Author's personal copy J Archaeol Method Theory (2014) 21:134–211 DOI 10.1007/s10816-012-9149-0 The Archaeology of Cosmic Impact: Lessons from Two Mid-Holocene Argentine Case Studies Gustavo Barrientos & W. Bruce Masse Published online: 15 September 2012 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012 Abstract Cosmic impact is a category of natural catastrophe neglected or misunderstood by most archaeologists in reconstructions of past human population dynamics. We discuss the nature of impact by asteroids and comets and what is known and theorized about the Quaternary Period impact record. As case studies for our exploration of how archaeolog- ical method and theory can be productively applied to the study of cosmic impact, we focus on two confirmed Holocene asteroid impacts in central and northeastern Argentina, Rio Cuarto and Campo del Cielo, both likely dating between 6 and 3 cal ky BP. We model and assess the potential destructive effects of these impacts on contemporary hunting and gathering populations using several lines of evidence. The search for Quaternary Period cosmic impacts, along with the documentation of the effects of confirmed cosmic impacts on human populations, particularly of those organized in small-scale social groups, represents a challenge and key opportunity for future archaeological research. Keywords Extraterrestrial object collisions . Quaternary Period . Archaeological evidence and judgment criteria . Campo del Cielo and Río Cuarto impact events Introduction “Impact cratering is the most fundamental geologic process in the Solar System” (Melosh 2011:222). G. Barrientos Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional del La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n, B1900FWA, La Plata, Argentina e-mail:
[email protected] G.