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A Documentation of the Eastern Suorva Dam Core Field Investigations and Thermal Modeling with Regard to Frost Action

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A Documentation of the Eastern Suorva Dam Core Field Investigations and Thermal Modeling with Regard to Frost Action 2005:076 CIV MASTER’S THESIS A documentation of the Eastern Suorva dam core Field investigations and thermal modeling with regard to frost action Isabel Jantzer MASTER OF SCIENCE PROGRAM Luleå University of Technology Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Division of Soil Mechanics 2005:076 CIV • ISSN: 1402 - 1617 • ISRN: LTU - EX - - 05/076 - - SE A documentation of the Eastern Suorva dam core Field investigations and thermal modeling with regard to frost action Isabel Jantzer Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Division of Soil Mechanics Luleå University of Technology FÖRORD Föreliggande examensarbete är ett obligatoriskt och avslutande moment inom civilingenjörsprogrammet väg- och vattenbyggnadsteknik vid Luleå tekniska universitetet. Inom den svenska utbildningen representerar arbetet 20 poäng och omfattar 20 veckor av högskolestudier. För den tyska utbildningen, omfattar rapporten ungefär 2-3 månaders fördjupande och programavslutande studier. Examensarbetet har utförts vid avdelningen för Geoteknik på Luleå tekniska universitetet och behandlar stenfyllningsdammen i Suorva. Det innehåller en praktisk undersökning av tätkärnan i Suorva-dammen samt en teoretisk analys om hur klimat påverkar materialet i tätkärnan. Detta examensarbete har varit väldigt speciellt för mig, såväl inom studierna som personligt. Många personer har varit involverade som jag gärna skulle vilja nämna och tacka. Först och främst vill jag nämna Peter Viklander på SwedPower/Vattenfall och Sven Knutsson på avdelningen för Geoteknik på institutionen för Samhällsbyggnad, som initierade examensarbetet. Jag är glad för att ha fått möjligheten att göra detta ovanliga och spännande examensarbete och tackar för hjälpen, stödet och rådgivning som jag har fått under tiden. Ett särskild personligt tack riktas till Sven Knutsson, som förmedlade examensarbetet och alltid hade tid för frågor och diskussioner. Ett stort tack riktas till Vattenfall AB för finansering. Under sommaren jag var i Suorva träffade jag många människor som var inblandade i själva byggprocessen. Jag skulle gärna vilja rikta ett stort tack till alla som var där och hjälpte mig på många olika och varierande sätt. Det innebär allt från beskrivningar av dammen till olika moment av byggandet, praktiska saker som t.ex. att bära runt mina provlådor, diskussioner om vandringsleder i fjällen samt funderingar om samhället och själva livet. Jag lärde mig mycket där ute i vildmarken tillsammans med mycket trevlig folk. Ett personligt tack riktas först och främst till Curt, Ove och Ola. Det finns många fler att tacka, men listan skulle bli lång. Åter på Luleå tekniska universitetet analyserade jag informationen som jag hade samlat i Suorva. Under denna mörka vintertid på universitetet fick jag mycket hjälp och stöd från olika håll. Speciellt hjälpsamma var de på avdelningen för Geoteknik där jag fick många möjligheter att berätta, diskutera, och fundera. Som tidigare riktas ett speciellt tack till Bo Westerberg för stöd i alla de olika situationer som uppstod, inte bara inom geoteknik. Många har varit inblandade i detta projekt och allt där omkring. Sist men inte minst riktas ett stort tack till alla som på ett eller annat sätt bidrog längs vägen. Luleå i februari 2005 Isabel Jantzer i PREFACE This master thesis is the result of a compulsory and completing element of the civil engineering program. Within the Swedish program the thesis represent 20 points which comprises 20 weeks of studies. Within the German civil engineering program, the master thesis is a report which covers 2 to 3 months of profound final studies. This thesis was carried out at the Division of Soil Mechanics at Luleå University of Technology and deals with the embankment dam in Sourva. It contains a practical part of field studies of the core of the dam, as well as a theoretical analysis about how climate influences the material in the core. This thesis has been very special for me, both regarding studies and personal. Many have been involved whom I would like to name and to thank. First of all I would like to thank Peter Viklander at SwedPower/Vattenfall and Sven Knutsson at the division of Soil Mechanics who initiated this thesis. I am happy to have had the chance to work with this unusual and exciting master thesis, and I would like to express my gratitude for all help, support and advice during this work. I have to address a very special personal thank you to Professor Sven Knutsson for arranging these studies abroad and for always having time for questions and discussions. I would also like to thank Vattenfall AB for financing this thesis. I met a lot of people who were involved in the construction process during the time I spent in Suorva. To all who have been there and for all help and support I got in so many different ways- I would like to include everything, from explanations about the embankment dam or different elements in the construction process, to practical details such as helping me carry heavy boxes containing soil samples, as well as discussions about hiking paths, about society, life, future plans. Thank you! I learned a lot during this time out there together with very special people. Thanks to Curt, Ove, Ola, and all others. I would like to write down everybody’s name, but the list would become long. Back at the university I analysed the information I had collected in Sourva. During this dark winter time I received help from different directions and in different ways. There where many possibilities for talking, discussing, and sharing thoughts with all at the division of soil mechanics. Thanks! Once again I particularly have to name Bo Westerberg, who was always there to help in all different situations. Many have been involved in this work and everything in connection. Last but not least thanks to all of you who contributed this thesis in one way or another! Luleå, february 2005 Isabel Jantzer ii SAMMANFATTNING Detta examensarbete genomfördes för att studera om Suorvadammens tätkärna påverkas av tjälningsprocesser. Stenfyllningsdammen, som stod klar 1972, ligger norr om polcirkeln i en fjällregion som är känd för kalla vintrar och mycket blåsigt väder. Dessutom är platsen utsatt för relativt stora temperaturskillnader med förhållandevis låg årsmedeltemperatur. Efter en tidsperiod på ungefär 30 år efter färdigställandet av dammen finns misstankar om att effekten av frysning och tiningscyckler kan ha betydelse för tätkärnans funktion. Temperaturer under fryspunkten leder till frysning av jorden. När vatten fryser till is bildas islinser vinkelrätt mot värmeflödet vilket leder till tjällyftning. Is har den fysikaliska egenskapen att suga ofruset vatten mot frysfronten så att tillskottsvatten höjer vattenkvoten under tjälningsprocessen. Dessutom kan stenar lyftas upp på grund av trycket under isbildningen, och kornfördelningen i jorden kan sorteras om när jorden tinar. Resultat av cykliska tjälningprocesser kan vara att strukturen i jorden, porositeten och permeabiliteten förändras, så att vattenflödet genom dammen ökar. Funktionen av tätkärnan som hydrauliskt hinder skulle således försämras. Under de genomförda fältstudierna grävdes provgropar för att utföra undersökningnar och observationer av tätkärnan. Prov från provgroparna togs för att jämföra vattenkvoten, kornstorlekfördelning och temperaturen på olika djup i marken. Fyra provgropar i olika tvärsektioner undersöktes. I två provgropar observerades att moränen hade låg temperatur jämfört med lufttemperaturen. Särskilt en provgrop visade temperaturer som låg nära fryspunkten samt att vattenkvoten var förhållandevis hög och andelen av finkorn visades sig att vara högre än i andra delar av tätkärnan. I detta speciella fall var det tydligt att materialet hade varit fruset; eftersom en tydlig skiktning av moränen kunde observeras var tjälnivån markant. Resultaten från provtagningen visade dock inte förändringar i kornstorleksfördelning som hade förväntats och gick inte att använda som information för att kunna bedöma om och hur tätkärnan påverkats av tjälningsprocessen. På grund av informationsbrist om packningsgraden, permeabilitet samt porositeten från materialet under byggnationen saknas en utgångspunkt för jämförelse och bedömning. Skillnaden inom kornstorlekfördelningen som antagits vara markant, eftersom kornen kan ha varit utsatta för omfördelning under tiningsprocessen, kunde inte påvisas. Istället påvisades att kornstorlekfördelningen hade en stor varians i jämförelse med tidigare observationer från den nya möräntäkten och gamla anteckningar från arkivet. Termiska analyser gjorda med programmet Temp/W, som bygger på finita element metoden, visar möjliga temperaturfördelningar i dammkroppen. Analysen betraktar temperaturer och vatten-nivåer under 2002 till 2004. Baserad på en inledande beräkning av temperaturfördelningen i dammen då den utsats för en årsmedeltemperatur baserat på ett 30 års medelvärde, tillämpades och beräknades två olika situationer med olika finita element nät. De två rutnäten representerar två olika byggnadsfaser av dammens krön som förekom under fältundersökningen; dels iii hade dammen ett vanligt damkrön och dels hade krönet tagits bort på grund av reparationer och var inte helt återställd. Samtliga beräkningar visar att frysfronten ligger på ett ansenligt djup inne i tätkärnan, med en minsta nivå just vid tätkärnans krön och en maximal nivå på ett djup av 5 m i tätkärnan. Resultaten från fältundersökningarna visade i sin tur att tjälen låg på ett djup på 0.8 m. Beräkningarna ger bara en ungefärlig bild
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