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Transnational Television and Football in Francophone Africa

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Transnational Television and Football in Francophone Africa Transnational Television and Football in Francophone Africa: The Path to Electronic Colonization? A dissertation presented to the faculty of the Scripps College of Communication of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy Gerard A. Akindes June 2010 © 2010 Gerard A. Akindes. All rights reserved. 2 This dissertation titled Transnational Television and Football in Francophone Africa: The Path to Electronic Colonization? by GERARD A. AKINDES has been approved for the School of Telecommunications and the Scripps College of Communication by Steve Howard Professor of Media, Arts and Studies Gregory J. Shepherd Dean, Scripps College of Communication 3 ABSTRACT AKINDES, GERARD A., Ph.D., June 2010, Individual Interdisciplinary Program Transnational Television and Football in Francophone Africa: The Path to Electronic Colonization? (226 pp.) Director of Dissertation: Steve Howard Since the late 1990s, political democratization and new broadcasting technologies have transformed African countries’ mediascapes. In addition to new private local television, broadcasters of transnational television officially gained access to African audiences. As such, transnational football (soccer) broadcasting became increasingly accessible to African football fans. This study aims to understand and to explain how television broadcasting’s political and technological changes in the late 1990s induced electronic colonialism in Francophone Africa. This qualitative study was conducted in Senegal, Côte d’Ivoire, Benin, Burkina, and Cameroon. It constituted at first the goal to achieve an understanding of the intricacies of football television broadcasting by public, private, and transnational television broadcasters. The in-depth interviews, documents analysis, and field observations provided required data to analyze transnational television broadcasting in Francophone Africa within the theoretical framework of Thomas McPhail’s (2006) electronic colonialism. Several significant findings emerged from this study. The main players in football television broadcasting are public and transnational television broadcasters. The newly installed private television broadcasters remain too economically fragile to compete for 4 broadcasting rights. The economics of broadcasting rights (along with the access to satellite technology) give to European transnational television broadcasters—and media and marketing groups—a competitive advantage over local public television broadcasters. Consequently, media flows from Europe (and the one produced by Africans) are controlled by European media and marketing groups. What contributes to the control of the media broadcasting by European media and marketing corporations are the cultural and linguistic connections facilitated by African players in various French and European leagues, and the inherent cultural discount of football. The study demonstrated how CanaSat Horizons and Canal France International (by supplying African audiences with French football programs and live games packaged with bartering) contribute to a French electronic colonialism of the Francophone Africa audience. The findings also reveal that the sponsoring of leagues and national teams by cellular corporations from the core and the semi-periphery in football introduced an additional player to the electronic colonialism through football in Francophone Africa. Although electronic colonialism cannot only be imputable to transnational football broadcasting, the findings of this research demonstrate that football broadcasting in Francophone Africa represents a pertinent case study of electronic colonialism. Approved: _____________________________________________________________ W. Stephen Howard Professor of Media, Arts and Studies 5 DEDICATION A la mémoire de Papa, Maman, et Régine 6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my sisters Rosemonde and Clotilde, my brother Simon, my late parents Monique and Clovis Akindes, and late sister Régime. They were always there to support and encourage all my sporting and academic endeavors. Thanks to Fay for her encouragements and guidance. I express my gratitude to my committee members, Dr. Howard, Dr. Kreutzer, Dr. Obregon, Dr. Muhammad, and Dr. Zyati. Dr. Howard deserves thanks for encouraging me to start the doctoral program, supporting my application, and for advising and guiding me all along the whole academic journey at Ohio University. Thanks to Dr. Obregon for encouraging me in pursuing my work in media and football. Thanks to Dr. Kreutzer for his constant push and encouragements and for being my sport administration advisor. Thanks to Dr. Muhammad for his suggestions and support. The encouragement of many friends was crucial in completing this study. In France and Belgium, Christiane Devos, Marie Helene Ba, Christian Lestienne, Willy Moulin, Sylvie Druart, Yves Tixhon, Hibou (Abdou) Akpiti, Madelaine Senghor, and Kenneth Karl continuously encouraged and supported my academic journey. Charles Amegan in France and Bassirou Gning in Belgium consistently supplied me with information, books, and articles from French libraries and bookstores along with comments and words of support. In Benin, Georges Amlon opened many media and broadcasting office doors for interviews. In Senegal, Mohammed Ali Kparah gave me access to all electronic media outlets in Dakar. Thanks to Ousseynou Samb, Maramane 7 and Mamadou for their hospitality and contacts in Senegal. I thank Ramatoulaye Ndao and Thierno Ndao for making their connections in Dakar available for my data collection. In Burkina, Faso Matthew Kirwin’s contacts were critical in connecting with Burkinabe journalists and media personnel. Thanks also to Aurelie and Honore Somda who helped me to record sport content from Burkinabe television. In Abidjan, all my gratitude to Aissatou Balde, Sangare Brahima, Jose Ayite, Raymond Ouegnin, Daniele d’Almeida-Ouegnin, Made and Alain Gouamene, Idriss Diallo, Abou Coulibally, Oumou and Ami Guindo, Mian and Catherine Brou, Camille Anoma, Camille Gobey, Konan Ferdianand, and Asec Mimosas Sifcom’s football academy staff, my cousin Francis Akindes, and all my former teammates of Abidjan Université Club. Thanks to all my friends in Athens and the US who read, edited, and advised me all along my academic and doctoral journey in Athens. Among them, Lisa Aubrey, Andrea Frohne, Ghirmai Negash, Bernard Frampton, Chung-Yan Hsu (Jack), Ken Dobo, Mark Riley, Juliette Storr, Erica Butcher, Winsome Chunnu, Travis Boyce, the Keesey family (Christopher, Ingrid, Somnia, and Fabiola), Denise Hughes, De Nyago Tafen, Doug Franklin, Mariame Sy, Ousmane Sene, and Fanta Diamanka. Thanks to the “Sports in Africa” initiative colleagues, Paul Darby, Martha Saavedra, Peter Alegi, Jemadari Kamara, Andrew Owusu, and my sports and development professional, Pelle Kvalsund and Judy McPherson. This dissertation is an edifice built of transnational experiences, advice, knowledge, and support from various places and people in Africa, Europe, and the US. 8 My gratitude to everybody in Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, France, and Senegal who kindly accepted to be interviewed and provided me with very valuable data and information. 9 TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication ........................................................................................................................... 5 Acknowledgments............................................................................................................... 6 List of Tables .................................................................................................................... 13 List of Figure..................................................................................................................... 14 Definition of Terms........................................................................................................... 15 Chapter 1: Introduction ..................................................................................................... 17 Background and Purpose of the Study ........................................................................ 19 The Problem ................................................................................................................ 23 Research Question ...................................................................................................... 26 Significance of the Study ............................................................................................ 26 Limitations and Delimitations..................................................................................... 27 Chapter 2: Review of the Literature .................................................................................. 29 The History of Sport in Francophone West Africa ..................................................... 30 Pre-colonial Sport in Africa .................................................................................. 32 Colonization and Sport ......................................................................................... 34 From Localization to Internationalization ............................................................ 36 The Pre-independence Years ................................................................................ 37 Independence and Post-Independence ........................................................................ 41 Migration of Francophone Footballers ....................................................................... 43 Sport
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