4/10/12

March 15, 44 BC: Liberators or Murderers? Caesar reaches beyond the grave? • Brutus spares Caesar’s cronies • Antony also reads to the public Caesar’s will: – M. Aemilius Lepidus – 300 sesterces willed to each Roman cizen – Marcus Antonius (Antony) = current consul – Caesar’s private gardens to become public park – Caesar adopts grand-nephew Octavian as son and heir • Antony seems conciliatory at first – Names Brutus as guardian in case Caesar had young – decree of amnesty children – Offers Brutus & Cassius governorships in East • Angry mob • Brutus also allows public funeral for Caesar: – sets fires in forum – dismembers Cinna (oops, wrong Cinna) – Antony uses funeral oraon to sr up mob to riot – chases Brutus & Cassius out of Rome against Caesar’s murderers • Antony le in charge of Rome… – Displays Caesar’s bloody and torn toga

Enter Teenage Octavian Caesar Octavianus • April 44: Gaius Octavius (18 years old) • Once at Rome, Octavian hosts lavish funeral – Learns of Caesar’s murder and his will games for his “father” Caesar in 44 BC – returns to Rome from studies in Greece • Comet = evidence of Caesar’s deificaon: • Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus Divus Julius; Octavian now divi filius • Brilliant & ruthless manipulator: • But Antony refuses to acknowledge Octavian’s did the end jusfy the means? inheritance • Octavian asks Cicero for help

1 4/10/12

Cicero’s mistake: Second Triumvirate • Meeng at Bologna: November 27, 43 BC • Cicero decides he can use Octavian – Senate declares Antony enemy of Rome Octavian + Antony + Lepidus – Antony retreats to Northern Italy with legions – Triumviri rei publicae constuendae consulari – Senate allows Octavian to command legions of potestate Caesar’s veterans & send him against Antony – Team up to fight Brutus and Cassius (liberators) • Octavian defeats Antony at Muna 43 • Proscripons: 300 senators + 2,000 equites • Octavian marches back to Rome: demands – Including Cicero consulship! – NOT the puppet Cicero thought he would be! – Octavian now plans to avenge Caesar

10 years of bloodshed Pompey’s son • 42 Philippi • – Antony & Octavian def. Brutus & Cassius Sextus Pompey has taken Sicily (grain supply!) • Antony stays in East • Octavian and Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa aack • Octavian returns to Italy – 36 BC Naulochus: Sextus defeated – 100,000 soldiers need to be demobilized • Octavian now has 600 ships & 24 legions • Perusia 40 = the restorer – Octavian def. L. Antonius & Fulvia • Lepidus’ troops desert to Octavian • 38: triumvirate renewed – Octavian gets West; Antony gets East • 35-33 Octavian campaigns in – Lepidus gets Africa Illyricum (prep. war vs. Antony) – Antony marries O’s sister, Octavia

2 4/10/12

Octavian vs. Antony Octavian won five decisive civil war campaigns: 1) Muna (ag. Antony) • Antony in Alexandria; falls for Cleopatra 2) Philippi (ag. Cassius and Brutus) • 33 BC: Octavian launches propaganda assault 3) Perusia (ag. Antony’s brother and wife Fulvia) – Antony = debauched, un-Roman drunkard; love-slave of Egypan queen, who wants to move capitol of 4) Sicily (against Sextus Pompey Rome to Alexandria! 5) Acum (ag. Antony and Cleopatra) • 31 BC: Consul Octavian declares war; defeats Antony & Cleopatra at Bale of Acum • 29 BC: Octavian now supreme commander of all Roman armies (just 34 years old) • Celebrates triple triumph for Illyricum, Acum, and Egypt & purges senate of enemies • 27 BC: Octavian announces resignaon to senate

3