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Global Glacier Change Bulletin No. 2 (2014–2015)

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Global Glacier Change Bulletin No. 2 (2014–2015) Bulletin No. 2 (2014 – 2015) Global Glacier Change Bulletin A contribution to the Global Terrestrial Network for Glaciers (GTN-G) as part of the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) and its Terrestrial Observation Panel for Climate (TOPC), the Division of Early Warning and Assessment and the Global Environment Outlook as part of the United Nations Environment Programme (DEWA and GEO, UNEP), and the International Hydrological Programme of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (IHP, UNESCO) Compiled by the World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS) ICSU (WDS) – IUGG (IACS) – UNEP – UNESCO – WMO | 2017 GLOBAL GLACIER CHANGE BULLETIN No. 2 (2014–2015) A contribution to the Global Terrestrial Network for Glaciers (GTN-G) as part of the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) and its Terrestrial Observation Panel for Climate (TOPC), the Division of Early Warning and Assessment and the Global Environment Outlook as part of the United Nations Environment Programme (DEWA and GEO, UNEP), and the International Hydrological Programme of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (IHP, UNESCO) Compiled by the World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS) Edited by Michael Zemp, Samuel U. Nussbaumer, Isabelle Gärtner-Roer, Jacqueline Huber, Horst Machguth, Frank Paul, Martin Hoelzle World Glacier Monitoring Service Department of Geography University of Zurich Switzerland ICSU (WDS) – IUGG (IACS) – UNEP – UNESCO – WMO 2017 Imprint World Glacier Monitoring Service c/o Department of Geography University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057 Zurich Switzerland http://www.wgms.ch [email protected] Editorial Board Michael Zemp Department of Geography, University of Zurich Samuel U. Nussbaumer Department of Geography, University of Zurich Isabelle Gärtner-Roer Department of Geography, University of Zurich Jacqueline Huber Department of Geography, University of Zurich Horst Machguth Department of Geography, University of Zurich Frank Paul Department of Geography, University of Zurich Martin Hoelzle Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg Contributors Principal Investigators (see pages 109 ff): data measurements, submission, and review of press proof National Correspondents (see pages 127 ff): data compilation, submission, and review of press proof Luisa von Albedyll (University of Bremen, Germany): editing of maps Florentin Brendler (University of Innsbruck, Austria): editing of maps Susan Braun-Clarke (Translations & Proofreading, Eichenau, Germany): language editing Printed by Staffel Medien AG CH-8045 Zurich Switzerland Citation WGMS 2017. Global Glacier Change Bulletin No. 2 (2014–2015). Zemp, M., Nussbaumer, S. U., Gärtner- Roer, I., Huber, J., Machguth, H., Paul, F., and Hoelzle, M. (eds.), ICSU(WDS)/IUGG(IACS)/UNEP/ UNESCO/WMO, World Glacier Monitoring Service, Zurich, Switzerland, 244 pp., publication based on database version: doi:10.5904/wgms-fog-2017-10. Cover page Panoramic view of Waldemarbreen (Svalbard/Norway). Photo taken by I. Sobota in the summer of 2015. Preface by GCOS Since the publication of the first Global Glacier Change Bulletin in 2015, the “climate observations landscape” has seen substantial progress in the face of increasing effects of global climate change. The Paris Agreement, which was adopted by the 21st Conference of Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in December 2015 marks a watershed moment in global efforts to address and limit climate change. Its central aim is to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change by keeping the global temperature rise until the end of this century well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit it to 1.5 °C. This is, however, not possible without a thorough and reliable systematic observation of the climate system. The mechanism to address these observation needs is the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS). Established in 1992 and co-sponsored by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and the International Council for Science (ICSU), GCOS promotes standardized, systematic and sustained climate observations to improve the under- standing of our climate system and enhance climate services. GCOS guides climate observing systems through regular implementation plans. The recent plan was published in 2016 and responds to the needs identified in the GCOS status report from 2015 but also to the ambitious goals and expec- tations of the Paris Agreement. This 2016 plan includes nine explicit actions to improve the global glacier observing network (T19–T27) and many more general actions, that will help to improve and adapt glacier observations networks to the increasing needs of the climate community. To reach this goal, the 22nd COP in Marrakesh in 2016 invited “United Nations agencies and international organizations to support the full implementation of the [GCOS] implementation plan, as appropriate”. This recognition and support by the United Nations and its members to address the big challenges laid out in the Paris Agreement holds of course for all climate observing networks of which the GCOS consists. With the present second issue of the Global Glacier Change Bulletin, the WGMS proves once more its relevance as the renowned international centre for glacier observations for providing highly regarded climate information to a broad user community. It also proves, that the WGMS is very well positioned to provide answers not only to the needs of the Paris Agreement but to the complex challenges of climate change and glaciers in general. The efforts of the WGMS to provide these services and the sustained support of the Swiss Government are shining examples, and the WGMS can be regarded as a model for other observation networks for sustainable climate observations. The GCOS Secretariat congratulates the WGMS for this successful work, and we look forward to continuing our fruitful and excellent cooperation. Carolin Richter, Dr Director, GCOS Secretariat Preface by IACS (IUGG) The International Association of Cryospheric Sciences (IACS) was established in 2007 as the eighth Association under the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG). Glacier monitoring is an important activity of the IACS. This activity goes back to the Commission Internationale des Glaciers (CIG), the common origin of both IACS and the World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS). Nowadays, IACS leads the Advisory Board for the Global Terrestrial Net- work for Glaciers (GTN-G), where WGMS has a leading role. Since 1986, the WGMS has collected and published standardized information about ongoing glacier fluctuations and events, i.e., changes in glacier length, area, volume, and mass. In response to calls-for-data, observations are contributed through an international scientific collaboration network, which consists of WGMS National Correspondents and Princi- pal Investigators in over 30 countries worldwide. Submitted data are converted into standardized formats and uploaded into the Fluctuations of Glaciers database. Each version of the database is given a digital object identifier and made available to the public. The WGMS datasets have been cited in all five Assessment Reports of Working Group I of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). They have been and will certainly continue to be used in numerous scientific publications. The present Global Glacier Change Bulletin presents a wealth of data from numerous glaciers around the world. The data collected either in situ or via remote sensing are the result of much hard work and a joint effort by members of the glaciological community. IACS is thus much obliged to all the investigators who have collected, analyzed and submitted their data to the WGMS database to be shared with the international community. The IACS extends thanks to the World Glacier Monitoring Service for its thorough work and continuous efforts in collec- ting and standardizing glaciological data, as published in the current Global Glacier Change Bulletin, and for making the data available in digital format. We also thank WGMS for its contribution to several IACS Working Groups, in particular for its efforts to collect and standardize ice thickness data in support of the Working Group on Glacier Ice Thickness Estimation. Liss M. Andreassen, Dr Regine Hock, Prof. Dr Head, Division of Glaciers and Ice Sheets, IACS President, IACS Preface by UNESCO Glaciers are key and unique indicators of global warming and climate change. They are also an integral part of the culture, landscape, and environment, and an important component of the hydrological cycle in high mountain regions. In 2014, IPCC confirmed with a high degree of confidence that glaciers have continued to shrink almost worldwide and that these changes will affect water availability for the large populations situated downstream. The monitoring of these glaciers is therefore very crucial, not only to understanding climate change and its impact on flow regimes in mountain regions, but also to the safeguarding of the wellbeing of those who live downstream of these glaciers and depend on this water for their livelihood. The need for a worldwide inventory of existing perennial ice and snow masses was first considered during the Internatio- nal Hydrological Decade, declared by UNESCO for the period 1965–1974. More than half a century later,
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