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This Electronic Thesis Or Dissertation Has Been Downloaded from the King’S Research Portal At This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Leadership among the Samnites and related Oscan-speaking peoples between the fifth and first centuries BC Farkas, Nikoletta The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 24. Sep. 2021 Leadership among the Samnites and related Oscan-speaking peoples between the fifth and first centuries BC Nikoletta Farkas Submitted for award of PhD King's College London September2006. r ^. '_F f 1 T_ Abstract The thesis studies the Samnite political systems in two regions, the central Apennines and Campania, between the fifth and first centuries BC. The thesis revisits previous arguments about the political structures, creates and modifies models for the functioning of Samnite political institutions by using Roman and Greek literary sources, Oscan inscriptions, archaeological and numismatic evidence. The introductory chapter explains the aims and problems of the thesis and summarizes the achievements of previous studies in the field. Chapter two focuses on the political institutions of the highland Samnites. It rejects the view of a long-lived Samnite league and argues instead that Samnite tribes and autonomous communities formed loose, temporary alliances to wage wars and to promote religious cults in the fourth and third centuries BC. Defeat in the Samnite Wars resulted in the independent development of Samnite federal states in the central Apennines. The chapter concentrates on the political institutions of the best-attested Pentri tribe and argues that the meddix tuticus was the single, annual and eponymous leader of this federal state. Chapters three to six study evidence for the political structures of Campania. Chapter three argues that there is little evidence to suggest that Capua headed a long- lived league, although its hegemony over Atella, Calatia and Sabatinum may be allowed. Chapter four suggests that Cumae was independent from Capua. Chapter five concludes that the evidence does not suggest that Abella was subordinate to Nola. Chapter six challenges that idea that Herculaneum, Pompeii, Stabiae and Surrentum formed a league under the leadership of Nuceria Alfaterna. Chapter seven briefly summarizes the arguments and achievements of the thesis. Acknowledgements I am most thankful to my supervisor, Prof. Dominic Rathbone, for his invaluable teaching and excellent guidance during the writing of this thesis. I am also grateful to Prof. Michael Crawford for providing me with important pieces of information about Oscan inscriptions on numerous occasions from his forthcoming Imagines Italicae Project. I am also indebted to Margaret Watmough for her linguistic comments and invaluable friendship. Parts of the text were read by Jessica Hughes, Tina Chronopoulos, Peter Agöcs, Kate Cooper and Dominic Clarke; for their comments I am most grateful. Simon Mahony and Gabriel Bodard helped me to overcome technical hurdles, while other friends, Maggie Robb, Valentina Asciutti, Eleonora Litta Modignani Picozzi, Ryosuke Takahashi, Francesco Trifilo and Stephen Moorby made researchin the Institute of Classical Studies Library more enjoyable. Special thanks are due to my partner, Sergio Maffeis, whose encouragement, care and support considerably eased the painful process of studying and writing. Last, but by no meansleast, I would like to thank my parents for their encouragement and patience, Silvana and Max Maffeis for their warmth and support and Esa and Pino Francavilla for hosting me at Valmosca where a considerable part of the text was born. 3 Contents Abstract ........................................................................................... 2 Acknowledgements .............................................................................. 3 List of maps ....................................................................................... 7 Abbreviations ..................................................................................... 9 1. Introduction .................................................................................. 10 1.1. Contents the thesis of ............................................................. 10 1.2. History 12 of scholarship ............................................................ 2. Highland Samnites .......................................................................... 23 2.1. Introduction ........................................................................ 23 2.2. Samnite in history states ......................................................... 26 2.2.1. Safin ....................................................................... 26 2.2.2. The Samnite Wars ....................................................... 27 2.2.3. The SecondPunic War .................................................. 36 2.2.4. The Social War ........................................................... 38 2.2.5. Voting tribes Augustan 41 and regions ................................... 2.2.6. Conclusions ............................................................... 43 2.3. Ancient sites ....................................................................... 45 2.3.1. Evidence and models ................................................... 45 2.3.2. Hill forts the Samnites of ............................................... 48 2.3.3. Settlement patterns...................................................... 54 2.3.4. Sanctuaries ............................................................... 60 2.3.5. Conclusions .............................................................. 65 4 2.4. Administrative institutions 66 ....................................................... 2.4.1. Touta 66 and pagi .......................................................... 2.4.2. Meddix 71 tuticus ........................................................... 2.4.3. Other 82 offices .............................................................. 2.5. Social elite Samnite leaders 84 and ................................................. 2.6. Conclusions 93 ........................................................................ 3. Capua the Campani 96 and ..................................................................... 3.1. Introduction 96 ........................................................................ 3.2. Historical background 98 ............................................................ 3.2.1. Foundation 98 myths ....................................................... 3.2.2. The Samnite takeover 100 ................................................. 3.2.3. The Rome 103 coming of .................................................. 3.2.4. Territory 107 ................................................................. 3.2.5. Campanianmagistrates and assembliesin Roman literary 111 sources........................................................................... institutions in 116 3.3. Administrative the epigraphic evidence........................ 3.4. The families Capua 125 elite of ....................................................... 3.5. Conclusions: The Campanian 135 supposed confederation ...................... 3.6. Appendix: Roman Capua 138 the pagi of ............................................ 4. Cumae 141 ...................................................................................... 4.1. Introduction 141 ...................................................................... 4.2. The history Samnite Cumae 141 and archaeology of ............................ 4.3. Samnite Cumae 147 magistratesat ................................................. 4.4. The 151 vereis ........................................................................ 4.5. Conclusions 156 ...................................................................... 5 5. Nola Abella and ........................................................................... 158 5.1. Introduction ....................................................................... 158 5.2. Literary sources .................................................................. 158 5.3. Coins .............................................................................. 163 5.4. Epigraphic evidence............................................................. 167 5.4.1. Magistrates Nola Abella 167 at and ....................................... 5.4.2. Cippus Abellanus ...................................................... 174 5.5. Elite
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