DOCSLIB.ORG

Rosa Menkman: General Glitch Falyn, Olivia, Jane, Mutesi Biography

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Rosa Menkman: General Glitch Falyn, Olivia, Jane, Mutesi Biography Rosa Menkman: General Glitch Falyn, Olivia, Jane, Mutesi Biography - A full-time position as a substitute professor at - Born in 1983 New Media at the KHK since 2018 and - Wrote a book, The Glitch Moment(um)- helps expanded on the Resolution Studies curriculum. explain her and her work - She started glitching in 2005 when she was 22 - Won the Collide International Barcelona Award- years old annual international competition that invites - A co-organizer of the GLI.TC/H festival artists of any nationality or age to apply for a - Graduated at the University of Amsterdam in the 3-month residency award by submitting a subject of new media proposal - Fun fact: She is one of the Richest Visual Artist who was born in Kingdom of the Netherlands Art Process ❖ Uses the Quicktime and Cinepak (for moving images and compressions) software for her work ❖ ❖ She embraces the process of not being afraid to break her work as a learning process ❖ ❖ Likes to use opposites to portray; sanity for madness, order for chaos, etc. ❖ ❖ Glitches are a benchmark and threshold to create new problems and continue to find new solutions. ❖ ❖ Unconvers unseen, “too good to be implemented” resolutions to produce a new interpretation through technology ❖ ❖ “Highlights visual artifacts created by accidents in both analogue and digital media” (Loosen Art, 2018) Glitch within Contemporary Art Mistakes and errors are part of our everyday life, by taking all those imperfections you can make a new types of art into that imperfection. As Rosa explained during her Ted-talk speech, glitching was never something she wanted her life, but it later become something she saw it as making art, liking broken items because she can create a new meaning for them. Vernacular of File Formats, 2010 Within this piece, Menkman explores the errors within the file formats using compressions, highlights, artifacts and glitches with unexpected pixels to show a corrupted self-portrait. At first sight, these pieces are distorted images, recognizing the errors rather than the expression of the face and contents within the picture. Each pixel is an intentional detail to distract the viewer from viewing a specific “punctum”/point of the original file. As a viewer, the image continues to make me wonder who the person is in the picture and why this picture was taken. Moving women images What’s captivating of this image ● Female creation ● Creation that that has a story ● Glitch The Fall of Pal (2011) One of the noticeable art work of Rosa Menkman is the Collapse of Pal set in a utopia world. A narrative audio video that introduce a character named Angel of history, this figure is presented as a glitched ghostly women face moving around, and also another character named Pal. In the video glitched, the Angel of history witness a execution of pal. Xilitla, 2013 Menkman creates a futuristic, 3D dysfunctional environment with a combination of moving images, shapes, and other objects, a hallucinatory type of art. Although this is not mainly based on glitch alone, there are aspects of it throughout the image, allowing the audience to become induced into a gameplay like environment. Glitch Timond, 2014 This is a collage made up of 10 different cut outs. The effects have became signifiers, pointing to the presence of hackers, ghosts, A.I. Its framing, in the shape of non-square, non-quadrilateral windows, references unresolved standards. As a viewer these are glitches that you would see come up on your screen when something was not right 365 Perfect (2019) ❖ “365 Perfect”, an app that is used to touch up and beautify photos, was used to create these images. Using features in the app like eye enlarging, brighten/soften skin, lip resizing, and much more, Menkman re-saves and re-compresses her new edits hundreds of times to create the “perfect” image. ❖ Her purpose behind the creation of this piece was statement about the use of casual face photo-editing to uphold society’s beauty norms. ❖ “By re-saving my newly beautified face every iteration, the artifacts of a re-compressed JPEG and the absurdity of our beautifying standards are amplified.” Mytopia, 2015 A wall-sized glitch art vinyl, displaying the elements that are lost within the compression of a JPEG. This was installed for a “psychedelic” interior space. In this space, it makes me feel uneasy, as if my surroundings are breaking away, unable to see the actual image. And with the set of eyes on the wall, an eerie sense is present to those viewing the installation. DCT:SYPHONING. The 1000000th (64th) interval, First commissioned by the Photographers Gallery in London, for the show Power Point Polemics An anthropomorphised DCT (Senior) narrates its first data transfer with DCT Junior, and their interactions as they translate data from one image compression to a next (the “realms of complexity”). As a viewer it makes you think the sides are going towards the center very fast and guiding your eye towards the center Spomenik (2017) ❖ Installation piece with livestream VR and projection ❖ “A monument for resolutions that will never be.” ❖ Known for representing “many different things to many people” and references well known spomeniks ❖ Complex compression textures ❖ Meant to create a form physical representation for things that are impossible to represent like screen objects A Testcard for De-calibration, 2018. This is a JPEG image compression She actually does not have ownership of the image anymore because of all the copies and appropriations of the image She redid this image with pixels because of how she felt about her not having ownership over it, like she was just pixels This was in Vogue US As a viewer the pixels make it hard to see the womans face and because of that we wonder who she is and what her story is, as she seems very mysterious and almost like she is trapped Behind White Shadows: 2019. ❖ Video on Vimeo ❖ Voicing the idea of lost identity/ownership of images after image processing ❖ Color test cards Lena Soderberg was used as a test image for hybrid JPEG compression schemes Sources https://networkcultures.org/_uploads/NN%234_RosaMenkman.pdf https://rhizome.org/editorial/2011/oct/20/artist-profile-rosa-menkmen/ https://beyondresolution.info/RESOLUTION-UPDATES https://rhizome.org/editorial/2011/oct/20/artist-profile-rosa-menkmen/ https://www.loosenart.com/blogs/magazine/the-punctum-as-glitch-in-contemporary-art-the-art-of-rosa-menkman https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=64V-nkVpnes http://www.digiart21.org/art/the-collapse-of-pal https://beyondresolution.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/Portfolio%20November%202019.pdf http://chasseurmagazine.com/chasseur-interviews-artist-rosa-menkman/.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Automatic Detection of Perceived Ringing Regions in Compressed Images
    International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering. ISSN 0974-2166 Volume 4, Number 5 (2011), pp. 491-516 © International Research Publication House http://www.irphouse.com Automatic Detection of Perceived Ringing Regions in Compressed Images D. Minola Davids Research Scholar, Singhania University, Rajasthan, India Abstract An efficient approach toward a no-reference ringing metric intrinsically exists of two steps: first detecting regions in an image where ringing might occur, and second quantifying the ringing annoyance in these regions. This paper presents a novel approach toward the first step: the automatic detection of regions visually impaired by ringing artifacts in compressed images. It is a no- reference approach, taking into account the specific physical structure of ringing artifacts combined with properties of the human visual system (HVS). To maintain low complexity for real-time applications, the proposed approach adopts a perceptually relevant edge detector to capture regions in the image susceptible to ringing, and a simple yet efficient model of visual masking to determine ringing visibility. Index Terms: Luminance masking, per-ceptual edge, ringing artifact, texture masking. Introduction In current visual communication systems, the most essential task is to fit a large amount of visual information into the narrow bandwidth of transmission channels or into a limited storage space, while maintaining the best possible perceived quality for the viewer. A variety of compression algorithms, for example, such as JPEG[1] and MPEG/H.26xhave been widely adopted in image and video coding trying to achieve high compression efficiency at high quality. These lossy compression techniques, however, inevitably result in various coding artifacts, which by now are known and classified as blockiness, ringing, blur, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Glitch Studies Manifesto
    [email protected]. Amsterdam/Cologne, 2009/2010 http://rosa-menkman.blogspot.com The dominant, continuing search for a noiseless channel has been, and will always be no more than a regrettable, ill-fated dogma. Even though the constant search for complete transparency brings newer, ‘better’ media, every one of these new and improved techniques will always have their own fingerprints of imperfection. While most people experience these fingerprints as negative (and sometimes even as accidents) I emphasize the positive consequences of these imperfections by showing the new opportunities they facilitate. In the beginning there was only noise. Then the artist moved from the grain of celluloid to the magnetic distortion and scanning lines of the cathode ray tube. he wandered the planes of phosphor burn-in, rubbed away dead pixels and now makes performance art based on the cracking of LCD screens. The elitist discourse of the upgrade is a dogma widely pursued by the naive victims of a persistent upgrade culture. The consumer only has to dial #1-800 to stay on top of the technological curve, the waves of both euphoria and disappointment. It has become normal that in the future the consumer will pay less for a device that can do more. The user has to realize that improving is nothing more than a proprietary protocol, a deluded consumer myth about progression towards a holy grail of perfection. Dispute the operating templates of creative practice by fighting genres and expectations! I feel stuck in the membranes of knowledge, governed by social conventions and acceptances. As an artist I strive to reposition these membranes; I do not feel locked into one medium or between contradictions like real vs.
    [Show full text]
  • Mutable Artistic Narratives: Video Art Versus Glitch Art
    Mutable Artistic Narratives: Video Art versus Glitch Art Ana Marqués Ibáñez Department of Fine Arts. Didactic of Plastic Expression University of La Laguna Biography Ana holds a PhD in Fine Arts from the Univer- sity of Granada and is a professor in the Fac- ulty of Education at the University of La Laguna, Tenerife. Her PhD thesis focused on the commu- nicative capacity of images in literary classics, including the Divine Comedy, with a compari- son of the illustrations of Dante’s work created by different artists. Ana is a professor in the Early Childhood and Primary Education degree programmes, in which she teaches contemporary art and education. She is also a lecturer and coordinator of the special- isation course in drawing, design and visual arts in the Education Master’s Degree programme. Her current research focuses on promoting play as an element of learning, as well as creating teaching resources related to visual culture for people with disabilities. She has participated in national and international conferences, most re- cently at the Texas Art Education Association conference, where she gave presentations on art installations for children as generators of play and learning, and visual diaries as a form of ex- pression and knowledge. 1172 Synnyt / Origins | 2 / 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Full paper Abstract This project analyses a set of different innovative video formats for their sub- sequent incorporation and application in the fields of art and education. The aim is to conduct a historical review of the evolution of video art, in which images, video and experimental and instrumental sound play an essential role.
    [Show full text]
  • Movement Behind Your Back
    Movement Behind Your Back: Cinematic Technology in Light of Simondon’s Philosophy of Technology University of Amsterdam Research Master’s Thesis in Media Studies Department of Media Studies Vladimir Lukin e-mail: [email protected] Supervisor: Dr. Abe Geil Second Reader: Dr. Marie-Aude L. Baronian Third Reader: Dr. Bernhard Rieder “La représentation du mouvement est la raison d’être du cinématographe, sa faculté maîtresse, l’expression fondamentale de son génie. […] l’affinité du cinématographe pour le mouvement va jusqu’à découvrir celui-ci là où notre œil ne sait pas le voir. ” — Jean Epstein, Le Cinéma du diable 2 Abstract Movement is the essence of cinema. But it is not the movement that we see on the screen but movement that happens behind our backs — both literally, in the cinematic apparatus in the movie theater, and metaphorically, for it defies our conceptual grasp. Thus, this thesis addresses the question of technical production of motion — the question which, as Tom Gunning aptly remarks, is “the repressed Freudian subject of film theory”. By drawing upon Gilbert Simondon’s philosophy of technology, this thesis attempts to lay bare the technicity of cinematic technology and also to reveal the reasons why it remains misunderstood and under-theorized in the current debates on the moving image. This thesis contends that cinematic technicity can be defined through the three technical operations, namely, movement data organization, movement analysis, and movement synthesis. As this thesis attempts to demonstrate, the misconception of cinematic technicity occurs on both the technological and conceptual levels. If optical technologies obscure cinematic technicity on the technological level, I claim the concept of the image obscures our conceptual understanding of movement.
    [Show full text]
  • Vendela Grundell
    FLOW AND FRICTION: ON THE TACTICAL PO T E N T I A L O F I N T ERFAC ING WITH GLITCH ART Vendela Grundell Flow and Friction On the Tactical Potential of Interfacing with Glitch Art Vendela Grundell © Vendela Grundell, Stockholm University 2016 © Cover image: Phillip Stearns’s Year of the Glitch no. 64, 2012 © Case study images: Phillip Stearns, Rosa Menkman, and Evan Meaney. Images reproduced with kind permission of the artists. ISBN 978-91-7649-412-7 Printed in Sweden by Holmbergs, Malmö, 2016 Distributor: Department of Culture and Aesthetics Funded by Konung Gustaf VI Adolfs fond för svensk kultur, and Anders Karitz Stiftelse. Contents Introduction 7 Aims and Questions 9 Material 10 Method 12 Case Study 12 Phenomenology 14 Theory and Previous Research 19 Systems Aesthetics 20 Glitch 22 Interface 28 Photography 30 Outline 34 Building an Unstable Photograph: Phillip Stearns’s Year of the Glitch 35 Screen Image I: Index 35 Screen Image II: Archive 39 Photographic Instance I: Apparatus 47 Photographic Instance II: Text 56 Photographic Instance III: Materialization 64 Interfacing an Unstable Photograph: Rosa Menkman’s Sunshine in My Throat 71 Screen Image I: Index 71 Screen image II: Videoscapes 81 Photographic Instance I: Compress Process 82 Photographic Instance II: Combing 90 Photographic Instance III: Negotiation 98 Sharing an Unstable Photograph: Evan Meaney’s Ceibas Cycle 107 Screen Image I: Ceibas Cycle 107 Screen Image II: A Similar History 114 Photographic Instance I: To Hold a Future Body so Close to One’s Own 122 Photographic Instance
    [Show full text]
  • Hearing Images and Seeing Sound: the Creation of Sonic Information Through Image Interpolation
    Hearing Images and Seeing Sound: The Creation of Sonic Information Through Image Interpolation Maxwell Dillon Tfirn Charlottesville, VA B.M., University of Florida, 2009 M.A., Wesleyan University, 2012 A Dissertation presented to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Virginia in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Music University of Virginia April, 2017 ii © Copyright by Maxwell Dillon Tfirn All Rights Reserved March 2017 iii Abstract This dissertation focuses on the compositional use of spectra, from the inception of this approach in the focus on acoustic characteristics of sound to my own approach, using images and raw data as spectral generators. I create these spectra using image interpolation and processing, and map them from the visual to the auditory domain. I situate my work in relation to the French and Romanian spectralists, the German Feedback Group, and other offshoots whose starting point is timbre-based composition. My own suite of software translates images into sound, allows for the creation and deletion of images, thus altering the sound, and supports analysis of the resultant spectra. Finally, the application of my software and techniques is illustrated in three of my compositions: Establish, Corrupt, Broken for 8-channel fixed media, Laniakea Elegant Beauty for Chamber Ensemble, and Invisible Signals for open instrumentation. iv Acknowledgements My dearest thanks go to my advisor, Judith Shatin. Her amazing insights and editorial expertise made this dissertation possible. I have enjoyed working with her during my years at UVA on a number of interesting projects and her continued support and critical questions have helped me to grow as a composer and artist.
    [Show full text]
  • Glitch Art, Compression Artefacts, and Digital Materiality
    Carleigh Morgan CALCULATED ERROR: GLITCH ART, COMPRESSION ARTEFACTS, AND DIGITAL MATERIALITY Abstract This paper proposes a reconsideration of the aesthetic category of ‘glitch’ and advocates for a more careful theorisation around indexing — in the sense of both locating and naming — errors of a digital kind. Glitches are not as ran- dom as they seem: they are ordered and shaped by computational hardware and software, which impose a mathematical rubric on how glitches visually manifest and set ontological and technological constrains on glitch that limit how digital errors can and cannot be made to appear. Most crucially, this paper thinks about how one particular type of glitch — a compression artefact called a macroblock — can often appear as random, erratic, or unpredictable but is, in fact, materially constrained and visually conditioned according to the principles of computing and computer design. At its core, compression aesthetics can shed light on the operations of algorithms, the structures of digital technologies, and the priorities and patterns which occur as a function of algorithmic manipulation. The randomness, unpredictability, or messiness which glitch studies invokes around the glitch is in danger of overlooking the ways that the material architectures and algorithmic protocols structure the digital glitch by organising, constraining, and given form to its appearance. APRJA Volume 8, Issue 1, 2019 ISSN 2245-7755 CC license: ‘Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike’. Carleigh Morgan: CALCULATED ERROR Bodies and machines are defned marked by fuctuating glitch effects. by function: as long as they operate All of these works owe at least one of correctly, they remain imperceptible. their particular stylistic effects to the process — Maurice Merleau-Ponty, known as compression hacking.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Artifacts in JPEG Compression and Reduction
    ISSN: 2278 – 909X International Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics and Communication Engineering (IJARECE) Volume 6, Issue 3, March - 2017 Review of Artifacts In JPEG Compression And Reduction Sima Sonawane, B.H.Pansambal Encoding Abstract— In recent years, the development of social networking and multimedia devices has grown fast which requires wide bandwidth and more storage space. The other approach is to use the available bandwidth and storage space efficiently as it is not feasible to change devices often. On social networking sites large volume of data and images are collected and stored daily. Compression is a key technique to solve the issue. JPEG compression gives good and clear results but the decompression technique usually results in artifacts in images. In this paper types of artifact and reduction techniques are discussed. Index Terms— JPEG compression; artifact; artifact reduction; post-processing; lossy compression; lossless Fig. 1: JPEG Encoder and Decoder compression Each eight-bit sample is level shifted by subtracting 28-1=7 I. INTRODUCTION = 128 before being DCT coded. This is known as DC level Generally, compression techniques represent the image in shifting. The 64 DCT coefficients are then uniformly fewer bits representing the original image. The main quantized according to the step size given in the objective of image compression is to reduce irrelevant application-specific quantization matrix. After quantization, information and redundancy of the image so that the image the DC (commonly referred to as (0, 0)) coefficient and the can be transmitted in an efficient form. Compression can be 63 AC coefficients are coded separately. The DC coefficients classified into lossless and lossy compression techniques.
    [Show full text]
  • Glitch Art As an Expression of Medium
    Portland State University PDXScholar University Honors Theses University Honors College 5-23-2019 Glitch Art as an Expression of Medium Maxwell Ettel Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/honorstheses Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Ettel, Maxwell, "Glitch Art as an Expression of Medium" (2019). University Honors Theses. Paper 736. https://doi.org/10.15760/honors.753 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in University Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. Glitch Art as an Expression of Medium by Maxwell Ettel An undergraduate honors thesis submitted In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science In University Honors and Graphic Design Thesis Advisor: Stephen Lee, M.F.A. Portland State University 2019 !1 1. Theory To fully understand and effectively utilize something, you have to understand how it works. The path to comprehension can be paved in many ways, the specific way that this thesis explores is breakages. Breakages or ‘glitches’ in digital images expose the underlying identity of digital mediums. A ‘glitch’ is “any error, malfunction, or problem” (dictionary.com) in a computational system that results from unintended code interaction or damage. Visual glitches have their own associations in our collective cultural discourse, due to their unique and visually stark appearance. “Perspectives on damage to human artifacts have typically fallen into two categories: That of the ideal pristine artifact, in which damage is problematic and to be avoided or repaired; and that of the entropic artifact, in which damage acknowledges mortality, temporality, and serendipity” (Kilker, 52).
    [Show full text]
  • THOUGHTS on GLITCH[ART]V2.0
    THOUGHTS ON GLITCH[ART]v2.0 ...............................Nick Briz http://nickbriz.com/thoughtsonglitchart/ copy<it>right 2015 THOUGHTS ON GLITCH[ART]v2.0 0 ........................... whois ( preface ) 1 ........................... how to glitch art 2 ....... definitions && conditional statements 3 .................... the politix in/of glitch 4 ............. the practice of everyday glitch whois ( preface ) hi! my name is Nick​ Briz​ && i’m a new-media artist/educator/organizer living + working in Chicago, Illinois. This hypermedia essay is a follow up from my 2009 hypertext essay THOUGHTS ON GLITCH[ART]v1.0​ (no longer functional) >> the conversations around glitch art have grown && changed a lot since 2009 && these have informed my own thoughts as a glitch ; artist/educator/organizer a fellow glitch artist/educator/organizer Antonio​ Roberts​ ( aka hellocatfood ) recently informed me that THOUGHTS ON GLITCH[ART]v1.0 was down, in part for this reason but mostly in the interest of addressing a set of glitch-related questions i often get asked online--i present: THOUGHTS ON GLITCH[ART]v2.0 first >> some quick [personal] context: i went to film school in the mid-2000’s, there i was inspired by the worx && techniques of experimental filmmakers like Stan​ Brakhage​ who would paint + scratch​ directly on celluloid film, i figured i’d do the same w/ digital video. though i couldn’t literally scratch my digital video files ( which are really just a bunch of 1’s && 0’s which can take different physical form on different storage media ) i could hack away at their data && often this resulted​ in​ footage that seemed to me not only technically but also aesthetically in line ; w/ my experimental film heroes i called these pieces “binary​ videos.”​ shortly thereafter i discovered i wasn’t alone, like all xciting discoveries mine was not original.
    [Show full text]
  • Glitch, Noise, and Aesthetic Failure
    2 Avant-Garde Glitch Red Noise, Purple Haze, Black Box I. GLITCH AND NOISE What does it say about the present that our visual media actively mobilize so much multivalent dissonance in the form of polychromatic noise and digital artifacts? These are not the classic principles of visual communication—optical precision, linear perspective, and proportional balance—but fragments of sensory chaos otherwise pushed aside because they offer nothing but raw and immediate affect. If such acts of anti-communication are political or pedagogical, then what kinds of things do glitch, noise, and colored distortion mark in our historical moment, and why would a creative producer be driven to use state-of-the-art technologies only to negate their capacity to reproduce verisimilitude? Glitch and noise are well established techniques in the avant-garde. Throughout the twentieth century, scratching, desaturation, illegibility, and broken materials were used to mark something askew in psychic and social registers. Such anti- communicative strategies were quickly rationalized into mainstream cultural styles. This was the fate of the avant-garde from Dada and Surrealism, to the experimental cinema of the 1960s, through glitch art today. What has not yet been given proper scholarly attention, however, is the way in which twenty-first century acts of visual discord symbolize broader economic, psychic, and environmental failures, generating a registry of unrequited longing in the age of information. This chapter considers an archaeology of glitch art precursors in key selections from the twentieth-century avant-gardes. As noted in the Introduction, approaches to error and noise are treated differ- ently in industry and Western philosophy than they are in the creative worlds of art and design.
    [Show full text]
  • Dirty New Media
    Paul Hertz’s glit_121208_0006.jpg — with Benjamin Berg, Antonio Roberts, William Robertson and Shawné Michaelain Holloway documenting the DNMw3rkstati0n:: D1RTY N3W M3DI∆ thread @ GLI.TC/H 2112 #WTF?! #WHEN?! #WAREZ?! #REFLEXXX10Nzzz… whiles #AWWWAKES@tehWHEELZ * (* “wheel bit: n. A privilege bit that allows the possessor to perform some restricted operation on a timesharing system, such as read or write any file on the system regardless of protections, change or look at any address in the running monitor, crash or reload the system, and kill or create jobs and user accounts.”) sssooohhh... #VIEW.SRC:“<META name="description" content="GLI.TC/H is an annual international noise && [dirty] new­media event/conference/symposium/festival/gathering ­­ visit our fb.group https://www.facebook.com/glidottcslashh">” ...in 2012, GLI.TC/H, as a “noise && [dirty] new­media” event, performed a double embrace of Dirty New Media, as both an anticipatory influence && as a contemporary if not potentially overlapping category of artistic activity + theory­practices of glitch / Glitch Art. Shawné Michaelain Holloway joined group chat. “computer logics.” DNM­LYFE: $┬αÿ εα$ÿ, $┬ªÿ ┬┌ù!!! “that fucking title” DNMw3rkstati0n:: AKA Dirty New Media Workstation @ GLI.TC/H we (jonCates, Jake Elliott and Shawné Michaelain Holloway) proposed the DNMw3rkstati0n:: jonCates, Jake Elliott and Shawné Michaelain Holloway AKA Dirty New Media Workstation @ GLI.TC/H to the “the gli.tc/h/bots (../n!ck Briz, jon.satrom and Rosa Menkman) ╤╧▙ ▖▝▞ ▜▙▞▗▗▖▗” the 2012 meta­organizers
    [Show full text]