THE SCALED QUAIL (CALLIPEPLA SQUAMATA) OF THE SOUTHWEST: SYSTEMATIC AND HISTORICAL CONSIDERATION

AMADEO M. REAl

Center for Man and Environment Prescott College Prescott, Arizona 86301

Several years ago my friend Lyndon L. Har- brownish or grayish, especially dorsally; ab- grave pointed out to me certain variations in domen pale with narrow, pale brown mark- a relict population of Scaled Quail (C~llipepla ings; size averaging larger. squamata ) ( Vigors ) , now confined to the mesa Discussion. Of the four described races of country north of the Gila River on the San Scaled Quail, hargravei is similar in colora- Carlos Apache Reservation, Graham County, tion only to p&da. It differs from pallida in Arizona. He kindly placed these specimens that the grays of the chest and nape are (in (LLH; see Appendix 1 for abbreviations used fresh fall plumage) Pearl Gray (capitalized in citing source of the specimens examined) color names from Ridgway 1912) rather than and a series of topotypes of C. s. pallida near Pale Neutral Gray; the terminal bars of Brewster at my disposal for taxonomic con- the “scaled” areas are blackish-brown and sideration. When a series of over one hun- narrow instead of black and broad. The an- dred seasonally comparable specimens was terior feathers of the crest are a slightly assembled from the Southwest (Arizona, New grayed Saccardos’ Umber, occasionally verg- Mexico, western Texas, Colorado, Mkxico, ing on Sepia rather than Clove Brown and and Oklahoma), it became clear that the pale Mummy Brown. The belly is nearest trans-Gila population in question was not Pinkish Buff rather than approaching Cinna- consistently separable from true pallida of mon Buff; the dark bars of the abdominal southeastern Arizona. However, a dull, ex- feathers are grayer, less blackish and less tremely pale population was readily discern- rich, closest to Dresden Brown or Buckthorn ible within the series. This may be known as: Brown X Isabella Color rather than near Tawny Olive or Sayal Brown in pallida. Back, Callipepla squamata hargravei, rump, scapulars, and shorter upper tail co- new subspecies verts are brownish-drab, contrasting with the Syntypes. Collection of George M. Sutton extremely pale gray nape, rather than gray- orig. nos. 15699, 15700, 15701, im. o , ad. 3, ish-drab, not contrasting so conspicuously and im. o , respectively; collected by Troy with the darker bluish nape of pallida. There L. Best, 25 November 1970, Pepper Ranch, is no overlap in this character when speci- 7 miles N, 32 miles E of Folsom, Union mens are segregated by age (and season) as County, New Mexico; prepared by George immatures of both races tend to be browner, respectively, than adults, which are grayer. M. Sutton (without chemical preservatives). There is considerable variation in mensural Their weights are, respectively, 206.5, 209.4, characters even when specimens are segre- and 182.8 g. Type no. 15699 (AMR no. 3581) gated into their respective age-sex categories. is presently in the Rea Collection at Prescott However, specimens of hargravei from Okla- College, Arizona; the remaining two are in the type collection at the University of Okla- homa, Kansas, Colorado, and northern New Mexico average larger in wing chord, tail, homa, Norman, Oklahoma. and tarsus than pallida from Arizona and Range. Western Oklahoma, southwestern southern New Mexico (see table 1). The few Kansas, southeastern Colorado, northern New available weights (table 2) also suggest the Mexico, northwestern Texas. Localities of larger size of the new race. specimens examined are shown in figure 1. Description. The palest race of the spe- Habitat. Hargravei is a resident of the cies, most similar to pallidu but much paler, Upper Sonoran Zone throughout its range, the nape, sides of neck, and chest a pale gray, whereas pallida is found primarily in the contrasting markedly with the darker, brown- Lower Sonoran Zone. Sutton (1967) states ish drab scapulars, back, and rump; dark that the species in Oklahoma is “Resident terminal bars of anterior parts narrow and among mesas of Cimarron County, in sand and sagebrush country of Cimarron and 1Present address: Department of Biological Sciences, Uni- versity of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721. Texas counties, and in uncultivated parts of

13221 The Condor 75:322-329. 1973 THE SCALED QUAIL OF THE SOUTHWEST 323

I I l I l i

FIGURE 1. Localities of recent and fossil specimens of Callipepla squamata cited in this paper. the southwestern corner of the state.” Schem- not now be identified to either southwestern nitz (1961) discusses the species ’ ecology in race as the mantles and bellies of both north- the Oklahoma Panhandle. In Colorado, Hoff- ern and southern birds are equally pale and man (1965) notes its range in the semi-arid dull. Postmortem color change appears to regions of the Arkansas and Cimarron River be a function of either the preparation meth- drainages, “from the flat or relatively flat ods or curatorial procedures of the museum. farmlands to the rolling sand sagebrush hills A series of p&da topotypes (van Rossem, and eastern canyons and mesas.” For the LA) taken in 1915 are still brightly colored same state, Bailey and Niedrach (1965) note and diagnostic. The rumps and flanks of the that the original habitat was the “semi-arid oldest Colorado specimens (DMNH) are un- southeastern part of the state with its slopes usually brown and appear to be “foxed.” and rocky canyons grown with junipers, but Additionally, there is considerable varia- it has extended its range northward into tion in timing of molt in this species. Wallmo farming communities along the Arkansas (1956) reports western Texas hatching dates River, and into cultivated areas of Elbert and from May-August. Most birds have com- Lincoln Counties.” pleted molt by November and the majority of Remarks. In common with many south- my comparative material was from this month western birds, seasonal fading in this species ( Appendix II). Five specimens ( AMNH, is great. By February and sometimes even MCZ) from Ancho, Lincoln Co., New Mex- January, some specimens of pallida become ico, taken from 3-5 November 1912, have not virtually as pale in coloration as freshly yet molted the feathers from the interscapu- molted fall hargravei, but usually may be dis- lar region to the upper tail coverts. At least tinguished by their heavier black barring or a few individuals appear to have a spring “scales” and abdominal markings. molt. A male (MVZ), taken 28 April 1913 at Postmortem color change or “foxing” be- Rodeo, Grant ]now Hidalgo] County, New comes a problem with specimens collected Mexico, has many fresh diagnostic p&da more than 20 years ago. For instance, many feathers, some still ensheathed. Another male old specimens from USNM and AMNH can (AMR), taken 5 June 1972 near Acoma 324 AMADEO M. REA

TABLE 1. Measurements (mm) of Callipepla squamata hargravei” and C. s. pallidab.

Adult males Adult females Immature males Immature females

2*-c-SE ftSE ??SSE i?SE n range n range n range n range

Wing (chord) hargravei 14 123.3 k 0.51 6 119.0 14 120.4 c 0.58 18 119.0 2 0.67 121.0-126.5 114.9-122.9 115.9-123.7 113.1-124.8

pa&da 13 120.8 -c 0.70 7 118.0 18 119.6 k 0.76 24 116.1 k 0.61 115.7-125.7 116.9-120.4 113.7-126.6 110.1-121.7 Tail hargravei 10 89.0 c 0.32 6 86.3 12 88.4 k 0.92 16 86.0 * 0.55 83.9-95.9 84.3-88.4 83.7-93.2 82.2-91.3

pallida 12 88.8 c 0.94 5 85.4 16 88.0 Y!Y0.56 17 82.9 & 0.63 83.4-96.2 77.3-92.4 84.3-91.5 76.6-87.1 Tarsus hargravei 12 31.6 2 0.27 6 30.3 14 31.4 -c 0.35 18 31.0 k 0.15 29.7-33.1 29.0-31.2 29.5-33.5 29.8-32.4

pallida 10 30.1 -c 0.52 6 30.2 15 30.8 r 0.37 16 29.5 -c 0.44 26.7-32.4 29.3-31.0 28.5-34.2 25.0-31.8 Bill hargravei 12 8.3 t 9.08 6 7.8 14 8.2 -c 0.10 18 8.0 + 0.07 8.0-8.9 7.0-8.5 7.7-8.9 7.4-8.4

pallida 10 8.0 ’ Z!I 0.09 6 15 8.2 -c 0.09 16 7.9 !I 0.09 7.5-8.5 Kg.0 7.7-8.9 7.2-8.4

a Based on fall to late winter, unworn specimens taken in Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, and the northern counties of New Mexico. b Based on fall to late winter, unworn specimens taken in Arizona and southern New Mexico (exclusive of Grant, So- conq and Lincoln counties )

Pueblo, Valencia County, New Mexico, is Introductions of any success into northern growing in feathers of the head and has Colorado (Figge 1946; Hoffman 1965; Bailey replaced most of the mantle and some of the and Niedrach 1965) have been only from back so as to clearly identify it as hargrauei. true hargrauei stock taken from within the Raitt and Ohmart (1966) found no evidence state. The origin of the successfully intro- of prenuptial molt in the related Gambel duced stock in Yakima County, Washington, Quail (Lophortyx gambelii) of southern New is unknown (Jewitt et al. 1953) and I have Mexico. seen no specimens to determine which race Another factor of importance in studying is represented here. Introductions of custuno- variation in this species is artificial trans- gust& into Grays Harbor County, Washing- planting. The types were selected from an ton, died out (Jewitt et al. 1953). area near the Oklahoma Panhandle where no Fresh-plumaged specimens from southern known planting has been attempted and the New Mexico (ENMU, LA, LLH, MCZ, MVZ, species occurs naturally, as it does through- NMSU, UNM, WNMU) are pullida: Hidalgo, out the rest of New Mexico (Ligon 1927). Grant, Doiia Ana, Sierra, Otero, Chaves,

TABLE 2. Weights of fall and winter Callipepla squamata hargravei”, C. s. pallida” and C. s. squamutab.

Adult males Immature males Adult females Immalnre females

x&SE f?SE f-eSE %“SE n range n range n range n range

hargravei 4 207.8 5 194.6 2 184.1 6 190.0 193-224 178-205 174.3-194 178-206

pallida 2 202.7 2 169.3 1 181.0 6 166.2 189.5-216.0 153.4-185.3 154-180

squamata 6 177.8 11 170.4 2 5.32 1688-205 142-207

a Specimen localities for hargraoei and pallida as in table 1. “Specimens from Mexico; not segregated by age. THE SCALED QUAIL OF THE SOUTHWEST 325

Lea counties. Specimens from northern New Game Farm. Specimens (AMNH) from Pre- Mexico (AMR, ETS, CM, GMS, MCZ, sidio County, extreme southwestern Texas, UMMZ, UNM, UO, USNM) are definitely are nearest what is known as squumutu (much hurgruvei: Valencia, Bernalillo, Santa Fe, darker backs and heavier markings below) San Miguel, Guadalupe, De Baca, Quay, Col- although one (#80267) shows an approach fax, Union counties. From eastern New Mex- to p&da below. Seven specimens (AMNH) ico, I have seen no specimens from Torrance, taken in 1887, Concha County, Texas, cannot Curry, or Roosevelt counties to know if inter- be placed with any race. Some look like pul- gradation occurs there. However, two speci- lidu with castunogustris influence on rump mens (USNM) from Fort Sumner, northern and abdomen. The range ascribed to custuno- De Baca County, are excellent examples of gustris (AOU 1957; Friedmann et al. 1950; hargravei. On the Rio Grande drainage, So- Peters 1934; see also map in Aldrich and corro County is the area of intergradation Duvall 1955) is from Eagle Pass and San between the two races. Specimens (UNM) Antonio, Texas, south through eastern Coa- from Bernard0 (and perhaps 25 miles N of huila, Nuevo Leon, and Tamaulipas. The Engle?) are best referred to hargruvei. Three type is from Rio Grande City, Texas, on the other specimens (LA) from this county are lower Rio Grande. not far along in molt, but seem variously Although hurgruvei has been known to intermediate. Farther west, four out of five hybridize with Colinus virginianus in north- specimens (WNMU, DAZ) from near Silver western Texas (Sutton 1963)) this race surely City, Grant County, are typical pullida but shows no evidence of “introgression” of Bob- one (DAZ 1152) is pale ventrally and marked white genes. Phillips et al. (1964) have noted like hurgruvei. Weights of Silver City (Up- that an occasional specimen of pullida may per Sonoran) specimens, however, are more show custunogustris-like traits (UA #4533, im. like the northern population (im. 8 8 191.3, $ ; perhaps an escapee?), but Sutton ( 1967) 188.1; im. P o 172.1, 191.6, 197.0). observed no Oklahoma specimen showing Allocation of the population along the any hint of this characteristic. A few south- south-central mountainous spine of the state ern New Mexico birds have a chestnut wash is problematical. A partially molted specimen across some abdominal feathers. (LA) from 16 miles S of Claunch, eastern John Hubbard has pointed out the similar- Socorro County, appears to be intermediate. ity in both characters (paler colors, somewhat The five specimens (AMNH, MCZ) from larger size) and range between a towhee Ancho, Lincoln County, mentioned above, [ Pipilo fuscus mesutus Oberholser ( 1937) ] also seem to be intermediate as do five birds and hurgruvei. With more material at hand, (ANSP) from Picacho, farther south in the Hubbard believes mesutus ranges as far south county. The latter, however, have backs the in northeastern New Mexico as does hur- color of pa&da and may merely represent gruvei. In describing the towhee, Oberholser “foxed” specimens of that race. All were noted, “It is apparently another example of taken over 40 years ago. Fresh material from the differentiation to which certain species Lincoln County is necessary to determine the are subject in the general region of north- true relationships. western Texas, northeastern New Mexico, In central and western Texas the relation- southeastern Colorado, and northwestern Ok- ships between the races hurgruvei, p&da, lahoma.” The area of differentiation between and custunogustris are uncertain and perhaps hurgruvei and p&da closely parallels that of their original ranges can no longer be deter- Chordeiles minor howelli and C. m. henryi mined. Eight birds (AMNH) from El Paso, (although both nighthawks have more exten- El Paso County, Texas, are p&da. These are sive ranges). Howelli differs from henryi (Se- variously “foxed” or faded but have the diag- lander 1954) in a number of ways similar to nostic grayish rumps and backs of that race. the differences between the two quail. Per- Two specimens (FM) from 22 miles SE of haps both the quail and the nighthawks have Pecos, Reeves County, Texas, are nearest pul- responded to similar pressures in the same lidu but three other specimens (UNM) from habitats, as both are ground nesters. there have extremely pale (almost white) ab- Were the environment analyzed, I believe domens as in hurgruvei or squumatu. These a correlation would be found between the five are Ligon birds. There appears to be pattern and coloration of the quail subspe- some confusion in the labeling of specimens cies and their respective habitats. Bowers from the J. Stokley Ligon Collection, some (1960) demonstrated such correlations for the being wild-taken birds and others being cap- sedentary Wrentit (Chumueu fusciutu) over tive birds (of unknown origin) from the Ligon a relatively small part of its range in central 326 AMADEO M. REA

California. I have been impressed, in driv- list (1886, 1895, 1910). Bangs (1914) cor- ing south along the Rio Grande, with the rectly pointed out that Vigors ’ nominate race abrupt change in the bajada and flatland is the darkest population from western and vegetation occurring about Socorro. Here the central h46xico. This was followed by the dull, flat-colored northlands with extensive AOU Committee on Nomenclature in 1923 grasses and Atriplex give way to brighter, and has been used in all subsequent works. darker vegetation composed of Larrea, scrubby Prosopis, forbes, and only scattered ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR grasses. It is here, too, that the two quail PRE-COLUMBIAN DISTRIBUTION subspecies intergrade. All pa&&z localities I Hargraves’ interest in the species dates from have visited have been in the higher portions the 1930s when he recovered archaeological of the Lower Sonoran Zone, which are more specimens (five humeri, a carpometacarpus, varied, colorful, and contrasting than areas and a femur) from the Little Colorado Val- where I have found hargruvei. ley and the San Francisco Mountain region Age was determined by the condition of near Flagstaff. I quote Hargraves’ (1939) the primary coverts (Leopold 1939; Wallmo discussion in full: “The range of this species 1956). Immature indicates a bird of the year, in Arizona during historic times seems to be hatched the previous breeding season. Mea- restricted to the southeastern portion of the surements are: wing chord, tail from inser- state (grassy parts of the Sonoran zones tion of central rectrices (taking care that the south of the Mogollon plateau and mostly dense rump feathers are pushed aside), tarsus south of the Gila River valley). Between this from the heel to the bend at the base of the and the localities of archaeological occur- middle toe, and bill from the anterior edge rences given herein, lies the heavily forested of the nasal fossa. h4ogollon Rim and San Francisco Mountain, It is a pleasure to name this quail in a probable natural barrier for the distribution honor of Lyndon L. Hargrave, leading ar- of this species. Reference to the occurrence cheo-ornithologist of the Southwest, who has of Callipeplu in New Mexico, as given by stimulated interest in so many aspects of Bailey (Birds of New Mexico, 1928, map 5 ornithology. and p. 215-ZIS), however, shows that the Scaled Quail approaches the Arizona line HISTORICAL CONSIDERATIONS west of Wingate [Gallup region]. There is a In discussing a series collected in Arizona strip of pure Upper Sonoran flora that passes and New Mexico by Frank Stephens, Brew- from Wingate down the Little Colorado ster (1881) pointed out that two spring speci- River valley and the Grand Canyon. These mens of Scaled Quail taken “on the Rio archaeological occurrences are within this San Pedro, Arizona” differed from his Texan strip. The retreat or extirpation of this spe- specimens and tentatively suggested “the cies from the east and north slopes of San name pullida as an appropriate one should the Francisco Mountain must have occurred be- characters prove constant.” Stephens shot the tween 1150 A.D., a date when Wupatki male cotype (according to his notes, Phillips, Pueblo is known to have been occupied, and pers. comm.) on the San Pedro River, at or 1880 A.D., when the country became settled.” a little above the mouth of the Tres Alamos Archaeological evidence indicates that the Wash, 13 March 1880. The female cotype, Scaled Quail ranged more widely in the however, was taken 10 miles W of Fort Southwest (see fig. 1) than in the recent his- Bowie, 2 April 1880. This is the old fort, torical past, as indicated by bones or feathers just north of the Chiricahua Mountains and from over 25 sites (identifications primarily 13 miles S of the present settlement by by Hargrave and Charmion McKusick). I the same name. The types, then, were col- have re-examined and confirmed the identifi- lected 43 air miles apart, as noted in the 4th cation of extralimital specimens mentioned ed. AOU Check-list (1931) and by Peters herein (Appendix 3) except as noted. In (1934). Both localities are in Cochise County, addition to the various archaeological occur- Arizona, and fall in the range of a contiguous rences noted above from the north and east local population. slopes of the San Francisco Mountains, Har- Later, when Brewster (1883) described grave also recovered the Scaled Quail (right custunogastris from Texas, he retracted the coracoid) from his excavations at Pittsville name pallida for the pale Arizona bird, be- Village (Upper Sonoran), in the vicinity of lieving “that Vigors described the pale inte- modern Williams, Coconino County. This is rior form.” This conclusion was followed in the westernmost occurrence in northern Ari- the first three editions of the AOU Check- zona. In southern Arizona it ranged to the THE SCALED QUAIL OF THE SOUTHWEST 327 west to Ventana Cave, Pima County (left Museum of Natural History; K. A. Arnold, Texas femur). The distal half of a tibiotarsus was A & M University; A. M. Bailey, Denver Museum of Natural History; R. C. Banks, U.S. National Museum; recovered (Hargrave, Glen Canyon Project) E. R. Blake, Field Museum of Natural History; K. from southeastern Utah (Neskali Wash, San M. Brush, Philmont Scout Ranch; J. Bond and R. M. Juan Drainage). Hargrave also identified de Schauensee. Academy of Natural Sciences of five associated elements (not seen by me) Philadelphia; S: I. Bond &d J. R. Jehl, Jr., San Di- from Big Juniper House, Mesa Verde, south- ego Natural History Museum; C. W. Cottam, Welder Wildlife Foundation; A. L. Gennaro, Eastern New western Colorado. Modern occurrence here Mexico University; L. L. Hargrave, Prescott College; has not been substantiated by specimens A. Hitchcock, Museum of Northern Arizona; J. D. (Hoffman 1965; Bailey and Neidrach 1965) Ligon, University of New Mexico; C. R. McKusick, but incidental to archaeological work in the Southwest Archaeological Center; J. G. Miller, Dickey Collection, University of California at Los Angeles; Park, Alden Hayes (pers. comm. ) observed R. A. Paynter, Jr., Museum of Comparative Zoology; a few coveys there. A. R. Phillips, Mexico City; W. M. Pulich, University Historically, the Scaled Quail enjoyed a of Dallas; R. J. Raitt, New Mexico State University; wider distribution in Arizona, but with the S. M. Russell and E. L. Smith, University of Arizona; R. W. Storer, University of Michigan Museum of destruction of grasslands by the turn of the Zoology; G. M. Sutton, University of Oklahoma. century the species has become restricted to the southeastern portion of the state. (For LITERATURE CITED a discussion of Arizonas’ grasslands, see ALDRICH, J. W., AND A. J. DUVALL. 1955. Distri- Brown 1900; and “Historic Changes” by Phil- bution of American gallinaceous game birds. lips and Monson, p. xiii, in Phillips et al. U.S. Fish Wildlife Serv., Circ. 34. AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS ’ UKION. 1886. Check- 1964). In 1921 Hargrave (unpubl. data) list of North American birds. A.O.U., New York. knew of coveys north of Roosevelt Lake on AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS ’ UNION. 1895. Check- the lower benches of the Sierra Ancha, Gila list of North American birds. Second ed. A.O.U., County, central Arizona. Scaled Quail were New York. AMERICAN ORKITHOLOGISTS ’ UNION. 1910. Check- found upstream along the Salt River in the list of North American birds. Third ed. A.O.U., 1880s (according to Hugh Lawson) and as New York. late as 1909 a covey of about 50 was seen AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS ’ UNION. 1931. Check- about 5 miles E of Globe, Gila County. Ap- list of North American birds. Fourth ed. A.O.U., parently the only extant specimens from cen- New York. A~~ERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS ’ UNION. 1957. Check- tral Arizona are those taken at Hargraves’ list of North American birds. Fifth ed. A.O.U.. urging from Big Brushy Mesa on the San Baltimore. Carlos Apache Reservation (AMR, LLH, BAILEY, A. M., AND R. J. NIEIIRACH. 1965. The SWAC) and two specimens taken by Gold- birds of Colorado. Denver Museum of Natural man from the same area in 1914 and 1916 History, Denver. BAILEY, F. M. 1928. Birds of New Mexico. New (USNM). Mexico Dept. Game and Fish. Santa Fe. Phillips et al. (1964) note the Scaled Quail BANGS, 0. 1914. The geographic races of the 6‘ . . . is chiefly an inhabitant of grassland, Scaled Quail. Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club 4: and as a result of the destruction of the 99-100. BOWERS, D. E. 1960. Correlation of variation in grass, it has been greatly reduced or locally the Wrentit with environmental gradients. Con- exterminated in many parts of the state. On dor 62:91-120. the other hand, the Cambers Quail increases BREWSTER, W. 1881. Notes on some birds from in these same areas as the grass is replaced Arizona and New Mexico, with a description of by mesquite bushes and cholla cactus.” a supposed new Whip-poor-will. Bull. Nuttall Ornithol. Club 6:65-73. BREWSTER, W. 1883. On a collection of birds ACKNOWLEDGMENTS lately made by Mr. F. Stephens in Arizona. I wish to acknowledge with thanks the various per- Bull. Nuttall Ornithol. Club 8:21-36. sons who assisted in this study. Dr. Hargrave. Pres- BROWN, H. 1900. The conditions governing bird cott College, Mrs. Charmion -It. McKusick, of the life in Arizona. Auk 17:31-34. _ former Southwest Archeological Center, and Allan R. FIGGE. H. 1. 1946. Scaled Ouail management in Phillips, Mexico City, assisted with various historical Colorado. Proc. West. Assoc. Game Fish Comm. aspects. Hargrave and McKusick made available for 26: 161-167. this study extensive files and unpublished notes on FRIEDMANN, H., L. Gnrscohr, AND R. T. MOORE. their studies of Pre-Columbian bird remains from the 1950. Distributional check-list of the birds of Southwest. Ronald A. Ryder, Colorado State Univer- Mexico. Part 1. Pacific Coast Avifauna 29. sity, aided with bibliographic matters, particularly as HARGRAVE, L. L. 1939. Bird bones from aban- relating to artificial plantings. Dr. Phillips kindly doned Indian dwellings in Arizona and Utah. examined mv series and assisted with the Ridnwav Condor 41:206-210. color descriptions. Dr. Sutton obtained and prepared HOFFMAN, D. M. 1965. The Scaled Quail in Colo- the types. rado : range, population status, harvest. Tech. For the loan of specimens (both archaeological and Publ. no. 18. Colorado Game. Fish and Parks modern), I am indebted to: D. Amadon, American Dept., p. l-47. 328 AMADEO M. REA

JEWETT, S. G., W. P. TAYLOR, W. T. SHAW, AND RIDGWAY, R. W. 1912. Color standards and color J. W. ALDRICH. 1953. Birds of Washington nomenclature. Wash., D. C. Privately published. State. Univ. Washington Press, Seattle. SELANDER, R. K. 1954. A systematic review of the LEOPOLD, A. S. 1939. Age determination in quail. Booming Nighthawks of western North America. J. Wildl. Mgt. 3:261-265. Condor 56 :57-82. LIGO& J. S. 1927. Wildlife in New Mexico, its SCEIEMNITZ,S. D. 1961. Ecology of the Scaled conservation and management. New Mexico Ouail in the Oklahoma Panhandle. Wildl. Mon- Dept. Game and Fish, Santa Fe. cgr. No. 8:146. OBERHOLSER, H. C. 1937. Two new passerine %ITON, G. M. 1963. Interbreeding in the wild birds from the western United States. Proc. of the Bob-white (Colinus virginianus) and Biol. Sot. Wash. 50:117-119. Scaled Quail (CaZZi~epZa squumutu) in Stonewall PETERS, J. L. 1934. Birds of the world. Vol. 2. County, Northwestern Texas. Southwestern Nat. Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge. 8:10%111. PHILLIPS, A., G. MONSON, AND J. MARSHALL. 1964. SUTTON, G. M. 1967. Oklahoma Birds: their ecol- The birds of Arizona. Univ. Arizona Press, ogy and distribution with comments on the Tucson. RAITT, R. J., AND R. D. OHMART. 1966. Annual avifauna of the southern Great Plains. Univ. cycle of reproduction and molt in Gambel Quail Oklahoma Press, Norman. of the Rio Grande Vallev. southern New Mexico. WALLMO, 0. c. 1956. Determination of sex and Condor 68:541-561. . ’ age of Scaled Quail. J. Wildl. Mgt. 20:154-158.

APPENDIX I LA Dickey Collection, University of California, Los Angeles, California. Abbreviations Used in Citing Specimens LLH Lyndon L. Hargrave Collection, Prescott AMNH American Museum of Natural History, New College, Prescott, Arizona. York City, New York. MCZ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard AMR Amadeo M. Rea Collection, Prescott Col- College, Cambridge, Massachusetts. lege, Prescott, Arizona. MVZ Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University ANSP Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel- of California, Berkeley, California. phia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. NMSU New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, CM Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. New Mexico. DAZ Dale A. Zimmerman Collection, WNMU, SWAC Southwest Archaeological Center, Globe, Silver City, New Mexico. Arizona. DMNH Denver Museum of Natural History, Den- UA University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. ver, Colorado. UMMZ University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, ENMU Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, Ann Arbor, Michigan. New Mexico. UNM University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, ETS Ernest Thompson Seton Collection, Phil- New Mexico. mont Scout Ranch, Cimarron, New Mexico. uo University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma. FM Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, USNM United States National Museum, Washing- Illinois. ton, D. C. GMS George M. Sutton Collection, UO, Norman, WNMU Western New Mexico University, Silver Oklahoma. City, New Mexico.

APPENDIX II corro (5); Lincoln (10); Chaves (2); Grant (10); Sierra (1); Hidalgo (3); Doria Ana (9); Fall and Winter Specimens Examined in This Study Otero (1); Eddy (3); Lea (I). ( by counties ) Colorado: Kiowa (1); Baca (7); Puebla (1). Arizona: Graham (10); Greenlee (2); Pinal (11); Oklahoma: Cimarron (30); Tillman (2). Pima (9); Cochise (18); Gila (7). Kansas: Morton (3). New Mexico: Colfax (1); Union (6); Santa Fe (4); Texas : Pecos (4); Reeves (4); Cottle (or King?) San Miguel ( 3); Valencia (2); Bemalillo ( 1); (4); Crockett (1); Concha (7); Kinney (1); Guadalupe (2); Quay (3); De Baca (2); So- McMullen ( 1); El Paso ( 8); Presidio ( 3).

APPENDIX III *Terrace Pueblo, Site 1765-B *Winona Village, Site NA 2134T (2X) Archaeological or fossil CaZZZpepZu squamuta occur- *Wupatki National Monument, Site NA 405 rences ( * indicates outside of todays’ known range based on modern skins; X indicates number *Deadmans’ Fort, Site NA 1814-B (3X) of elements recovered ) . Apache Co. Arizona *Antelope House, Canyon De Chelly Pima Co. *Ventana Cave, Papago Indian Reservation Utah University Indian Ruins (2X) San Juan Co. Coconino Co. *Glen Canyon, NA 7713, Neskali Wash (Paiute *Pittsville Village ( near Williams ) Mesa), San Juan Drainage THE SCALED QUAIL OF THE SOUTHWEST 329

Colorado Dofia Ana Co. Montezuma Co. Shelter Cave, Pyramid Peak Range, Organ Mts. *Big Juniper House, Mesa Verde National Monu- Eddy Co. ment Dark Canyon Cave (If X) New Mexico Pratt Cave (12 X) Taos Co. Santa Fe Co. Picuris Pueblo (3 X) Las Madres, Galisteo Basin (20 mi. S Santa Fe) Pueblo Large. Galisteo Basin Socorro Co. Los Aguajei Pueblo, La Bajada Hill (3X) Pueblo Pardo Spanish Ranch Site (Boyd Museum) Torrance Co. Valencia Co. Mound 7, Gran Quivira Pottery Mound, Puerto (4X) San Juan Co. Sandoval Co. Charco Canyon, Gallo Cliff Dwellings, Site Bc 36. Puaray (near Bemalillo) Rio Arriba Co. Rainbow House (LA 217), Bandelier (4X) Tower 19, Largo Gallinas District, Gallina Peak McKinley Co. or San Juan (3X) Chetro Ketl, Charco Canyon National Monument (SX) Accepted for publication 31 August 1972.