Wormington to Tirley Gas Pipeline Gloucestershire and Worcestershire

WORMINGTON TO TIRLEY GAS PIPELINE GLOUCESTERSHIRE AND WORCESTERSHIRE

POST-EXCAVATION ASSESSMENT AND UPDATED PROJECT DESIGN

CA PROJECT: 1025 CA REPORT: 03017

Authors: Laurent Coleman, Martin Watts, and Ed McSloy

Approved: Martin Watts

Signed: …………………………………………………………….

Issue: 01 Date: 4 MARCH 2003

This report is confidential to the client. Cotswold Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability to any third party to whom this report, or any part of it, is made known. Any such party relies upon this report entirely at their own risk. No part of this report may be reproduced by any means without permission.

1 CONTENTS

SUMMARY ...... 5

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 8

The pipeline route ...... 8 Archaeological background ...... 9

2. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES ...... 11

3. METHODOLOGY ...... 12

4. RESULTS ...... 13

5. WORMINGTON COMPRESSOR STATION (WCS00) ...... 14

Fieldwork summary (Figs. 2a-2c) ...... 14 Stratigraphic record: factual data ...... 15 Stratigraphic record: statement of potential ...... 16 Artefactual record: factual data ...... 16 Artefactual record: statement of potential ...... 18 Biological record: factual data ...... 18 Biological record: statement of potential ...... 20

6. COLLEGE FARM (CFW00) ...... 21

Fieldwork summary (Fig. 3) ...... 21 Stratigraphic record: factual data ...... 21 Stratigraphic record: statement of potential ...... 22 Artefactual record: factual data ...... 22 Artefactual record: statement of potential ...... 24 Biological record: factual data ...... 24 Biological record: statement of potential ...... 25

7. BANK FARM (BFD00) ...... 26

Fieldwork summary (Figs 4a and 4b) ...... 26

2 Stratigraphic record: factual data ...... 28 Stratigraphic record: statement of potential ...... 29 Artefactual record: factual data ...... 29 Artefactual record: statement of potential ...... 32 Biological record: factual data ...... 33 Biological record: statement of potential ...... 34

8. ELM FARM (EFB00) ...... 36

Fieldwork summary (Fig. 5) ...... 36 Stratigraphic record: factual data ...... 37 Stratigraphic record: Statement of potential ...... 37 Artefactual record: Factual data...... 38 Artefactual record: statement of potential ...... 40 Biological record: factual data ...... 40 Biological record: statement of potential ...... 41

9. STORAGE AND CURATION ...... 43

10. GEOARCHAEOLOGY ...... 43

11. SUMMARY STATEMENT OF POTENTIAL ...... 43

The stratigraphic record ...... 44 The artefactual record ...... 44 The biological record ...... 45

12. UPDATED AIMS AND OBJECTIVES ...... 46

13. PUBLICATION ...... 47

Synopsis of Proposed Report ...... 48

14. PROJECT TEAM ...... 50

15. TASK LIST ...... 51

16. TIMETABLE ...... 52

3 17. BUDGET ...... 53

18. REFERENCES...... 54

APPENDIX 1: THE POTTERY BY JANE TIMBY ...... 58 APPENDIX 2: CERAMIC BUILDING MATERIAL BY ED MCSLOY ...... 62 APPENDIX 3: VESSEL GLASS BY ED MCSLOY ...... 63 APPENDIX 4: BRIQUETAGE BY ELAINE L. MORRIS ...... 64 APPENDIX 5: FIRED/BURNT CLAY BY ED MCSLOY ...... 65 APPENDIX 6: METAL AND WORKED BONE ARTEFACTS BY ED MCSLOY ...... 66 APPENDIX 7: THE STONE ARTEFACTS BY FIONA ROE...... 68 APPENDIX 8: THE WORKED FLINT BY ED MCSLOY ...... 69 APPENDIX 9: METALLURGICAL RESIDUES BY ED MCSLOY ...... 70 APPENDIX 10: THE ANIMAL BONE BY LORRAIN HIGBEE ...... 71 APPENDIX 11: THE HUMAN REMAINS BY BRIAN DEAN...... 73 APPENDIX 12: THE CHARRED PLANT REMAINS BY WENDY J. CARRUTHERS ...... 76

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Fig. 1 Location plan: north-east section of the Wormington to Tirley gas pipeline (1: 25000) Fig. 2a Wormington Compressor Station, west (1:250) Fig. 2b Wormington Compressor Station, centre (1:250) Fig. 2c Wormington Compressor Station, east (1:250) Fig. 3 College Farm (1:250) Fig. 4a Bank Farm, Trench 1 (1:250) Fig. 4b Bank Farm, Trench 2 (1:500) Fig. 5 Elm Farm (1:200)

4 SUMMARY

Project Name: Wormington to Tirley Gas Pipeline Location: Wormington, Gloucestershire to Tirley, Gloucestershire NGR: SP 81477 29472 to SO 05089 36814 Type: Archaeological Monitoring, Evaluation and Excavation Date: 8 May to 28 July 2000

A programme of archaeological investigation was undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology from May to July 2000 at the request of RSK Environment Ltd (on the behalf of Transco Ltd) prior to the laying of a new gas supply improvement pipeline between Wormington, Gloucestershire and Tirley, Gloucestershire. The work culminated in the excavation of four sites, all of which were located towards the eastern end of the pipeline.

The archaeology of the pipeline was identified from desk-based assessment and scanning geophysical survey along the entire route. This was followed by more detailed surveys of sites thus identified as potentially archaeologically significant. Archaeological evaluation was then undertaken at ten of these sites, of which four progressed to full excavation in advance of pipe-laying operations. A watching brief was also conducted on the entire length of the pipeline.

Site Name: Wormington Compressor Station Location: Aston Somerville, Worcestershire NGR: SP 0515 3675 Type: Excavation Location of Archive: Worcestershire County Museum Accession no: WSM 29633 Site Code: WCS00

A small sub-square enclosure containing a crouched inhumation was identified adjacent to a ditched trackway. These features were of Middle/Late Iron Age date and were associated with a number of storage pits, cremations, and associated features. Romano-British activity was also identified.

5 Site Name: College Farm Location: Dumbleton, Gloucestershire NGR: SP 0318 3690 Type: Excavation Location of Archive: Cheltenham Museum and Art Gallery Accession no: CAGM 2000.173 Site Code: CFW00

Evidence of Middle/Late Iron Age activity was identified together with a number of massive enclosure ditches dating to the Romano-British period. A single inhumation was recovered from the vicinity of one of these ditches.

Site Name: Bank Farm Location: Dumbleton, Gloucestershire NGR: SP 0272 2658 Type: Excavation Location of Archive: Cheltenham Museum and Art Gallery Accession no: CAGM 2000.173 Site Code: BFD00

A number of pits dating to the Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age were identified, one of which contained part of a human skull and a calf skull with articulated vertebrae. An upturned cremation urn dating to this period was also identified. Middle/Late Iron Age activity was characterised by a sub-square, double-ditched enclosure, c. 90m across. Within this enclosure, a number of intercutting ditches and pits were identified. Part of a Romano-British enclosure and the possible remains of Romano-British field system ditches were also found, and limited Anglo-Saxon and medieval activity was also identified.

Project Name: Elm Farm Location: Beckford, Worcestershire NGR: SO 97173427 Type: Excavation Location of Archive: Worcestershire County Museum Accession no: WSM 29633 Site Code: EFB00

6 The drip gully of a roundhouse, probably dating to the later part of the Iron Age, was identified with a number of pits and gullies and two enclosure ditches. Several intercutting Romano-British enclosure ditches were also identified.

This document presents a quantification and assessment of the evidence recovered from each of the four excavation sites, all of which lie within 8km of each other. It considers the evidence collectively in its local, regional and national context, and presents an updated project design for a programme of post-excavation analysis to bring the results to appropriate publication.

7 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Between May and July 2000, Cotswold Archaeology (CA; then Cotswold Archaeological Trust) carried out a programme of archaeological recording for RSK Environment Ltd (RSK) on behalf of Transco Ltd on the route of the Wormington to Tirley gas supply improvement pipeline. The pipeline route was 27km in length and linked existing gas installations located to the north-west of the village of Tirley (SO 0508 3681) and to the north-east of the village of Wormington (SP 8144 2947), both in Gloucestershire. Between these two points the route of the pipeline crossed the county boundary into Worcestershire (Fig. 1). The programme of archaeological recording was undertaken to mitigate against the destruction of any archaeological finds, features, and/or sites located on the pipeline route.

1.2 Preliminary work was organised and largely undertaken by RSK. Work commenced with the compilation of a desk-based assessment, undertaken as part of a broader environmental statement (RSK 2000A), and a geophysical survey (GSB Prospection 2000A). An archaeological management plan was then formulated (RSK 2000B), and was approved by the Senior Archaeological Officer, Gloucestershire County Council, and the County Archaeologist, Worcestershire County Council. This document formed the basis for the work subsequently carried out by CA and RSK. Fieldwork was monitored by Jan Wills and Charles Parry, County Archaeologist and Senior Archaeological Officer, Gloucestershire County Council; Malcolm Atkin, County Archaeologist, Worcestershire County Council; and Vanessa Straker, Regional Scientific Advisor, English Heritage.

1.3 Prior to excavation by CA, RSK carried out a watching brief during the topsoil stripping, and the identification of sites requiring evaluation work. CA were responsible for archaeological evaluation and excavation where required, together with all subsequent archiving and reporting. RSK undertook the watching brief during pipeline construction.

The pipeline route 1.4 The north-eastern end of the pipeline was located at Wormington Compressor Station, north-east of the village of Wormington, Gloucestershire. The pipeline ran south-westwards across the River Isbourne, passing to the north of Dumbleton, and then to the south of the Carrant Brook and the village of Beckford, and on past

8 Ashchurch and Tewkesbury. It crossed the River Severn to the north of Apperley and terminated another gas installation located to the north-west of Tirley.

1.5 The pipeline therefore ran south-westwards from the southern edge of the Vale of Evesham, loosely following the course of the Carrant Brook between Bredon Hill and Dumbleton Hill, and then onwards across the floodplain of the River Severn. All four sites lay in the vicinity of the Carrant Brook and River Isbourne.

1.6 The north-eastern part of the pipeline traversed Jurassic Lower Lias Clay, occasionally overlain by alluvial deposits at the base of river valleys and the remains of the Second Terrace of the River Avon on areas of higher ground (BGS 1981). The pipeline traversed a more complex geology to the south-west, where the local horizontally bedded sedimentary rocks had been exposed by the erosion of the valley of the River Severn (BGS 1988). It traversed exclusively agricultural land, comprising either arable or pasture depending on local conditions.

Archaeological background 1.7 The precise route of the pipeline did not cross any known archaeological sites. However, a number of sites in the vicinity of the pipeline route were known and gave some indication of the potential of the area.

1.8 The most relevant of the known sites was in the vicinity of the Carrant Brook in the parish of Beckford, where a series of excavations were undertaken by the Rescue Archaeology Group during the 1970s in advance of quarrying. Aerial photographs from the 1960s had revealed a large, densely occupied settlement site occupying more than 10 acres. On excavation, these cropmarks were found to represent a complex of intercutting agricultural and occupation features dating to the Bronze Age, Iron Age, and Romano-British periods. Evidence for Iron Age metalworking was also encountered (Britnell 1974; Wills 1986; and Wills forthcoming).

1.9 Multi-period activity was also identified at Aston Mill Farm in the neighbouring parish of Kemerton, where aerial photographs had again revealed extensive cropmarks. Excavation prior to quarrying in the 1980s revealed evidence of activity dating to the Mesolithic, Neolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age, Romano-British, and Anglo-Saxon periods. Agricultural, funerary, and occupation activity was represented (Dinn and Evans 1990).

9 1.10 Excavations carried out between 1996 and 2001 by Worcestershire County Archaeological Service (WCAS) prior to the construction of the Wyre Piddle bypass at Furzen Farm, 12km north of the Carrant Brook, revealed the remains of a Romano-British farmstead which was occupied from the 1st to 4th centuries AD. On the same scheme, excavations at nearby George Lane identified activity dating to the Bronze Age, Iron Age, and Romano-British periods (WCAS 2002).

1.11 Investigations at Childswickham, 6km east of the Carrant Brook, on the route of a Severn Trent Water pipeline during 2001 by WCAS identified ditches containing Bronze Age and Iron Age pottery. More substantial remains in the form of a previously unknown Romano-British villa dating to the 3rd or 4th centuries AD were also excavated (WCAS 2002).

1.12 Further investigations were undertaken by WCAS 13km north of the Carrant Brook prior to the excavation of burial pits for the disposal of animal carcasses resulting from the foot and mouth outbreak at Throckmorton airfield. Excavation identified a Bronze Age barrow cemetery (which was preserved in situ) and a Romano-British farmstead (WCAS 2003).

1.13 A number of upland archaeological sites were also known from the vicinity, lying on the northern Cotswold escarpment or its outlying hills. The broad summit of Bredon Hill, 3km north of Beckford, has two hillforts located upon it. Kemerton Camp lies at the north-western end of the hill overlooking the valley of the River Avon. Excavations in the 1930s demonstrated that the occupation of the hillfort began in the Early Iron Age and ended at the time of the Roman invasion. The hillfort was attacked at least once and amongst the debris that had fallen into the entrance way after one such attack were six human skulls, which may have been set above the entrance as trophies (Hencken 1938).

1.14 Conderton Camp is situated at the south-eastern end of the hill overlooking the valley of the Carrant Brook, and was subject to limited excavation in the 1950s (Thomas 1959). The use of Bredon Hill during the earlier prehistoric periods is attested by Bronze Age burials discovered in the 1960s under a small round barrow. The remains of an adult male and female were recovered together with two middle period beakers, four flint arrowheads, a flint knife, and a bone spatula (Thomas 1967).

10 1.15 The large hillfort of Nottingham Hill Camp is situated on the north-western corner of the Cotswold escarpment, 8km south of the Carrant Brook. A significant hoard of prehistoric metalwork was recovered from within the interior of the hillfort in 1972, following the discovery during ploughing of two Late Bronze Age swords. Subsequent excavation located the remainder of the hoard (a further 23 objects) within the remains of a wooden box. A trackway, a hearth, and a number of pits were also identified but were not subject to further excavation, although a quantity of pottery was recovered from the ploughsoil (Hall and Gingell 1974).

1.16 Oxenton Hill is located 4km south of the Carrant Brook within the parish of Oxenton. Excavation of a mound at its summit in 1932 produced pottery dating to the Iron Age (Powell 1933), although this feature has more recently been re-interpreted as modern quarry waste (Watson 2001). Linear earthworks of unknown date have been identified at the southern edge of the summit, and it would appear that prior to the quarrying of the site in the 19th century, a significant settlement dating to the Iron Age was located on the hill (Watson 2001).

1.17 Further afield, excavations at Bishop’s Cleeve have identified an Anglo-Saxon cemetery (Holbrook 2000), and evidence for Iron Age, Romano-British and medieval occupation (Barber and Walker 1998; Parry 1999; Enright and Watts 2002). Excavations prior to the construction of the Tewkesbury Eastern Relief Road identified evidence of metal working activity dating to the Bronze Age, and occupation and agricultural activity dating to the Romano-British period (Walker et al 2001). More recently, evaluation of land adjacent to the relief road identified occupation activity dating to the Late Iron Age and/or Early Romano-British periods (CA 2002).

2. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

2.1 The archaeological management plan (RSK 2000B) identified the following objectives:

• That all archaeological artefacts revealed during the course of the work be recovered, identified, and safeguarded, and their find-spot recorded;

11 • That any archaeological features or sites discovered or affected during the course of the excavation be identified, sampled and recorded, and where deemed desirable, recommendations for their preservation in situ made; • That any deposits with the potential to provide palaeoenvironmental data be sampled and submitted for analysis by competent specialists; • That the archives generated by this project be maintained in proper order and deposited with Cheltenham Museum and Worcestershire County Museum; • That the results of the project be prepared for publication at an appropriate level, in a suitable journal (or such other format as the results may justify).

3. METHODOLOGY

3.1 Archaeological investigation of the pipeline route commenced with a desk-based assessment, reproduced within the environmental statement (RSK 2000A). This was followed by a scanning geophysical survey along the entire pipeline route, with more detailed surveys of areas identified as potentially containing archaeological features (GSB 2000). The results of these documents were used to formulate the archaeological management plan (RSK 2000B).

3.2 Ten of the sites identified from geophysical survey were then subject to evaluation by CA, and a watching brief was conducted during the stripping of the topsoil (generally to a width of 25m) from the whole of the pipeline route. This preliminary fieldwork identified four sites that were then subject to full archaeological excavation. Following excavation, construction of the pipeline was subject to a watching brief by RSK. A programme of geoarchaeological work was also undertaken at this time (see section 10, below).

3.3 All archaeological excavation was conducted in accordance with the archaeological management plan (RSK 2000B), and the Standard and Guidance for archaeological watching brief, archaeological field evaluation and archaeological excavation (all IFA 1999 revisions). A full written, drawn, and photographic record was made in accordance with CAT Technical Manual 1: Site Recording Manual (1996). Biologicalsamples were taken in accordance with CAT Technical Manual 2: The Taking of Samples for Palaeobiologicaland Palaeoeconomic Analysis from Archaeological Sites (1994). Artefacts were processed and analysed in accordance

12 with CAT Technical Manual 3: Treatment of Finds Immediately after Excavation (1995).

4. RESULTS

4.1 Significant archaeological remains were restricted to the four sites that were subject to full excavation. These were at Wormington Compressor Station, Aston Somerville, Worcestershire; College Farm, Dumbleton, Gloucestershire; Bank Farm, Dumbleton, Gloucestershire; and Elm Farm, Beckford, Worcestershire. Seven broad periods of activity were identified through stratigraphic relationships, fill characteristics, and analysis of the dating evidence. The periods comprise:

Period 1: Early/Middle Bronze Age Period 2: Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age Period 3: Middle/Late Iron Age Period 4: Late Iron Age/Early Romano-British Period 5: Romano-British Period 6: Anglo-Saxon Period 7: Medieval/post-medieval

4.2 Brief summaries of the fieldwork results, artefactual evidence and biological evidence are given for each site below. It should be noted that activity dating to all periods was not identified on every site. More detailed artefactual and biological information is provided in Appendices 1 to 12.

13 5. WORMINGTON COMPRESSOR STATION (WCS00)

Fieldwork summary (Figs. 2a-2c) 5.1 A detailed geophysical survey measuring 400m by 40m identified a square enclosure approximately 30m in width adjacent to a parallel ditched trackway. Another trackway and possible rectangular enclosure were also identified to the east, with a scatter of other anomalies probably representing archaeological features. Evaluation of the pipeline footprint proved this to be the case, and excavation of the pipeline easement followed over an area measuring 210m by 6m.

Period 2: Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age 5.2 Four Bronze Age sherds were recovered, all apparently within Iron Age contexts, including one sherd from a wheel rut, 2562, located within the trackway.

Period 3: Middle/Late Iron Age 5.3 A pair of linear trackway ditches, 5m apart, yielded pottery dated to the Mid to Late Iron Age. These were associated with a large number of smaller features of the same date. A number of parallel linear features were investigated between the trackway ditches, believed to represent wheel-ruts. Immediately south of the trackway, a contemporary square enclosure, which had been re-cut several times, was located.

5.4 The square enclosure ditch enclosed a single grave, 2098, containing a flexed human inhumation, but no structural evidence. This may have been the truncated remains of a square barrow. In addition to the inhumation, two cremations (2301 and 2544) were identified towards the western end of the site, one of which contained Iron Age pottery.

5.5 A series of storage pits and postholes were excavated along the line of the trackway and around the enclosure. Pit 2190 contained part of an articulated skeleton of a bovine or horse, with a quantity of sheep bone. A rectangular pit (2421) was located at the centre of the trackway, and yielded abundant quantities of pottery and a number of small finds. The majority of the artefactual material recovered from the enclosure, the trackway, and the associated features dated to the Middle/Late Iron Age. Towards the eastern end of the excavation, a pair of Iron Age trackway ditches

14 were located, again about 5m apart. This trackway appeared to lack accompanying contemporary features, but had a later Romano-British enclosure appended.

Period 5: Romano-British 5.6 To the east of the main focus of Iron Age activity was a group of intercutting ditches. These features were interpreted as boundary and/or drainage ditches and contained pottery dating to the latter part of the Iron Age and the Romano-British periods. A single gully, 2608, located to the west of the focus of Iron Age activity was also dated to this period. The pottery assemblage suggested a relatively short-lived Romano-British occupation, from the 1st to the mid 2nd century AD.

Period 7: Medieval/post-medieval 5.7 Later agricultural practice in the form of ridge and furrow type cultivation was apparent from the uniform pattern of furrows present throughout the area.

Stratigraphic record: factual data 5.8 Following the completion of the excavation an ordered, indexed, and internally consistent site archive was compiled in accordance with specifications presented in the Management of Archaeological Projects (EH 1991). A database of all contextual and artefactual evidence and a site matrix was also compiled and cross-referenced to spot-dating. The archive (including evaluation records) comprises the following records:

Context sheets 550 Skeleton recording sheets 1 Plans (1:10, 1:20, 1:50, 1:200) 36 Sections (1:10, 1:20) 94 Sample sheets 14 Black and white films 13 Colour slide films 13 matrices 6

5.9 The survival and intelligibility of the site stratigraphy was good with archaeological remains having survived as negative features, although moderate truncation by later ridge and furrow cultivation was apparent. Despite a relative paucity of stratigraphic relationships, most features have been assigned a preliminary phase.

15 5.10 In addition to the excavation data, and a detailed geophysical survey of the excavation area and its wider area was undertaken. A plot of cropmarks was also provided by the County Archaeologist, Worcestershire County Council.

Stratigraphic record: statement of potential 5.11 A secure stratigraphic sequence is essential to elucidating the form, purpose, date, organisation and development of the various phases of activity represented. This can be achieved through detailed analysis of the sequence and further integration of the artefactual dating evidence. Integration of the stratigraphic information with the geophysical survey and cropmark evidence will greatly enhance interpretation of the sequence by providing a wider context, particularly for linear features. The refined sequence will then serve as the spatial and temporal framework within which other artefactual and biological evidence can be understood.

Artefactual record: factual data 5.12 All finds collected during the excavation have been cleaned, marked, quantified and catalogued by context. All metalwork has been x-rayed and stabilised where appropriate.

Type category count weight (g) Pottery Bronze Age 4 Iron Age 299 Malvernian A 19 Malvernian B 83 Roman 114 Total 519 5662 Briquetage 12 165 Fired Clay 36 193 Metals Iron 14 Copper alloy 1 Lead alloy 1 residues - 166 Flint 32 Worked stone 1

Pottery 5.13 A total of 519 sherds was recovered. The bulk of the assemblage dates from the Middle Iron Age through to the early 2nd century AD. The assemblage includes two Malvernian wares: one containing material typical of the local Jurassic sequence,

16 the other containing material typical of the Malvernian sequence to the north. Roman pottery mainly comprises Severn Valley Ware. In addition four likely Bronze Age sherds hint at some earlier activity.

Briquetage 5.14 Twelve fragments of briquetage were identified. All derive from containers of the types used to dry and transport salt from the brine springs at Droitwich throughout the Iron Age.

Fired Clay 5.15 Thirty-six fragments of burnt/fired clay were recovered, weighing a total of 193g. All fragments consist of largely amorphous pieces and occur predominantly from contexts dated to the Iron Age or first century AD.

Iron 5.16 Fourteen artefacts of iron, comprising nail or hobnail fragments and miscellaneous fragments, were recovered. All are likely date to the Romano-British period.

Copper Alloy 5.17 A single copper-alloy ‘bell-shaped stud’ of Roman date was recovered. A 3rd- century date is suggested by associated pottery.

Lead Alloy 5.18 A single cast lead shot of post-medieval or early modern date was recovered.

Metallurgical Residues 5.19 A small quantity of miscellaneous ironworking slag (166g) was recovered. This material is suggestive of metallurgical activity nearby, although this material is not diagnostic of a particular process.

Worked Flint 5.20 Thirty-two pieces of worked flint were recovered. Few pieces in this small assemblage are diagnostic. An obliquely-blunted blade and four non-retouched blades probably date to the Mesolithic or earlier Neolithic. Three multi-platform and ‘pebble’ cores are probably later Neolithic or Bronze Age in date. The remaining material, comprising flakes and re-touched flakes, are undiagnostic and probably of mixed date.

Stone 5.21 An unstratified fragment of polished stone axe, likely to be Neolithic in date, was the only worked stone recovered. A single fragment of Jurassic limestone is presumed to represent Roman building material.

Artefactual record: statement of potential 5.22 Further integration of the pottery assemblage with the stratigraphic record is essential in order to establish a secure stratigraphic sequence. The assemblage is also of intrinsic interest, particularly the later prehistoric component, which may give an indication of status and economy. Knowledge of activity of this date is scant in this area and publication of the assemblage will begin to fill a considerable. A full publication report should therefore be prepared. Sixteen vessels from key groups or pieces of intrinsic interest have been identified for illustration.

5.23 The Droitwich briquetage provides further evidence for the integration of Severn- Avon-Cotswold communities during the second half of the 1st millennium BC. With no rim or featured sherds present, no illustration is necessary. A publication report should be prepared, but no further analysis is required. This is also the case for the fired clay.

5.24 Of the metal artefacts, only the copper stud requires illustration. Publication reports and catalogue descriptions are required for the copper and iron, and a publication report for the residues: none is required for the lead object.

5.25 Of the flint, only the obliquely blunted blade should be described and drawn. This aside, a publication report can be prepared from the assessment results, and further analytical work is not proposed.

Stone 5.26 A publication report based on the results of this assessment should be prepared, but no further analysis or any illustration is required.

Biological record: factual data 5.27 All ecofacts recovered from the excavation have been cleaned, marked, quantified and catalogued by context. A 10-litre sub-sample of each environmental sample

18 taken was processed for the purposes of this assessment. Samples taken from burials to maximise the recovery of human bone were fully processed.

Type Category Count Animal Bone 703 Human Bone inhumations 1 cremations 2 Samples environmental 3 other 11

Animal Bone 5.28 A total of 703 fragments were recovered. Animal bone was recovered from contexts dated to the Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age, Middle/Late Iron Age, and Romano- British periods. Overall c. 57% of the total number of fragments could be identified to species and the majority of animal bone comes from Iron Age contexts. Cattle and sheep/goat bones are common and horse bones are more common than pig bones. Other species identified include dog, red deer, hare, domestic fowl and most probably crow.

Human Remains 5.29 Human skeletal material from two individuals (2525 and 2428) and cremated material from a further six deposits was identified. Of this material only one cremation deposit, 2302, was associated with datable material which comprised a small quantity of Iron Age pottery. The remaining material is undated although a later prehistoric or Romano-British date seems most likely. Of the non-cremated material, 2428, an adult inhumation, is most intact. The second individual is represented only as elements of the lower limb.

5.30 The cremation deposits vary greatly in volume, however it is clear that complete individuals are not represented in any instance. Only one cremation (2302) contains fragments exceeding 10mm in size. None of the cremations revealed any information as to the elements represented.

Environmental samples 5.31 Three samples from this site were assessed. The only archaeobotanical remain was one charred emmer/spelt grain (sample 2003, context 2432).

19 Biological record: statement of potential 5.32 Full analysis and a publication report should be prepared for all animal bone that is (or can be) confidently assigned to a specific period, with particular emphasis placed on the size and husbandry of Iron Age horse.

5.33 Of the human skeletal material, only burial 2428 has any potential for further analysis. Despite the fragmentary condition of some key diagnostic elements with this individual, information as to sex and age can be determined. The pathological markers are also of interest. As the cremated remains are undiagnostic and incomplete, no further analysis is required. A publication report can otherwise be prepared from the analysis undertaken for this assessment.

5.34 All assessed environmental samples had very low potential, and no further work on these is required.

5.35 The potential for radiocarbon dating is good and, given the paucity of stratigraphic relationships, paired radiocarbon dates should be obtained to determine the date of the trackway and/or enclosure (if possible), and to establish the contemporaneity (or otherwise) of the burial within the square enclosure, the cremations, and at least one of the nearby pits (such as pit 2160 with the articulated skeleton). In total, four pairs of radiocarbon dates should be obtained.

20 6. COLLEGE FARM (CFW00)

Fieldwork summary (Fig. 3) 6.1 The site was first identified from cropmarks, which appeared to comprise a complex of intercutting enclosures with elements of a rectilinear field system, a probable trackway and a double-ditched circular feature (RSK 2000B). No detailed geophysical survey was undertaken. Evaluation of the pipeline demonstrated the presence of archaeological features, and excavation of an area measuring 142m by 5m followed, with a break 45m from the south-eastern end to accommodate an existing pipeline.

Period 3: Middle/Late Iron Age 6.2 Limited evidence for Late Iron Age activity was identified, comprising a gully (3047) and a ditch terminus (3148).

Period 5: Romano-British 6.3 The cropmarks intersected by the pipeline route were found to date to the Romano- British period. These features were substantial ditches up to 1m deep and 2.5m wide and appeared to represent large enclosures. A number of smaller ditches dating to this period were also excavated. The truncated remains of an undated grave containing a human burial were identified at the centre of the trench. The pottery assemblage indicated occupation was established in the 1st or 2nd centuries AD and continued into the 3rd century AD.

Period 7: Medieval/post-medieval 6.4 The features described above were truncated by ridge and furrow cultivation.

Stratigraphic record: factual data 6.5 Following the completion of the excavation an ordered, indexed, and internally consistent site archive was compiled in accordance with specifications presented in the Management of Archaeological Projects (EH 1991). A database of all contextual and artefactual evidence and a site matrix was also compiled and cross-referenced to spot-dating. The archive (including evaluation records) comprises the following records:

21 Context sheets 152 Skeleton recording sheets 1 Plans (1:50) 8 Sections (1:10, 1:20) 32 Sample sheets 15 Black and white films 4 Colour slide films 4 matrices 2

6.6 The survival and intelligibility of the site stratigraphy was good with archaeological remains having survived as negative features, although moderate truncation by later ridge and furrow cultivation was apparent. Despite the relative paucity of stratigraphic relationships, most features have been assigned a preliminary phase.

6.7 In addition to the excavation data, the desk-based assessment produced a plot of cropmarks (derived from aerial photography).

Stratigraphic record: statement of potential 6.8 A secure stratigraphic sequence is essential to elucidating the form, purpose, date, organisation and development of the various phases of activity represented. This can be achieved through detailed analysis of the sequence and further integration of the artefactual dating evidence. Integration of the stratigraphic information with the cropmark evidence will greatly enhance interpretation of the sequence by providing a wider context, particularly for linear features. The refined sequence will then serve as the spatial and temporal framework within which other artefactual and biological evidence can be understood.

Artefactual record: factual data 6.9 All finds collected during the excavation have been cleaned, marked, quantified and catalogued by context. All metalwork has been x-rayed and stabilised where appropriate.

Type category count weight (g) Pottery Iron Age 13 Malvernian A 58 Malvernian B 17 Roman 506 Samian 6

22 Amphora 21 Total 621 7518 Ceramic Building Material 4 93 Fired Clay 29 192 Metals Iron 8 Copper alloy 2 Lead alloy 1 Flint 1

The Pottery 6.10 A total of 621 sherds were recovered. A small number of re-deposited Iron Age sherds are present, suggesting some pre-Roman activity in the immediate area.. Two Malvernian wares are again present, but the bulk of the pottery dates to the Roman period, and is predominantly Severn Valley Ware, a long-lived industry and much of the material could date to the 2nd or 3rd century AD. The latest material present suggests that the site was occupied in the late 3rd century but there are no very late Roman wares present.

Ceramic Building Material 6.11 Four fragments of ceramic building material (93g) were recovered. All appear to be roof tile fragments and probably date from the medieval or post-medieval periods.

Fired or Burnt Clay 6.12 Twenty-nine fragments of burnt or fired clay were recovered from the Romano- British enclosure ditches.

Worked Flint 6.13 A single worked flint artefact, a broken blade or flake of uncertain date, is recorded.

Iron 6.14 Eight iron items, comprising a single sheet fragment and seven nails, were recovered. All probably date to the Roman period.

Copper alloy 6.15 Two items of copper alloy, comprising a fragmentary Romano-British brooch and an undiagnostic bar fragment, were recovered.

23 Lead alloy 6.16 A single item of lead of uncertain function was recovered from an undated context.

Artefactual record: statement of potential 6.17 Further integration of the pottery assemblage with the stratigraphic record is essential in order to establish a secure stratigraphic sequence. The assemblage may also give an indication of status and local economy. Given the dearth of published sites of late prehistoric and Romano-British date in the region, publication of the significant artefacts is required. Ten vessels from key groups or pieces of intrinsic interest have been identified for illustration.

6.18 A publication report should be prepared for the fired clay, although further analysis is unnecessary. Reports and catalogue descriptions are required for all categories of metalwork, but no illustration is necessary. Other than a publication report, no further analysis is required for the Ceramic Building Material or the flint.

Biological record: factual data 6.19 All ecofacts recovered from the excavation have been cleaned, marked, quantified and catalogued by context. A 10-litre sub-sample of each environmental sample taken was processed for the purposes of this assessment. Samples taken from burials to maximise the recovery of human bone were fully processed.

Type Category Count Animal Bone 692 Human Bone inhumations 1 Samples environmental 12 other 3

Animal Bone 6.20 A total of 692 fragments of animal bone were recovered. Occupation spans the Late Iron Age and Romano-British periods, with most faunal material recovered from the later period. Approximately 60% of fragments recovered could be identified to species, but the range represented is limited. Common domestic species dominate the assemblage, and of these cattle bones are the most frequent. In addition, small numbers of horse bones and a single water vole maxilla has also been identified. Of note are fragments from the skull of a young calf indicating the availability of veal,

24 and the complete skeleton of a young lamb recovered from two 2nd-century AD contexts.

Human Remains 6.21 A single inhumation, burial 3021, was recovered. Preservation/completeness is poor with many elements damaged or entirely absent. A 2nd-century date is suggested from associated pottery.

Environmental Samples 6.22 Twelve samples from this site were assessed. All of the flots were small (3ml or less) and very little charcoal was recovered. The samples all contained charred plant macrofossils, but none of the assemblages contained more than 20 items. It is interesting to note that no bread-type wheat was positively identified from this site, even though the phasing extends into the 2nd century AD. In other respects the crops (emmer, spelt wheat and barley) and weed seeds were the same as those found on other sites of the same periods. A single spike-rush nutlet in a 1st-century sample suggests that damp soils were being cultivated at this time.

Biological record: statement of potential 6.23 The animal bone assemblage is considered to be insufficiently large or informative to merit further analysis, but a publication report of summary information such as species ratios should be prepared for publication.

6.24 No further analysis is proposed for the human remains, although a summary report should appear in the final publication.

6.25 The density of charred plant remains recovered was fairly typical of Iron Age and Roman sites. Seven of the twelve samples require full processing and further analysis.

6.26 Virtually all of the excavated features date to the Romano-British period. Radiocarbon determinations for this period are very unlikely to enhance the artefactual dating evidence, and are therefore not required.

25 7. BANK FARM (BFD00)

Fieldwork summary (Figs 4a and 4b) 7.1 The site was split into western and eastern areas by a minor road. No cropmarks were identified, but geophysical survey over an area of 150m by 40m indicated the presence of archaeological features to the west of the road (trench 1), including part of a large double-ditched enclosure with a number of intercutting features, suggestive of intensive multi-period occupation. Excavation of the pipeline easement (180m by 8m) identified the enclosure and a large number of features, many indicative of occupation activity, within it (Fig. 4a). No detailed geophysical survey was conducted over the area to the east of the road as the scanning survey did not indicate any archaeological features. However, features were apparent fronm evaluation, and subsequent excavation of an area measuring 210m by up to 25m (trench 2) revealed a distribution of pits with a small number of linear features (Fig. 4b).

Period 1: Early/Middle Bronze Age 7.2 A small pit, 1225, containing pottery of this period was identified at the western end of trench 2.

Period 2: Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age 7.3 In trench 1, two ditches (1744 and 1475) contained pottery dating to the Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age, as did a number of small postholes, a gully, and a pit. One of these features (1331) was probably a grave, and contained the remains of a perinatal infant. Pit 1078 contained an up-turned cremation urn of this date. Two pits (1339 and 1635) yielded Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age pottery, but both also contained later material, suggesting these sherds were residual. The high density of features dating to the later prehistoric and Romano-British periods undoubtedly had truncated further evidence of this earlier activity.

7.4 In trench 2, a possible focus of Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age activity was identified at the southern side of the site, where an alignment of three circular pits was identified. Two pits (1182 and 1161) contained relatively large quantities of pottery and animal bone, and the third (1212) contained the upturned top part of a human skull together with the articulated vertebrae and skull of a small cow, as well as more pottery. The skeletal material had clearly been deliberately placed at the

26 centre of the circular pit. A curvilinear gully, 1791, of the same date was identified to the east. Further small pits dating to this period were identified across the site including one, 1154, at the eastern end of the site which contained the remains of an almost complete pottery vessel.

Period 3: Middle/Late Iron Age 7.5 Pottery dating to this period was recovered from the fills of the enclosure ditches, 1612 and 1643, at western end of trench 1. The eastern side of the enclosure was less clearly defined by geophysical survey, but appeared to be represented by a series of parallel ditches (1458, 1459, 1763 and 1744) at the eastern end of trench 1. The enclosure was probably sub-square, with a width of 90m.

7.6 A number of intercutting curvilinear ditches and pits dating to the Middle/Late Iron Age was identified within the enclosure. Ditch 1764 was circular with a projected diameter of 14m, and probably represented the circular ditch of a roundhouse. No remains of this date were identified in trench 2.

Period 4: Late Iron Age/early Romano-British 7.7 A number of features were found to contain pottery dating to this period in trench 1. These features generally comprised ditches which also contained pottery dating to the Middle/Late Iron Age, suggesting that these features were still open during this period, or had been subject to recutting or reworking. A discrete pit, 1042, contained pottery dating exclusively to this period. No remains of this date were identified in trench 2.

Period 5: Romano-British 7.8 Three parallel enclosure ditches 1477, 1533, and 1520 dating to this period were found cutting across the eastern side of the earlier enclosure. Enclosure ditch 1477 was contained an adult inhumation burial at its corner. Pits, ditches, and postholes dating to this period were also identified, predominantly within the eastern third of trench 1. Sherds of Romano-British pottery were also recovered from the fills of earlier ditches, suggesting that some of Iron Age features were still open during the Romano-British period.

7.9 In trench 2, three parallel gullies (1237, 1806, and 1273) were identified, and a sherd of pottery dating to the Romano-British period was recovered from the former. These ditches may represent elements of a field system associated with the Romano-

27 British enclosure and other activity identified in trench 1. The pottery evidence indicated that the Romano-British activity comprised non-intensive occupation during the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD.

Period 6: Anglo-Saxon 7.10 In trench 1, sherds of Anglo-Saxon pottery were recovered from the fills of pits 1067, 1086, and 1063. All three pits were identified at the western side of the Iron Age enclosure and the latter two pits were located between the enclosure ditches. All three pits also contained pottery possibly dating to earlier periods.

7.11 Four ditches also produced pottery dating to this period. Ditches 1541 and 1596 were located within the Iron Age enclosure, and ditches 1817 and 1753 were located to the west of it. Anglo-Saxon pottery was also recovered from one section excavated through Romano-British enclosure ditch 1520, suggesting this features may still have been extant at that time. No remains of this date were identified in trench 2.

Period 7: Medieval and post-medieval 7.12 Two pits (1494 and 1409) were found to contain medieval pottery and/or artefacts. Ditch 1761, located towards the western end of trench 1, also dated to this period and was on a different orientation (north to south) to the general trend of the ridge and furrow. Ditch 1513 was identified at the eastern end of trench 1 and was also orientated north to south (and parallel to the modern road). The remainder of period 7 features were the remains of ridge and furrow cultivation, and were oriented east/west.

Stratigraphic record: factual data 7.13 Following the completion of the excavation an ordered, indexed, and internally consistent site archive was compiled in accordance with specifications presented in the Management of Archaeological Projects (EH 1991). A database of all contextual and artefactual evidence and a site matrix was also compiled and cross-referenced to spot-dating. The archive (including evaluation records) comprises the following records:

Context sheets 762 Skeleton recording sheets 1 Plans (1:10, 1:20, 1:50, 1:100) 42

28 Sections (1:10, 1:20) 207 Sample sheets 87 Black and white films 17 Colour slide films 17 matrices 9

7.14 The survival and intelligibility of the site stratigraphy was good with archaeological remains having survived as negative features, although some severe truncation by later ridge and furrow cultivation was apparent. Despite a relative paucity of stratigraphic relationships, most features have been assigned a preliminary phase.

7.15 In addition to the excavation data, a detailed geophysical survey of the excavation area and its wider area was undertaken.

Stratigraphic record: statement of potential 7.16 A secure stratigraphic sequence is essential to elucidating the form, purpose, date, organisation and development of the various phases of activity represented. This can be achieved through detailed analysis of the sequence and further integration of the artefactual dating evidence. Integration of the stratigraphic information with the geophysical survey evidence will greatly enhance interpretation of the sequence by providing a wider context, particularly for linear features. The refined sequence will then serve as the spatial and temporal framework within which other artefactual and biological evidence can be understood.

Artefactual record: factual data 7.17 All finds collected during the excavation have been cleaned, marked, quantified and catalogued by context. All metalwork has been x-rayed and stabilised where appropriate.

Type category count weight (g) Pottery Early/Mid Bronze Age 5 Late Bronze Age 249 Early Iron Age 87 Malvernian A 116 Malvernian B 163 Roman 87 Saxon 21 med./post med./undated 59 Total 787 9167

29 Ceramic Building Material 14 656 Fired Clay 128 1401 Metals Iron 6 Copper alloy 2 Industrial residues 672 Glass post med. 1 Flint (worked and burnt) 19 Worked bone 2 Stone (worked and burnt) 2

The Pottery 7.18 In total 787 sherds weighing 9.16 kg was recovered. Bank Farm produced one of the most chronologically diverse assemblages, ranging in date from the Later Bronze Age through to the medieval period.

7.19 Five sherds provisionally dated to the early or middle Bronze Age represent the earliest pottery present. Some 249 sherds were assigned to the Late Bronze Age period. A further 87 sherds are dated to the Early Iron Age although effectively the two totals should perhaps be seen as a single episode of use.

7.20 Some 279 sherds of Malvernian Groups A and B date to the Middle/Late Iron Age or the early Roman period. The presence of some native grog-tempered ware jars and proto-Severn Valley wares indicates activity into the first century AD.

7.21 Small to quantities of Roman pottery (87 sherds), comprising mainly Severn Valley ware, were recovered. The Roman material suggests non-intensive occupation in the 2nd and later 3rd centuries.

7.22 At least 21 sherds, all unfeatured bodysherds mainly in organic-tempered fabric, have been assigned to the Saxon period, between the 6th and 9th centuries AD.

7.23 The site also shows slight evidence of use in the medieval period with 48 sherds of this date. Three post-medieval sherds were also noted probably from casual discard.

Ceramic Building Material 7.24 Fourteen fragments of ceramic building material, weighing a total of 656g, were recovered. Identifiable types include two fragments of imbrex and a probable fragment of Roman brick. Fragments of curved tile and some flat ?peg tile from

30 context (1082) were recovered together with post-medieval pottery and are likely to be a similar date.

Fired Clay 7.25 Fired or burnt clay amounting to 128 fragments, weighing 1401g, was recovered from deposits mainly of Iron Age date. The assemblage includes a complete fired clay sling missile and fragments from a weight of triangular or pyramidal form. Both objects are of likely Iron Age or early Romano-British date. Additionally a single fragment of fired clay preserves the impression of a rounded ‘wattle’ and is identified as a piece of structural daub.

Copper alloy 7.26 Two items of copper alloy, consisting of an undiagnostic bar fragment and a probable toilet implement of Anglo-Saxon date, are recorded.

Iron 7.27 Six items of iron were recovered. Four nails are present, deriving from contexts dated to the Roman (two), medieval, and post-medieval periods by associated ceramics. The remaining two iron items consist of a fragmentary and undiagnostic object and a bar-mount with white-metal plated terminals which almost certainly dates to the medieval period.

Worked Bone 7.28 Two items of worked bone, a pin or needle fragment and a perforated strip fragment, were recovered. Neither item can be dated by form, however pottery from the parent context suggests a Saxon to medieval date.

Worked (and burnt) Flint 7.29 Eighteen pieces of worked flint and a single fragment of unworked, but burnt flint, was recovered. Two blades and a single (broken) bladelet are probably Mesolithic in date. A single piece, a thumbnail type scraper, is tentatively dated to the Late Neolithic or early Bronze Age. The remaining material consists of undiagnostic flakes. A small proportion of the worked flint, associated with late Bronze Age pottery is considered to be stratified.

Vessel Glass 7.30 A single fragment of green-coloured glass of post-medieval date was recovered.

Industrial Residues 7.31 Industrial residues amounting to 672g were recovered from ten contexts of Iron Age, Romano-British, and Anglo-Saxon date. Vitrified hearth or furnace lining (310g); and miscellaneous ironworking slag (362g) are represented. Neither substance is strictly attributable to a particular industrial process.

Stone 7.32 A small, burnt fragment from a late Bronze Age context is May Hill sandstone, a known quern material. A complete bun-shaped spindlewhorl of lias is undiagnostic by form and derives from an undated context. Fragments of likely building stone derive from Romano-British and Anglo-Saxon dated contexts. All is of local stone, consisting of Jurassic limestone and lias.

Artefactual record: statement of potential 7.33 Further integration of the pottery assemblage with the stratigraphic record is essential in order to establish a secure stratigraphic sequence. The pottery assemblage is of considerable interest, particularly the Late Bronze Age component. Knowledge of later prehistoric activity (particularly the Bronze Age) is scant in this area, and publication of the assemblage will fill a considerable void. A full publication report should be prepared, including catalogue descriptions were appropriate. Thirty vessels from key groups or pieces of intrinsic interest should be illustrated.

7.34 The Saxon sherds are also of importance as the occurrence of such material is also rare. Although no research has been carried out it is suspected that published comparanda for this material will be difficult to find for the prehistoric period, certainly from sites excavated in recent decades. Complete vessels require conservation to ensure no further breakage.

7.35 A publication report from the fired clay is required, based on the analysis carried out for this assessment. Two fired clay objects, the slingshot and the loom-weight, will require illustrating and a full catalogue description. No further analysis is required.

7.36 Metal, bone, stone and flint objects will require a publication reports, including full catalogue descriptions. Copper alloy toilet implement Sf. 1012, spindlewhorl Sf. 8 and flint thumbnail scraper from context 1200 should be illustrated. Object Sf. 1018

32 will require X-ray fluorescence analysis to identify the white metal plating and selective removal of accretions to clarify morphology.

7.37 The industrial residues require no further analysis but a publication report should be prepared, to include summary description of types and brief discussion by phase. No publication is required for the vessel glass.

Biological record: factual data 7.38 All ecofacts recovered from the excavation have been cleaned, marked, quantified and catalogued by context. A 10-litre sub-sample of each environmental sample taken was processed for the purposes of this assessment. Samples taken from burials to maximise the recovery of human bone were fully processed.

Type Category Count Animal Bone 1993 Human Bone inhumations 4 cremations 1 Samples environmental 86 other 1

Animal Bone 7.39 1993 fragments of animal bone were recovered, the largest quantity to be assessed from the project sites. The majority of fragments derive from Iron Age and Romano- British contexts. Approximately 62% of the total assemblage by fragment count could be identified to species. Cattle and sheep/goat bones are common, other species identified include pig, horse, dog, two species of deer, domestic fowl and frog/toad.

Human Remains 7.40 Remains from four individuals are represented, including one cremation. Preservation/completeness of the human remains is mixed: burial 1211 consists of cranial fragments only; burials 1508 and 1332 are more complete and almost certainly represent articulated inhumations. The human remains are of mixed date, indicated by small amounts of associated ceramics. Most interestingly, 1332, a perinatal infant, occurred with a scrap of late Bronze Age pottery and may be of this date. Adult inhumation 1508 is likely to be Romano-British and the skull fragments from 1211, Iron Age.

7.41 Cremation (1175/1176) appears to represent a single individual. An Iron Age date is likely on the basis of a single associated sherd of pottery. All bone fragments are below 10mm in size. As such they are undiagnostic. The volume is so small that very little has been preserved and no elements are positively identifiable.

Charred Plant Remains 7.42 86 samples were assessed from this site, including a series of eight spits excavated from within a pottery vessel (1010). Eleven samples produced abundant quantities of charred plant remains sufficient that no further processing of retained material is recommended. A further 37 samples produced appreciable quantities of material. The more productive samples often consisted primarily of emmer/spelt crop processing waste, but some samples contained significant numbers of bread-type wheat and barley grains.

Biological record: statement of potential 7.43 The animal bone assemblage from Bank Farm is large and informative, and merits further analysis. This should provide information on animal husbandry by allowing the age profiles of the common domestic species to be reconstructed and the size/shape conformation of species to be considered. Such information will facilitate comparison between phases at the intra-site level and between sites of a similar date on a regional level. Material from undated contexts should be excluded from any further analysis and material from unphased contexts should be included only if further analysis of stratigraphic relationships or associated artefacts allows these contexts to be assigned to a phase.

7.44 There is some scope for further analysis of the remains of burial 1332. This may provide more detailed information as to the age of this burial but is unlikely to yield much information as to the sex. The long bones can be reconstructed to allow their measurement. This may enable a more refined estimate of age, generally to within a two-week range (Scheuer and Black, 2000). By determining a finer age at death it may, therefore, be possible to state whether the infant died in utero or if full term was attained.

7.45 Eleven samples produced remains sufficiently sizeable and informative that further processing of retained bulk samples is not recommended. Twenty-three samples warrant further investigation, to entail the processing of the remaining 30 litres of

34 soil. The aim of additional processing is to ensure large enough assemblages are recovered. Charcoal from the assessed samples is in all cases sparse. The remaining samples require no further analysis.

7.46 The Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age deposits and features are of considerable interest and radiocarbon dates should be obtained to confirm their age and enhance the temporal framework of these deposits. The obvious sources for dating are those deposits that are demonstrably undisturbed, including the perinatal infant remains, the contents of the complete vessel, the ‘ritual’ pit deposits (cow bone or the upturned human skull) and the cremation. At least one pair of dates should be obtained for the most productive of the palaeoenvironmental assemblages, and radiocarbon dating should also be used to confirm the presence of Saxon material on site. In total, six pairs of radiocarbon dates will be required.

35 8. ELM FARM (EFB00)

Fieldwork summary (Fig. 5) 8.1 The detailed geophysical survey was carried out over an area measuring 310m by 40m, and indicated the presence of a complex series of intercutting enclosures. Evaluation confirmed the presence of archaeological features, and excavation followed over an area measuring 165m by 4m. This confirmed the existence of a number of ditches corresponding to the geophysical survey. A number of other features such as gullies, pits, and postholes were also recorded.

Period 3: Middle/Late Iron Age 8.2 Part of a circular gully of a roundhouse (4415), with a projected diameter of 13m, was identified at the western end of the trench. This feature contained pottery dating to the Middle/Late Iron Age and early Romano-British periods. Located immediately to the east was a group of pits and gullies of similar date and which appeared to represent a continuation of the occupation activity characterised by the circular gully. Towards the centre of the trench two enclosure ditches, 4068 and 4075, were also found to date to this period.

Period 5: Romano-British 8.3 The majority of the ditches excavated, which varied considerably in size, dated to this period. Several had been subjected to re-cutting, and they appeared to represent a number of intercutting enclosures. A considerable assemblage of Romano-British pottery was recovered from these features and the quantity and quality of this material suggested the presence of a settlement site in the vicinity of the excavation area. The pottery evidence also suggested that the Romano-British activity represented a continuation of Iron Age occupation, which ceased during the later part of the 3rd century AD.

Period 7: Medieval/post-medieval 8.4 A pit, 4421, dated to this period and later agricultural practice in the form of ridge and furrow type cultivation was demonstrated by a uniform pattern of furrows present throughout the site.

36 Stratigraphic record: factual data 8.5 Following the completion of the excavation an ordered, indexed, and internally consistent site archive was compiled in accordance with specifications presented in the Management of Archaeological Projects (EH 1991). A database of all contextual and artefactual evidence and a site matrix was also compiled and cross-referenced to spot-dating. The archive (including evaluation records) comprises the following records:

Context sheets 370 Plans (1:50) 14 Sections (1:10, 1:20) 85 Sample sheets 31 Black and white films 10 Colour slide films 10 matrices 4

8.6 The survival and intelligibility of the site stratigraphy was good with archaeological remains having survived as negative features, although moderate truncation by later ridge and furrow cultivation was apparent. A number of stratigraphic relationships identified on site did not correlate to the dating evidence recovered from the features. This may be explained by the process of clay translocation which may result in the destruction of stratigraphic boundaries (Terra Nova 2001). Despite this, and a relative paucity of stratigraphic relationships, most features have been assigned a preliminary phase.

8.7 In addition to the excavation data, a detailed geophysical survey of the excavation and its wider area was undertaken.

Stratigraphic record: Statement of potential 8.8 A secure stratigraphic sequence is essential to elucidating the form, purpose, date, organisation and development of the various phases of activity represented. This can be achieved through detailed analysis of the sequence and further integration of the artefactual dating evidence. Integration of the stratigraphic information with the geophysical survey evidence will greatly enhance interpretation of the sequence by providing a wider context, particularly for linear features. The refined sequence will then serve as the spatial and temporal framework within which other artefactual and biological evidence can be understood.

Artefactual record: Factual data 8.9 All finds collected during the excavation have been cleaned, marked, quantified and catalogued by context. All metalwork has been x-rayed and stabilised where appropriate.

Type category count weight (g) Pottery Iron Age 149 Malvernian A 176 Malvernian B 269 Roman 710 med./post med 10 Total 1314 13108 Briquetage 11 129 Fired Clay 75 469 Metals Iron 6 Copper alloy 1 Industrial residues 879 Flint (worked) 5 Worked bone 1 Stone (worked and burnt) 10

The Pottery 8.10 A total of 1314 sherds weighing 131kg was recovered. The assemblage comprises mainly material of Iron Age and Roman date, together with very small quantities of medieval and post-medieval material. The bulk of the pottery appears to date to the earlier Roman period. Much of the Iron Age pottery (approximately 11% of the assemblage) appears to be residual.

8.11 In summary, occupation at the site appears to have started in the later Middle or Late Iron Age continuing through to the later 3rd century. The Romano-British assemblage has quite a rural character with a small amount of traded material.

Briquetage 8.12 Eleven fragments (129g) of Droitwich briquetage vessels were identified. All are presumed to date to the Mid-Late Iron Age.

Fired or Burnt Clay

38 8.13 Seventy-five fragments of fired or burnt clay weighing a total of 469g were recovered. The assemblage includes a biconical slingshot and a fragment from a probable loomweight of triangular or possibly pyramidal form, both of which are likely to date to the Iron Age to earlier Romano-British periods. The remaining, largely amorphous burnt/fired clay fragments mostly derive from contexts dated to the 1st century AD or Roman period.

Worked Bone 8.14 A single artefact of worked bone, a possible handle of uncertain date, is recorded.

Worked Flint 8.15 Five pieces of worked flint, including a scraper and four flakes, were recovered. A core rejuvenation flake with blade-like removal scars is probably datable to the Mesolithic period. All pieces are residual, deriving from contexts of late Iron Age or later date.

Iron 8.16 Iron finds comprise five nails or nail shank fragments and a riveted strip fragment. All most likely date to the Roman period.

Copper Alloy 8.17 A single artefact of copper alloy was recovered: a brooch fragment of likely early Romano-British date.

Metallurgical Residues 8.18 Metallurgical residues amounting to 879g were recovered from twenty-two contexts. The bulk of this material comes from contexts dated to the (earlier) Roman period by associated ceramics. Three classes of material have been identified: vitrified hearth/furnace lining (437g), miscellaneous ironworking slag (211g), and dense ironworking slag (131g). Although all the retrieved residues are consistent with ironworking none is diagnostic of a particular process.

Stone 8.19 Two worked stone objects were recovered, both from Roman dated contexts: a burnt and weathered fragment of Lower Old Red Sandstone quernstone and a fragment of quartzitic sandstone probably used for a smoother or polisher. The latter may be residual from Iron Age activity on the site.

8.20 Eight fragments of burnt quartzite and quartzitic sandstone come from Roman contexts, although this might represent redeposited Iron Age material. Fragments of Jurassic limestone, possibly used as building material and of likely Roman date were also recovered.

Artefactual record: statement of potential 8.21 The pottery assemblage is of significance, particularly in regard to the later prehistoric component and the apparent continuity into the Roman period. Published material concerning this area and date is scant and publication of this assemblage will improve knowledge of the region. It is recommended that a full publication report is prepared and that data be related to completed site phasing. Ten vessels from key groups or pieces of intrinsic interest should be formally illustrated.

8.22 A publication report for the briquetage is required, based on the assessment results, but no further analysis or illustration is required. A publication report including full catalogue descriptions are required for the fired clay fragments, and slingshot Sf. 4010 should be illustrated.

8.23 The objects of bone, iron, copper alloy, flint and stone all require brief publication reports, based on the analysis undertaken to date, and includingfull catalogue descriptions. Illustrations should be prepared for the bone ?handle Sf. 4012 and the copper alloy brooch fragment Sf. 4002.

8.24 Additional analytical work is considered unnecessary for the industrial residues. The level of recording undertaken is adequate to allow publication of this material. Any publication report should include summary description of types and brief discussion by phase.

Biological record: factual data 8.25 All ecofacts recovered from the excavation have been cleaned, marked, quantified and catalogued by context. A 10-litre sub-sample of each environmental sample taken was processed for the purposes of this assessment.

Type Category Count Animal Bone 1785 Human Bone 1

40 Samples environmental 31

Animal Bone 8.26 A total of 1785 fragments of animal bone were recovered from contexts assigned to the Middle/Late Iron Age, Romano-British, and medieval periods. Approximately 63% of the total number of fragments recovered could be identified to species and the majority of this material dates to the Romano-British period. Domestic species dominate the assemblage these include cattle, sheep/goat, pig, horse, and dog.

Human Remains 8.27 A single fragment of human femur was recovered from first-century AD dated context 4050.

Charred-plant remains 8.28 Thirty-one samples from this site were assessed for charred plant remains. All of the flots were small (mostly 1 or 2ml in volume) and only one (sample 4004, context 4060) produced large enough fragments of charcoal for identification purposes. Charred plant remains were sparse but present in twenty-three of the samples. Because the flots were small they were fully sorted and the few remains were identified. None of the samples produced more than 20 items. The assemblages mainly comprised hulled barley grain (Hordeum sp.) emmer/spelt grain (Triticum dicoccum/spelta), emmer/spelt chaff fragments (glume bases from both emmer and spelt) and a few weeds of cultivated soils. A few bread-type wheat (Triticum aestivum-type) and oat (Avena sp.) grains were recovered, and a possible pea (Pisum sativum).

Biological record: statement of potential 8.29 The animal bone assemblage is relatively large and informative and as such merits further analysis. Full analysis should provide information on animal husbandry by allowing the age profiles of the common domestic species to be reconstructed and the size/shape conformation of species to be considered. Such information will facilitate comparison between phases at the intra-site level and between sites of a similar date on a regional level.

8.30 Human bone is restricted to a single fragment femur and there is no potential for further analysis.

41 8.31 Charred plant remains were sparse in all assessed samples. No further work is necessary for most of the samples, but two Middle to Late Iron Age, three 1st century AD, and one 2nd to 3rd century AD samples require further investigation. A further two samples may be also require additional processing of stored material if further dating evidence emerges from full analysis.

8.32 Most of the archaeological remains excavated at Elm Farm date to the M

42 9. STORAGE AND CURATION

9.1 All artefacts, including the pottery, building material, fired clay, worked flint, glass and worked bone require no further treatment for long-term storage. Such material is stored by context in plastic bags within acid-free, brass wire-stitched cardboard boxes. Metal artefacts have been assessed and stabilised by a specialist conservator (Vanessa Fell, Institute of Archaeology, Oxford) and are currently stored in sealed, plastic boxes with humidity controlled, in accordance with the guidelines of the Society for Museum Archaeologists (1993). Suitable arrangements for transfer of the site archives to Cheltenham Museum and Art Gallery under Accession No. CAGM 2000.173 (sites SFT, BFD, PMA, and CFW) and Worcester County Museum as WSM 29633 (sites WCS and EFB), have been made.

10. GEOARCHAEOLOGY

10.1 Geoarchaeological investigations and observations were undertaken as a separate project during the latter part of the overall pipeline project (i.e. during the excavations and the watching brief for the construction of the pipeline), and a summary report produced by Terra Nova Ltd (2001B). The results of the observations that relate directly to the archaeological sites will be incorporated into the stratigraphic accounts in the publication text.

11. SUMMARY STATEMENT OF POTENTIAL

11.1 The archaeological excavations undertaken at Wormington Compressor Station, College Farm, Bank Farm, and Elm Farm have achieved the first two objectives identified within the Archaeological Management Plan (section 2 above): all sites and artefacts discovered during the course of the project have been appropriately excavated/recovered. Objective 3, regarding palaeoenvironmental sampling, has been achieved by the work undertaken as part of this assessment (although further work remains), and steps have been taken to ensure objective 4, regarding the deposition of archives, is satisfied. The principal purpose of this section is to summarise the work required to satisfactorily achieve objective 5, the appropriate publication of the results of the project. The potential for publication of each category of evidence is summarised below.

43 The stratigraphic record 11.2 A secure stratigraphic sequence for each of the four sites is essential in determining the form, purpose, date, organisation and development of the various phases of activity represented. This can be achieved through detailed analysis of each stratigraphic sequence and further integration of the artefactual and, where appropriate, radiocarbon dating evidence. Integration of the results of the geophysical surveys and/or cropmark plots will greatly enhance interpretation of the sequence by providing a wider context, particularly for linear features. The refined sequence will also provide the temporal and spatial framework on which all other types of evidence depend. This will not be undertaken for medieval and post- medieval periods, which predominantly comprise evidence of ridge and furrow cultivation only.

The artefactual record Pottery 11.3 The pottery assemblages are of primary importance as they provide the basic dating evidence used in establishing the stratigraphic sequences. Much of the pottery, and in particular the prehistoric assemblages, are of intrinsic interest in themselves as very few pottery assemblages of this date have been published from the region, particularly for the Late Bronze Age. For this reason, research into published comparanda for this material will probably be limited. The Saxon sherds are also of some importance as again the occurrence of such material is rare, although the sherds can be compared with material recently excavated to the south at Bishops Cleeve and to the west at Ryall Quarry.

11.4 The pottery assemblages have the potential to provide a variety of other information. The place of manufacture may be identified from a study of the fabric and form, which can provide useful information on trading links and other connections. The types of pottery present often give an indication of the relative status and economy of the site, and where and how pottery has been discarded or deposited can provide information on the internal organisation and use of a particular site, or areas thereof, and how long the site was in use.

Briquetage 11.5 The briquetage provides further evidence for trading links, this time between the Iron Age sites at Wormington Compressor Station and Elm Farm with the salt production

44 centre at Droitwich. Comparison with other accounts of briquetage will place its presence here in a regional context.

Stone, bone, metal and clay objects 11.6 These objects can provide useful dating evidence, and publication will aid dating and identification in future. Such objects also have the potential to provide data into trade, industrial processes and economic activities. They can also provide insights into the everyday activities on site, the organisation and use of different areas of the sites, and on decoration and personal ornamentation. Fired clay objects can give an indication of local manufacture and other activities.

Metallurgical Residues 11.7 The residues are clear indicators of industrial activity, and their distribution can indicate areas of industrial use, and how industrial processes changed and were adopted over time.

The Worked Flint 11.8 The flint assemblage, although small, extends the use of area back to Mesolithic period, although the residuality of much of the assemblage heavily restricts its potential. Publication, particularly of the potentially stratified Late Bronze Age assemblage from Bank Farm, will provide reference material for future comparanda.

The biological record Animal Bone 11.9 The animal bone assemblages from Bank Farm and Elm Farm are relatively large and informative. This should provide information on animal husbandry practices by allowing the age profiles of the common domestic species to be reconstructed and the size/shape conformation of species to be considered. Such information will facilitate comparison between phases at the intra-site level and between sites of a similar date on a regional level. The Wormington Compressor Station assemblage may also provide useful information regarding the size and husbandry of Iron Age horse.

Human Bone 11.10 None of the assemblages of human bone are large enough for statistical analysis to be viable. However, information such as age of death, sex, stature, and pathological manifestations provides information regarding the people who inhabited the various

45 sites at various times. In particular, information on how and where the dead were buried can provide vital information on ritual practices and areas within these sites.

Charred Plant Remains 11.11 Examination of the charred plant remains from samples with good potential can provide information regarding the economy and environment of the sites and potentially how these changed from period to period. As with the various categories of artefact, published sites from the later prehistoric and Romano-British periods from the region is sparse, which makes these samples particularly important. Comparisons may be made with the Bronze Age remains from Kemerton, and with the Roman deposits at Wasperton, Tiddington, Alcester, and Worcester. A consideration of the charcoal levels may give a further indication of likely economic regimes.

Radiocarbon dating 11.12 The potential for radiocarbon dating is good for Wormington Compressor Station and Bank Farm. Both of these sites are multiperiod, and contain material that is ideally suited for this process. The other two sites are predominantly Late Iron Age or Romano-British in date, a period which does not lend itself particularly well to this form of dating.

12. UPDATED AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

12.1 The principal objective remains as per the Archaeological Management Plan: to publish appropriately the results of the excavations undertaken on the route of the Wormington to Tirley pipeline. To achieve this, the following updated objectives have been set out:

Objective 1: to establish a secure stratigraphic sequence for each of the four sites, so that maximum information regarding the form, function, organisation and development of each site can be understood;

Objective 2: to establish the nature of the square enclosure at Wormington Compressor Station, and whether the burial, cremations and various ppits and postholes are contemporary or not. Comparisons with square barrows elsewhere will be made,

46 particularly with a possible example in the Cotswolds at Leckhampton (O’Neil and Grinsell 1960, 21);

Objective 3: to investigate the apparent ritual nature of the Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age deposits at Bank Farm, with reference to other published examples such as the example has recently been identified at Watchfield, Shrivenham, Oxfordshire. An upturned cattle skull had been placed next to an upturned human skull, which had been trepanned, within a large irregular pit dating to the Early/Middle Iron Age (Birbeck 2001, 229);

Objective 4: Investigate the apparent continuity from the Middle Iron Age to the Romano- British period at Bank Farm and Elm Farm, and possibly at Wormington Compressor Station;

Objective 5: through examination of the artefactual and biological evidence, interrogate the evidence regarding the nature, economy and environment of each phase of each site, and interrogate the evidence for decoration, ornamentation and ritual practices;

Objective 6: through examination of the artefactual and biological evidence in conjunction with the stratigraphic record, investigate areas of possible differential use within each phase of each site;

Objective 7: Through comparison of all four sites period by period, investigate the changing nature of activity (settlement, economy, ritual) in the immediate vicinity, and how this may have been influenced by their inter-relatedness, and by topography and the environment;

Objective 8: comment upon the nature of the four sites period by period in relation to local and regional sites of similar date, and how these sites enhance the understanding of the local and regional late prehistoric and Romano-British periods.

13. PUBLICATION

13.1 The results from each of the four excavations merit publication in their own right. There is a dearth of published sites from the region, particularly with regard to later prehistoric activity, evidence of which was recovered from each of the four sites. All

47 four sites also lie within 10km of each other (and excluding Elm Farm, within 3km of each other) on similar geology and topography, within the environs of the Carrant Brook and River Isbourne. By comparing and contrasting the evidence from all of these sites, there is therefore a rare opportunity to consider the possible inter- relatedness of these four closely located sites throughout the later prehistoric and Romano-British periods.

13.2 To achieve this, it is essential that all four sites are published within one volume. Given that the sites lie in two counties, it is inappropriate to consider publication in either of the established county journals. Publication is therefore proposed within the Cotswold Archaeology Occasional Paper series, which will allow all sites to be published within one volume. The series is distributed free to all university libraries that serve an established archaeology department, to the national copyright libraries, and to the libraries of the appropriate national museums, sites and monuments records and national and regional amenity societies. Volumes are also available for any other established archaeological library who wishes to receive a copy, and are for sale at printing cost from Cotswold Archaeology to the general public.

Synopsis of Proposed Report

Excavations on the Wormington to Tirley Pipeline, 2000: Prehistoric, Romano-British and Anglo-Saxon activity at four sites by the Carrant Brook and River Isbourne, Gloucestershire and Worcestershire by Laurent Coleman, Ed McSloy and Martin Watts

Contents etc. 4 pages

Abstract Brief summary of main findings of the project 200 words

Introduction Project background, archaeological background, topography, geology 1000 words

Excavation Results Wormington Compressor Station 4000 words

48 College Farm 2000 words Bank Farm 6000 words Elm Farm 4000 words

The Finds Pottery (Jane Timby) 3500 words Ceramic Building Material (Ed McSloy) 100 words Briquetage (Elaine Morris) 100 words Fired/Burnt Clay (Fired Clay) 200 words Metal and Bone Artefacts (Ed McSloy) 200 words Metallurgical Residues (Ed McSloy) 300 words Stone Artefacts (Fiona Roe) 400 words Flint (Ed McSloy) 400 words

Biological Evidence Human Bone (Brian Dean) 1000 words Animal Bone (Lorrain Higbee) 2500 words Charred Plant Remains (Wendy Carruthers) 2500 words Radiocarbon Dating (Ed McSloy) 200 words

Discussion Mesolithic and Neolithic 200 words Early and Middle Bronze Age 300 words Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age 1500 words Middle to Late Iron Age 4000 words Pre-Roman Iron Age/Early Romano-British 1500 words Romano-British 4000 words Anglo-Saxon 500 words

Conclusions 2000 words

Acknowledgements 300 words

Bibliography 3000 words

45,700 words (c. 87 pages)

49 Illustrations: Location of Pipeline 0.5 page Location of sites/topography 0.5 page Wormington Compressor Station (plans and sections) 7 pages College Farm 2 pages Bank Farm 8 pages Elm Farm 6 pages Pottery 3 pages Fired Clay (3), metal (3), stone (1), flint (2), 1 page Discussion 2 pages 30 pages

Tables: Pottery: 4 pages Human Bone 1 page Animal Bone 3 pages Radiocarbon Dating 1 page Charred Plant remains 4 pages 13 pages

Total Publication Estimate: 130 pages

14. PROJECT TEAM

14.1 The post-excavation and publication programme will be under the management of Martin Watts MIFA (Senior Project Manager: SPM), who will co-ordinate the work of the following personnel:

Laurent Coleman AIFA (Project Officer: PO): post-excavation phasing, draft report preparation, research and archive.

Ed McSloy MIFA (Finds Officer: FO): Specialist report preparation and liaison, post-excavation phasing.

Sam Inder (Finds Assistant: FA): Samples processing.

Peter Moore (Senior Illustrator: SI): Production of all site plans, sections and artefact drawings (exc. pottery).

14.2 Contributions by the following external consultants will be managed by the Finds Officer:

Jane Timby (Freelance Consultant): Pottery report and drawings Alan Vince (Freelance Consultant): Saxon Pottery report Elaine L. Morris (Freelance Consultant): Briquetage report Fiona Roe (Freelance Consultant): Stone artefact report Brian Dean (Bournemouth University): Human bone report Lorrain Higbee (Freelance Consultant): Animal Bone report Wendy Carruthers (Freelance Consultant): Charred plant remains report University of Waikato, New Zealand Radiocarbon dating

14.3 The final publication report will be edited and refereed internally by CA senior project management, will be externally copy-edited and externally refereed by Professor Timothy Darvill, Bournemouth University.

14.4 The production of the publication report will largely depend upon the availability of the external specialists, but CA will aim to complete a publication draft within one year of acceptance of the publication proposals herein.

15. TASK LIST

TASK PERSONNEL DURATION Project Management SPM 5 days Stratigraphic Analysis PO 20 days FO 5 days SPM 2 days Research, comparanda PO 3 days Preparation and despatch of artefacts and ecofacts FO 1 day Liaison with specialists FO 5 days Pottery Analysis, report preparation and illustration Specialist 17 days Transit costs Specialist 1 day CBM, briquetage, fired clay, flint Report preparation FO 2 days

51 Illustration SI 0.75 day Metal and bone artefacts, metallurgical residues Conservation Specialist FEE Report preparation FO 3 days Illustration SI 2 days Worked Stone Report preparation Specialist 1 day Illustration SI 0.25 day Human bone Analysis and report production Specialist 2 days Animal bone Analysis, report preparation and illustration Specialist 13 days Charred plant remains Sample processing FA 30 days Analysis and report production Specialist 12 days Radiocarbon dating Report preparation FO 2 days Preparation of publication report Abstract and introduction PO 1 day SI 1 day Excavation results PO 12 days SI 12 days Compilation of specialist reports, tables etc. PO 5 day Discussion, conclusions PO 12 days SI 4 days Acknowledgements, bibliography PO 2 days Editing Preliminary editing SPM 5 days Revisions PO 3 days Copy editing Copy editor FEE Secondary editing SPM 3 days Submission to external referees Final editing PO 3 day SPM 3 day Archive Research archive completion PO 2 day FO 0.5 day Microfilm FEE Deposition FEE Publication Typesetting SI 15 days SPM 5 days Printing FEE Dissemination SPM 1 day transit FEE

16. TIMETABLE

16.1 For a publication project, CA would normally aim to have completed a publication draft within one year of approval of the updated publication project design. Given that the Wormington to Tirley is essentially four sites in one publication, and that there are reasonably substantial imputs required from extrnal specialists, it is proposed in this instance to have produced a publication draft for external referees within 18 months of approval of the updated publication project design. A detailed programme will be produced on approval of the updated publication project design.

52 17. BUDGET

17.1 The following allocation of resources is proposed. All figures are exclusive of VAT.

Staff Costs: CA Grade Person Per day days total Senior Project Manager Martin Watts £292 24 £7008 Project Officer Laurent Coleman £180 63 £11,340 Finds Officer Ed McSloy £180 18.5 £3330 Senior Illustrator Peter Moore £202 35 £7070 Finds Assistant Sam Inder £123 30 £3690 Total Project Salary: £32,438

Non-Staff Internal Costs: Transport £380 NMR microfilm copy: £150 Archive deposition: £120 Total: £650

External Specialist Fees: Specialism Person Per day days total Pottery Jane Timby £150 17 £2550 Pottery Alan Vince £150 1 £150 Metal conservation Vanessa Fell £150 0.5 £75 Stone Artefacts Fiona Roe £150 1 £150 Human Bone Brian Durham £125 2 £250 Animal Bone Lorrain Higbee £135 13 £1755 Charred Plant Remains Wendy Carruthers £130 12 £1560 Radiocarbon Dating University of Waikato, NZ £250 20 £5000 Copy Editing TBC £400 Printing Trio Graphics £2000 Total: £13,890

Gross Total for Project: £46,978

53 18. REFERENCES

Allason-Jones, L. and Millet, R. 1984 The Catalogue of Small Finds from South Shields Roman Fort The Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle Upon Tyne

Aufderheide, A. and Rodriguez-Martin, C. (eds) 1998 The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of Human Paleopathology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Bateman, C. 1997 Land off West Drive, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire: Archaeological Evaluation CAT Typescript Report No. 97474 Barber, A. and Walker, G. ‘Home Farm, Bishops Cleeve: Excavation of a Romano-British Occupation Sites 1993-4’ TBGAS 116, 117-39

BGS 1981 1:50,000 Series England and Wales Sheet 217 Moreton-in-Marsh Solid and Drift Geology

BGS 1988 1:50,000 Series England and Wales Sheet 216 Tewkesbury Solid and Drift Geology

Birbeck, V 2001 ‘Excavations at Watchfield, Shrivenham, Oxfordshire, 1998’ Oxoniensia, LXVI 221-288

Brenan, J. 1998 ‘Furnishings’ in Egan, G. The Medieval Household, Medieval Finds from Excavations in London: 6

Britnell, W. 1974 ‘Beckford’ Current Archaeology 45, 293-297

Buikstra, J. and Ubelaker, D. (eds), 1994 Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains, Arkansas Archaeological Survey Research Series No. 44. Fayetteville, Arkansas

Carruthers, W. (unpublished, 1992) Wanborough Green Lane: analysis of charred plant remains from deposits associated with Roman priestly regalia Ancient Monuments Lab. Rep. 65/92.

Coleman, L. and Watts, M. 2001 ‘A Romano-British Field System at Cheltenham: Evidence from excavations at St James’s Car Park’ Glevensis 34, 67-71

CA, 2002 Land to the East of Rudgeway Lane, Walton Cardiff, Near Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire: Archaeological Evaluation CAT Typescript Report No. 02100

Cox, S. 1998 ‘Dunalley School, West Drive, Cheltenham’ TBGAS 116, 199

54 Crummy, N. 1983 Colchester Archaeological Report 2: The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-9 Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd

Davis, S. 1992 A rapid method for recording information about mammal bones from archaeological sites. Ancient Monuments Laboratory Report No. 19/92

Dinn, J. and Evans, J. 1990 ‘Aston Mill Farm, Kemerton: Excavation of Ring-Ditch, Middle Iron Age Enclosures and a Grubenhaus’, Transactions of the Worcestershire Archaeological Society, Volume 12

English Heritage 1991 Management of Archaeological Projects (MAP 2)

Goodall, I. 1980 Ironwork in Medieval Britain: An Archaeological Study Vols 1 and 3, Unpublished Ph.D thesis, University of Cardiff

GSB Prospection 2000A Wormington to Tirley Gas Pipeline, GSB Prospection Typescript Report 2000/29

Hall, M. and Gingell, C. 1974 ‘Nottingham Hill, Gloucestershire, 1972’ Antiquity 48 306-9

Hamilton, J. 2000 ‘The animal bones’. In Cunliffe, B. and Poole, C. (eds) The Danbury Environs Programme. The Prehistory of a Wessex landscape Vol. 2, part 2. Bury Hill Upper Clatford, Hampshire, English Heritage and Oxford University Committee for Archaeology, Monograph 49, pp67-73

Hencken, T. H. ‘The Excavation of the Iron Age Camp on Bredon Hill’ Archaeological Journal 95, 1-111

Holbrook, N. 2000 ‘The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Lower Farm, Bishop’s Cleeve: excavations directed by Kenneth Brown in 1969’ TBGAS 118, 61-92

MacGregor, A. and Bolick, E. 1993 Ashmoloean Museum, Oxford: A Summary Catalogue of the Anglo-Saxon Collections (Non Ferrous Metals), BAR Brit. Sers 230, Oxford

McKinley, J. 1993 ‘Bone fragment size and weights of bone from modern British cremations and its implications for the interpretation of archaeological cremations’, International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 3, 283-287

Moffett, L. 1984 ‘The corn drying kilns from Tiddington. In N. Palmer, Tiddington Roman Settlement’, West Mids Archaeol. 26, 46-47

Moffett, L. (unpublished, 1986) Crops & crop processing in a Romano-British village at Tiddington: the evidence from the charred plant remains, AML Rep. 15/86

Moffett, Lisa (unpublished, 1991), Botanical remains from Worcester Deansway, AML Rep. 123/91

Parry, C. 1999 ‘Iron-Age, Romano-British and Medieval Occupation at Bishop’s Cleeve, Gloucestershire: excavations at Gilder’s Paddock 1989 and 1990-1’ TBGAS 117, 89-118

Peacock, D. P. S., 1968 ‘A petrological study of certain Iron Age pottery from Western England’, Proc. Prehistoric Soc. 34, 414-27

Powell, T. 1933 ‘Oxenton Hill Camp’ TBGAS 55, 383-4

O’Neil, H. and Grinsell, L. 1960 ‘Gloucestershire Barrows’ TBAGS, vol. LXXIX

RSK 2000A Wormington to Tirley Gas Pipeline; BiologicalStatement

RSK 2000B Wormington to Tirley Gas Pipeline; Archaeological Management Plan

Scheuer, L. and Black, S. 2000 Developmental Juvenile Osteology, Academic Press Ltd. London.

Schwartz, J.H., 1995 Skeleton Keys. An introduction to human skeletal morphology, development and analysis, Oxford University Press, Oxford

Shipman, P., Foster, G., and Schoeninger, M. 1984 ‘Burnt bones and teeth, an experimental study of colour, morphology, crystal structure and shrinkage’, Journal of Archaeol. Science 11, 307-325

Terra Nova 2001A The soil and sediments of the Wormington – Tirley and Newbold Pacey – Honeybourne Transco pipeline

Terra Nova 2001B Summary of the Geoarchaeology of the Elm Farm site, Wormington to Tirley gas pipeline

Thomas, A. 1999 ‘Wellesley Road, Cheltenham’ TBGAS 117, 173

Thomas, N. 1959 ‘The Excavations at Conderton Camp, Bredon Hill 1958-59’ Proc. Cotteswold Naturalists’ Field Club 33, 100-6

Thomas, N. 1967 ‘A double beaker burial on Bredon Hill, Worcestershire’ Trans Birmingham Archaeol. Soc. 82, 58-76

Walker, G. Thomas, A., and Bateman, C. 2001 Bronze-Age and Romano-British Sites Excavated on the Route of the Tewkesbury Eastern Relief Road, Gloucestershire, 1996-7 CAT Typescript Report No. 001266

Watson, B 2002 ‘Recent Iron Age Finds from Oxenton Hill’ Glevensis 35, 37-9

Wills, J. 1986 ‘Research Strategies for the archaeology of the rural landscape: a review following recent excavations at Beckford 1975-9’, West Midlands Archaeol. 28, 67-71

56 Wills J. (ed) forthcoming Excavations at Beckford

Wills, J. and Reynolds, S. 1986 ‘Excavations at Aston Mill, Kemerton 1985’, West Midlands Archaeol 28, 4-6

WCAS 2002 Worcestershire Archaeology No. 5

WCAS 2003 worcestershire.gov.uk/home/index/cs-index/cs-archaeo-surv-foot-throckmorton

Young, C.J., 1977, Oxfordshire Roman pottery, BAR Brit. Sers 43, Oxford

57 APPENDIX 1: THE POTTERY BY JANE TIMBY

Introduction

Pottery from four sites (two each in Gloucestershire and Worcestershire) was submitted for spot dating and assessment. Each site is discussed briefly below.

In general terms, pottery dating from the Bronze Age through to modern times is present with examples of ?Early-Middle Bronze Age, Late Bronze Age, Early to Late Iron Age, Roman, Saxon, medieval and post-medieval sherds present.

For the purposes of assessment the pottery was sorted into wares on the basis of fabric characteristics and quantified by sherd count and weight for each recorded context.

The work was initially carried out without any site details or knowledge of the type of context being dealt with. This, combined with the long time period represented, means that dating can only be regarded as provisional at this stage.

No further research has been carried out in conjunction with this assessment to consider the wares in their local or regional context.

Wormington Compression Station (WCS00)

Excavation resulted in the recovery of 519 sherds of pottery weighing 56.6kg.

The bulk of the assemblage spans the Middle Iron Age period through to the early 2nd century AD. Four likely Bronze Age sherds hint at some earlier activity.

Pottery was recovered from 90 individual contexts, mainly from negative features such as ditches or pits. The average number of sherds per context was very low which has considerable ramifications with regard the accuracy of the dating. Only three contexts produced more than 20 sherds and one of these, ditch 2521 (2522/3) with 123 sherds effectively contained 24% of the total assemblage. 57% of the contexts contained only one or two sherds.

Four Bronze Age sherds were singled out, of which three appear to be redeposited with Iron Age material. The fourth sherd was the only piece from ditch 2437 (2438). The fabrics of these pieces comprised a fossil shell and grog-tempered ware, and grog-tempered ware. The former is fairly typical, although not exclusively so, of the later Bronze Age, the latter may be earlier. The sherd from ditch 2437 has the firing characteristics typical of Early Bronze Age.

Two fabrics are present which effectively span the Middle-Late Iron Age through to the early Roman period: Malvernian rock-tempered ware and Malvernian limestone tempered ware (Peacock 1968, groups A and B). Malvernian group A contains Mesozoic limestone or granitic rock typical of the Malvernian sequence to the north and Malvernian B, inclusions such as fossil shell and limestone typical of the Jurassic series and thus potentially locally made. Unfortunately the long exploitation of these clay sources and the general conservatism of vessel form in this region makes it difficult to date small groups.

By process of elimination there do not appear to be any carinated forms present or vessels decorated with finger- tipping which might be regarded as typical of the later Bronze Age-earlier Iron Age. Most of the Jurassic-source vessels appear to comprise simple slack-sided jars with simple undifferentiated rims. Some sherds show evidence of vertical smoothed leaving a slightly corrugated finish. However, there are hints of other types present for example, an expanded rim from posthole 2096 (2097) and one sherd from pit 2124 (2129) decorated with finger-nail impressions on the body, which may hint at some Early Iron Age activity.

Malvernian rock-tempered ware and limestone-tempered wares (Peacock 1968, groups A and B) are conventionally seen as Middle Iron Age introductions. Both wares continue to feature in assemblages up to the early 2nd century AD, and in the case of Group A, beyond. It is possible that contexts exclusively containing Jurassic and other non-Malvernian wares predate those where the Jurassic wares and Malvernian wares occur alongside each other. The relatively low numbers of the Malvernian sherds and the dominance of the limestone version might suggest that in this case much of this material dates from the late pre-Roman Iron Age or early Roman period (1st century AD). This would need to be explored further alongside the site data and plans.

Another reason for seeing these Malvernian wares as quite late is the low incidence of decorated pieces. Only one Malvernian vessel from ditch 2447 (2449) shows impressed crescent decoration.

58 Some sherds show evidence of use in the form of internal burning or external sooting. A join was observed between contexts (2422) and (2494) in pit 2421 and one vessel had an incompletely drilled wall perforation.

In total 114 sherds of Roman ware are present, mainly sherds of Severn Valley ware, from 18 contexts. Other traded wares represented include one tiny scrap of samian, at least one bowl and one jar of Dorset black burnished ware, a fine grey ware and one sherd of Savernake or Oxford grog-tempered ware. Curiously two sherds of British Roman glazed ware, one with rouletted decoration were present in ditches 2725 (2327) and 2521 (2522). Such wares are relatively rare. On balance these various types suggest occupation continuing into the early-mid 2nd century but not beyond.

No post-Roman material was recorded from this site.

In summary the pottery assemblage suggests possible nearby (or small-scale) activity in the Bronze Age. The main period of later prehistoric occupation appears to be in the Early to Middle Iron Age before the large-scale production of Malvernian wares. The site was then possibly abandoned (or shifted) with a subsequent phase of activity dating to the Late Iron Age or early Roman period, from late in the 1st century AD, through to the mid 2nd century.

College Farm (CFW00)

Excavation resulted in the recovery of 621 sherds of pottery, weighing 7.52 kg, largely dating to the Roman period.

Pottery was associated with 50 separate contexts of which at least five produced in excess of 30 sherds and 31 (62%) produced less than 10 sherds.

A small number of redeposited Iron Age sherds are present suggesting some pre-Roman activity in the immediate area.

Native Malvernian wares are also present but relatively low in numbers with 58 sherds of Malvernian Group A which could be contemporary with the Roman proper material, and just 17 sherds of Group B which probably belong with the Iron Age wares.

The Group B wares could suggest occupation starting in the 1st century AD but most of the wares support a date from the 2nd century.

The repertoire of types is extremely limited with Severn Valley wares accounting for most of the sherds. This is a long-lived industry and much of the material could date to the 2nd or 3rd century.

A small amount of traded ware is present with six sherds of Central Gaulish samian (plain wares), 21 sherds of worn Dressel 20 amphora, a few vessels of Dorset and South-West black burnished ware, one base of a Oxfordshire colour-coated bowl and one Oxfordshire colour-coated mortarium. The amphora, present in five different contexts, could all be from one vessel.

The latest material present suggests that the site was occupied in the late 3rd century but there are no very late Roman wares present.

There are no post-Roman wares present in the assemblage.

Bank Farm (BFD00)

Bank Farm produced one of the most chronologically diverse assemblages, ranging in date from the Late Bronze Age through to the medieval period.

In total 787 sherds weighing 9.16 kg was recovered from 139 contexts. The incidence of material per context was thus very low.

The condition of the material varied considerably with at least three almost complete vessels represented by 88 sherds to smaller abraded sherds. There appears to be quite a high incidence of redeposition in some contexts, perhaps not surprising in view of the long time sequence of activity on the site.

Five sherds from pit 1225 (1226) represent the earliest pottery present, one of which has incised vertical dashed line decoration. Parallels need to be sought for this material which is provisionally dated to the Early or Middle Bronze Age.

59 More intensive use of the site is evident from the Late Bronze Age (LBA). In total some 254 sherds were assigned to this period with 87 sherds to the Early Iron Age although effectively the two totals should perhaps be seen as a single episode of use.

The LBA includes two almost complete vessels from (1080) one of which is fossiliferous limestone-tempered, the other coarse fossil shell-tempered. One vessel has a situlate form with finger-tipping on the shoulder carination and on the rim edge, the other vessel is a more globular in shape. Both are quite thin-walled. Other LBA fabrics include grog-tempered and grog and shell-tempered ware.

A rim from pit 1635 (1636) also shows signs of finger-tipping and sherds from pit 1063 (1064) and pit 1067 (1068) have finger depressions around the vessel girth and shoulder respectively. A vessel from pit 1154 (1156) has a finger-tipped rim and finger depressions on the body.

In total some 27 contexts produced what appears to be exclusively LBA material. A number of slack-sided jars with undifferentiated rims could be more typical of the Early-Middle Iron Age. Further detailed work is needed to characterise these wares against the site data.

The site appears to be used in the Middle to Late Iron Age. Malvernian wares are well represented with 116 Group A sherds and 163 Group B sherds. The presence of some native grog-tempered ware jars and proto- Severn Valley wares indicates activity into the 1st century AD.

Several sherds from an almost complete decorated Malvernian Group A vessel was recovered from gully 1578 (1579). Several other decorated vessels in this ware are present in the assemblage.

A few of the Iron Age wares show evidence of use in the form of burnt residue, sooting or calcareous lining.

A small amount of Roman pottery is present, 87 sherds in total, mainly Severn Valley ware. Single sherds of samian, Mancetter Hartshill mortarium, Oxfordshire colour-coat and Dorset black burnished ware represent traded wares. These suggest non-intensive occupation in the 2nd and later 3rd centuries.

At least 21 sherds, all unfeatured bodysherds, have been assigned to the Saxon period. These come from eight contexts (subsoil 1002, ditch 1004 (1005), ditch 1055 (1056), pit 1086 (1087), ditch 1366 (1367), ditch 1395 (1396), ditch 1550 (1552) and furrow 1753 (1754)), of which four contain a mixture of earlier material. The sherds are mainly heavily organic tempered although not of identical clays. It is possible that one or two sandy wares should be included with this group of material, but they could equally be Iron Age. Unfortunately organic- tempered wares have a relatively long life-span and this material could effectively date anywhere between the 6th-9th centuries AD The fabric of some of the sherds matches with other material examined from sites to the south for which a source in the Warwickshire area has been postulated. At least one sherd appears to have a Malvernian source, one a potentially fairly Jurassic ridge source and one a Severn Valley source.

The site also shows slight evidence of use in the medieval period with 48 sherds of this date. Most of the sherds are from plain handmade cooking pot or jars with slightly concave rims. Ditch 1761 (1762) contained 11 sherds from a white-slipped, green glazed highly decorated jug, probably from Hereford.

Three post-medieval sherds were noted probably from casual discard.

Elm Farm (EFB00)

The work at Elm Farm produced 1314 sherds, weighing 131kg.

The assemblage includes sherds of Iron Age, Roman, medieval and post-medieval date recovered from 101 contexts.

The bulk of the material appears to date to the 1st –2nd century AD. Iron Age (excluding the Malvernian group) accounts for 11% of the assemblage but, with the exception of five contexts, all these occur alongside Malvernian or Roman wares. Later prehistoric activity thus appears to be later than at WCS00 and was probably not occupied until the Mid (or even later) Iron Age.

Compared to WCS00, Malvernian wares are better represented with 176 sherds (13%) of Group A (rock- tempered) wares and 269 (20.5%) Group B (limestone) wares. Several decorated sherds are present as well as at least one large storage jar with a hammerhead rim from ditch 4172 (4058).

A small number of contexts contain handmade native wares (Malvernian) and grog-tempered wares alongside early Severn Valley wares. These latter vessels are often black, sometimes oxidised, and include handmade and wheelmade wares. They appear to represent the early elements of the Severn Valley ware industry and start to occur sometime around the mid 1st century AD.

60 Severn Valley wares proper appear in abundance from the early 2nd century and vessels here include various wide-mouthed jars, tankards, a colander, a flask and bowls.

Traded wares present include Dorset (DOR BB1) and South-West (SOW BB1) black burnished ware, a small amount of samian, Oxfordshire colour-coated ware and white ware mortaria.

Occupation at the site appears to have continued into at least the late 3rd century as evidenced by the presence of an Oxfordshire colour-coated bowl from ditch 4183 (4184), BB1 jars with oblique lattice decoration, a SOW BB1 conical flanged bowl and grey micaceous wares. The relative scarcity of later colour-coats and other later products might suggest abandonment by the 4th century.

One sherd from ditch 4111 (4112) has been fashioned into a rough counter.

In conclusion the assemblage has quite a rural character with a small amount of traded material. Occupation at the site appears to have started in the later Middle or Late Iron Age continuing through to the later 3rd century AD

A small amount of post-Roman material is present comprising four medieval wares and six sherds of post- medieval and modern currency.

Statement of potential and requirements for further analysis and publication

The pottery assemblages from all four sites is of considerable interest, particularly for the later prehistoric components. Knowledge of activity of this date is scant in this area, particularly in the Late Bronze Age and publication of the assemblage will fill a considerable void. The apparent continuity of use of the sites is of significance and it is anticipated that study of the assemblage against the site data will allow refinement to the broad outline presented here.

The Saxon sherds are also of importance as the occurrence of such material is rare. The sherds can be compared with material excavated to the south at Bishops Cleeve and more recently to the west at Ryall Quarry.

Although no research has been carried out it is suspected that published comparanda for this material will be difficult to find for the prehistoric period, certainly from sites excavated in recent decades.

The complete vessels require immediate conservation and correct packaging to ensure no further breakage.

It is recommended that all the decorated wares and the key group material is drawn. This will involve formal illustration of 66 sherds (BFD00 30; CFW00 10; WCS00 16; EFB00 10).

Summary of Further work:

1) Complete archive databases with site information/phasing etc. (4 days); 2) Draw and catalogue sherds (7 days); 3) Show Saxon and medieval sherds to Dr Alan Vince to confirm dating and fabric identification and information on unpublished comparanda (1 day); 4) Library search for published contemporary assemblages (2 days); 5) Prepare publication report (4 days)

Total : 17 days (Jane Timby) 1 day (Alan Vince)

61 APPENDIX 2: CERAMIC BUILDING MATERIAL BY ED MCSLOY

College Farm (CFW00)

Four fragments of ceramic building material (93g) were recovered. All derive from context 3049. This small group includes a fragment with two edges at right angles, almost certainly a fragment of late medieval or post-medieval flat roof tile. The remaining fragments are of a similar sandy orange fabric and are presumed to be of a similar date.

Bank Farm (BFD00)

Fourteen fragments of ceramic building material weighing a total of 656g were recovered. Identifiable types include two fragments of imbrex 1495 and a single fragment of ?Roman brick 1064. Fragments of curved tile and some flat ?peg tile from context 1082 were recovered together with post-medieval pottery and are likely to be a similar date.

Statement of potential and requirements for further analysis and publication

The potential of the ceramic building material is low and there is no requirement for further analysis. A short note is all that is required for publication. Such a report can adequately be adapted from extant records and information presented in this document.

Total: 1 hour (Ed McSloy)

62 APPENDIX 3: VESSEL GLASS BY ED MCSLOY

Vessel glass was recovered from only one site.

Bank Farm (BFD00)

A single fragment of green-coloured glass was recovered from context 1680. It derives from the base of a post- medieval wine bottle (17th or 18th century) and may be intrusive in its context.

Statement of potential and requirements for further analysis and publication

There is no potential for further analysis regarding the vessel glass. Whilst useful as dating evidence, it does not require publication.

63 APPENDIX 4: BRIQUETAGE BY ELAINE L. MORRIS

Sherds of Droitwich briquetage containers, thick-walled, vase-shaped ceramic vessels, used to dry and transport salt from the brine springs at Droitwich, Worcestershire throughout the Iron Age, were recovered from 2 sites.

Wormington Compression Station (WCS00)

A total of 12 fragments (164g), all body sherds, of Droitwich briquetage vessels was identified. The range of fabrics includes all three main types defined for this class of material: organic-tempered, marly and sandy fabrics.

Of particular interest are sherds of organic-tempered briquetage from context 2129 which seemingly occurs with Early Iron Age dated pottery. Organic-tempered Droitwich briquetage is usually considered to post-date marly and sandy fabric types and has only been noted with Early Iron Age pottery in one other instance (Gravelly Guy, Oxon).

Elm Farm (EFB00)

A total of 11 fragments (129g), all body sherds, of Droitwich briquetage vessels was identified. The range of fabrics identified includes all three main types defined for this class of material. Briquetage identified from site EFB00 deriving from Romano-British contexts is considered to be residual.

Statement of potential and requirements for further analysis and publication

The Droitwich briquetage provides evidence for the integration of Severn-Avon-Cotswold communities during the second half of the 1st millennium BC, and is therefore of significance. With no rim or featured sherds present, no illustration is necessary, but a report concerning this material is required for publication. Such a report can adequately be adapted from extant records and information presented in this document.

Total: 1 hour (Ed McSloy)

64 APPENDIX 5: FIRED/BURNT CLAY BY ED MCSLOY

Fragments of fired or burnt clay were recovered from all four sites.

Wormington Compression Station (WCS00)

Thirty-six fragments of burnt/fired clay were recovered weighing a total of 193g. All fragments consist of largely amorphous lumps or pieces with a single smoothed face. Miscellaneous burnt/fired clay fragments occur predominantly from contexts dated to the Iron Age or 1st century AD. Most fragments are of inclusionless clay.

College Farm (CFW00)

Twenty-nine fragments of burnt or fired clay weighing, in total, 192g were recovered. In all instances this material was recovered from contexts producing quantities of Romano-British pottery. The bulk of this material consists to small amorphous fragments. A minority of pieces preserve smoothed surfaces however in no instance is it possible to properly ascertain original function. Most fragments appear to be of a similar fabric of inclusionless clay. A single fragment, from context 3023 is of a fabric with common quartz inclusions.

Elm Farm (EFB00)

Seventy-five fragments of fired or burnt clay weighing a total of 469g were recovered. The bulk of this material is made up of amorphous lumps or fragments with one smoothed surface. In addition to this material the assemblage includes a bi-conical slingshot (Sf. 4010 from ditch fill 4137) and a fragment from a probable loomweight of triangular or possibly pyramidal form (from furrow fill 4132). Both items are representative of artefact classes datable to the Iron Age to earlier Romano-British periods and both were recovered in association with Roman period pottery.

Miscellaneous burnt/fired clay fragments derive almost exclusively from contexts dated to the 1st century AD or Roman period. Most miscellaneous fragments are of ‘un-tempered’ clay seemingly only with occasional and probably naturally occurring inclusions, iron oxide and calcareous material. The weight fragment is of a much harder-fired fabric which is also exceptional in being tempered with quartz and grog or clay pellet.

Bank Farm (BFD00)

Fired or burnt clay amounting to 128 fragments, weighing 1401g was recovered from site BFD. The bulk of this material consists of fairly small amorphous fragments of uncertain function although the assemblage also includes a complete fired clay sling missile and fragments from a weight of triangular or pyramidal form. A single fragment (from context 1015) preserves the impression of a rounded ‘wattle’ and is identified as a piece of structural daub. Additionally a number of the miscellaneous fragments occur with smoothed surfaces. All the burnt/fired clay from site BFD00 is of a very similar, largely inclusionless fabric.

Weight Sf.1023 consists of 5 joining fragments, the largest of which features part of a suspension hole. Weights of triangular or pyramidal form traditionally believed to be for use with vertical looms are well known from British Iron Age and early Romano-British sites.

Sling missile Sf. 1025 belongs to a class of object known primarily from Iron Age and early Roman period sites across southern Britain. This is similar to the fired clay slingshot from EFB00.

Statement of potential and requirements for further analysis and publication

The objects of fired clay are of significance and will require a full publication report, including a full catalogue description. The slingshots Sf. 4010 from EFB00 and Sf.1023 from BFD00, and weight Sf. 1025 from BFD00 require illustration. The remaining fired/burnt clay is of little interpretative value and requires no further analysis.

Total: 0.5 day (Ed McSloy) 0.5 day (Senior Illustrator)

65 APPENDIX 6: METAL AND WORKED BONE ARTEFACTS BY ED MCSLOY

All metal artefacts have been assessed by a specialist conservator and stabilised. Where appropriate metal objects have been x-rayed to facilitate identification and constructional/compositional details. Recommendations forwarded by the metalwork conservator have been incorporated in the appropriate sections.

Wormington Compression Station (WCS00)

Copper Alloy A single item of copper alloy was recovered. This object, from context 2281, consists of a spindle-shaped ‘head’ of copper alloy and incomplete round-sectioned ‘shank’. Similar items, sometimes referred to as ‘bell-shaped studs’ (Allason-Jones 1984, 238-242), are known from a range of Romano-British and continental sites. Use as a decorative mount for furniture or vehicles has been suggested (Allason-Jones 1984, 238). An object of similar form from Colchester, which survives with its iron shank intact, is identified as a lock-pin or handle (Crummy 1983, No. 4143). This particular item was found in a probable 3rd century context.

Iron Fourteen artefacts of iron were recovered from site WCS00. This material includes two domed-headed hobnails and nine nails or nail-shank fragments of which two (from contexts 2369 and 2281) are classifiable as ‘Manning 1b’ types. The remaining iron items comprise two miscellaneous bar fragments and a strip fragment.

Lead alloy A single artefact of lead, a cast lead shot from context 2458 was recovered. The small size of this item (14mm diam.) suggests its use with a carbine or pistol.

College Farm (CFW00)

Copper Alloy Two items of copper alloy were recovered. Sf. 3008 consists of a small section of square-sectioned bar, approximately 2mm thick. Sf. 3009 consists of the pin and single coil from the spring deriving from a brooch of unknown type, but almost certainly of Roman date.

Iron Eight iron items comprising a single sheet fragment Sf. 3006 and seven nails (including registered finds Sf.3001, Sf.3003, Sf.3005), were recovered. With the exception of nail Sf. 3005 which comes from an undated context, all iron finds derive from contexts datable to the Roman period by associated ceramics. Only one nail, Sf.3005 is complete, though distorted. All nails have square-sectioned shanks, with surviving lengths between 30mm and 110mm. Three nails retain flattened heads and all probably belong to Manning’s class 1a (Manning 1986, 134- 135). Sf. 3006 consists of a roughly triangular fragment of sheet iron of unknown function.

Lead alloy A single item of lead, was recovered from undated context 3089. This object consists of a tightly rolled lead sheet and is of uncertain function. Possible use as a household weight or net sinker might be envisaged.

Bank Farm (BFD00)

Copper Alloy Two items of copper alloy are recorded. Sf. 1019 consists of two (joining) lengths of square-sectioned bar of unknown function and is undatable by form.

Sf. 1012 is a pin-like object with a perforated, spatulate head. Objects of this form, most often referred to as ‘picks’ or ‘prickers’, are widely known from Anglo-Saxon grave contexts. Similar items, were among grave finds from the 6th to 7th century cemetery at Butler’s Field, Lechlade (Boyle et al 1998).

Use as toilet implements is commonly ascribed and such items commonly occur in sets together with scoop-like implements linked with a ring of thin wire (MacGregor and Bolick 1993, 218). Alternative use as dress pins is suggested in some instances where such objects occur singly in graves at the shoulder region.

Iron Six items of iron are recorded from site BFD00. Four nails are present, deriving from contexts dated to the Roman (2), medieval and post-medieval periods by associated ceramics. All nails are square-sectioned but insufficiently complete for classification.

66 Two iron objects are recorded from pit fill context 1410. Quantities of Roman pottery were recovered from this feature, although a medieval date seems likely on the basis of iron bar mount Sf. 1018. Fragmentary object Sf. 1017 consists of a short section of strip, bent to a semi-cylindrical form. Bar-mount Sf. 1018 comprises a triangular-sectioned rod, 170mm long, with oval terminals, delineated by raised chevron shaped collar at the junction between shaft and terminal. The x-ray of this item reveals the presence of white metal plating to each terminal and two square rivet holes though the shaft section as means of attachment. The form of this object and the decorative plating suggests its use as a mount or a casket or chest (Brenan 1998, 65-78). White metal plating (primarily tin) was commonly used with medieval mounts as a decorative device and also to guard against corrosion (Goodall 1980, 115).

Worked Bone Two items of worked bone were recovered, both of which come from deposit 1025. Neither item can be dated by form and pottery from this context is of mixed (Saxon to medieval) date. Sf. 1003 consists of a strip of bone, highly polished on its outer face and perforated twice, presumably for rivets. This object probably represents one half of the handle from a scale-tang knife. Alternative use as the stiffener from a bone comb might also be considered. Sf. 1002 consists of the incomplete shaft and point of a bone pin like object.

Elm Farm (EFB00)

Copper Alloy A single artefact of copper alloy was recovered. Sf. 4002 consists of the lower part of the (flat) bow and catch- plate of a brooch possibly of Hod Hill type. Insufficient of the brooch bow survives to be sure of classification although a mid-late 1st century AD dating is probable and this is supported by the associated ceramics.

Iron Iron finds comprise five nails or nail shank fragments and one riveted strip fragment. Nails (2) from context (4274) are complete and probably represent Roman types of Manning’s class 1b (Manning 1986). The remaining nails and strip fragment are not classifiable although association with pottery suggests that these are also of Roman date.

Worked Bone A single artefact of worked bone is recorded. This item, Sf. 4012 consists of a hollowed animal longbone perforated to the internal cavity at the distal end and ground flat at the proximal end. It is unclear whether constrictions at the central area of this object have occurred through use or were also worked. Close parallels for this item are not forthcoming, although it bears some resemblance to perforated long-bones of unknown use known from Iron Age contexts at Danebury, Hants (Cunliffe 1991, 362-366). Use as a tool handle might also be envisaged with the perforation used for suspension when not in use. One-piece tool handles where the metal tang was driven into the marrow cavity of the bone are well known finds from Romano British sites (Crummy 1983, 107).

Statement of potential and requirements for further analysis and publication

Metal artefacts are of mixed date and restricted in quantity and variety, although several items of interest are present. With the exception of the nails, all of the metal objects require a full catalogue description and publication report.

One item, ‘bar-mount’ Sf. 1018 from BFD00, will require X-ray fluorescence analysis to identify the white metal plating, and selective removal of accretions to clarify morphology. This work will be undertaken by a conservation specialist. Six items are considered to be of intrinsic interest and require illustration: Cu alloy stud from WCS00; Cu alloy brooch Sf. 4002 from EFB00; Cu alloy ‘pick’, and iron bar mount from 1018 site BFD00 and Pb alloy weight from CFW00.

The items of worked bone are few in number but of interest nonetheless. These also require a full catalogue description and publication report. The ?handle Sf. 4012 from EFB00, and the ?scale-tang handle Sf. 1003 and pin shaft Sf. 1002 from BFD00 also require illustration.

Total: 0.5 day (Conservation Specialist) 2 days (Ed McSloy) 2 days (Senior Illustrator)

67 APPENDIX 7: THE STONE ARTEFACTS BY FIONA ROE

No stone objects were retrieved from CFW00.

Wormington Compression Station (WCS00)

A fragment of polished stone axe (Sf. 2004) was unstratified, but is likely to be Neolithic. Examination with a hand lens showed a medium-grained igneous rock that resembles the Group VII augite granophyre from north Wales.

Fragments of local Jurassic limestone building stone of likely Roman date were recovered from one context 2369. A quantity of burnt stone was also recovered.

Bank Farm (BFD00)

A small, burnt fragment from Late Bronze Age context 1340 is May Hill sandstone, a known quern material. The fragment has slight traces of use remaining, and is likely to come from a saddle quern or rubber. The apparent Late Bronze Age use of May Hill sandstone is of interest, since although it has been recorded from a few Neolithic sites, and from numerous Iron Age sites, few Bronze Age occurrences are known to date. A complete bun-shaped spindlewhorl (context 1049, SF 8) is made from lias, and came from a context without pottery. Spindlewhorls are notoriously difficult to date according to type. The location and general characteristics of the feature from which this object was recovered, suggest that a Late Bronze Age/Iron Age date is most likely.

A single slab-like fragment of lias was recovered from Saxon-dated context 1005. Slabs of lias were often used for paving in the Roman period and this fragment may be a residual Roman piece.

Elm Farm (EFB00)

There are two stone objects from Roman contexts. A burnt and weathered fragment (4058) is quernstone, in this case the Lower Old Red Sandstone with a source around Withington, Herefordshire. This seeming Roman use of Lower Old Red Sandstone from Herefordshire is unexpected although not unknown in Worcestershire. Upper Old Red Sandstone from the Wye Valley/Forest of Dean was the typical Roman quern and millstone material in use in Gloucestershire. Quartzitic sandstone from the local gravels or boulder clay was used for a smoother or polisher (4227, SF 4011), and this piece may be residual from Iron Age activity on the site.

Quantities of burnt stone and probable building stone were also recovered.

Statement of potential and requirements for further analysis and publication

This assemblage fits well with previously recorded sites in the area, and includes several points of interest. A publication report is required based on the assessment results, but no further analysis is needed. The stone axe fragment would usually require thin-sectioning and a full report, but this is not necessary for an unstratified find. The spindlewhorl from BFD00 (1049) requires illustrating as a complete and intrinsically interesting piece. The remaining, more interesting stone finds are too fragmentary and lacking in diagnostic features to be considered worth illustrating.

Total: 1 day (Fiona Roe) 2 hours (Senior Illustrator)

68 APPENDIX 8: THE WORKED FLINT BY ED MCSLOY

Wormington Compression Station (WCS00)

Thirty-two pieces of worked flint were recovered. Condition of the flint is mixed although few pieces exhibit any significant damage. A minority of pieces are patinated to a mottled pale grey. Quality of raw material is mixed: blades Sf.2002, Sf.2005, Sf.2006 and Sf.2013 and a number of flakes are of (naturally) pale grey flint or fine grained chert of sometimes poor quality. The remaining black or brown flint is of rather better quality. Where cortex is present, for example cores Sf.2001 and Sf.2003 exploitation of raw material from primary (chalk) and secondary (gravels or clay with flints) sources is suggested. Absence of cortical flakes suggests that (as might be expected) primary reduction took place elsewhere.

Few pieces in this small assemblage are diagnostic. Obliquely-blunted blade Sf.2006 is the only piece of certain Mesolithic date. Four other blades may be Mesolithic or earlier Neolithic in date. Multi-platform and ‘pebble’ cores are (three in total) are probably later Neolithic or Bronze Age in date. The remaining material, comprising flakes and re-touched flakes are undiagnostic but probably of mixed date.

College Farm (CFW00)

A single worked flint artefact (Sf.3002), a broken blade or ?flake, is recorded. If identification as a blade is correct a Mesolithic or earlier Neolithic date is likely. In any case this item is residual, deriving as it does from a context producing a substantial number of Romano-British pottery sherds. Raw material is good quality, unpatinated grey flint which clearly comes from outside the locality. Condition is poor with damage to both longer edges.

Bank Farm (BFD00)

Eighteen pieces of worked flint were recovered. Additionally a single fragment of burnt flint is recorded. All worked flint pieces are heavily patinated, in most cases to a uniform pale grey. Condition is generally good with little edge damage apparent. Thick, unabraded cortex on flakes from contexts 1508, 1200 and 1226 suggests that some flint at least derived from primary, chalk sources.

Two blades and a single (broken) bladelet are probably Mesolithic in date. A single piece, a thumbnail type scraper from context 1200 is tentatively dated to the Late Neolithic or Early Bronze Age. The remaining material consists of undiagnostic flakes.

With the possible exception of the group from context 1226 (see below) all of the worked flint is likely residual in Iron Age and later features. A group of eight flakes from context 1226 may represent a small in situ group of material. This is suggested by the fresh condition of the recovered flakes and also the presence of very small flakes (chips). A Late Bronze Age date for this material is suggested by a small quantity of pottery from this context. The absence of tools and rather uncontrolled appearance of the flake debitage in this context is consistent with a later prehistoric date.

Elm Farm (EFB00)

Five pieces of worked flint were recovered. Condition is generally poor: three pieces are broken, including scraper Sf. 4001 and all pieces exhibit damage to edges to greater or lesser extent. All pieces are demonstrably residual, deriving from contexts of Late Iron Age or later date.

A single piece, Sf. 4005, a core rejuvenation flake with blade-like removal scars is probably datable to the Mesolithic or Early Neolithic. Perhaps significantly, Sf. 4005 is the sole patinated piece to be recovered. The remaining flakes and scraper are undiagnostic although are perhaps more likely to date to the Late Neolithic or Bronze Age. In all instances raw material is good quality brown flint, probably deriving from a primary (chalk) source.

Statement of potential and requirements for further analysis and publication

The small worked flint assemblage would appear to be of mixed date and, with notable exceptions, for the most part demonstrably residual. For such reasons further analytical work is not required, although a report, for the most part compiled from the information presented in this document, is required. Additionally, two pieces of intrinsic interest and representative of the date range of the assemblage, require a full catalogue description and illustration: the obliquely blunted blade Sf. 2006 from WCS00; and the thumbnail scraper (1200) from BFD00.

Total: 1 day (Ed McSloy) 2 hours (Senior Illustrator)

69 APPENDIX 9: METALLURGICAL RESIDUES BY ED MCSLOY

Wormington Compression Station (WCS00)

A small quantity of miscellaneous ironworking slag (166g) was recovered. This material is suggestive of metallurgical activity nearby although this material is not diagnostic of a particular process.

Bank Farm (BFD00)

Industrial residues amounting to 672g are recorded from ten contexts. Two distinct forms of residue can be distinguished: vitrified hearth or furnace lining (310g); and miscellaneous ironworking slag (362g). Neither substance is strictly attributable to a particular industrial process although the presence of this material clearly indicates metallurgical activity in the area. The bulk of this material apparently derives from features where Roman or post-Roman date is indicated by associated ceramics.

Elm Farm (EFB00)

Industrial residues amounting to 879g were recovered from twenty-two contexts. The bulk of this material comes from contexts dated to the (earlier) Roman period by associated ceramics. Three classes of material have been identified: vitrified hearth/furnace lining (437g), miscellaneous ironworking slag (211g) and dense ironworking slag (131g). This latter, distinguishable from miscellaneous ironworking slag by lower vesicularity, is in some respects similar in appearance to smelting slags but lacks the distinctive smooth or rippled surfaces of free flowing tapslags. Although all the retrieved residues are consistent with ironworking, none is diagnostic of a particular process.

Statement of potential and requirements for further analysis and publication

Metallurgical residues are relatively small in quantity and for the most part, undiagnostic of process. No further analysis is therefore required, but a publication report is required to include summary description of types and brief discussion by phase.

Total: 1 day (Ed McSloy)

70 APPENDIX 10: THE ANIMAL BONE BY LORRAIN HIGBEE

The assemblages are generally well preserved and only the effects of canid gnaw have reduced the number of specimens suitable of more detailed analysis. Canid gnawing is typically at the ends of long bones and as such has destroyed information on epiphyseal fusion as well as limiting the number of measurable bones. No attempt has been made to quantify the number of specimens affected by canid gnawing for this assessment but general impressions suggest that a significant proportion is affected and gnawing was noted on both cattle-sized and sheep-sized bone fragments.

The entire assemblage was assessed and the following information recorded species, anatomical element, age- related features and completeness for biometric analysis as well as more general observations on butchery, working and pathology. This information was entered into a database for dissemination and is available in the site archive. For a full description of the methods considered in the assessment of this assemblage see Davis (1992)

Approximately 62% of bone fragments could be identified to species and a further 38% could be assigned to general size categories (i.e. “cattle-sized”). The diagnostic portion of the assemblage includes the following mammalian, avian and amphibian species: cattle, sheep/goat, pig, horse, dog, red deer, roe deer, hare, chicken, corvid sp. and frog/toad. In common with many animal bone assemblages from British archaeological sites a high percentage of bone fragments belong to the three common domestic stock species: cattle, sheep/goat and pig. Relatively large assemblages of animal; bone were recovered from the Bank Farm and Elm Farm sites.

Wormington Compressor Station (WCS00)

703 bone fragments were recovered, weighing a total of 12.15kg, from contexts dated to the Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age, Middle/Late Iron Age and Romano-British periods. Overall c. 57% of the total number of fragments could be identified to species and the majority of animal bone comes from Iron Age contexts. Cattle and sheep/goat bones are common and horse bones are more common than pig bones. Other species identified include dog, red deer, hare, domestic fowl and a small corvid species, most probably common crow.

One pathological horse specimen was noted, the ankylosed section of vertebral column is a typical condition in horses used for traction and as beasts of burden. Both adult immature horses were noted in the scan of the Iron Age assemblage this may reflect the local rearing of horses. Most of the horses represented at Iron Age sites are usually adults and this has led to the suggestion that horses were not bred but captured from wild populations and trained (Hamilton 2000). Butchery marks were noted on a few horse bones indicating a further use for this animal. Also of note is the complete skeleton of a young lamb from Romano-British context 2523 and the groove and splinter working noted on cattle horn cores.

In addition to the above mammalian and avian species two human leg bones, a femur and tibia were identified from undated context 2525.

College Farm (CFW00)

692 bone fragments were recovered, weighing a total of 12.09kg. Occupation at College Farm spans the Late Iron Age and Romano-British periods, with most faunal material recovered from the later period. Approximately 60% of the total number of fragments recovered could be identified to species however the range represented is limited. Common domestic species dominate the assemblage and of these three species cattle bones are more frequent than the other species. In addition small numbers of horse bones and a single water vole, Arvicola terrestris maxilla have also been identified.

Of note are fragments from the skull of a young calf indicating the availability of veal and the complete skeleton of a young lamb, from 3039 and 3118 respectively both contexts dated to the 2nd century AD.

Bank Farm (BFD00)

1993 fragments of animal bone were recovered, weighing a total of 27.43kg. Occupation and activity at Bank Farm spans a broad time-scale from the Early/Middle Bronze Age (phase 1) through to the post-medieval period (phase 7). Breakdown of the number of identified specimens by phase indicates the majority of animal bone is from Iron Age and Romano-British contexts. Approximately 62% of the total assemblage by fragment count could be identified to species. Cattle and sheep/goat bones are common; other species identified include pig, horse, dog, two species of deer (Cervus elaphus and Capreolus capreolus), domestic fowl and frog/toad. In addition a human infant burial was recovered from undated context 1332.

Of note from the assemblage are two pathological horse bones which exhibit signs of joint disease usually associated with traction. Also of note is the ‘groove and splinter’ type of working recorded on cattle metatarsals and horn cores from undated contexts 1064 and 1551, this type of working is frequently recorded on Saxon

71 material. Cattle horn cores from some Romano-British contexts are complete and should elucidate on the type of cattle breeds present in the region during this period.

Elm Farm (EFB00)

The Elm Farm assemblage comes from contexts assigned to the Middle/Late Iron Age, Romano-British and Medieval periods. Approximately 63% of the total number of fragments recovered could be identified to species and the majority of this material dates to the Romano-British period. Domestic species dominate the assemblage these include cattle, sheep/goat, pig, horse and dog. Calves and young lambs as well as adult animals are represented and butchery marks were noted on some horse bones from the Romano-British assemblage. Cattle horn cores appear to have been removed from the skull for further working. Red deer is the only wild species identified its antlers appear to have been valued for the manufacture of objects, one antler fragment from Romano-British context 4323 was recorded as finely worked, possibly part of a handle. In addition to the above species one human arm bone, the shaft of a humerus, was recovered from context 4050.

Statement of potential and requirements for further analysis and publication

The animal bone assemblages from BFD00 and EFB00 are relatively large and informative and as such require further analysis. The quantity of detailed information available from these two assemblages is given in the table below. Further analysis of these two assemblages will provide information on animal husbandry by allowing the age profiles of the common domestic species to be reconstructed, and the size/shape conformation of species to be considered. Such information will facilitate comparison between phases at the intra-site level and between sites of a similar date on a regional level.

Site WCS00 CFW00 BFD00 EFB00 Species A M A M A M A M Cattle 21 8 35 15 63 21 62 27 Sheep/Goat 17 4 24 6 49 4 59 13 Pig 1 1 2 1 8 5 11 8 Horse 9 12 5 6 21 20 13 17 Dog 4 1 1 1 Other 3 2 3 2 Total 51 27 66 28 148 53 146 66 Totals of detailed or zooarchaeologically significant animal bone fragments by site. A = ageable specimen and M = measureable specimen.

The WCS00 assemblage also requires further work, concentrating on the size and husbandry of Iron Age horses. Material from currently unphased contexts should be included only if further analysis of stratigraphic relationships or associated artefacts allows these contexts to be assigned to a phase. A summary of basic information such as species ratios should also be provided from all four sites.

Total: 13 days (Lorrain Higbee)

72 APPENDIX 11: THE HUMAN REMAINS BY BRIAN DEAN

Human skeletal material submitted for assessment comprises seven inhumations and seven cremations. Any statements made concerning age, sex and pathological manifestations are purely provisional and are made in accordance with accepted anthropological standards as outlined by Buikstra and Ubelaker (1994).

Wormington Compressor Station (WCS00)

Several sets of remains were recovered during the excavation of the enclosure and associated features identified at this site.

Burial 2525 Very little is preserved of these remains. Only elements of the lower limb are extant. A fragment of the right femoral diaphysis, a fragment of the left tibial diaphysis and a piece of the tibial medial condyle are all that are present. All that can be observed is that the single individual is an adult. Very little, if anything, can be ascertained from any further analysis. The bone fragments may provide limited information as to the stature of the individual. Beyond this it is of minimal value to investigate further.

Burial 2428 Individual 2428 is the best preserved of all inhumations recovered from all four sites. The skull is approximately 80%-90% represented including fragments of the sphenoid. Both temporal bones are present and the mastoid processes may be suggestive of a female (Buikstra and Ubelaker 1994; Schwartz 1995) in their aspect. All permanent teeth are present with the exception of the lateral upper incisor, the upper first premolar, the lower right canine and the lower second molar. The third molars are all fully erupted and have attained occlusion. This, combined with the minimal wear on the third molars, suggests that the individual was over the age of 21 years old. The degree of closure of the cranial sutures suggests an age of below thirty (Buikstra and Ubelaker 1994). The anterior teeth were extensively worn. The right clavicle is present in a well preserved state. Two fragments of the left clavicle can be identified. The scapulae are also preserved though the majority of the bodies are missing. The manubrium and fragments of the sternum can be identified. The left and right ribs are found to be in a very fragmented state with only six heads present for the right side and seven for the left. None showed any evidence of pathologies. A number of vertebrae are present including six cervical, twelve thoracic and five lumbar. In addition there is a single fragment of sacrum. The right humerus is present but is found to be in four fragments. The right ulna is preserved in two fragments. There is evidence of trauma towards the distal end of the bone with remodelling having occurred showing that the fracture has healed. There is no evidence of trauma in any of the other bones in the right upper limb. The right radius is also present but is again in fragments. There is some evidence of osteophytosis at the distal articular area of this bone. The right hand is well preserved. The carpals present are the scaphoid, hamate, capitate, lunate, trapezium and triquetral. All the metacarpals are present as are all phalanges. The left humerus is evidenced through the preservation of the diaphysis, the head (in two fragments) and the distal end. The latter is fragmented. The ulna is intact and the radius is only missing the distal articular surface. The left hand is in worse condition than the right. Of the carpal bones only the triquetral remains. All metacarpals are present as are all proximal phalanges, and intermediate phalanges. Only two distal phalanges are preserved. All elements of the pelvis are clear though the state of preservation is not particularly good. The ilium ischium and pubis can all be identified however. The sciatic notch is relatively wide and as such is suggestive of a female. This is consistent with the evidence from the mastoid processes of the skull. Evidence from the right femur, present in three fragments, suggests some joint disorder. The head of the femur, at the area of the fovea capitis, has some osteophytes present. The right tibia is present but has damage to both the head and distal end. Almost all of the right fibula is present (90%) but is in a badly fragmented state. The right patella is intact and bears no evidence of joint disease. The left femur is extant but is, again, fragmented. The main body of the diaphysis and the head are both present but are separated. Four pieces of the left tibia can be identified as representing the entire bone with the left fibula being present but badly damaged post-mortem. The left patella is complete. All the carpal bones of the feet are present though in both cases the calcaneous is only evidenced by a small fragment. All metatarsals are present in both feet as are all proximal phalanges. A single intermediate phalanx is found for the left foot and none for the right. Similarly only a single distal phalanx is identified and belongs to the left side.

The elements preserved here suggest a single individual as there are no repeated elements. The consistent condition and morphology of the elements further support this conclusion.

There is much scope for further analysis concerning burial 2428. Despite the fragmentary condition of some key diagnostic elements, information as to sex and age can be accumulated. The pathological markers are of interest and further analysis may discover further evidence that can be assessed.

Cremations

73 In addition to the inhumations described above, two cremations were recovered. One cremation was excavated in quarters (2546, 2547, 2548 2549), but bone fragments exceeding 10mm in size were only recovered from the other cremation, 2302. Neither revealed any information as to the elements represented. The fragments are too small and no diagnostic material is evident. The volume of the remains suggests that neither represent complete individuals.

As the remains are undiagnostic and incomplete the value of any further analysis of this nature is doubtful.

College Farm (CFW00)

The human remains recovered from this site are dated to the Romano-British period. The remains come from a truncated grave located at the centre of the excavation trench.

Burial 3021 No skull fragments were recovered from this grave. Only two vertebral bodies are present though the processes for eight are identified. Of these none were cervical, four were lumbar and four were thoracic. A single fragment of sacrum is present. The right arm is absent but the left is present. It is represented by a fragment of the olecranon process and by three fragments of the head. The left radius is present in three fragments and the left ulna is identified in two proximal fragments with the distal portion missing. Both right and left hands are present. For the right hand, of the carpal bones the lunate and scaphoid were identified. Metacarpals one, two, four and five are preserved along with the second, third, fourth and fifth proximal phalanges. The intermediate phalanges correspond to the proximal. The carpals of the left hand are all absent and the metacarpals are represented only in fragments. The pelvis is preserved in a very fragmentary condition though approximately 80% can be identified. The sciatic notch is quite wide suggesting the possibility that the individual is female. This is, however, a tentative suggestion as there is a lack of supporting evidence and the actual pelvis is poorly preserved. Only the attached head and trochanters of the right femur remain identifiable. The middle section of the fibular diaphysis is also present. The head and trochanters of the left femur are present but are separated. A fragment of the proximal femoral shaft is also identifiable. Two fragments of the fibula are preserved.

Some further work could be carried out to assess the sex and age of the individual though the confidence of the results may be low as the diagnostic elements are few in number.

Bank Farm (BFD00)

Burial 1211 The remains represent a single individual based on the non-repetition of elements within the assemblage. The assemblage consists of 33 fragments of the cranial vault. These represent the occipital and parietal bones. No facial bones can be identified. The elements identified show no obvious pathological manifestations. There is very little potential for analysis in relation to this specimen. Some information could be obtained as to age with reference to the cranial sutures but that would be the limit of retrievable information concerning this individual.

Burial 1508 The assemblage from this inhumation was very fragmented. Only two skull fragments are identified. These include a fragment of the right temporal bone at the area of the squamosal suture. The acromial end of the right clavicle is present as is the area of the glenoid fossa and corocoid process of the right scapula. The right humerus is represented by a single fragment of the diaphysis. The left is represented by two fragments; one fragment of diaphysis and a fragment of the olecranon process. One piece of a diaphysis remains unsided. Only the right radius is represented in the form of its distal end including the articular surfaces. The proximal left ulna is identified along with a fragment of the diaphysis. The right ulna is evidenced by two fragments of the diaphysis. A number of undiagnostic fragments are also present mainly evidencing the metacarpals, metatarsals and phalanges. Two vertebral bodies are present, both thoracic. One of these shows evidence of degenerative disease in the spine possibly arthritis or a degree of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) (Aufderheide and Rodriguez-Martin 1998; 96-98).

The elements presented for assessment show the minimum number of individuals to be one. No elements are repeated and those present are consistent for a single individual. The scope for further analysis is again rather limited. All that can be ascertained on initial inspection is that the remains are that of an adult. If the pathology does evidence DISH then the probability is that the individual is of around the age of 40 years old as this condition is rarely found prior to that age.

Burial 1332 Skeleton 1332 represents the remains of a perinatal infant. The skull is extremely fragmented with the majority of fragments being from the cranial vault, namely the parietal and occipital bones. The right zygomatic bone is positively identified as are fragments of the two pars lateralis. What is possibly a fragment of pars basilaris is also present. The left and right scapulae are present in totality. Only two vertebral bodies can be identified but their condition precludes definition. Several unfused processes can also be identified representing all vertebral areas. A number of rib fragments are located but with the exception of the left first rib these all appear to be typical ribs

74 and their exact position is difficult to define as a result of damage to the rib heads. The right humerus is present in two fragments. Both the right and left radii are identified but are both lacking their distal ends and a proportion of their diaphyses. The left and right ulnae are in a similar condition with only the proximal ends and proximal diaphyses identifiable. Five metacarpals are also present. The right femur is present in two fragments. The right tibia is intact minus its epiphysis whilst the left is preserved in two fragments. The left and right fibulae are present though in a very poorly preserved state. The evidence provided by the assemblage suggests that this is a single individual. Again, no elements are repeated and the morphology of the material is sufficiently alike to support this view.

There is some scope for further analysis of the remains of this individual as some assessment of age and stature is possible. It is unlikely that any estimation of sex is plausible as the mandible and pelvis are absent. These elements are essential for such analysis in young individuals.

Cremation 1175/1176 The remains here are those of what appears to be a single cremated individual. All fragments are below 10mm in size. As such they are undiagnostic. The volume is so small that very little has been preserved. No elements are positively identifiable.

Elm Farm (EFB00)

Burial 4050 The only fragment recovered from this site was that of the left femur.

Statement of potential and requirements for further analysis and publication

Much of the human skeletal material is considered to be unsuitable for further analysis. This is a result of the preservation of the remains. In addition the elements preserved have been assessed for their value in further work. A final consideration is the diagnostic value of the elements preserved in relation to factors of age, sex, stature and pathological manifestations.

Assessment has determined that the inhumations represent seven discrete individuals. Of these only two (WCS00: 2428 and BFD00: 1332) have any potential for further analysis. These are the most complete remains in the total assemblage. Further analysis of specimen 1332 may provide more detailed information as to the age of this perinate but is unlikely to yield much information as to the sex. The long bones can be reconstructed to allow their measurement. This may enable a more refined estimate of age, generally to within a two week range (Scheuer and Black 2000). By determining a finer age at death it may, therefore, be possible to state whether the infant died in utero or if full term was attained. Burial 2428 is by far the most informative of the remains assessed. This is the most complete skeleton and will allow analysis of age, sex, stature and pathological conditions. The remaining individuals are either too fragmentary for confident conclusions to be obtained or have key elements absent that would limit further analysis.

It was not possible to determine the minimum number of individuals represented by the number of cremated bone fragments and preservation was deemed too poor to allow any future anthropological or palaeopathological examination. The assemblage does however have potential for further work. Analysis of the size of fragments may provide information concerning pyre technology, and the weight of bone may be used to infer the minimum number of individuals or the percentage of a single individual that has been preserved (McKinley 1993). The colour of the cremated remains can aid in assessing the temperatures at which the bones were cremated allowing some inference as to the technology employed (Shipman et al. 1984). The material could also be examined for any inclusions other than human bone. These may indicate material used in the cremation and any objects that were placed in the pyre during cremation allowing inferences as to cremation rites.

Total: 2 days (Brian Dean)

75 APPENDIX 12: THE CHARRED PLANT REMAINS BY WENDY J. CARRUTHERS

Bulk environmental samples were taken for the purposes of confirming the presence of biological remains and gauging their state of preservation in order to assess the potential for analysis towards reconstructing former economies and environments. Samples of 40L size were taken using sealable plastic tubs and transported to the CA offices for processing. Wherever possible a standard sample size of 40 litres of soil was used. 10 litre sub- samples were processed for assessment purposes by CA staff using standard methods of flotation.

The samples came from features dated to the Late Bronze Age, Iron Age, Romano-British and Anglo-Saxon periods. Two residues (samples 1057 & 1062) were also sent as a check on the efficiency of the recovery methods.

132 flots from 4 sites were sent to the author for assessment. The flots were assessed by rapidly scanning them under a binocular microscope. Where the flots were large, they were first dry-sieved to 500 microns to make the charred plant remains more visible. The flot volumes were measured and notes were made about the charred plant remains. Remains were only quantified and fully identified where they were too sparse to merit further analysis. Samples showing potential for further analysis were not fully sorted or identified, but were roughly characterised according to the remains observed during scanning.

Wormington Compressor Station (WCS00)

Three samples from this site were assessed. The small flots (3 to 4ml) contained modern roots, molluscs, rare charcoal and frequent modern, uncharred seeds. The only archaeobotanical remain was one charred emmer/spelt grain (sample 2003, context 2432). No further work on these samples is required.

College Farm (CFW00)

Twelve samples from this site were assessed. All of the flots were small (3ml or less) and very little charcoal was recovered. The samples all contained charred plant macrofossils, but none of the assemblages contained more than 20 items.

It is interesting to note that no bread-type wheat was positively identified from this site, even though the phasing extends into the 2nd century AD. In other respects the crops (emmer, spelt wheat and barley) and weed seeds were the same as those found on other sites of the same periods. A single spike-rush (Eleocharis subg. Palustres) nutlet in a 1st century sample (3008) suggested that damp soils were being cultivated at this time.

Seven of the twelve samples require full processing as these are likely to provide reasonable sized assemblages. Comparisons could then be made between this site and deposits of a similar age from BFD00 and EFB00. The occurrence of bread-type wheat on these three sites would be of particular interest, and this may relate to status or ritual activities.

Bank Farm (BFD00)

86 samples were assessed from this site, including a series of eight spits excavated from within a cremation vessel, context 1010. The charred plant assemblages ranged in potential from A to D, with most of the dated ‘A’ samples being Iron Age in date. A total of 11 samples were productive enough to warrant no further processing (ranked as ‘A’), and 14 showed enough potential for the remaining 30 litres of soil to be processed (providing that they can be dated and are secure contexts; ranked as ‘B’). 23 other samples produced some charred plant remains, but do not warrant further analysis unless the contexts are of particular archaeological significance. The remaining 38 have no further potential.

The productive samples often consisted primarily of emmer/spelt crop processing waste, but some samples contained significant numbers of bread-type wheat and barley grains. Comparisons between the occurrence of these cereals according to phase will be of interest, since there appears to be a higher incidence of bread-type wheat than might be expected in some of the Late Bronze Age and Iron Age samples. Ritual contexts, such as the LBA cremation, context 1080, are of particular interest in relation to possible ‘high status’ crops such as bread-type wheat, as suggestions have been made that such contexts demonstrate the use of particular foods for ritual purposes (Carruthers 1992).

Sample 1042, context 1410, produced an interesting assemblage containing emmer/spelt remains, in addition to frequent bread-type wheat, oats and some possible rye, however this sample may be medieval/post- medieval/modern in date. The presence of emmer/spelt grain in a context of this date requires further investigation, providing that there has been no redeposition of charred material in this feature.

76 More detailed analysis needs to be carried out on the productive samples in category ‘B’, but more phasing information is required in order to make final decisions as to which (if any) category ‘C’ should be included. From the site plans, no obvious concentrations of charred plant remains were observed. The inclusion of category ‘C’ samples for analysis should take account of the spatial distribution, to make sure that as wide an area as possible is included, which may help to identify waste from different types of activity.

Elm Farm (EFB00)

31 samples from this site were assessed. All of the flots were small (mostly 1 or 2ml in volume) and only one (sample 4004, context 4060) produced large enough fragments of charcoal for identification purposes. Although molluscs were present in most of the flots, they were too sparse to be worth analysing.

Charred plant remains were sparse but present in 23 of the samples. Because the flots were small they were fully sorted and the few remains were identified. None of the samples produced more than 20 items. The assemblages mainly comprised hulled barley grain (Hordeum sp.) emmer/spelt grain (Triticum dicoccum/spelta), emmer/spelt chaff fragments (glume bases from both emmer and spelt) and a few weeds of cultivated soils. A few bread-type wheat (Triticum aestivum-type) and oat (Avena sp.) grains were recovered, and a possible pea (Pisum sativum). All of these taxa have previously been recorded on Iron Age and Roman sites. Emmer and spelt are the most commonly occurring crops at this time. Bread-type wheat occurs more sporadically, and tends to increase in frequency towards the end of the Roman period. One or two peas have been recovered from a few sites, but because they are less likely to become charred than cereals and are often less easily identified, their status is uncertain during these periods.

No further work is necessary for most of these samples, but two Middle to Late Iron Age, three 1st century AD and one 2nd to 3rd century AD sample require further investigation. Two as-yet undated samples are also ranked as category ‘B’.

Statement of potential and requirements for further analysis and publication

The results of the assessment are presented in the table below.

Code Potential WCS00 CFW00 BFD00 EFB00 Total A results sufficient: enough material retreived - - 11 - 11 from 10 litre sub-sample B good potential: remaining sample (up to 30 - 7 14 8 29 litres) requires processing C some potential: Worth including if the - 5 23 6 34 context is of particular archaeological significance, or possibly for group value D too few remains (or none) to warrant further 3 - 38 17 58 analysis Total 3 12 86 31 132 Assessment of samples: potential for further work. In all cases this is dependent on the context being datable & free from problems of contamination & redeposition

Roman deposits at Wasperton, Tiddington, Alcester and Worcester have all produced charred plant assemblages that can be compared to the assemblages from this pipeline. Spelt appears to predominate, but emmer, bread- type wheat, barley and possible peas have all been recorded. More detailed work will help to determine where the Wormington to Tirley Pipeline samples fit into the picture for the Roman period in this area of the country.

Environmental evidence from the Bronze Age and Iron Age is fairly sparse in this area of the West Midlands. This makes the Bronze Age and Iron Age samples discussed in this assessment of particular importance. Excavations were carried out close by at Kemerton, producing primarily emmer grain from Bronze Age contexts.

Charred plant remains were sparse in all except the 11 category ‘A’ samples from BFD00, although this is partly a reflection of the 10 litre sub-samples. The density of charred plant remains was fairly typical of Iron Age and Roman sites in 14 of the BFD00 samples (category ‘B’) and most of the CFW00 samples. The scarcity of charcoal may indicate occupation for a short period or at a low level of intensity, but a more likely explanation is that their economies were more heavily based on a pastoral regime than an arable one.

Although no further work is recommended for many of the samples, the assessment results from the less- productive samples may be used it the production of a final report, as the data, although sparse, is of some value when taken as a whole.

Total: 30 days (Finds Assistant) 12 days (Wendy Carruthers)

77 380

Wormington compressor station WCS00

College Farm

370 CFW00

Bank Farm BFD00

360 030 040 050 060

350 010 020

Pipeline continues

Elm Farm EFB00 340 000

330 970 980 990

0 3000m

Fig. 1 Location plan: excavated sites on the Wormington to Tirley gas pipeline (1:25,000) 20

[2551]

10 [2608]

Pipeline trench continues (no further features) [2551]

[2553]

[2544] (2550) [2555] Cremation [2305] [2303] [2301] [2307] Cremation 0 [2557] [2316]

[2555]

320 310 300 290 280 270 260 250 240 -10

Provisional phases, based on spot-dating only

Iron Age Undated [1722] Cut number

N Romano-British [1612] Generic cut number

Medieval / post-medieval (1612) Deposit number

0 25m

Fig. 2a Wormington Compressor Station, west (1:250) 10

[2605] [2207] [2049] [2580] [2584] [2586] [2082] [2053] [2143] [2088] [2122] [2230] [2056] [2086] [2174] [2563] [2571] [2098] [2342] [2582] [2585] [2124] [2268] [2338] [2061] [2010] [2570] [2488] [2118] [2190] [2569] Burial [2579] [2558] [2184] [2559] [2242] [2421] [2560] [2170] [2232]

[2299] [2264] [2363] [2361] [2022] [2295] [2395] [2262] [2611] [2574] [2575] [2297] [2352] [2365] [2249] 0 [2289] [2355] [2359] [2286] [2532] [2291] [2274] [2020] [2293] [2282] [2272] [2167] [2336] [2260] [2014] [2069] [2266] [2284] [2332] [2165] [2560] [2562] [2217] [2423] [2455] [2018] [2178] [2314] [2132] [2150] [2566] [2573] [2571] [2569] [2084] [2581] [2515] [2585] [2334] [2276] [2344][2426] [2367] [2350] [2348] [2346] [2096] [2016] [2583] [2609] [2046] [2561] [2215] [2563] [2245] [2563] [2180] [2176] [2564] [2565] [2130] [2079] [2567] [2572] [2570] [2568]

-10 220 210 200 190 180 170 160 150 140

[2410] [2370] [2606] [2607] [2429] [2597] [2588] [2590] [2589] [2604]

[2457] [2591]

[2372]

0 [2071] [2004] [2459] [2007] [2280]

[2587] [2588] [2590] [2589] [2520]

130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 -10

Provisional phases, based on spot-dating only

Bronze Age Medieval / post-medieval [1722] Cut number

[1612] N Iron Age undated Generic cut number

Romano-British

0 25m

Fig. 2b Wormington Compressor Station, centre (1:250) [2591]

[2604] [2526]

[2591]

[2591] [2596]

[2594]

[2592]

[2598] [2600] [2602]

60 50 40 30 20 10

Provisional phases, based on spot-dating only

[1722] Cut number Romano-British Modern [2542]

[1612] Generic cut number Medieval / post-medieval Undated

N 0 -10

-20 -30

0 25m

Fig. 2c Wormington Compressor Station, east (1:250) [3040] [3042] [3008] [3014] [3026] [3147] [3073] [3146] [3012] [3149] [3151] [3150] [3006] [3151] [3040] [3148] [3024] [3047] [3119]

[3147] [3144] [3075] [3055] [3004] [3010] [3150]

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

[3054] [3115] [3152] [3152] Pipeline trench [3050] [3155] [3052] continues (no further features) [3152] [3050]

[3028]

[3030]

90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160

Provisional phases, based on spot-dating only Cut of furrow Iron Age Post-medieval / modern 0 25m N [1722] Cut number Romano-British Undated

[1612] Generic cut number Medieval ?Grave

Fig. 3 College Farm (1:250) -10

[1078] Cremation [1083] [1644][1624] [1626] [1660] [1676] [1647] [1613] [1612] [1722] [1327] [1333] [1323] [1048] [1319] [1766]

[1753]

[1761] [1817] [1643] [1646] [1635] [1096] [1086] [1051] [1335] [1331] [1317] [1766] [1321]

[1063] Uncertain dating Dating uncertain LBA - EIA / Saxon west area LBA / IA [1067] east area LBA - EIA / Saxon

140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 10

-10

[1432] [1352] [1755] [1764] [1376] [1671] [1422] [1637] [1594] [1592] [1602] [1770] [1474] [1511] (Romano-British) [1434] [1360] [1037] [1620] [1042] [1772] [1617] [1595] [1622] [1614] [1344] [1378] [1610] [1615] [1436] [1371] [1339] [1593] [1035] [1683] [1820] [1494] [1380] [1475] [1473] [1520] [1768] [1735] [1692] [1531] [1385] [1739] [1740]

[1744] 0

[1459]

[1393] [1089] [1520] [1122] [1137] [1024] [1409] [1596] [1617] [1349] [1565] [1772] [1541] [1040] [1022] [1520] [1498] [1622] [1364] [1591] [1702] [1696] [1750] [1689] [1545] [1474] [1668] [1477] [1533] [1520] [1093] [1110] [1420] [1743] [1700] [1764] [1710] Uncertain dating [1533] IA / Saxon [1744] [1477] [1765] [1484]

[1476] 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 [1459] [1763] 10 [1459] [1458] [1521]

[1818] [1819] Provisional phases, based on spot-dating only

[1722] Cut number [1513] LBA - EIA Romano-British Undated

[1612] Generic cut number Mid - late IA Saxon -20 -30 -40 20 LIA - ERB Med /post-med / modern N 0 25m

Fig. 4a Bank Farm, Trench 1 (1:250) 10

[1170] [1174] [1187] [1185]

[1813] [1191] [1237] [1791] [1177] [1814] [1225]

[1172] [1791] [1223] [1814] [1214] 0,0 [1207] [1237] 0 [1212] [1815] [1205]

[1806] [1267] [1231] [1273] [1269] [1263] [1237] [1161] [1278] [1271] [1246] [1254] [1276] [1274a] [1815] [1146] [1182] [1816] [1289]

[1816] [1265]

-20

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 -40

N 0 50m [1154]

[1165] [1163]

[1219] [1215] [1217]

0 [1815] Provisional phases, based on spot-dating only [1242]

[1722] [1250] [1256] Cut number [1193] Early - mid BA Romano-British Undated [1816] [1612] Generic cut number [1189] Late BA / Early IA Medieval

Mid - late IA Modern

160 180 200 220 -20

Fig. 4b Bank Farm, Trench 2 (1:500) 5

[4412]

[4420]

[4411] [4278] [4328] [4342] [4419] [4415] [4425] [4409] [4372] [4254] [4183] [4233] [4338] [4316] [4095] [4258] [4417] [4235] [4336] [4334] [4420] [4372] [4053] [4372] [4083] 0 [4307] [4311] [4194] [4340] [4404] [4330] [4271] [4427] [4415] [4300] [4303] [4421] [4222] [4416] [4410] [4332] [4019] [4346] [4320] [4419] [4404] [4093] [4350] [4420] [4090] [4088] [4246] [4421] [4298] [4289] [4292] [4295] [4220] [4248]

160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 -5

[4107] [4072] [4178] [4126] [4390] [4111] [4113] [4111] [4074] [4075] [4023] [4155] [4426] [4372] [4038] [4104] [4015] [4146] [4383] [4144] [4133] 0 [4372] [4372] [4172] [4116] [4075] [4423] [4396] [4105] [4004] [4391] [4178] [4027] [4398] [4149] [4426] [4426] [4151] [4017] [4068] [4140]

[4251] [4178] [4372] [4178] [4157] [4424] [4147] [4064] [4027] [4007] [4171] [4146]

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 -5

Provisional phases, based on spot-dating only

5 [1722] Cut number Iron Age Undated

[1612] Generic cut number [4051] N Romano-British Cut of furrow (4009) Deposit [4371] [4013] (4009) Post-medieval / modern 0 [4372]

[4371]

0 25m 10 0 -5

Fig. 5 Elm Farm (1:200)