dir!

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International Organizations

League of Arab States (The Arab League): Members: Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Palestinian Authority, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen.

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Forum of Pacific Rim states to promote free trade and economic cooperation. Members: Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, United States, Chinese Taipei, Hong Kong, China, Mexico, Papua New Guinea, Chile, Peru, Russia, Vietnam.

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Mercosur (Mercado Común del Sur): Common Southern Market Members: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Venezuela. Associate Members: Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname. Accessing Member: Bolivia.

ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States): Members: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Côte d’Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo.

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ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations): Members: Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam. ASEAN Plus Three: ASEAN States plus China, Japan and South Korea

Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) Political, economic, and military organization. Members: China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan. Observer states: Afghanistan, India, Iran, Mongolia, Pakistan. Dialogue Partners: Belarus, Sri Lanka, Turkey. Guest Attendances: ASEAN, Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), Turkmenistan.

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OSCE (Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe): Members: Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ice- land, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmeni- stan, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Uzbekistan, Vatican City.

African Union (AU) Members: all African States except Morocco. Suspended Members: Egypt, Central African Republic, Guinea-Bissau, Madagascar

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OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) Members: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Czech Republik, Den- mark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, , Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Republic of Korea, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States.

G20 (Group of Twenty) Members: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, European Union, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States.

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Group of 77 (G77) coalition of developing countries within the United Nations founded by 77 developing UN Member States in 1964. Members: 132 UN Member States + Palistinian Authority), All UN Members except Council of Europe (exception BiH), OECD (exception Chile), CIS (exception Tajikistan) States and except South Sudan, Kiribati, Palau and Tuvalu.

Alliance of Small Island States – AOSIS Intergovernmental organization of low-lying coastal and small Island countries Members: Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Cape Verde, Co- moros, Cook Islands, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Fiji, Federated States of Micronesia, Grenada, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Kiribati, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Singapore, Seychelles, Sao Tome and Principe, Solomon Islands, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu, Vanuatu.

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European Union The evolution of what is today the European Union (EU) from a regional economic agreement among six neighboring states in 1951 to today’s hybrid intergovernmental and supranational organization of 28 countries across the European continent stands as an unprecedented phenomenon in the annals of history. Although the EU is not a federation in the strict sense, it is far more than a free-trade association such as ASEAN, NAFTA, or Mercosur, and it has certain attributes associated with independent nations: its own flag, currency (for some members), and law-making abilities, as well as diplomatic representation and a common foreign and security policy in its dealings with external partners. Thus, inclusion of basic intelligence on the EU has been deemed appropriate as a new, separate entity in The World Factbook. However, because of the EU’s special status, this description is placed after the regular country entries. Members: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Den- mark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Lat- via, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, UK

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Dressing for NMUN

Dressing professionally and adequately is an important aspect of all Model UN simulations. Just like being polite and showing proper manners, dressing appro- priately is an important way to show respect for the state you are representing, for your home university, the other delegates and for the United Nations. During conferences, please refrain from wearing your nation’s national dress or traditional attire – this can be perceived as disrespectful and ridiculing.

What is Western Business Attire? Western business attire, also known as international standard business attire, is used as customary dress for all kinds of workplaces. WBA requires wearing a suit, which is made up of trousers, a matching jacket, a button-down dress shirt, and a tie or bowtie. Conservative shoes and socks are also important. Women may of course wear skirts and dresses but only as long as they are of decent length. The most important thing to remember is to always make sure that your appearance is neat, tidy and put-together, and that you are well-covered.

Females A suit looks professional; make sure to keep it clean and wrinkle-free. No t- shirts. A blouse, sweater, or button-down shirt is adequate. Dresses are also fit- ting as long as they are not revealing and of adequate length. Do not wear jeans or shorts. Skirts must be worn with pantyhose/stockings and should not end more than two inches above the knee. Bottoms should have a subtle pattern. No sneakers or open-toe sandals. Loafers or other types of dress shoes are preferred. Remember: high-heeled shoes may look pretty, but they can also be very uncomfortable, so use to your discretion.

Males A suit looks professional; make sure to keep it clean and wrinkle-free. No t- shirts. A collared/button-down shirt is adequate and do not forget a tie or bowtie! Do not wear jeans or shorts. Slacks, preferable in dark colors/black, are adequate. No sneakers or open-toe sandals.

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How to tie a tie

FOUR-IN-HAND

The Four-in-Hand is also known as a simple knot or schoolboy knot, the four-in- hand is believed to be the most popular method of tying ties due to its simplicity. The knot produced by this method is on the narrow side, slightly asymmetric, and appropriate for all occasions. According to your personal style you may tie it with a dimple or not.

HALF-WINDSOR

The Half-Windsor produces a neat, triangular knot. It is larger than the four-in-hand knot and Pratt knot but smaller than the Windsor knot. Despite its name, it is not half the size of the Windsor knot, and there is no evidence that it is derived from that knot. It works well with light- and medium-weight fabrics.

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How to tie a tie WINDSOR

The Windsor knot, compared to other methods, produces a wide triangular knot. It is named after the Duke of Windsor (Ed- ward VIII after abdication), although the Duke himself did not actually use a Windsor knot. The Duke preferred a wide knot and had his ties specially made with thicker cloth in order to produce a wider knot when tied with the conventional four-in-hand-knot.

Pratt

The Pratt is also known as the Shelby knot and the Pratt-Shelby. The knot was in- vented by Jerry Pratt, an employee of the US Chamber of Commerce. It is unique in that its starting position is ‘reverse side out’. It uses less length than the Half Windsor or Windsor knots, and so is well suited to shorter ties. Unlike the Four in Hand knot, the Pratt method produces a symmetrical knot. It is of medium thickness.

All other possibilities – 81, that is – of how to tie a tie are dealt with in: Fink, Thomas; Mao, Young: 85 Ways to Tie a Tie. The Science and Aesthetics of Tie Knots, London 1999.

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