DOCSLIB.ORG

Special Feature

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Special Feature SPECIAL FEATURE Community Genetics: New Insights into Community Ecology by Integrating Population Genetics1 Community genetics is the study of the interaction between genes within a species and pop- ulations of other species in a community. This area of research was ®rst introduced by Janis Antonovics (1992 [Toward community genetics. Pages 426±429 in R. S. Fritz and E. L. Simms, editors. Plant resistance to herbivores and pathogens: ecology, evolution and genetics. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA]) as a modern attempt to integrate community ecology and evolution. Research programs in community genetics span from understanding the mechanistic bases of the evolution of organisms in a community context to identifying the role of genetic variation in generating community patterns. Is community genetics an emerging subdiscipline that ®nally unites multispecies ecology with the genetics of evolutionary change? It is argued that a mature understanding of either ecological communities or the evolution of species will require community genetics. Others cry that this label is nothing more than funding-agency-style renaming of perfectly good, classic questions in evolutionary ecology. I have asked two of the leading groups in community genetics to lay down the de®nitions and set the agenda for future work: Neuhauser et al., who established a Center for Community Genetics at the University of Minnesota; and Whitham et al., who have been studying the consequences of genetic variation for diverse communities and community processes. The result is two fresh and controversial lead papers. Following these papers are commentaries from eight respondents. Some of these authors were pioneers in bridging the ®elds of community ecology and evolution; others are newcomers seeking to infuse ecology with novelty. The result is a mix of arguments that illustrate the vigorous debate within modern community ecology. The feature starts and ends with perspectives articulated by Janis Antonovics. Neuhauser et al. and Whitham et al. loosely follow Antonovics's (1992) reductionist and holist perspectives, respectively. The hallmark of the reductionist approach (Neuhauser et al.) is to document rapid evolutionary change. As nonequilibrial communities are affected by anthropogenic or other in- ¯uences, strong interactions catalyze ¯ux in abundances of individuals in multispecies commu- nities, and these changes can rapidly alter the genetics of community members. It is argued that incorporation of spatial dynamics and population biology in interacting species is necessary to predict the eventual ecological and evolutionary outcome of perturbation. On the holistic side (Whitham et al.), the goal is to understand the consequences of particular genes (or gene com- binations) in a community on higher levels of biological organization. Here, the in¯uence of particular genetic variants on communities and ecosystem properties is examined in more or less equilibrial communities. Variation generated by hybridization between species has been the pri- mary tool used to study the role of particular genes on communities; little is currently known about the role of variation within a single species. In addition, the role of genetic variance or diversity in a population in generating higher-level community properties such as productivity and species diversity is a central goal of the holistic approach to community genetics. Perhaps nobody could cogently argue that ecology and evolution can be disciplines without each other. Yet the respondents disagree in terms of the projected role for community genetics in ecology. Tension persists over the possibility of natural selection acting on levels higher than the individual. There is a persuasive call for examining and accounting for the in¯uence of interspeci®c (phylogenetic) relatedness within community studies. Add all this to the nagging age-old questions of how to de®ne a community, who the important dominant or keystone members are, and how to assess the relative importance of various factors in¯uencing community structure. 1 Reprints of this 59 page Special Feature are available for $9.75 each, either as pdf ®les or as hard copy. Prepayment is required. Order reprints from the Ecological Society of America, Attention: Reprint Department, 1707 H Street, N.W., Suite 400, Washington D.C. 20006 (e-mail: [email protected]). 543 Although we may be able to agree that it is a worthy goal to integrate more than one or two species into the study of population genetic change and to integrate genetics into the study of community patterns, will the reductionist and holistic approaches ever meet? Perhaps the study of coevolution in real communities (diffuse coevolution) will be the ®rst benefactor of the com- bined reductionist and holistic approaches to community genetics. Others will soon follow. Ul- timately, the goal is to develop an increasing ability to describe and predict patterns in nature. ÐANURAG A. AGRAWAL, Special Features Editor Key words: coevolution; diversity; group selection; intraspeci®c variation; multilevel selection; phy- logenetics of communities; population genetics; species richness. q 2003 by the Ecological Society of America Special Feature Ecology, 84(3), 2003, pp. 545±558 q 2003 by the Ecological Society of America COMMUNITY GENETICS: EXPANDING THE SYNTHESIS OF ECOLOGY AND GENETICS CLAUDIA NEUHAUSER,1,4,5 D. A. ANDOW,2,4 GEORGE E. HEIMPEL,2,4 GEORGIANA MAY,1,4 RUTH G. SHAW,1,4 AND STUART WAGENIUS3,4 1Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 100 Ecology Building, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 USA 2Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 1980 Folwell Ave, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 USA 3Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, Illinois 60022 USA 4The Minnesota Center for Community Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 USA Abstract. Community genetics synthesizes community ecology and population genetics and yields fresh insights into the interplay between evolutionary and ecological processes. A community genetics framework proves especially valuable when strong selection on traits results from or impinges on interspeci®c interactions, an increasingly common phenomenon as more communities are subject to direct management or anthropogenic disturbances. We draw illustrations of this perspective from our ongoing studies of three representative communities, two managed and one natural, that have recently undergone large perturba- tions. The studied communities are: (1) insect pests of crop plants genetically engineered to produce insecticidal toxins; (2) insect-pollinated plants in habitats severely fragmented by agriculture and urbanization; and (3) a pathogen and its crop host now grown extensively outside their native ranges. We demonstrate the value of integrating genetic and ecological processes to gain a full understanding of community dynamics, particularly in nonequilib- rium systems that are subject to strong selection. Special Feature Key words: anthropogenic disturbance; Bt maize; community genetics; Echinacea angustifolia; evolution of resistance; genetic engineering; habitat fragmentation; nonequilibrium dynamics; plant± insect interactions; plant±pathogen interactions; Ustilago maydis. INTRODUCTION a given place. The strength of interaction between members of a community varies. Strong interactions Janis Antonovics (1992) articulated a vision for a can arise even for species that have associated only new ®eld of inquiry, ``community genetics'' (a term recently. For example, in the case of species invasions, suggested by Dr. J. P. Collins, Arizona State Univer- strong interactions may be apparent from the time that sity), to investigate the ``role of genetic variation in a species arrives at a given location (Pritchard and in¯uencing species interactions and determining com- Schluter 2001). Assembly of novel communities may munity structure.'' Community genetics is a synthesis have evolutionary, as well as ecological, consequences of community ecology and evolutionary genetics; it within few generations (Reznick et al. 1997, 2001, Da- directly assesses the interplay between genetic varia- vis and Shaw 2001). When, in addition, ecological in- tion and community dynamics to develop a mechanistic teractions strongly in¯uence the genetic composition understanding of the evolution of organisms in the con- of populations, the conceptual framework of commu- text of the communities that they occupy. nity genetics becomes valuable. Our community concept is that developed by Glea- Community genetics addresses questions about the son (1917, 1926, 1927), demonstrated by Whittaker evolution of interactions among organisms in a broader (1956), and supported by the work of Davis (1981) on context than that of the more stringent framework of community assembly. In this concept, species assemble coevolution where ``an evolutionary change in a trait in communities according to their individualistic attri- . in one population in response to . a second butes. We superimpose on this concept a contemporary population, [is] followed by an evolutionary response understanding of the ubiquity of genetic variation. by the second population to the change in the ®rst'' Thus, a community is the multispecies assemblage of (Janzen 1980). A situation in which the ecological suc- genetically variable populations that together occupy cess of one species depends on the genotypes of a sec- ond species would not necessarily
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Host-Plant Genotype and Other Herbivores Influence Goldenrod Stem Galler Preference and Performance
    Oecologia (1999) 121:392–404 © Springer-Verlag 1999 James T. Cronin · Warren G. Abrahamson Host-plant genotype and other herbivores influence goldenrod stem galler preference and performance Received: 26 January 1999 / Accepted: 2 June 1999 Abstract Ecologists have labored to find an explanation suitability as a host to the stem gallers. One possible ex- for the lack of a positive correlation between host prefer- planation for why spittlebugs caused a significant reduc- ence and offspring performance in herbivorous insects. tion in preference, but not in performance, was that spit- This study focuses on how one herbivore species can in- tlebugs had very few long-term effects on the host plant. fluence another herbivore species’ ability to accurately Flower number, flowering phenology, and the allocation assess the suitability of different host-plant genotypes for of the ramet’s biomass to different structures (below- larval development. In particular, we examined the role ground organs, stems, leaves, and flowers) were un- that an early season xylem-feeding homopteran (meadow changed with respect to spittlebug density. The only ef- spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius) has on the preference- fect of spittlebugs was a 3–4% decrease in ramet height performance correlation of a late-season dipteran stem at the end of the growing season. We argue that the lack galler (Eurosta solidaginis) among different goldenrod of a positive correlation between host-plant preference genotypes. In a greenhouse, we released adult stem gall- and larval performance may reflect a constraint on the ers into replicate cages that contained ramets from four discriminatory ability of female stem gallers.
    [Show full text]
  • Pathways Analysis of Invasive Plants and Insects in the Northwest Territories
    PATHWAYS ANALYSIS OF INVASIVE PLANTS AND INSECTS IN THE NORTHWEST TERRITORIES Project PM 005529 NatureServe Canada K.W. Neatby Bldg 906 Carling Ave., Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6 Prepared by Eric Snyder and Marilyn Anions NatureServe Canada for The Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Wildlife Division, Government of the Northwest Territories March 31, 2008 Citation: Snyder, E. and Anions, M. 2008. Pathways Analysis of Invasive Plants and Insects in the Northwest Territories. Report for the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Wildlife Division, Government of the Northwest Territories. Project No: PM 005529 28 pages, 5 Appendices. Pathways Analysis of Invasive Plants and Insects in the Northwest Territories i NatureServe Canada Acknowledgements NatureServe Canada and the Government of the Northwest Territories, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, would like to acknowledge the contributions of all those who supplied information during the production of this document. Canada : Eric Allen (Canadian Forest Service), Lorna Allen (Alberta Natural Heritage Information Centre, Alberta Community Development, Parks & Protected Areas Division), Bruce Bennett (Yukon Department of Environment), Rhonda Batchelor (Northwest Territories, Transportation), Cristine Bayly (Ecology North listserve), Terri-Ann Bugg (Northwest Territories, Transportation), Doug Campbell (Saskatchewan Conservation Data Centre), Suzanne Carrière (Northwest Territories, Environment & Natural Resources), Bill Carpenter (Moraine Point Lodge, Northwest
    [Show full text]
  • Additions to the Czech List of Euura Newman, 1837 (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)
    ISSN 1211-8788 Acta Musei Moraviae, Scientiae biologicae (Brno) 99(1): 69–75, 2014 Additions to the Czech list of Euura Newman, 1837 (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae) KAREL BENEŠ Kreuzmannova 14, CZ-318 00 Plzeò, Czech Republic; e-mail: [email protected] BENEŠ K. 2014: Additions to the Czech list of Euura Newman, 1837 (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae). Acta Musei Moraviae, Scientiae biologicae (Brno) 99(1): 69–75. – Based on gall records, eight species of gall- making sawflies of the genus Euura Newman, 1837, are listed from the Czech Republic for the first time: E. angusta (Hartig, 1837), E. auritae Kopelke, 2000, E. cinereae Kopelke, 1996, E. daphnoidica Kopelke, 2001, E. gemmacinereae Kopelke, 2001, E. hastatae Malaise, 1921, E. nigritarsis Cameron, 1885, and E. weiffenbachii Ermolenko, 1988. A list of seventeen species known from the Czech Republic is also included. Keywords. Euura, new records, host plants, galls, distribution Introduction Czech species of the genus Euura Newman, 1837 are listed and eight species new for the country are recorded, based largely on investigation of the herbarium kept by the late Prof. Ing. Dr. Eduard Baudyš, now deposited in the Botanical Department of the Moravian Museum based at Budišov Castle at Tøebíè. The cecidological material had previously been collected, identified and much of it published (BAUDYŠ 1915, 1916, 1926, 1939, 1953, 1954, 1961), but recently published taxonomic revisions of the genus by KOPELKE (1996, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2006) and LISTON et al. (2006) have rendered a new evaluation of these records necessary. In these papers the host plants of individual species are discussed, while more detailed distribution data may be found in TAEGER & BLANK (2011).
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Phylogeny of the Sawfly Subfamily Nematinae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)
    Systematic Entomology (2006),31, 569–583 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3113.2006.00336.x Molecular phylogeny of the sawfly subfamily Nematinae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) TOMMI NYMAN1 , ALEXEY G. ZINOVJEV2 , VELI VIKBERG3 and BRIAN D. FARRELL4 1Department of Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, 2Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia, 3Liinalammintie 11 as. 6, Turenki, Finland, 4Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Abstract. Nematinae is one of the largest subfamilies in the sawfly family Tenthredinidae, but internal relationships are unknown in the absence of any formal phylogenetic analysis. To understand the internal phylogeny of Nematinae, we sequenced a portion of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene and the nuclear elongation factor-1a gene from thirteen outgroup taxa and sixty-eight nematine species, the ingroup taxa of which represent all major genera and subgenera within the subfamily. Maximum parsimony and Bayesian phyloge- netic analyses of the DNA sequence data show that: (1) Nematinae are monophy- letic in a broad sense which includes Hoplocampa, Susana and the tribe Cladiini, which have been classified often into separate subfamilies; together with Craterocercus, these taxa form a paraphyletic basal grade with respect to the remaining Nematinae, but among-group relationships within the grade remain weakly resolved; (2) the remainder of the ingroup, Nematinae s. str, is monophy- letic in all combined-data analyses; (3) within Nematinae s. str, the ‘Higher’ Nematinae is divided into three groups, Mesoneura and the large tribes Nematini and Pristiphorini; (4) although the traditional classifications at the tribal level are largely upheld, some of the largest tribes and genera are obviously para- or polyphyletic; (5) according to rate-smoothed phylogenies dated with two fossil calibration points, Nematinae originated 50–120 million years ago.
    [Show full text]
  • Goldenrod Stem Galler Preference and Performance: Effects of Multiple Herbivores and Plant Genotypes
    Oecologia (2001) 127:87–96 DOI 10.1007/s004420000561 James T. Cronin · Warren G. Abrahamson Goldenrod stem galler preference and performance: effects of multiple herbivores and plant genotypes Received: 28 December 1999 / Accepted: 18 August 2000 / Published online: 24 November 2000 © Springer-Verlag 2000 Abstract Few studies have examined how the prefer- constraint on the discriminatory ability of female stem ence-performance relationship of an herbivore for differ- gallers preventing them from selecting the best hosts ent genotypes of its host plant is affected by the presence among plants that differ in genotype and level of envi- and/or feeding activity of other members of the herbi- ronmental stress (e.g., presence of interspecific herbi- vore assemblage. In an outdoor garden, we manipulated vores). the abundance of three common herbivores, the meadow spittlebug, a leaf beetle, and an aphid, on replicate 1-m2 Keywords Eurosta solidaginis · Gall insect · plots of 16 different genotypes of tall goldenrod, Solida- Herbivore assemblage · Host choice · go altissima. Adults of the goldenrod stem galler, Eur- Preference-performance relationship osta solidaginis, were subsequently released into the gar- den to oviposit among the host plants. Oviposition pref- erence was strongly influenced by plant genotype and Introduction the presence of two of the herbivores, spittlebugs and leaf beetles. The effects of the herbivores were additive: A simple expectation from evolutionary theory is that the presence of leaf beetles reduced preference by 6%, natural selection should favor an herbivore that preferen- spittlebugs by 18%, and both herbivores combined by tially oviposits on plant genotypes that yield high perfor- 25%.
    [Show full text]
  • The Host Plants of Euura Cinereae Kopelke, 1996 and E. Auritae Kopelke, 2000 (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)
    134© Entomologica Fennica. 30 October 2002 Kopelke • ENTOMOL. FENNICA Vol. 13 The host plants of Euura cinereae Kopelke, 1996 and E. auritae Kopelke, 2000 (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) Jens-Peter Kopelke Kopelke, J.-P. 2002: The host plants of Euura cinereae Kopelke, 1996 and E. auritae Kopelke, 2000 (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). — Entomol. Fennica 13: 134–138. Euura auritae and Euura cinereae are distinct species making spindle-shaped stem galls on Salix aurita and on Salix cinerea, respectively. Different mor- phological criteria and no-choice as well as multiple choice oviposition experiments have proved E. auritae and E. cinereae to be distinct species. Euura cinereae on S. cinerea is distributed at least over Southern Norway, Germany and Austria, but within its distribution area it may occur patchily. A recent paper doubted that the type specimens of E. cinereae had been reared from S. cinerea, but rather that they had been reared from S. aurita. However, as discussed in the present paper, they give no convincing evidence that E. cinereae occurs on S. aurita rather than on S. cinerea in Finland. Jens-Peter Kopelke, Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; E-mail: [email protected] Received 8 February 2002, accepted 2 August 2002 1. Introduction Norway, and in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany (Kopelke 1999). In addition, stem galls of Euura Euura cinereae Kopelke, 1996 and E. auritae from S. cinerea have been reared by Ewald Kopelke, 2000 are monophagous, univoltine Altenhofer in Lower Austria. These willow speci- sawflies, inducing spindle-shaped stem galls on mens were checked by the author during a field their host plants Salix cinerea and S.
    [Show full text]
  • Described by Edward Newman and Charles Healy 83 Doi: 10.3897/Zookeys.398.6595 RESEARCH ARTICLE Launched to Accelerate Biodiversity Research
    A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys Sawfly398: 83–98 taxa (2014) (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) described by Edward Newman and Charles Healy 83 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.398.6595 RESEARCH ARTICLE www.zookeys.org Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Sawfly taxa (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) described by Edward Newman and Charles Healy Andrew D. Liston1, Marko Prous1,2 1 Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Eberswalder Str. 90, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany 2 Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014 Tartu, Estonia Corresponding author: Andrew D. Liston ([email protected]) Academic editor: S.M. Blank | Received 12 November 2013 | Accepted 14 March 2014 | Published 4 April 2014 Citation: Liston AD, Prous M (2014) Sawfly taxa (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) described by Edward Newman and Charles Healy. ZooKeys 398: 83–98. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.398.6595 Abstract Type specimens of seven nominal species of sawfly described by Edward Newman and one by Charles Healy were studied. This material is housed in the Oxford University Museum of Natural History, United Kingdom. The following new synonymies are proposed (valid names in parentheses): Hartigia Schiødte, 1839 (Phylloecus Newman, 1838), Cephus helleri Taschenberg, 1871 (Phylloecus faunus Newman, 1838) and Euura gallae Newman, 1837 (Euura mucronata (Hartig, 1837)). The type species of Euura Newman, 1837 and Euura subgenus Gemmura E. L. Smith, 1968 belong to the same taxonomic species, Euura mucronata (Hartig, 1837), so that these genus group names become new synonyms. Lectotypes are desig- nated for Phyllotoma tormentillae Healy, 1868, Fenusa ianthe Newman, 1837, Fenusa parviceps Newman, 1837, Selandria pallida Newman, 1837 and Phylloecus faunus Newman, 1838.
    [Show full text]
  • Symphyta (Sawflies)
    SCOTTISH INVERTEBRATE SPECIES KNOWLEDGE DOSSIER Hymenoptera: Symphyta (Sawflies) A. NUMBER OF SPECIES IN UK: 527 B. NUMBER OF SPECIES IN SCOTLAND: 401 (including 1 introduced) C. EXPERT CONTACTS Please contact [email protected] for details. D. SPECIES OF CONSERVATION CONCERN Listed species None – insufficient data. Other species Amauronematus abnormis . An arctic species known from only two sites in the Cairngorms Plateau. The host plant, Salix herbacea is widespread, and so the limiting factor is almost certainly climatic. A. abnormis requires very cold climatic conditions that ensure snow patches lie until late summer. This species is likely to be effected by warming climatic conditions. No other species are known to be of conservation concern based upon the limited information available. Conservation status will be more thoroughly assessed as more information is gathered. Host plants Many species of sawfly are monophagous, with several high altitude speces relying on single Salix species such as S. arbuscula , S. lapponum and S, myrsinites , which have suffered serious declines in range and density since recording began 150 years ago. These declines have probably been caused by increased grazing pressure. In many cases, the rarity of the sawfly is therefore already determined by the rarity of its host plant. 1 E. LIST OF SPECIES KNOWN FROM SCOTLAND (* indicates species that are restricted to Scotland in UK context) Cephidae Calameuta pallipes Hartigia xanthostoma Pamphiliidae Acantholyda erythrocephala Acantholyda posticalis Cephalcia
    [Show full text]
  • Nachrichtenblatt Der Bayerischen Entomologen
    © Münchner Ent. Ges., Download from The BHL http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.biologiezentrum.at NachrBl. bayer. Ent. 52 (3/4), 2003 71 On Bavarian gall-making sawflies on willows (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae) Andrew D. LISTON Abstract Species diversity in the Euurina, gall-making sawflies on Salix spp., is high in Germany. 47 described taxa are now known. In Bavaria the largest number of species occurs in the lower montane zone and down the Valleys of the rivers which rise in the Alps. At high subalpine and alpine levels few species are present. At similar altitudes in the more central Alpine mountain ranges more species occur, and several of these are much more frequent there than in the Northern Limestone Alps. Euiira myrsinifoliae KOPELKE, E. weiffenbachii Ermolenko, Pontania collactanea (Förster) and P. /ißstotoe Vikberg are recorded for the first time in Bavaria, from samples of galls collected between ca. 1883-1943. E. myrsinifoliae and P. hastatae are new to the German fauna. Introduction Sawflies of the genera Pontania, Phi/Uocolpa and Eiiura comprise a natural taxonomic entity for which the sub-tribal name Euurina is available (ZiNOVjEV & Vikberg 1998). The group is charac- terised biologically by its gall-making habit eind exclusive attachment to the Salicaceae (in Europe only on Salix). Blank et al (2001) recognise 35 species in Germany. With data in Kopelke (2000, 2001), LiSTON (2002) and Liston & Späth (in preparation) which became available too late for inclusion by Blank et al (2001) and the results of research still in progress (see also discussion, below) the number of described Euurina species in Germany rises to 47, of a total of approxima- tely 725 German Symphyta.
    [Show full text]
  • Willow Tree Shoot Module Length and the Attack and Survival Pattern of a Shoot-Galling Sawfly, Euura Atra (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)
    © Entomologica Fennica. 8 July 1997 Willow tree shoot module length and the attack and survival pattern of a shoot-galling sawfly, Euura atra (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) Peter W. Price, Heikki Roininen & Jorma Tahvanainen Price, P. W., Roininen, H. & Tahvanainen, J. 1997: Willow tree shoot module length and the attack and survival pattern of a shoot-galling sawfly, Euura atra (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). -Entomol. Fennica 8: 113-119. A small population of the shoot-galling sawfly, Euura atra (Jurine ), attacking the willow, Salix alba L. (Salicaceae) in Joensuu, Finland, showed strong preference-performance linkage between female ovipositional choices and survival of progeny. Although shoot lengths on trees were most common in the classes 200-400 mm, the probability of attack increased with shoot length until rare long shoots over 400 mm had a 50-80% probability of attack. The regression of attack probability on shoot length class accounted for 91% of the variance in attack. Attack was significantly greater on longer shoot length classes than that predicted by random attack based on total shoot length available per class, or total number of shoots per class. As shoot length increased the mean number of galls per shoot increased from 0 to 3 per shoot, and establishment and survival of progeny increased from 0 to over 60%. Shoot length class accounted for 70% and 50% of the variance in larval establishment and ultimate survival respectively, while attack by carnivores showed no pattern and had no explanatory power. The results are consistent with those from studies on seven other Euura species showing attack on rapidly growing plants, an ovipositional preference for longer shoots, higher survival on longer shoots, and no detectable effects of carnivores on pattern generation.
    [Show full text]
  • The European Species of the Genus Phyllocolpa, Part III: the Species-Groups of Crassispina, Scotaspis, and Piliserra (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae)
    163 Senckenbergiana biologica | 87 | 2 | 163­–183­ | 6 figs., 2 tabs. | Frankfurt am Main, 17. XII. 2007 The European species of the genus Phyllocolpa, part III: the species-groups of crassispina, scotaspis, and piliserra (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae) JENS-PETER KOPELKE Abstract The European species of the species-groups of Phyllocolpa crassispina, Ph. scotaspis, and Ph. piliserra (Tenthredinidae: Nematinae) are revised. The crassispina-group is composed of 5 spe- cies: anomaloptera (FÖRSTER 1854), stat. n. (= Pontania joergenseni ENSLIN 1916, syn. n., = Amau- ronematus maidli ZIRNGIEBL 193­7, syn. n., = Pontania cyrnea LISTON 2005, syn. n.), crassispina (THOMSON 1871), nudipectus (VIKBERG 1965), purpureae (CAMERON 1884) (= acuminata ENSLIN 1915, syn. n.), and tuberculata (BENSON 1953­). The scotaspis- and piliserra-groups are monotypic, including the species scotaspis (FÖRSTER 1854) (= anglicus CAMERON 1877, syn. n., = nigrolin- eatus CAMERON 1879, syn. n., = fibulata KONOW 1901, syn. n.) and piliserra (THOMSON 1862) (= piliserra var. mascula ENSLIN 1915, = piliserra var. tristis ENSLIN 1915), respectively. The species induce open leaf galls on Salix spp. with normally one edge of the leaf rolled down (anomaloptera, crassispina, tuberculata, scotaspis, ?piliserra) and/or both edges of leaf rolled down and curled along the longitudinal axis (nudipectus, purpureae). Collections for this study have been made since 1984 in 68 natural sites of 9 European countries. About 6980 galls of this species-groups were reared in the laboratory under ambient conditions. The material was collected from 5 wil- low species. Host specificity was tested by many ovipositing experiments. An identification key, descriptions, and illustrations are presented for the adults and galls, supplemented by distribution data.
    [Show full text]
  • George Argus's List of Salix References
    University of Connecticut OpenCommons@UConn Plant Science Articles Department of Plant Science Winter 12-11-2020 George Argus’s list of Salix references YULIA KUZOVKINA-EISCHEN [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/plsc_articles Part of the Agriculture Commons, Biodiversity Commons, and the Biology Commons Recommended Citation KUZOVKINA-EISCHEN, YULIA, "George Argus’s list of Salix references" (2020). Plant Science Articles. 29. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/plsc_articles/29 List of Salix References Complied by George W. Argus, last revised 4 Oct. 2016 Edited and updated by Yulia A. Kuzovkina 8 Dec. 2020 Notes: 1. References mainly pertain to Salix. 2. This list was transcribed from hundereds of hand-written or typed index cards written by me or, sometimes, by my assistants. As this was done over period of many years and because some of the handwritten cards were difficult to read some typographical errors may have been introduced. Complete standardization of the style of citation was not attempted. The original cards were discarded after transcription and proofreading. Key: [C] = A reprint, photocopy, or a note is available at the Canadian Museum of Nature, Botany Dvision. Diacritical marks: In searching for an author whose surname contains diacritical marks the first time such a name appears it is preceded by a name in parentheses without diacritical marks. Thus searching can be done without using diacritical marks. NB: Because of computer dificulties some later entries may lack diacritical marks. Abalos, M.I. Romero. 2002. Silviculture y producción sauce-mimbre Salix spp. Santiago, Chile: FONDEF/FDI/INFOR/CORFO Abalos, M.I.
    [Show full text]