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Essays on Questions Connected with the Old English Poem of Beowulf

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Essays on Questions Connected with the Old English Poem of Beowulf CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY DATE DUE «*i lJliJ/tHHt> m^ im^ Myy4- I &6C1 f|:!;9-l F^^--*^t.2ffi- 1 P£C4 3.<^^£]HS. 4-^ ^^T^^ 4<wr»<i ^Miiii"wwwun iBtg J/i/y 2 "^ODT •r^lgi GAYLORO PRINTEDINU.a.A. m Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924013340074 — VIKING CLUB. SOCIETY FOR NORTHERN RESEARCH. (Founded in 1892 as the Orkney, Shetland and Northern Society). 19 12. Hon. President :— Professor Sophus MOller. President :— A. VV. Johnston, F.S. A.Scot. Vice-Presidents :—H. L. Br^ekstad; Professor I. Gollancz, Litt.D., Past President; President ;] AMES Gray, M.A. ; Professor W. P. Ker, LL.D., Fast W. F. KIRBY, F.L.S., F.E.S., Past President ; Professor ALLAN Mawer, M.A. Honorary Vice-Presidents :—The Most Hon. The Marquis of Zetland ; The Right Hon. LORD Strathcona and Mount Royal, G.C. M.G. ; Prof. Sir W. Watson Cheyne, Bt., C.B., LL.D, F.R.S., Past President; J. W. Ccjrsiter, F.S.A.Scot. ; Gilbert Goudie, F.S. A., Scot., Past Hon. President; Dr. Hans Hildeeeand, Past Hon. President : Miss Cornelia Horsford ; Captain M. A. Laing, Lord Lieutenant of Orkney and Zetland; Prof. J. Lawrence, D.Lit.Lond. ; EiRiKR MAGNussoN, M.A., Past President; Roland St. Clair ; Rev. A. Sandison, Past President; Mrs. Jessie M. E. Saxby; Pastor A. V. Storm; E. M. Warburg; The Right Hon. T. McKinnon Wood, M.P., LL.D., D.L., Past President. Hon. Treasurer :—A. Shaw Mellor, M.A., M.B.Cantab. Hon. Editor: I Mrs. A. Wintle Johnston, 29, Ashburnham Hon. Secretary : ( Mansions, Chelsea, London, S.W. Councillors: Ananda K. CoomAraswAmy, D.Sc. (Lond.)., F.L.S., F.G.S., M. R. A.S. P. A. M. A. Sutherland Leask ; W. ; J. Emslie ; J. Fallows, ; J. W. R. L. ; F. ; Stedman, Lowe, M.A. P. Marchant ; W. R. Prior Douglas C. B.A. ; W. Barnes Steveni, M.J.I. ; A. W. Taylor, B.A. Trustees :— Prof. Sir W. Watson Cheyne, Bt, C.B., LL.D., F.R.S. ; The Right Hon. T. McKinnon Wood, M.P., LL.D., D.L. Hon. Auditors :—T. Davies Jones ; W. Vyvyan M. Popham. Hon. Solicitor:—T. Davies Jones. Bankers ; Capital and Counties Bank, Westminster Branch. Object : —The Club is founded as a Society for all interested in Northern Research. Subscription: —Annual—first 21s., thereafter, 10s. , life ;£io. PUBLICATIONS. Saga-Book and Year Book, gratis to members (list on application). Translation Series :— Vol. I., Cormac Saga, 6s. 6d. (pub. 7s. 6d.). Vol. II., Elder Edda, los. 6d. (pub. 15s.). Extra Series;—Vol. I., Birds of Omen in Shetland (out of print). Vol. II., Ruins of Saga-time in Iceland, los. Vol. III., Essays on Beowulf, 103. 6d. (pub. 12s. 6d.). Old-Lore Series of Miscellany and Records relating to Orkney, Shetland, Caithness and Sutherland :— Annual subscription los. 6d., life ^10 los. (list on application). Miscellaneous :—Club Library Catalogue, 6d. ; Review Origines Islandicae, by Eirikr Magniisson, 2S. ; Bibliography of Caithness and Sutherland, is. 6d. ; Rev. Alex. Pope, Reay (biography), 6d. ; Gro'tta-Songr, text, translation and notes, by EirikrMagnusson, IS 6d. ; DarraSaljoS, text, translation and notes, . by Eirikr Magniisson, is. 6d. ; Sinclairs of Brabsterdorran (genealogy), is. ; Sword-Dance, Papa Stour, and Four Shetland Airs, jd. Prospectus may be had on application to the Hon.. Secretary. Impression limited to 600 Copies, of which this is No. 108' : ESSAYS ON QUESTIONS CONNECTED WITH . THE OLD ENGLISH POEM OF . BEOWULF By KNUT STJERNA, Ph.D. Sometime Reader in AFchseology to the University of Upsala Translated and Edited by JOHN R. CLARK HALL. M.A., Ph.D. " Author of Beowulf and the Finnsbiirg Fragment, a translation into Modern English Prose.' COVENTRY Published for the Viking Club : Society for Northern Research University of London : King's College by Curtis & Beamish, Ltd., 50, Hertford Street 1912 PR A 7 /\.a(o'^3on J)^ — CONTENTS. PAGE List of Illustrations ix. List of AbbrevJations XV. Alterations and Corrections ... xvi. Introduction xvii. I. Helmets and Swords in Beowulf 1. The Helmet ... 1 2. The Sword ... 19 II. Archaeological Notes on Beowulf 33 III. Vendel and the Vendel Crow ... 50 Map of Uppland, Sweden 63 IV. Swedes and Geats during the Migration Period 64 -> V. Scyld's Funeral Obsequies 97 ,53. VI. The Dragon's Hoard in Beowulf m VII. The Double Burial in Beowulf .. 169 '^VIII. Beowulf's Funeral Obsequies 197 Index of Things 241 Bibliography of Dr. Stjerna's Works ... 265 Principal Authorities quoted or referred to in the Essays 267 Passages in Beowulf referred to or discussed in the Essays 269 General Index 272 Map of Southern Scandinavia end of vol. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. [The present homes of the objects have been given in brackets, so far as I have been able to ascertain them.] Portrait of Dr. Stjerna ... ... ... Frontispiece Fig. Page 1. Fragment of iron helmet, showing lattice work. Grave at Ultima, Uppland. [SHM] ... ... ... 3 2, 3, 4, 5. Bronze plates, Torslunda, Oland. [SHM] ... 8 6, 7, 8. Remains of a helmet (bronze and iron). Grave No. 1, Vendel, Uppland. [SHM] ... ,.. 9 9. Iron helmet with bronze plates. Grave No. 14, Vendel, Uppland. [SHM] ... ... ... 11 10. Iron helmet, Benty Grange, Derbyshire, England. [Sheffield] ... ... ... ... ... 12 11. Helmeted head, in silver, from a chape, Nydam, Schleswig. [Flensborg] ... ... ... 16 12. 13. Helmeted figures from a silver vessel, Gundestrup, Jutland. [Copenhagen] ... ... ... 18 14. Sword hilt of gilt-bronze, gold and silver, with garnets inlaid, from a grave, Vallstenarum, Gotland. [SHM] ... ... ... 28 15. Sword-hilt and sheath-mountings of gilt-bronze, from a grave, Ultuna, Uppland. [SHM] ... ... 29 16. Portion of a ring-corslet of iron, showing arrange- ment of rings, from a grave, Oremolla, Skane. [SHM] ... ... ... ... ... 34 17. Linked gold rings, from Narfveryd, East Gotland. [SHM] ... ... ... ... ... 35 18. Bronze diadem from a grave, Saltuna, Bornholm. [Copenhagen] ... ... ... ... 36 19. Decorative plate (bronze) from a helmet (fig. 9), grave No. 14, Vendel, Uppland. [SHM] ... ... 41 20. Decorative plate of bronze (two helmeted figures) from a helmet, grave No. 14, Vendel, Uppland, [SHM] 41 K. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE 21. Decorative plate (equestrian figure) in bronze, from a 47 helmet, grave No. 1, Vendel, Uppland. [SHM] . 22. Bronze decorative plate (man with axe) from a helmet grave No. 1, Vendel, Uppland. [SHM] 47 23. Boss of shield (iron and bronze, partly gilt) from grave No. 11, Vendel, Uppland. [SHM] 98 24. Sculptured stone, Stenkyrka, Gotland. [Wisby] 116 25. Sculptured stone, Levede, Gotland. [Wisby] 118 26. Ground plan of grave No. 14, Vendel, Uppland 118 27. Sculptured stone, Hogbro, Gotland. [Wisby] 118 28. Glass beaker from grave No. 12, Vendel, Uppland [SHM] 129 29. Standard ? Eagle's head, Vimose, Funen. [Copen hagen] 129 30. Ornament from gold collar, Mone, West Gotland [SHM] 135 31. Snake in bronze, Thorsbjerg, Schleswig. [Kiel] 155 32. Ornament on a round plate of silver, Thorsbierg Schleswig. [Kiel] 156 33. Bracteate (gold) from Lyngby by Ebeltoft, Jutland [Copenhagen] 156 34. Bracteate (gold) from Denmark. [Copenhagen] 156 35. Ornament from gold collar, Karleby, West Gotland [SHM] 156 36. Bracteate (gold) from Wingham, Kent. [BM] 157 37. Part of the ornamentation of the bracteate, fig. 36 .. 157 38. Gold bracteate, locality unknown. [Copenhagen] .. 157 39. a-f. Ornaments from a gold horn, Gallehus, Schleswig (lost) 158 40. Gold coin from a grave, Kalder, Gotland. [SHM] 158 41. Ornament from a bracteate (fig. 61) Tufvasgarden Halland, Sweden. [SHM] 158 42. Ornament from a bracteate, Skovsholm, Aarhus, Jutland 158 43. Bracteate (gold) from Rosendal, Gotland. [SHM].. 158 44. Pendant (silver) from Bjorko, Uppland. [SHM] 158 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XI. PAGE 45. a, b. Ornaments from a gold collar, Farjestaden, Oland. [SHM] ... ... ... ... 159 46. Bronze fibula from Oland. [SHM] ... ... 159 47. Plate of gilt-bronze from Vallstenarum, Gotland, (same grave as the sword fig. 14). [SHM] ... 159 48. Snake-figure from a helmet-plate (Hg. 59), grave No. 1, Vendel, Uppland ... ... ... ... 159 49. Ornaments from the horn of Gallehus, Schleswig ... 160 50. Ornament from a bracteate (fig. 57), Lundeby, Oland, [SHM] 160 51. Ornament from a silver fibula, Meilby, Jutland. [Copenhagen] ... ... ... ... 160 52. Ornament from the horn of Gallehus, Schleswig ... 160 53. Ornament from a bracteate (fig 58 , originating from Denmark? ... ... ... ... ... 160 54. Ornament from a gold collar, Farjestaden, Oland. [SHM] ... ... ... ... ... 160 55. Bronze fibula from Oland. [SHM] ... ... 161 56. Bronze fibula from Gammalgarn, Gotland. [SHM]... 162 57. Bracteate (gold) from Lundeby, Oland. [SHM] ... 163 58. Bracteate (gold) from Denmark ? [Copenhagen] ... 163 59. Helmet-plate of bronze from grave No. 1, Vendel, Uppland [SHM] .. ... ... ... 164 60. Gold coin of Constantius II. ... ... ... 167 61. Bracteate (gold) from Tufvasgarden, Tronninge, Hal- land, Sweden. [SHM] ... ... ... 167 62. Ground plan of a grave, Kabbarp, SkSne ... ... 173 63. Ground plan of a grave, Kalder, Gotland ... ... 174 64. Ground plan of grave No. 158, Havor, Gotland. [SHM] 175 65. Earthenware pot, from Havor grave 158, Gotland. [SHM] 177 66. Bronze buckle from grave 158, Havor, Gotland. [SHM] 178 67. Gold finger-ring from Etebols, Gotland. [SHM] ... 178 68. Bronze fastening from grave 158, Havor, Gotland. [SHM] 178 XII. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE 69. Bronze fastening from grave 17, Vallstenarum, Gotland, [SHM] ... ... ... ... ... 178 70. Bronze buckle from grave 158, Havor, Gotland. [SHM] ... ... ... ... ... 179 71. Bronze finger-ring from grave 136, Havor, Gotland. [SHM] ... ... ... ... ... 179 72. Ornament on an earthen vessel from grave 136, Havor, Gotland. [SHM] ... ... ... ... 180 73. Bronze fibula from grave 136, Havor, Gotland. [SHM] ... ... .. ... ... 180 74. Bronze buckle from grave 136, Havor, Gotland. [SHM] ... ... ... ... ... 180 75. Bronze fastening (for a strap) from grave 136, Havor, Gotland. [SHM] ..
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