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FALL 2 0 1 8 RadiationsThe official publication of Sigma Pi Sigma NOBEL PRIZES in

SPS Members Help Power LIGO Nobel Laureate On Thinking Critically

Fall 2018 Radiations 1 Featuring

Dame Susan Sandeep Giri Dr. John C. Mather PhysCon Honorary Chair Manager, Advanced Technology Nobel Laureate Professor of , Engineering, Google X Senior Astrophysicist at NASA Goddard Flight Winner of 2018 Center *Photo Courtesy of Christopher Michael

Dr. Jami Valentine Miller Dr. Ellen D. Williams Primary Examiner, U.S. Patent and Distinguished University Professor, Trademark Office Department of Physics and Institute for Physical Founder, African American Women in & Technology, Physics (AAWIP) University of Maryland

November 14 - 16, 2019 Downtown Providence, RI Contents

5 Your Dollars At Work

page 11 5...... Why I Give 8...... 2018 Individual Award and Scholarship Recipients

10 Features 10. . . . . Nobel Knowledge Quiz 11. . . . . Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting Bridges Generations of Scientists 12. . . . . Reflections on the 2017 Nobel, From Students Who Helped Make it Possible 13. . . . . Nobel Intent 14. . . . . Staying Curious: Adam Riess’ s Nobel Journey 15. . . . . Nobels by the Numbers page 12

16 Elegant Connections in Physics

16. . . . . The Legacy of

page 14 20 Spotlight on Hidden 20. . . . . Nick Sneed, The Management Consultant and Musician 21. . . . . Louis Littman, The Psychiatrist ON THE COVER Visualization of two black holes colliding and the resulting gravitational waves generated, based on simulations of the event detection from the LIGO experiment announced 24 Unifying Fields in February 2015 . Credit: Visualization by Carson Brownlee, Intel, using ParaView 24. . . . . How Studying Physics Prepared Me for Life Abroad with OSPRay . GR-Chombo simulation data from Pau Figueras, Markus Kunesch, Saran Tunyasuvunakool, Juha Jäykkä, Centre for Theoretical .

Spring 2018 Corrections: Departments Alert readers wrote to us about our “Take a Tour Through the Atomic Age” feature, in which we stated that the Nevada Test Site 4 ...... President’s Corner was the location of the first above-ground 6 ...... Chapter Profiles test of an atomic device . We, of course, should have said that it was the first test of an atomic 22 ...... Member Notes device on U .S . soil since the end of World War II . Radiations regrets the error . 25 ...... 2017–18 Sigma Pi Sigma Initiates The Sigma Pi Sigma Chapter Project Award for the University of Maine incorrectly identified the advisor for that chapter . The advisor is Charles Hess . Fall 2018 Radiations 3 Radiations President’s Corner

fall 2018 Energizing our Community Volume 24, Issue 2 by Jim Borgardt, Sigma Pi Sigma President

ne hundred years ago, Max received the EDITOR 1918 in Physics “in recognition of Rachel Kaufman Othe services he rendered to the advancement of MANAGING EDITOR Physics by his discovery of quanta.” Technically, Kerry Kidwell-Slak he received the award in 1919, because the 1918 selection

CONTRIBUTING EDITORS committee concluded none of the nominations offered that Kendra Redmond year satisfied the criteria Nobel outlined in establishing the James Merrick awards. The committee opted instead to exercise a rule Rachel Pritchett allowing them to postpone the 1918 award until 1919. Thus in 1919, Planck received the 1918 award in physics, and COPY EDITOR received the 1919 award “for his discovery of Cynthia Freeman the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral

ART DIRECTOR lines in electric fields.” Hyun-Joo Kim Jim Borgardt . Photo by Hyun Joo Kim . The Nobel laureates represent the most prestigious “honor society” we have in physics. Fortunately, for the many SIGMA PI SIGMA PRESIDENT of us who may not rise to such recognition, we also have ΣΠΣ! As the national honor society for Jim Borgardt, physics, ΣΠΣ offers unique opportunities to recognize accomplishment, augment your resume, Juniata College and meet new like-minded people. SPS PRESIDENT I believe there are many ways current ΣΠΣ members can contribute to our community which Alina Gearba-Sell, we haven’t fully recognized, just as today we are still unlocking the secrets of Planck’s energy US Air Force Academy quanta. There are latent and underutilized opportunities for ΣΠΣ members to enjoy the benefits

SIGMA PI SIGMA/SPS DIRECTOR of membership beyond the transient induction ceremony, and one of my hopes during my Brad R. Conrad tenure of service is to better leverage these and more effectively engage ΣΠΣ alumni. While many alumni donate gifts to ΣΠΣ through http://donate.aip.org to encourage and support undergraduate physics students with scholarships, career resources, and professional

development, I hope to extend the scope of how ΣΠΣ alumni reach back to support and engage with current physics students. The alumni among us could each serve as a “ΣΠΣ energy quanta” through developing internship opportunities, greater interactions with nearby chapters, or

ΣΠΣ volunteering to be on a speakers list that local chapters could query. In regards to the latter, the SPS/ΣΠΣ National Office has been working on a portal to gather information for willing speakers that will be rolled out in the coming weeks. Check out http://www.sigmapisigma.org Radiations (ISSN 2160-1119) is the official publication of Sigma Pi Sigma, the physics for more details. honor society, published twice per year I would be glad to hear your comments on these ideas, as well as any other avenues by by the American , One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740-3841. which we might strengthen our community and enhance the visibility of ΣΠΣ and its role in this Printed in the USA. Standard postage paid at regard. Columbus, OH. POSTMASTER: Send address Finally, I am honored to serve as the incoming Sigma Pi Sigma president and would like to changes to: Radiations Magazine, Sigma Pi Sigma, publicly thank Willie Rockward, the outgoing president, who served two terms in this capacity. 1 Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740-3841. I look forward to carrying on the initiatives that Willie introduced and leading ΣΠΣ into our next

Sigma Pi Sigma is an organization of the century. You can reach me any time at [email protected]. American Institute of Physics. It was founded Science in general, and physics in particular, has so much to offer our country during at Davidson College, Davidson, NC, December 11, 1921. Member, Association of College these turbulent times. In this spirit, I hope to see you all at PhysCon 2019, November 14–16 Honor Societies. Contact us at sigmapisigma@ in Providence, Rhode Island. This event affords us a wonderful opportunity to strengthen our aip.org; telephone: (301) 209-3007; fax: (301) 209-3082. community and will bring together more than 1,500 physics and students with mentors, alumni, and distinguished scientists as we meet to “Make Waves & Break Boundaries!” n Copyright © 2018, American Institute of Physics. Title registered in the US Patent Office. All rights reserved.

4 Radiations Fall 2018 Your Dollars At Work

Why I Give by Samantha Pedek, Sigma Pi Sigma Member, University of Wisconsin, River Falls & Graduate Student in Astrophysics, University of Alabama The American Institute of Physics is a federation of scientific societies in the PS and Sigma Pi Sigma have given me a home in the physics physical , representing scientists, community. Not only do these organizations provide a means to engineers, educators, and students. Sconnect students to other students and professionals, they also AIP offers authoritative information, support research, travel to conferences, scholarships, resources for career services, and expertise in physics and personal development, and much more! SPS is a well of opportunity, and and student programs, science more people need to take advantage of all the wonderful things they provide. communication, government relations, In a word, SPS and Sigma Pi Sigma means community. Not only do the career services, statistical research in physics employment and education, organizations create a community of physicists, they also serve as an outlet industrial outreach, and history of the for involvement in both the local and larger public communities. physical sciences. AIP publishes Physics One of my favorite memories of SPS was volunteering at the Astronomy on the Mall event on Today, the most closely followed magazine the National Mall with my group of SPS interns in summer 2017. We ran an outreach table with of the physical sciences community, and demonstrations ranging from to optics to acoustics, and we saw hundreds of kids and adults is also home to the Society of Physics who were all very engaged and were eager to learn about science. I see PhysCon 2019 as an extension Students and the Library and of this outreach where we can inspire even more students to engage with physics and astronomy and Archives. AIP owns AIP Publishing LLC, make a difference in their communities. a scholarly publisher in the physical and I decided to become a sustaining donor for related sciences. www.aip.org the Centennial Campaign because, unlike the vast majority of students, my physics department and alumni completely funded our chapter’s expenses to go to PhysCon 2016. It was, and is, an extraordinary Member Societies opportunity for young physicists to experience a Acoustical Society of America large conference. This is one of the only conferences American Association of Physicists in of this magnitude aimed at physics undergraduates, American Association of Physics Teachers meaning that they get to hear about the new and American Astronomical Society exciting happenings of the science community, and American Crystallographic Association most importantly, learn about what kinds of careers American Meteorological Society they can pursue and meet others that are also American Physical Society interested and involved in those careers and areas of AVS Science and Technology of Materials, research. Interfaces, and Processing Since my expenses were paid for, I felt that I could The Optical Society help support students who want to attend PhysCon The Society of Rheology but do not have the means to fund themselves. By Other Member Organizations helping students attend PhysCon, you are helping Sigma Pi Sigma them find their home in the physics community. You Society of Physics Students are helping them find where they belong. Attendees at PhysCon 2016 . Corporate Associates I hope you will join me in making a difference for Photos courtesy of SPS . our community and become a sustaining donor as well. n Connect with Sigma Pi Sigma LinkedIn www.linkedin.com/groups/Sigma- Pi-Sigma-physics-honor-142619 Becoming a sustaining donor is easy! Facebook Simply visit donate.aip.org and enter the amount you would like to donate along www.facebook.com/groups/ sigmapisigma with your payment information. Your credit card will be automatically charged each month. In addition to saving yourself time, your money goes further as a sustaining Donate donate.aip.org donor because it reduces administrative expenses related to mailings and paperwork. Automatic payments can be changed at any time. Fall 2018 Radiations 5 Chapter Profiles

Introducing the Newest Sigma Pi Sigma NEW Alumni Engagement Chapters Program by Kendra Redmond, Contributing Editor A founding pillar of Sigma Pi High Point University in North Carolina Sigma is community fellowship: Although its physics degree program is less than 10 years old, High Point University has an active physics on campus, off campus, and department. “Because we are a new department, we have been very intentional about public outreach, among students and alumni. A undergraduate research, and developing a strong sense of community among students and faculty,” says advisor fantastic way to bring together Aaron Titus. In their largest outreach event, HPUniverse Day, the department shares physics and astronomy with students and alumni is to invite approximately 1,000 visitors from the community. High Point’s Sigma Pi Sigma installation followed a session Sigma Pi Sigma members to of student research presentations, creating a day-long celebration of research, academic achievements, and participate in chapter induction community service. ceremonies and/or department Saint Anselm College in New Hampshire talks. This fall, SPS National will Saint Anselm College hosted its installation on May 4th, because, explains advisor Nicole Gugliucci, “we’re launch a new way for chapters geeks.” It’s been a busy year in the department. “Our students were looking for an opportunity to expand their to connect with Sigma Pi professional skills and connect with each other outside of classes. So, over this past year, they came together Sigma members—the Alumni to form our first Society of Physics Students chapter,” she says. “With SPS up and running, there was also a Engagement Program. Through desire to get a Sigma Pi Sigma chapter running as well. We did have to hustle a bit to make sure we got all our this program, alumni can inductions in before our seniors graduated!” volunteer as guest speakers, informational interviewees, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (Renewed) job shadow hosts, or Adopt- “Our primary goal as a chapter is to focus on the career development of the undergraduate students,” explains a- volunteers. Virtual advisor Jason Steffen. Meetings focus on opportunities in internships and scholarships, research, career and in-person opportunities preparation, and public outreach. “We believe that reintroducing the honor society will provide students with an will be available! http://www. objective to strive for—motivating them to work hard to achieve their educational goals,” he says. The chapter spsnational.org/programs/ is planning to explore a number of projects, including talks by potential employers, research presentations, and alumni-engagement. outreach events, in order to find their niche in the department. Wofford College in South Carolina “Our physics department is a close-knit group of dedicated, hardworking students,” says Wofford College’s chapter advisor Carolyn Martsberger. “Many of them are leaders on campus and take initiative on projects both within and outside of our department.” Through its Sigma Pi Sigma chapter, the department plans to increase its community outreach activities to local schools. In addition, says Martsberger, the honor society represents a new level of professionalism. Next fall, members will be participating in an alumni interviewing exercise to learn about the different careers of physics graduates. n

TOP LEFT: High Point University physics department chair Dr . Aaron Titus sending off last year’s SPS president, Alan Vasquez . Photo courtesy of the HPU Department of Physics . TOP RIGHT: Induction materials from the installation of the Saint Anselm College Sigma Pi Sigma chapter . Photo courtesy of Brad Conrad . BOTTOM LEFT: A group photo of the University of Nevada Sigma Pi Sigma chapter . Photo by Jason Steffen . BOTTOM RIGHT: The Wofford College SPS chapter participates in the Terrier Play Day event held each spring . The event brings local elementary school children to campus for a safe and fun place to play . In this photo, two SPS members work with attendees to launch air rockets . Photo by Mark Olencki .

6 Radiations Fall 2018 $

GRANTS AND FELLOWSHIPS? PhD OR MASTERS? RESEARCH % SPECIALTIES?

ACCEPTANCE What’s RATES? important to you in a graduate school?

WHICH STATE?

Got these questions on your mind? GradSchoolShopper.com has the answers! Elon, SPS Intern 2018, North Carolina State University

Fall 2018 Radiations 7 Your Dollars At Work 2018 Individual Award and Scholarship Recipients

SPS congratulates this year’s recipients and thanks the generous Sigma Pi Sigma and SPS donors whose support makes these awards possible.

SCHOLARSHIPS AYSEN TUNCA MEMORIAL SCHOLARSHIP: SPS AWARD FOR Multiple awards, ranging in value from Brittney Contreras OUTSTANDING University of Tennessee - Knoxville $200 to $5,000, are made each year UNDERGRADUATE to individuals showing excellence in HERBERT LEVY MEMORIAL SCHOLARSHIP: RESEARCH academics, SPS participation, and Daniel Morales Awards are made to individuals for additional criteria. Learn more and see Texas Lutheran University outstanding research conducted as an photos and bios of the recipients at AWIS KIRSTEN R. LORENTZEN AWARD undergraduate. Winners are awarded http://www.spsnational.org/awards/ $1,800 to present their research at SCHOLARSHIP: scholarships. an AIP Member Society meeting and Sophia Sanchez-Maes receive $500 for themselves and $500 for their SPS chapters. The runner-up SPS LEADERSHIP SCHOLARSHIP: SCIENCE SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS, receives $250 for their chapter. Learn Mitchell Ahlswede INC., UNDERREPRESENTED STUDENT more at http://www.spsnational.org/ awards/outstanding-undergraduate- University of Wisconsin - River Falls SCHOLARSHIP: research. Brandon Barker Erin Brady University of Tennessee - Knoxville High Point University WINNERS Aaron Coe SCIENCE SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS, INC. Luciano Manfredi Console Bethel University ACADEMIC SCHOLARSHIP: Loyola Marymount University Dylan Frikken Shae Machlus Sophia Sanchez-Maes University of Wisconsin - River Falls Florida State University Yale University Siddhartha Harmalkar PEGGY DIXON TWO-YEAR SCHOLARSHIP: RUNNER-UP University of Maryland - College Park Vincent Thompson Indiana University of Pennsylvania Collin Wilkinson Aman Kar Coe College University of Wyoming HONORABLE MENTION Camden Kasik Juniata College Brandon Barker University of Tennessee - Knoxville Connor Murphy Grove City College Jesus Perez California State University - San Marcos Coe College Recognizes Two Alumni with Sigma Pi Sigma Outstanding Service Samantha Smiley Awards DePaul University Sandeep Giri ‘04 and DaNel Hogan ‘99 were recognized June 30, 2018, at the Coe College Physics Reunion in Cedar Rapids, SPS OUTSTANDING LEADERSHIP Iowa. Dr. Steve Feller recognized these two individuals for their SCHOLARSHIP: steadfast commitment to the physics department at Coe and the Emily Churchman undergraduate physics community as a whole. Giri will also be one of Texas Lutheran University the keynote speakers at PhysCon 2019.

Steve Feller and DaNel Hogan . All Sigma Pi Sigma chapters are invited and encouraged to nominate Photo courtesy of Steve Feller . their members and alumni for Outstanding Service Awards. Winners will receive a plaque from the National Office and recognition on the Sigma Pi Sigma website and in a future issue of Radiations. Please contact [email protected] for more details. 8 Radiations Fall 2018 Your Dollars At Work 2018 SPS SUMMER INTERNS The SPS summer internship program offers 10-week positions for undergraduate physics students in science research, education, and policy with various organizations in the , DC, area. Students are placed in organizations that use the interns’ energy and diversity to engage in meaningful assignments relevant to their host organization and promote advancement of physics and astronomy.

Samuel Borer Mikayla Cleaver Collin Flynn Nathan Foster Kristen Larson Sarah Monk University of Maine Gettysburg College Coe College University of Illinois - University of AIP Mather Policy AIP/Society of NASA Goddard AIP FYI Chicago Maryland - College Intern Rheology History Space Center Intern Science Policy AIP Niels Bohr Park Intern Communications Library & Archives AIP Mather Policy Intern Intern Intern

Daniel Morales Jesus Perez Elon Price Phoebe Sharp Brigette Smith Michael Welter Texas Lutheran California State North Carolina State Rhodes College Coe College High Point University University University - San University APS Public Outreach The Optical Society SPS Communications NASA Goddard Marcos APS Career Intern Intern and Web Space Center Intern NIST Research Intern Programs Intern Development Intern

NEW WAY to Apply for Awards

It’s now even easier for you or your chapter to apply for awards, scholarships, and internships from SPS National! Effective August 2017, ΣΠΣ and SPS members can now access the online awards portal via a single sign-on through Amanda Williams Stephanie Williams Krystina Williamson their SPS membership account. Simply visit http://membership. Weber State University of spsnational.org, click “SPS Awards Application” at the top menu University Maryland - College Barnard College bar, and log in using your SPS membership username and SPS SOCK (Science Park AAPT Teacher password. Outreach Catalyst AIP Center for History Professional Please note that you must have an active, individual, dues- Kit) Intern of Physics Intern Development Intern paying SPS membership to access the SPS Awards Application system. Chapter accounts are not eligible to apply. Contact us at 301.209.3007 or [email protected] with any questions.

Fall 2018 Radiations 9 Nobel Knowledge Quiz

So you think you know your Nobel history? You may think again after taking our quiz. Do you recognize these images of Nobel laureates?

While this laureate (shown here as This physicist’s Nobel was Sexism and rules regarding nepotism a wee tyke) may be best known awarded for peace in 1975 for meant that this laureate wasn’t paid for the limit named after him, he his efforts to oppose nuclear to do research until 11 years after also has a telescope, number, proliferation. receiving her PhD. and observatory named in his honor.

In addition to his contributions Despite his impressive work A special friend of the Society of to the electroweak unification in cooling and trapping Physics Students, this laureate’s theory, this laureate also atoms, this laureate is probably commitment to connecting advocated for the expansion better known for his second scientists with policy has helped of scientific resources in the career as US Secretary of 18 undergraduate students over developing world. Energy from 2009–2013. 9 years spend their summers in Washington, DC, serving in hands- on roles with the US Congress.

These images all come from the Emile Segrè Visual Archives (ESVA) within AIP’s Niels Bohr Library & Archives . This collection features over 30,000 historical digital images, photographs, slides, lithographs, engravings, drawings, and other visual materials . The ESVA is fully searchable online at http://photos .aip .org

or, if you find yourself in the Washington, DC, area, we encourage you to stop by the archives to check out these materials in person . 1. Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, 2. Andrei Sakharov, 3. Maria Goeppert-Mayer, 4. , 5. , 6. John Mather John 6. Chu, Steven 5. Salam, Abdus 4. Goeppert-Mayer, Maria 3. Sakharov, Andrei 2. Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan 1.

10 Radiations Fall 2018 Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting Bridges Generations of Scientists by Rachel Pritchett, Contributing Writer

If you’re interested in attending next year’s physics- focused meeting, the journey to Lindau starts with your country’s academic partners. For those in the this would be Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), a nonprofit organization that promotes building relationships between different generations of scientists. Although the Lindau organization allows undergraduate participants, ORAU requires applicants to be enrolled in a graduate program. Qualified students should apply through ORAU’s website, http://www.orau.org/lindau/, by the end of September. If nominated, you will then apply directly through the Lindau association at http://www. lindau-nobel.org/meeting/. Interested people in other obel laureates are the rock stars of the , often idolized by aspiring countries should visit the Lindau website at http://www. scientists. The Lindau Nobel Laureates Meetings are an effort to bridge the lindau-nobel.org/academic-partners/ to find their country’s Ngap between these honored scientists and promising young scientists with the academic partner. The process is extremely competitive, ultimate networking event. so reviewers look for candidates that exhibit outstanding Each meeting brings together approximately 30 Nobel laureates and 500 young qualities or experiences, such as studying outside of the researchers for a week in Lindau, , for a once-in-a-lifetime experience. Not country. only do young physicists meet Nobel laureates, but also like-minded, motivated young The application process is involved, but attendees researchers from across the world. This collective feeling of exuberance towards say that in the end, walking into a room with 530 of the physics, often referred to as the “Lindau spirit,” is one of the things that sets this meeting brightest minds in the physics community is well worth the apart from other top research conferences. effort. n Much like other conferences, attendees participate in tours, small group discussions, panel discussions, poster sessions, and plenary talks. Unlike its counterparts, Lindau is open only to undergraduates, PhD students, and postdoctoral researchers under the age of 35. The theme alternates between chemistry, physiology and medicine, and physics. The next physics Lindau meeting is happening in the summer of 2019, and this is the time to apply. Biophysicist Charlotta Lorenz attended the meeting in 2016. She describes the meeting as the “most scientifically inspiring week of my life.” According to Lorenz, talking science wasn’t the only life-changing aspect of the meeting; instead, personal conversations with Nobel laureates offered some of the most memorable moments of the week. At one of the dinners, Lorenz sat next to Johann Deisenhofer, winner of the 1988 , and talked with him about life within and outside the realm of science. Lorenz encourages all young physicists to apply for Lindau 2019, because “you’ll get to know many Nobel laureates directly and can connect with other young inspiring scientists. It’s also a nice add-on for your resume.” The Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings began in 1951 with the goal of fostering an TOP LEFT: Nobel laureates , , exchange among scientists across different generations, cultures, and disciplines. The and discuss the future of with SPS member Tamas Vami . Photo credit: Christian Flemming, conference is organized by two organizations, the Council for the Lindau Nobel Laureate Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings . Meetings and the Foundation Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings; together they plan, fund, RIGHT: David Wineland, 2012 awardee, and oversee the meetings. As a global event, the Lindau council and foundation partner speaks with some young physicists at one of the social events with over 200 distinguished science and research institutions around the world. These at Lindau . Photo credit: Christian Flemming, Lindau Nobel academic partners are tasked with identifying the most qualified candidates from their Laureate Meetings . country and nominating them to the second part of the application process.

AIP provides comprehensive coverage of the Nobel Prize in Physics announcements. Be sure to visit www.aip.org for 2018’s expected announcement on October 2! Fall 2018 Radiations 11 Reflections on the 2017 Nobel, From Students Who Helped Make it Possible by Kendra Redmond, Contributing Editor

n 2017, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to , Barry C. Barish, 1 and Kip S. Thorne from the LIGO/VIRGO Collaboration for their contributions to Ithe Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) and the historic first detection of gravitational waves. Scientists around the world celebrated, including then-undergraduate physics students Hunter Gabbard, Jasmine Gill, and Jonathan Wheeler, who were among the more than 1,000 scientists working on LIGO at the time of the discovery. Here, they share their thoughts on what it was like to be part of this monumental achievement. Hunter Gabbard Undergrad institution: University of Mississippi, class of 2016 LIGO involvement: Studied the detection of noise/glitches and analyzed data at the University of Mississippi, Laboratoire de l’Accélérateur Linéaire, and at the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley. Current position: Astrophysics PhD candidate at the in Scotland studying how machine learning can be applied to the LIGO search for black holes, neutron stars, and supernovae. My interest in LIGO research began the first week of my freshman year. I remember casually walking by a LIGO poster in the hallway of the physics department and thinking to myself, “Wow, that sounds like an incredibly audacious experiment.” I went to Dr. Marco Cavaglia, the person who would eventually become my undergraduate research advisor, and asked how I could get involved. 2 My experience working in the collaboration was, and continues to be, a major driving force in my career. The experience yielded many benefits that I didn’t anticipate. Given that LIGO is such a large collaboration, with over 1,000 scientists and engineers, I have had the opportunity to work with people from diverse backgrounds. I’ve found that the connections I fostered early on gave way 3 to many interesting research projects later in my career, most recently to a Fulbright Fellowship at the Institute for Gravitational Research in Hanover, Germany. Kiranjyot (Jasmine) Gill Undergrad institution: Embry Riddle Aeronautical University, class of 2018 LIGO involvement: Studied the gravitational waves from core-collapse supernovae at Embry Riddle Aeronautical University, California Institute of Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Carnegie Observatories. Current position: Astrophysics PhD student at . Being involved in LIGO presented fruitful opportunities I could never have dreamed of. I became a bridge between the LIGO astrophysics and the astronomy communities, introduced my own waveform at the age of 20, and helped provide the supernova science case for third-generation detector networks, which will be even more sensitive to gravitational waves than LIGO. I was the youngest 4 author on the initial discovery paper. LIGO has been an integral part of my growth as a scientist and I am happy to have found a home in this scientific community. When I heard that the collaboration had detected gravitational waves, simply put, I felt blessed. I couldn’t believe what I was reading. I didn’t feel the full impact of being part of the discovery until the pioneers who dared to dream this dream were awarded the Nobel prize. I was a young scientist standing on the shoulders of giants. 12 Radiations Fall 2018 Jonathan Wheeler Undergrad institution: Andrews University, class of 2016 Nobel Intent LIGO involvement: Developed educational games for by Rachel Kaufman, Editor use in science fairs and elementary and high schools at Andrews University. ver the nearly 120-year history of the Nobel Prizes, only two of the prizes Current position: PhD student at , in physics have ever gone to a woman. None have gone to people of researching laser-driven fiber optic gyroscopes. OAfrican heritage. It was really exciting to contribute to such a massive Looking at the data, as many have over the years,1 it’s easy to see that the vast project. As an undergraduate, I knew that I was majority of Physics Prize recipients have been white men. (There were not even supporting a mission that was perhaps one of the most any scientists nominated from countries in Africa for the first 65 years of the prize, ambitious scientific feats ever attempted by the human according to the most recent data made available by the Royal Swedish Academy race. In 2015, I remember being told that we might of Sciences.) have discovered the first gravitational waves but that we The , which manages the prize money and represents the needed to be absolutely hush-hush until it was formally institution, said at a press announcement last fall that they were concerned about announced. I was warned, “Not even your teddy bear the lack of women’s representation in the prizes.2 can know.” “[W]e are disappointed looking at the larger perspective that more women On the day of the big announcement, the labs of our have not been awarded. Part of it is that we go back in time to identify discoveries. general physics classes were cancelled so we could all We have to wait until they have been verified and validated before we can award witness the event. We had root beer floats to hand out if the prize. There was an even larger bias against women then. There were far fewer the LIGO Scientific Collaboration formally announced the women scientists if you go back 20 or 30 years,” Goran Hansson, vice chair of the discovery of gravitational waves. Everyone was taking Board of Directors of the Nobel Foundation, said. “…We will, starting next year, bets on whether they would announce the discovery indicate in our invitation to nominate women scientists and consider ethnic and right off the bat, tease the audience a little bit, or not geographic diversity. …[W]e are concerned, and we are taking measures. I hope announce anything at all. that in five years or ten years, we will see a very different situation.” I remember texting my friends during the live stream The steps the committees are taking to rectify the gender imbalance are noble saying, “ARE YOU WATCHING THE MOST HISTORIC but are likely not the whole story. The standard explanation—that it takes a long SCIENTIFIC ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE DECADE??” time for a discovery’s usefulness to be apparent, and there just weren’t enough I was thrilled as everyone cheered when David women scientists (or scientists of color) doing important work 2–3 decades Reitze, the executive director of LIGO, announced ago—doesn’t hold up under scrutiny, according to data from AIP’s own Statistical simply and plainly, “Ladies and gentlemen, we have Research Center. In an article published in the Huffington Post,3 Rachel Ivie and detected gravitational waves! We did it!” It was a Susan White write that in 1980, 7 percent of the people receiving PhDs in physics fulfilling experience to be part of a Nobel-prize-winning in the United States were women. (The Nobel Prize is, of course, an international n discovery. institution, but around one-third of its winners are US citizens.) Since 1990, 57 men have won the Nobel Prize in Physics (and no women). Using the 7 percent figure as a baseline, the authors write, if the pool of Nobel nominees was 7 percent female, the probability of 57 men winning the prize is less than two percent. Rather, LEFT TOP: Visualization of two black holes colliding the authors say, it’s likely a combination of factors are at play, both of which trace and the resulting gravitational waves generated, their root causes to sexism. based on simulations of the event detection from the LIGO experiment announced in February 2015 . Credit: “Even if they follow similar career paths, perhaps something happens along Visualization by Carson Brownlee, Intel, using ParaView with the way that makes men more likely to do the type of research that leads to a Nobel OSPRay . GR-Chombo simulation data from Pau Figueras, Prize,” they write. “Results from our survey of nearly 15,000 physicists from around Markus Kunesch, Saran Tunyasuvunakool, Juha Jäykkä, the world suggest that women do not have the same access to opportunities and Stephen Hawking Centre for Theoretical Cosmology . resources to advance their careers as do men.” This could result in fewer women 1: Hunter Gabbard visits the LIGO observatory in Hanford, being nominated—and since nominees are secret for 50 years, we won’t know if Washington, during a 2015 summer internship at the this is the case for some time. Finally, they say, even if women are nominated in University of Texas Rio Grande Valley . Photo courtesy of Hunter Gabbard . equal numbers as men, sexism could be at play, resulting in men winning. Given that unconscious bias is well supported in the literature, the authors 2: Jonathan Wheeler explains his research to then-president of Andrews University, Niels-Erik Andreasen, at a poster conclude that it is the most likely explanation for the gender disparity. session in 2013 . Photo by Christa McConnell . The Society of Physics Students is committed to making physics more 3: Jasmine Gill visits Rome while traveling to the Gran accessible to everyone. That’s a start, but it’s going to take hard work to upend the Sasso Science Institute in L’Aquila, Italy, to do LIGO-related power structures that lead to these gender and racial disparities and replace them research earlier this year . Photo courtesy of Jasmine Gill . with ones that lead to a more diverse and inclusive future for the prize. n 4: An aerial view of the LIGO detector in Livingston, . LIGO has two detectors: one in Livingston and 1. https://physicstoday.scitation.org/do/10.1063/PT.6.4.20170925a/full/. the other in Hanford, Washington . LIGO is funded by 2. https://qz.com/1097888/the-nobel-prize-committee-explains-why-women-win- NSF; Caltech and MIT conceived, built, and operate the so-few-prizes/. laboratories . Photo courtesy of the LIGO Laboratory . 3. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/susan-white/blind-ambition_2_b_4039523.html. Fall 2018 Radiations 13 Staying Curious: Adam Riess’s Nobel Journey by Diva Parekh, SPS Member,

alking into Adam Riess’s office, Thinking critically during his undergraduate labs helped lead Riess I was immediately struck by to where he is today. “I particularly gravitated towards data analysis as Wthe number of books. There applied to physics hypotheses,” he said. “How is it that we collect a pile were books everywhere: in a ceiling-high of numbers and we infer truth or reality from that?” bookshelf, all over the desk, and on the Riess’s Nobel-winning research was a natural extension of what he chairs. I assumed they were all related to had been working on since graduate school. physics, but I couldn’t have been more “In my , I had worked on tools involved wrong. in measuring the distances to exploding Riess, who shared the 2011 Nobel Prize stars, supernovae. I began working with in Physics for discovering that the expansion close collaborators on measuring even more Author Diva Parekh . Photo of the is accelerating, has incredibly distant supernovae,” he said. “There was an courtesy of Diva Parekh . diverse interests. This became apparent expectation that the expansion of the universe when I asked him when he realized he wanted to do physics. would be slowing or decelerating.” “I always had these questions of how or why something is,” he said. He reinforced, however, that what earned him “What is fundamental? What is the basic law here from which everything and his co-winners, and Brian derives? That approach, as I asked more questions, led naturally to P. Schmidt, the Nobel Prize was not a sudden physics.” 2011 Nobel laureate idea or a “Eureka” moment. Instead, it was As an undergraduate at MIT, he majored in physics and minored in Adam Riess . Risess persistence. history. When I asked Riess if history is still a part of his life today, his was inducted into “It wasn’t an idea so much as it was a eyes lit up. ΣΠΣ in 1991 at the measurement. It was an observation that the “As scientists, we will really only confront a handful of research MIT Chapter . Photo expansion is actually accelerating or speeding courtesy of Adam problems. When you seek wisdom or intuition, you may not have enough up, not decelerating,” he said. “It came as a great Riess . experiences to really gather that wisdom or intuition, so it’s wonderful to surprise, and it came as a direct consequence of study the history of science,” he said. continuing to work on these tools for measuring distances to supernovae He continued, explaining how scientists today can gain much- and data analysis.” needed perspective from historical examples. Astronomers in the early At the end of our meeting, I asked Riess if he had any advice for 1800s observed that Uranus was not always where it was supposed to students like me. be, he said, which led to the discovery of Neptune. Mercury was not “A passion for understanding is the best guide that you will have,” where astronomers initially believed it to be, which led to a confirmation he said. “The best privilege you could get in your life is to have a job that of Einstein’s . you actually like, that you find interesting, that doesn’t feel like work.” n “Right now we’re seeing the expansion of the universe is faster than we expect. Is it a problem with the theory, or is it a problem with the TOP: This image, the Hubble Ultra Deep Field 2014, is a composite of components of the universe?” he said. “History, if anything, teaches you separate exposures taken by the in ranging in science that you have to think critically.” from ultraviolet to near-infrared over many years . Credit: NASA, ESA, H . Teplitz and M . Rafelski (IPAC/Caltech), A . Koekemoer (STScI), R . Windhorst (Arizona State University), and Z . Levay (STScI) . 14 Radiations Fall 2018 NOBELS BY THE NUMBERS

Years between and Francois Englert The amount in Swedish krona that Wilhelm Conrad proposing the Higgs boson and being awarded Röntgen, the first Physics laureate, received as his prize. the Nobel Prize, among the longest waits between SEK 150,782 in 1901is equivalent to about 7.7 million discovery and recognition in the Physics Nobel’s 150,782 kronur today, which is not dissimilar to the values of 49 history. On average, the time between discovery today’s awards, which have fluctuated at around 9 million and winning the prize is rising, according to SEK as of late. Nine million SEK is about $1 million. data published in Physics Today,1 and, if trends continue, most physicists will die before winning a Nobel. Percent of Physics laureates who wore beards; the other 80 Year between Chen Ning Yang and T. D. Lee’s percent apparently shaved regularly. According to tongue-in- 2 publication of “Question of Parity Conservation in cheek analysis by the Information is Beautiful Studio, the most Weak Interactions” in Physical Review in 1956 and 20 likely demographic group to win a Nobel in any category would 1 their being awarded the Nobel in 1957. This is the be a 61-year-old married man who was born in the spring, lives fastest time from discovery to prize. in America, and studies or works at Harvard.

Age of William when he won Children of Nobel Prize winners who have gone on to win the the Nobel in Physics in 1915, the youngest ever prize themselves (though not always in physics). Irene Curie, 25 Physics laureate. daughter of Marie and Pierre, won the Chemistry Prize in 1935. William Lawrence Bragg shared the 1915 Physics Prize with 7 his father. and his father, , each Age of Raymond Davis, Jr., when he was awarded won Nobels in Physics. Clearly, it pays to be related to a Nobel the Nobel in Physics in 2002, the oldest person laureate. 88 ever to win the Physics Nobel. Number of people who have won the Nobel Prize in Physics ’s age when he won the Nobel. He may twice. That honor goes to . ( was the have wished he could take back a poem he had first person to win two Nobels, but her first was in chemistry.) recited, according to biographer Helge Kragh, a Bardeen, who co-won the 1956 prize for helping develop the few years earlier: “Age is, of course, a fever chill / transistor, attended the awards ceremony without his family 31 1 in tow. King Gustav scolded Bardeen about leaving his family that every physicist must fear / He is better dead than living still / when once he is past his thirtieth behind on the occasion of the Nobel ceremony, and he promised year.” to bring them “next time.” So far, he is the only person in history who has been able to keep such a promise.

The number of women who have won the Nobel The percentage of Physics laureates in their 40s. More people in Prize in Physics. Marie Curie shared the 1903 prize their 40s have won the Physics Prize than any other age group.3 with her husband and for their 55 2 discovery of radiation, and shared the 1963 prize with Hans D. Jensen and 2. http://www.vox.com/xpress/2014/10/14/6966291/nobel-prize- for important discoveries about winners-youngest-chart-graphic-age-demographics-facial-hair. the structure of the nucleus. 3. http://www.vocativ.com/366734/how-long-does-it-take-to-win- a-nobel-prize/index.html. 1. http://physicstoday.scitation.org/do/10.1063/ PT.5.2012/full/. Fall 2018 Radiations 15 Elegant Connections in Physics

The Legacy of

© ® The Nobel Foundation. by Dwight E. Neuenschwander, Southern Nazarene University

hen you are selected to win the Nobel Prize in Physics, you are business was the manufacture of explosives and armaments, but he informed (so I have heard) by a telephone call from the Royal actively supported pacifism. He amassed great wealth but left almost WSwedish Academy of Sciences. The following December in all of it to people he would never meet. Stockholm, before a distinguished audience, you are presented the Alfred Nobel was born in Sweden in 1833, into a family of Nobel Prize medal by the king of Sweden. After the grand ceremony the engineers.2 In 1838 his father, , immigrated to St. laureates and dignitaries repair to a great hall for a formal banquet. You Petersburg for a fresh start after a bankruptcy. In Russia he founded a make an acceptance speech, which is published. company that manufactured furnaces, steam engines, and machines Of course, most of us will never win a Nobel Prize. But no matter for making wagon wheels. The company’s fortunes brightened when who wins, all are uplifted because, as I have noted in another context, Immanuel demonstrated in the Tsar’s presence the effectiveness it takes three people to make music: the composer, the performer, and of sea mines against shipping vessels, winning a contract with the the appreciator.1 As physicists we are well-informed appreciators. Nobel Russian government. The enhanced prosperity enabled Immanuel’s Prizes recognize visionary individuals, but they also commemorate the wife Carolina (neé Ahlsell) and their three sons, Robert, Ludvig, and journey of a community. Alfred, to join him in Russia in 1842. A fourth son, Emil, was born in Amid the international publicity surrounding the annual Nobel Prize St. Petersburg.3 The lads were taught at home by university professors. announcements, little is said about the person behind them: Alfred From a Swedish tutor, Lars Santesson, they learned the Swedish Nobel (1833–1896), a 19th-century Swedish chemist, engineer, and language and history, world literature, and philosophy. They were taught industrialist. Like all interesting human beings, his life contained ironies , chemistry, and physics by a Russian tutor, Ivan Peterov. In and inconsistencies. He never earned a university degree but was a cosmopolitan St. Petersburg the pupils became fluent in five languages: gifted inventor and chemist, highly skilled in science and engineering, Swedish, Russian, French, German, and English. well read and fluent in five languages. He lived in cosmopolitan cities but preferred solitude. As an entrepreneur, he managed multinational 2. Biographical notes about Alfred Nobel are from articles on the Nobel Prize technology corporations but found time to write novels and poetry. His website, www.nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/biographical/articles: Birgitta Lemmel, “Alfred Nobel-St. Petersburg, 1842–1863”; Tore Frängsmyr, “Alfred Nobel – Life 1. D.E. Neuenschwander, “Composers, Performers, and Appreciators,” Radiations and Philosophy”; Sven Tägil (ref. 6); and Ǻke Erlandsson (ref. 7). (Spring 1998), 6–7. 3. The family had eight children; four did not survive beyond childhood, two (a son and a daughter) were born after Emil.

16 RadiationsRadiations Fall 20182018 Chemist, Engineer, Entrepreneur civil engineering projects, such as constructing the St. Gotthard tunnel The teenage Alfred studied abroad in 1850–1852. In Paris he met the through the Swiss Alps in the 1870s. Italian chemist Ascanio Sobrero, who had synthesized the sensitive, In 1868, Alfred and Immanuel were recognized by the Swedish highly explosive nitroglycerin.4 Alfred returned to St. Petersburg in 1852 Academy of Sciences with the Letterstedt Prize for “important during the Crimean War to find the family business manufacturing war discoveries of practical value to humanity.” The citation’s wording would materiel for the Russian army. But when the war ended in 1856 the be echoed 30 years later when Alfred established the prizes that bear Russian army orders abruptly stopped, plunging the Nobel factory into his name. In 1884 Alfred Nobel was elected a member of the Royal bankruptcy. The parents and Emil returned to Sweden, while Robert, Swedish Academy of Science, which would later administer some of the Ludvig, and Alfred remained in St. Petersburg to start anew. They formed Nobel Prizes. the Brothers Nobel oil company with prospects near the Caspian Sea. A Over his busy career Alfred Nobel was granted 355 different 5 tireless inventor, Alfred soon had several patents to his credit. The first patents in several countries. Most of the patents were for explosives and one, issued in 1857, was for an improved gas meter. A patent for an armaments, including gelignite (1875), more powerful than dynamite, improved pressure gauge followed in 1859.5 and ballistite (1887), the forerunner of cordite. Even in the final years Steering himself back into the family business of explosives, which of his life Nobel was still active in weapons design, patenting firearm Immanuel had resumed in Sweden, Alfred was issued patents in 1863 silencers and recoil inhibitors (1894), fuses and smokeless gunpowder for improvements in gunpowder production. Recalling the potential of for explosive projectiles (1896), and rocket-powered projectiles with nitroglycerin, he turned to the problems that prevented this unstable timed ignition (1896). One could argue that Alfred Nobel’s companies liquid from being usefully controlled. The first problem—whose solution formed a 19th-century military-industrial complex, because weapons required many dangerous experiments—was to synthesize nitroglycerin industries inevitably overlap politics. For instance, in 1891 while living in quantity without premature detonation. The second challenge was in Paris, Nobel was accused of “high treason against France” for selling to devise a way to explode nitroglycerin deliberately and reliably. Into ballistite to Italy. Quitting the French residence, he made San Remo, a zinc can packed with gunpowder he placed a stoppered test tube Italy, along with his native Sweden, his homes for the rest of his days. filled with nitroglycerin. To initiate a purposeful explosion he invented A Man of Letters the blasting cap, a hollow plug filled with gunpowder and lit with a Alfred Nobel’s “second home” after inventions and manufacturing fuse. When he threw the prototype into a canal, the huge explosion 7 was literature and writing.6 In his student days he translated Voltaire resulted in a spectacular waterspout. Returning to Stockholm, Alfred from French into Swedish, then from Swedish back into French, and found his father trying with less success to solve the same problems— compared his second translation to the original. His personal library which resulted in a priority dispute between father and son. After Alfred ultimately held over 1500 volumes in several languages, including described the technical details in a letter to his father, Immanuel backed elegantly bound collections of classics such as Shakespeare, Goethe, off and helped his son apply for the patent under Alfred’s name, which and Schiller; philosophy and history works including Compte, Voltaire, was awarded in 1864. The first large-scale use of this new “blasting oil” and Rousseau; and his engineering and science books, including a came in 1864 when the Swedish State Railway built Stockholm’s Söder copy of Charles Darwin’s recently published Origin of Species. Tunnel. The Nobels set up factories in Sweden, Germany, and America. When he moved to Paris in 1873, Nobel met Countess Bertha von Tragically, in September 1864 an Suttner of Austria, a well-known pacifist, organizer of peace conferences, explosion at the Stockholm factory killed and author of a famous antiwar novel Lay Down Your Arms.6 She and Emil and four others. In 1866 another Nobel maintained a lifelong friendship through correspondence. The explosion occurred at the Nobel factory in countess was impressed by Nobel’s “well-stocked library, capable of Germany. Reflecting over two devastating satisfying the most divergent wishes.” In Paris Juliette Adam Lambert, accidents in two years, Nobel pondered the publisher of a literary review magazine, introduced Nobel to Victor nitroglycerin’s instability. He realized this Hugo. On Hugo’s 83rd birthday Nobel wrote in French to the author of touchy liquid might be mechanically Les Misérables, “Great Master, long may you live to charm the world stabilized if it were absorbed into a porous and propagate your ideas about universal charity.” matrix. In the German moorlands lay a Nobel wrote extensively. His literary works included In Brightest diatomaceous earth called kieselguhr Africa, a novel of social criticism written while he lived in St. Petersburg, that Nobel mixed with nitroglycerin. The Alfred Nobel as a where he also drafted a novel called The Sisters about faith and resulting puttylike material could be shaped young man . (PDM) . free-thinking. In 1895 he produced a satirical draft called The Patent into cylinders that conveniently fit into drilling Bacillus, “based on the dogmatism and bureaucracy he experienced.” holes. It could be jarred in transport and touched by a lit match without He wrote numerous poems, and essays on the origin of the universe and exploding, but Nobel’s blasting cap produced an ignition sufficiently hot on human evolution. His correspondence was extensive, sometimes and fast to sweep through the entire putty stick and explode it. Alfred named his invention “dynamite” after the Greek word for power, dynamis. 6. Sven Tägil, “Alfred Nobel’s Thoughts about War and Peace,” www.nobelprize.org/ Patents were granted in 1867. Orders for dynamite poured in for large alfred-nobel/alfred-nobels-thoughts-about-war-and-peace/. 7. Ǻke Erlandsson, “Alfred Nobel and His Interest in Literature,” www.nobelprize. 4. The original name of nitroglycerin was pyroglycerin. org/alfred-nobel/alfred-nobel-and-his-interest-in-literature/. 5. “List of Alfred Nobel’s Patents,” www.nobelprize.org/alfred-nobel/list-of-alfred- nobels-patents/.

FallFall 20182018 Radiations Radiations 1717 twenty letters a day. A biographer notes that Nobel had “a solidly grounded belief in progress. Technological inventions and scientific conquests would lead humanity forwards, and he seems to have believed that good literature could play a dynamic role in an ‘ideal direction.’”7 Works “in the ideal direction” would appear in his criteria for the Nobel Prize in Literature, with the meaning of “ideal direction” left open to interpretation.8 The Society of Physics Students has offered a wonderful lapel button that proclaimed “Physics is the Poetry of .” How inspiring to find that the person who established prestigious prizes for outstanding accomplishments in physics, chemistry, medicine, and world peace would include literature in that class! The Nobel Prizes commemorate outstanding creativity, and creativity, as Jacob Bronowski describes it, is the search for unity in hidden likenesses.9 The inner fire that drives searches for unified field theories, or seeks common ground between nations, or expresses transcendent human experience through novels and poetry is sparked by the same passion for harmonious understanding. A Pacifist Weapons Merchant Imagine having a Tom Sawyer experience, when you are mistakenly Portrait of Alfred Nobel . (PDM) . presumed to be dead and secretly attend your funeral to learn how you are remembered.10 A similar experience happened to Alfred Nobel in 1888. His brother Ludvig died, but a Paris newspaper mistakenly The Nobel Prizes produced an obituary about Alfred, announcing “The merchant of death Even though he maintained a fast pace of armament development is dead.” into the very last years of his life, one may surmise that Alfred Nobel’s “Alfred Nobel,” the obituary reported, “who became rich by finding premature obituary may have caused him to ponder his legacy. On ways to kill more people faster than ever before, died yesterday.” Nobel November 27, 1895, at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris, he was probably stung by this criticism because, however unlikely it may signed the final version of his will, a document of scarcely one page.11 seem, he had pacifist leanings.6 Having no wife or children, he left 6 percent of his vast wealth to various When developing dynamite, he envisioned its use for infrastructure, relatives. With the remaining 94 percent he established five12 prizes to not in war. Of course, using dynamite on the battlefield quickly proved be awarded each year: irresistible. Only three years after it was patented, dynamite was used by both sides in the Franco-Prussian War. Encouraged by Countess von The whole of my remaining realizable estate…shall constitute a Suttner, Nobel joined the Austrian Peace Association and was a financial fund, the interest on which shall be annually distributed in the donor. But he insisted that a realistic strategy was more important than form of prizes to those who, during the preceding year, shall have funding. He cautioned the countess that “Good wishes alone will not conferred the greatest benefit to mankind. ensure peace.” Nobel saw no contradiction between his armament industries and the cause of peace. Decades before the doctrine of mutually assured The interest earned for the five prizes would be apportioned destruction became dogma, he saw powerful weapons as war deterrents. equally between physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, When Nobel and Suttner met in 1876 he told the countess, “Perhaps and peace. The Physics Prize would go to “the person who shall have my factories will put an end to war sooner than your congresses. On made the most important discovery or invention within the field of the day that two army corps can mutually annihilate each other in a physics” as determined by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. second, all civilized nations will surely recoil with horror and disband This criteria allows discoveries of fundamental principles (e.g., quantum their troops.”6 More than a century has passed since Nobel’s death. electrodynamics) or applications (e.g., the transistor). The Peace Prize Although subsequent decades have seen two world wars, the atomic would go “to the person who shall have done the most or the best work bomb, the War, and aircraft and missiles that can murder millions for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing within seconds, the nations have not disbanded their troops. By Nobel’s armies, and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses.” The definition, they are not yet civilized. recipient would be selected by a committee of

8. Bob Dylan fans (including the author) are glad the Nobel committee for the Literature Prize did not take a narrow definition of poetry. Dylan won the 2016 11. “Alfred Nobel’s Will,” www.nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/will/. Nobel Prize in Literature. 12. A sixth prize for came about in 1968, when at the request of Alfred’s 9. Jacob Bronowski, Science and Human Values (Harper & Row, New , 1956, great-great-nephew, Peter Nobel, the Bank of Sweden (Sveriges Riksbank) initiated 1965), 13. the Riksbank Prize for Economic Science in Memory of Alfred Nobel. The winners 10. Chapter 17 of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain. are selected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

18 RadiationsRadiations Fall 20182018 five persons “to be elected by the Norwegian Storting,” clams and shrimps… The climax was the chef’s pièce de résistance dessert: or parliament.13 Nobel closed his will with a requirement ice-cream bombes that shone in the dark after they had been doused in alcohol of inclusivity: “It is my express wish that in awarding the and set alight. Afterwards, each laureate was expected to make a short speech, prizes no consideration be given to the nationality of the customarily a few pieties of gratitude and reflection, laced with self-deprecating candidates, but that the most worthy shall receive the prize, wit…14 whether he be Scandinavian or not.” A year after writing his will, Alfred Nobel passed away The prestige of the Nobel Prize stands as the pinnacle accolade in each on December 10, 1896, in San Remo. The first Nobel Prize discipline recognized by Nobel’s will. We have all witnessed how, when a ceremony was held at the Royal Academy of Music in conference or colloquium features a Nobel laureate (or someone everyone Stockholm in 1901. The first Nobel Prize in Physics went to knows should have been a laureate),15 the auditorium is packed. Even so, Wilhelm Röntgen for his 1895 discovery of X-rays. once observed that winning the Nobel Prize “is a pain in the Not having attended a Nobel ceremony myself, I will neck.”16 Because of the celebrity, he felt he could not move about in everyday borrow a description of one from a Paul Dirac biographer, life with the freedom that an ordinary person enjoys. Be that as it may, as in any who described the festivities of December 1933 when Dirac demanding discipline, one’s best work results when it is done joyfully, giving it and Erwin Schrödinger shared the Nobel Prize in Physics: one’s all for the love of the game.17 When one of our colleagues wins a Nobel “Early on Sunday evening, hundreds of coiffed men Prize, we share their joy and realize with gratitude that we form a deep bench and women packed the galleries at the Stockholm Concert of knowledgeable appreciators. Most of us are in no danger of receiving the Hall to witness the King’s presentation of the prizes. At 5 life-changing telephone call from Sweden. But if we aren’t enough without p.m. sharp, a blazing chorus of trumpets silenced the crowd it, we won’t be enough with it, for whether our task is directing searches for before the opening of the two huge doors into the room gravitational waves, or grading weekly lab reports, or repairing the vacuum where the prizes would be awarded. Each of the laureates, pumps, there are no unimportant roles in the physics community. Few win a Nobel, but whatsoever is rightly done, however humble, is noble. escorted by one of the Swedish hosts, marched to their The accomplishments of the Nobel laureates, against the backdrop of separate armchairs on the platform, covered in red velvet Alfred Nobel’s source of wealth that makes the prizes possible, illustrates the and decorated with banks of pink cyclamen, maidenhair dilemma that places science at the intersection of intellectual discipline for its ferns and palms. The national flags of the laureates own sake and its applications with consequences good and bad. Nobel “gave hung alongside Sweden’s. The prize-winners were in the expression to the prevalent 19th-century understanding which maintained customary starched white shirt and bow tie, and all of them that the scientist was not responsible for how his findings were used. Each wore dinner suits, except Dirac… He bowed low to the King scholarly discovery is neutral in itself, but can be used for both good and bad 6 before accepting his medal and certificate and then bowed objectives.” The distinctions between scientific discoveries and the societal several times to the crowd amid tumultuous applause… responsibilities of scientists are not as sharp in our as they were in Alfred Nobel’s 19th century. But each annual Nobel Prize in Physics offers “After the ceremony, the laureates were driven back an opportunity for thoughtful reflection on the relationships between physics to the Grand Hotel to attend the Nordic midwinter feast of as an intellectual discipline and the societal responsibilities of physicists. Such the Nobel Banquet, in the winter garden of the Royal Salon. reflective thinking would be a legacy of which Alfred Nobel would be proud. n Even by the standards of Cambridge this was a spectacular setting for a dinner: the tables, lit with hundreds of bright- red candles in silver holders, were arranged in a horseshoe 14. Graham Farmelo, The Strangest Man: The Hidden Life of Paul Dirac, Mystic of the Atom (Basic Books, New York, 2009), 240–241. shape around the water fountain in the centre of the room. 15. E.g., as everyone in the physics community knows, should have shared There were three hundred guests, every woman in her most the 1965 Nobel Prize in Physics for developing quantum electrodynamics, Jocelyn Bell scintillating gown, every man in a dinner jacket, except Burnell, should have shared the 1974 Nobel Prize for the discovery of , Ralph Alpher Dirac… On a balcony above, liveried musicians played, in and Robert Herman for the prediction of cosmic background radiation—one could go on. Professor Dyson graciously observes, “It’s better for people to ask why you didn’t win the competition with canaries chirruping in their cages near the Nobel Prize than for them to ask why you did” [Phillip Schewe, Maverick Genius: The Pioneering glass roof. Odyssey of Freeman Dyson (St. Martin’s Press, New York, 2013), 179–180]. To this list of should- “After the speeches, a silent toast to the memory of be Nobel laureates we must add George Sudarshan, who passed away as this article was being Alfred Nobel and the singing of the Swedish national written. He developed (with Robert Marshak) the V-A theory of the , which anthem, a fleet of waiters began to deliver the first course opened the door to the electroweak interaction and the Sudarshan-Glauber quantum theory of coherent light (Roy Glauber shared the 2005 Nobel Prize). from a menu that featured game consommé, sole fillet with 16. Richard Feynman, interview in the NOVA documentary “Richard Feynman: Last Journey of a Genius” (broadcast on PBS); see also Richard Feynman, The Pleasure of Finding Things Out 13. The Nobel Peace Prize ceremony takes place in the beautiful City (Perseus Books, Cambridge, MA, 1999), 12. Hall of Oslo, Norway. In 1905 the Norwegian Storting selected Bertha 17. D.E. Neuenschwander, “For the Love of the Game: It’s Not About the Prize,” SPS von Suttner as that year’s Nobel Peace Prize recipient. Observer (Fall 2010), 2–4.

FallFall 2018 2018 Radiations Radiations 19 19 Spotlight on Hidden Physicists

The Management Consultant and Musician Nick Sneed

Sigma Pi Sigma, Howard University, 2013 by Nick Sneed as told to Kendra Redmond, Contributing Editor

Inspired, I applied for a job as a patent examiner and was hired by the US Patent and Trademark Office to examine digital signal processing patent applications. “What the heck is digital signal processing?” I wondered, worried I was in over my head. My first patent, for a pair of headphones, put me at ease. My physics and music experience helped me learn quickly, and I was able to focus on understanding the legal side of the job rather than being distracted by the technical side.

Have an open mind. Physicists are not only smart, we are trained at solving an array of problems that exist in the natural world. And problem-solvers are what the world runs on.

’m used to surprising people. A physicist by education, A few years into life as a patent examiner, I met a recruiter from a major musician by night, and management consultant by day, consulting firm. At the time I didn’t know much about consulting firms, much less some people struggle to see the threads holding my I that one might be interested in hiring me. To my surprise, when I told her I was a interests together. But for me, it’s simple: creativity and physics major, she looked at me like I had a golden ticket. I interviewed and was problem-solving. hired. At age eight I arranged my bedroom into a recording As a consultant, I work with government agencies to creatively solve business- studio. Today, I produce, manage, and release my own related problems. My goal is to help agencies improve the employee experience. music. Music is a benefactor of all of the other experiences I help unite a workforce along a mission or vision or purpose, in order to increase that I’ve had, like earning a physics bachelor’s degree at retention. Consulting requires creative problem-solving, just like physics. Instead Howard University, working as a patent examiner, and of solving the Schrödinger equation, I tackle problems like how to provide job becoming a consultant. training in formats that engage diverse employees. I didn’t start out with this career path in mind. In my One of my personal goals is to let physics students know what I didn’t—that last year of college, everyone—my parents to professors— physics graduates aren’t limited to jobs that require an advanced degree. Have were on me about making a plan. I could almost hear my an open mind. Physicists are not only smart, we are trained at solving an array of department chair sigh, “Here comes Nick again, let’s try to problems that exist in the natural world. And problem-solvers are what the world get him to do something besides that music…” I eventually runs on. n settled on the idea of medical school and got a job working part time for the Society of Physics Students while studying for the MCAT. At SPS, I helped assemble the Careers Toolbox (http:// www.spsnational.org/sites/all/careerstoolbox/), a resource for undergraduate physics students interested in entering the workforce after graduation. As part of this project, I saw a list of common job titles held by physics bachelor’s degree recipients. The list included things like analyst and patent examiner and, for the first time, I realized it might be possible to get a career-track job without an advanced degree.

Photos by Jon C Media Group . 20 Radiations Fall 2018 Spotlight on Hidden Physicists

The Psychiatrist Louis Littman, MD, PhD Sigma Pi Sigma, Temple University, 1987

right, nerdy, and awkward — three I have been a psychiatrist for the past 15 years and adjectives that described me as have treated several thousands of patients. Many Ba child that most would say still have conditions such as depression, bipolar disorder, describe me today. I hated school as a child. I ADHD, and anxiety. The majority of my patients are on was frequently picked on for having a speech combinations of because they only get a impediment. In first grade, I once got in trouble partial response to a single medicine. Complex thought for talking out of turn and was told by my goes into managing the delicate balance between teacher to “leave the class.” She meant for me providing maximal benefit while minimizing side effects to go to the ’s office, but instead I left from treatment. I enjoy educating my patients about the school building. My science teacher found why I am making these choices for them. They seem me down the street and brought me back to appreciate that I explain the “why” rather than just to the school. She told me that if I focused saying “take these pills.” on understanding the world through science I recently ran into my PhD mentor, and he asked me I could have fun and accomplish something if I “missed science.” While it is true that I no longer great. I was hooked. do experiments with cells or on rats, I still use the My love of science never wavered from with each of my patients. I observe that moment but continued to expand over the the patient, come up with a hypothesis about what is Photo courtesy of Louis Littman . last 40 years. As an adolescent in the 1970s, likely to help, perform a trial treatment, observe the my focus was space satellites, computers, and dinosaurs. I started my results, and generate a new hypothesis. I offer a unique perspective to freshman year at Temple University in the engineering department but psychiatry because I practice medicine as a scientist as well as a clinician. after one year switched my major to chemistry and then later to physics. I have recently expanded my practice to offer a new non- However, after realizing that I had a mild form of dyscalculia, occasionally pharmacological treatment called repetitive transcranial magnetic flipping numbers in my head, I concluded that this might hinder my stimulation (rTMS). It utilizes a rapidly alternating magnetic field to becoming a top-level physicist. Thus, I switched my major in my senior generate an electric field inside the brain, causing neurons to fire in year to biology. I graduated with a major in biology and a minor in physics, specific targeted areas. (Sound familiar? I have come full circle back to one class shy of a double major. I attended the University of Pennsylvania physics and Faraday’s law.) By targeting areas that are underactive in to obtain a PhD in pharmacology (I specialized in neuropharmacology, depression we can alleviate symptoms for some patients without the the study of how molecules interact with the brain), which allowed me to side effects of medication. So far, I have treated a number of my most combine aspects of all the scientific fields that I had studied. severely depressed patients with rTMS and have had amazing success. One day, as I was finishing my dissertation, I complained to my This technology is at the cutting edge of where psychiatry is heading over roommate that many clinical medical doctors did not seem to understand the next decade. pharmacology, and she said, “Well, if you’re so smart, why don’t you go Physics extends into my personal life as well. When I am not treating back to school and become a medical doctor?” I thought about it and patients, I enjoy spending time with my family and training together in shortly after applied to medical school. I wanted to take my knowledge Shotokan Karate. As a 4th-degree black belt, I use my knowledge of of how medications work in people out of the laboratory and into the physics to teach other students proper application of force, energy, and clinical world to help people directly. I started medical school shortly after momentum in self-defense techniques. The students appreciate the finishing my PhD. I quickly discovered that I did not like dealing with blood explanations, and it enhances their training experience. (I actually passed out in surgery and obstetrics). That is partly why I ended My favorite branch of science is still physics, as it is an integral part up in my current career—psychiatry. No blood! In addition, I now get to of both my personal and professional lives. The advice my first-grade use my knowledge of neuropharmacology from graduate school to help science teacher gave 45 years ago has carried me to where I am today— people. having fun and accomplishing great things! n

Fall 2018 Radiations 21 Member Notes

Lunch with a Side of Physics

Satyendra Nath Bose was self- taught and a polymath. I would ask him about his work on the Bose-Einstein condensate. I heard that he was giving a lecture to students, Jocelyn went on a tangent, and just arrived at the Bell-Burnell conclusion, which he then sent to Einstein discovered the first radio and Einstein published in his name. pulsars in 1967, for which her • Sam Borer, Inducted, 2015, University of thesis superiors were awarded Maine the Nobel Prize in Physics. Despite - Photo: PDM her exclusion from the Nobel Prize, she has had an extremely successful career in physics research and academia. • Tori Eng Inducted 2017, Coe College - Photo: Jocelyn Bell-Burnell Richard Feynman’s famous three- volume set of lectures on physics was a big part of my formative years as an advanced high school and early college physics student in the early 1980s—they helped cement my desire to pursue a career in physics. • Jean Quashnock, Inducted 2007, Carthage College - Photo: Caltech Archives

Emmy Noether and I are both goofy mathematical physicists who like to teach. I really hope she would think my senior thesis on crystallographic group representations and the photorefractive effect was interesting; she might even have some ideas on it I hadn’t considered. • Natalie Nuessle, Inducted, 2016, Rose- Hulman Institute of Technology - Photo: Bryn Mawr College Archives

22 Radiations Fall 2018 We asked ΣΠΣ members what famous physicists they would want to invite to lunch and why. Here are some of your answers, slightly edited for length and clarity.

Millie Dresselhaus was a pioneering woman who quietly and courageously changed the Carl Sagan’s enthusiasm pathways for . Not for communicating science was only is she a remarkable scientist, but as genuine as it comes. He was she also took on a personal responsibility to not only a scientist, but also a transform the culture of science on behalf of great poet and philosopher. The way all women. he articulated his ideas, thoughts, and knowledge was deeply invigorating! • Toni Sauncy, Inducted, 1993, Angelo State University • Ashish Patel, Inducted, 2014, Georgia State - Photo: Bryce Vickmark University - Photo: Michael Okoniewski

Richard James Clerk Feynman’s famous three- Maxwell’s theory of color volume set of lectures on physics vision helped me understand light. I was a big part of my formative also deeply admire him for the way he years as an advanced high wanted to make science available to school and early college physics everyone by teaching small community student in the early 1980s—they groups. helped cement my desire to • Will Vance, Inducted, 2014, Marietta College pursue a career in physics. - Photo: Trinity College, • Jean Quashnock, Inducted 2007, Carthage College - Photo: Caltech Archives

Neil deGrasse Tyson has an infectious I couldn’t pass up an enthusiasm for science and a way of opportunity to have lunch with Sir inspiring nonscientists to care about , arguably the science that I envy. most intelligent and determined person • Kendra Redmond, Inducted, 2007, that physics and mathematics has ever Carthage College seen. - Photo: Andrew Toth - Getty Images • Scott Bakkila, Inducted 2014, Lawrence Technological University - Photo: Godfrey Kneller

Fall 2018 Radiations 23 Unifying Fields

How Studying Physics Prepared Me for Life Abroad by Hannah Pell, Sigma Pi Sigma Member at Lebanon Valley College & Graduate Student in Music Theory, University of Oregon

t was a beautiful autumn day in late October, understanding of how nature operates independently of us. After my and I was on a train traveling across Austria. experience living abroad, though, I became fascinated with subjectivity ISix weeks prior I had moved to Graz to and wonder to what extent my biases and experiences affect my ability pursue a Fulbright Combined Grant to teach to make observations about the world and thus change the inferences I English as a foreign language and study draw from them. Physics is inherently a discipline about understanding systematic musicology, a discipline that uses and describing behavior, and I found this aspect of the field especially science to better understand music. I wasn’t useful as I learned to adopt a new culture. yet fully immersed in my new home, and on this Science is an incredibly valuable catalyst for intercultural cooperation particular train ride, I found myself wondering, and exchange. In his book Astrophysics for People in a Hurry, Neil in what ways are my own observations of the deGrasse Tyson writes: “The universality of physical laws tells us that expansive, mountainous Austrian landscape different than observations if we land on another planet with a thriving alien civilization, they will made by those around me? be running on the same laws that we have discovered and tested here As I pondered this question, I recalled a transportation-appropriate on Earth—even if the aliens harbor different social and political beliefs. thought experiment in physics. Two observers—a passenger at the Furthermore, if you wanted to talk to the aliens, you can bet that they midpoint of a train and another standing on a platform as the train don’t speak English or French or even Mandarin. […] Your best hope moves past—see a simultaneous flash of light at the center of the train. is to find a way to communicate using the language of science” (pp. According to the observer on the train, the light reaches both ends 38–39). of the train at the same time. The observer on the platform, however, The universal power of scientific laws is a triumph of our collective perceives the light as reaching the front and back ends of the train curiosity about the world and our place in it. By using my physics at different times. This thought experiment demonstrates Einstein’s toolbox when immersed in an unfamiliar place, I gained a much deeper concept of the relativity of simultaneity. appreciation for cultural differences, as well as what we all have in Studying physics has given me the tools to reorient my thinking common. n within various reference frames. As I navigated a new culture, they allowed me to recognize limitations of my individual worldview—my TOP LEFT: The author looking out over the red roofs of Graz, Austria . own unique reference frame. In recognizing these limitations, I began MIDDLE LEFT: Reaching Alpine heights to gain new perspective . to expand the breadth of my worldview by solo traveling, language BOTTOM LEFT: Life abroad is a surprising way to learn about the learning, and practicing Austrian cultural norms and traditions. relativity of time and space . An important aim of studying physics is to develop a deeper TOP RIGHT: Physics encourages many opportunities to explore our world . All photos courtesy of Hannah Pell . 24 Radiations Fall 2018 Initiates List 2017–18

Congratulationsto the newest members of Sigma Pi Sigma

Abilene Christian William Bowers Bethel University California Polytechnic Zoé Haskell-Craig University Robert Glennon Thomas Berglund State University - San Rongzheng He Jared Barker Geoffrey Harrison Blake Burgstahler Luis Obispo Ian Holst Steven Carrizal Ayden Kish Noel Dittbenner Marissa Dierkes Julianne Igbokwe Paul Carstens Augsburg College Kallai Hokanson Mackenzie Duce Sicong “Crystear” Liu Samuel Nyssa Capman John McCauley Nolan Elauria Valene Mezmin Tad Kile Chloe Gintner Ammanuel Robinson Anders Johnson Diamond Moody Shannon McNease Khoi Nguyen Hoang Ryan Spies Benjamin Kauffman Roshan Sajjad Bradley Mitchell Elise Linna Zachary Tebow Madeline Larkin Nicholas Speeney Samuel Mulderpoint Andre Li Alexandru Stanescu Augustana College Binghamton University Lauren Selensky Dennis Dempsey Teresa Netro Dylan Steele Patrick Crompton Yue Xu Adelphi University Pravini Fernando California State Adam Gronewold Andrew Ye Michelle Borovskoy Hayden Karrick Joel Friedman University - Chico Daniel Lee Allison Pease Mo Li Jason Mickel Carthage College Brian Lei Peter Malinverni William Mixter Ethan Hobbs Zoya Shafique Augustana College - Sara Mohamed Charles Payne Monica Kasper Sioux Falls American University Robert Shepard Aria Radick Bradley Krueger Darwin Garcia Kyle Rocha-Brownell Nathaniel Lee Shams El-Adawy Joshua Jaton Bloomsburg University Maya Kinley-Hanlon of Pennsylvania Logan Storm Benjamin Tillema Abel Solomon Jackson Wehr Weston Millar Shitong Zhao Ian Birdwell California State Danielle Montecalvo Charles Brochyus University - Northridge Catholic University of Austin College Vrunda Desai Harutiun Chinkezian America Andrews University Austin Andrle Joel Paea Zhipeng Li Mark Dettenmaier Johann Mejia-Ott Rosemary Fasullo Jarret Willis Sohee Kwon Jesse Snelling Wenhao Li Central Michigan Greg Zdor Boston College Mac Lee University Connor Luckett Garrett Limon Angelo State University Eva Natinsky Amelia Culp Kazi Ahmed Matthew Fernbach Thomas Look Jayani Dissanayake Zachary Cabrera Emma Page Patrick Mcmillin Cody Larsen Carlos Reyes-Leon Marisa Romanelli Ashton Falduto Nicholas Stubblefield Fernando Ramirez Jose Galicia-Hernandez Gabriel Maldonado Callin Schone Jeffrey Valdez Christopher McKowen Thomas Yuan Cole Tamburri Kerim Gulyuz Chun-An Wang Dylan Walsh Christian Hannah Luis Romo Villa Austin Peay State Michael Rooks Bridgewater College California State Ashlie Hinkle University University - Sacramento Madhawa Horana Gamage Taylor Spoo Jared Averitt Thomas Argiro C Watts Parker Cline Andrew Anderson Tristan Howard Cord Beck Aleksandra Curcic Reed Kolany Clay Wegner Austin Harnage Charles German Jeremy Hardy Miguel Hernandez Cuevas Jake Larson Appalachian State Zachary Hill Tyler Jarrett Zachary Purcell University Margaret Seage Austin Lane Jason Moughon California State Kai Trepte Brandon Adams Kenneth Shipley Jorge Vargas Tellez Garrett Booher Joseph Spear Stephen Pincus University - San Marcos Alyssa Martinez Junjie Yang Mary Clements Ball State University Bucknell University Mitchell Zubich Taylor Foote Zilin Ma Natividad Pestana Cameron Gray Jillian Robinson Central Washington David Gribble Paul Hettinger Matt O’Donnell Ian Krintz Laura Owens Daniel Sanchez University Sarah Vise Jared Sutton Gabriel Borrello John Mackall Kenzie Worsham Jeanine Shea Jeffrey Miller Hila Swindell Nicole Johnson Baylor University Buffalo State College Joseph Tax Rory McFarland Faith Montgomery Allison Torsey Raimie Neibaur Catherine Arndt Carnegie Mellon Centre College Ravikumar Patel Beau Brooks Butler University University Frank Marx Benjamin Perez Naoki Ellis Alexander Glickfield Eric Barrett Nesta Lenhert Scholer James Weislogel Christian Brothers Caroline Piephoff Naren Bhandari University Steven Poche Brynna Neff California Lutheran Vineetha Bheemarasetty Garrett Williams Alison Crisp Ellie Prim University Can Bostanci George Eason Dustin Roten Berry College Johann Dias Katja Brackelmanns-Puig Barbara Schmitz Kyle Schwendiman Audrey Burch Hend Kordy Doyee Byun Lucas Wade Nathaniel Scott William Newman Blair Martin Ziheng “George” Cai Piper Ziebarth Auburn University Parker Roberts Johanna Paine Minghan Chen Joseph Bahder Jamie Shultz Nathan Drucker Alex Fernez Fall 2018 Radiations 25 Initiates List 2017–18 Cleveland State Weston DeLomba Matthew Henry Matthew Lee Furman University University Doug Fitzgerald Sean Jesse Run Li Robert Anderson Justin Flaherty Jianbin Guan Reid Kinder Matthew Mark Trenton Duncan Krista Freeman Creighton University Chaz Pelas Stacy Mendez Haley Eckert David Spelic Laura Aumen Caleb Stallcup John Nikas William Fravel Jonathan Stott Coe College Hannah Durant Eastern Illinois University Graciela García Ponte MaryJane Been David Kasper Benjamin Karpus Florida International Thomas Gaudin Nathan Dvorak Bong Lee Jenalee Reardon University Madeline Leaman Caitlyn Ward Arnaldo Aguero Jameson Roberts Mareena Franke Eastern Kentucky Jeffrey Wong Aitor Bracho Michael Rose Marissa Hedlund University Thomas Wong Jeremy Buergo Matthew Rosenberg Evgeny Pakhomenko Spencer Hall Analis Lawrence Thomas Trankle Gregory Palmer Davidson College Abigail Kalany Chris Lopez Sara Vanovac Zackery Thune Ella Brewer-Jensen Jacob Riley Kathryn Mendez Colby College Henry Brooks Alexander Rose Georgia College and Joseph Moscoso Chloe Boehm Christina Chen Evan Stelter State University Stephen Revesz Hannah Bossi Esteban Leon Zachary Stewart Aidan Burleson Joseph Martin Jennifer Russo Tianzeng Chen Eastern Michigan Georgia Institute of Nancy Pruett Lemise Saleh Mirco Dinelli University Technology Gabriel Forest Noah Rickolt Alejandro Villalobos Aaron Aizenman Hunter Cox Katherine Wild Abigail Johnson Denison University Jonah Pollens-Dempsey Alexander Buser Madeline Placik Danish Siddiquie Andrew Richardson Florida State University Joseph Colosimo Stanley Denny Samantha Turbeville Angela Sommerer Kyle Wilhelm Thomas Dellaert Yuewei Wen Jessica Koros Juliet Dong Dickinson College Elizabethtown College Jianing Yang Fort Hays State Mary Elizabeth Lee Minjing Yang Natalie Ferris Muntabir Choudhury Kate Napier Ellis Johnson Nathan Copros University Joshua Young Braden Allmond Andrew Shumway Ruth Strauss Zachary Daly Holden Eisiminger Nathaniel Wilson Colgate University Erin Wynne Erich Holtzer Elizabeth Penner-Hiebert Christina Bowers Paul Lecurieux-Lafayette Georgia Southern Logan Conran Dillard University Caleb Quay University Tiereny Wiggins Derek Manning Brendan Corrodi Otis Statham Fort Lewis College Reed Hodges Anthony D’Addario Drew University Catherine Stencler Christopher Flynn Georgia State University Julia Dottinger Mack Fox Ryan Ruzycki Steven Agudelo Zachary Frohock Andrew Goldstein Elon University Samuel Jenkins Franklin & Marshall Saif Ali Kelly Haberl Ji Hoon Kim Megan Connors Katherine Kelleher Natalya Shcherban Glen Kleinschmidt College Eleanor Macklin Benjamin Akers Wyatt Flynn Ed Liu Duke University Stuart Jefferies Stephen Paolini Alexander Maggioni Md Faisal Alam John Franklin Crenshaw Victoria Bonidie David Martin Derek Sherry Embry - Riddle Juan Pablo Gonzalez Sandra Chilson Francisco Martinez Nolan Smyth Aeronautical University Stuart Ki Reed Kienzle Michael Williams Cynthia De La Rosa Gettysburg College Newton Kwan Noah Lamb Ethan Gregory Julia Giannini College of the Holy Cross Eric Segerberg Thomas Lehman-Borer William Hosea Lawson Gillespie Chandler Beaulieu Kya Sorli Gabriella Sallai Nour Ibrahim Maria Mazza Mitchell Collett David Wang Jonathon Sinton Danica Lenge Adrián Navarro Patrick Connolly Menglin Sun Duquesne University Hunter McCraw Ross Silver Abby Corrigan Chenchen Wei Connor Apa David PeQueen Peter Yergeau Yihui Jin Robert Behary Xuan Zhang Jessica Stietzel Ryan Sitler Grand Valley State Spencer Graves Michael Vroom Frostburg State University Colorado Mesa Jake Kline Daniel Weber University David Bronicki University Mathew Knauss Sean Black Emory University Brett Clark Bret Brouse Collin Mccauley Glenn Herb Joshua Chen Kenneth David Scott Jackson Connor Pecar Brandon Tichnell David Hill Canyon Pratt Karl Fenzl Colorado School of Cristin Hendrickson Mines East Carolina University Greer Howard Madi Clark Erik Carr Hyun Bin (Peter) Kim Chasen Henderson Andrew Fuquay Meiran (Eva) Liu Ryan Hooker Nicholas Kowalski Jonathan (Jack) Lothrop Jonathan Kim Alicia Kwon Zhiyin (Steven) Lu Ashley Piccone Casey Lohner Peter Oliveira Soens Alison Tucker Noah MacKay Zijian Qiu Concordia College Ryan Mezera Rachel Tao Robert Moller Travis Deegan Fairfield University Zachary Doerring East Central University Catharine Brady Isak Johnson Trevor Berg Samantha Cooper Connecticut College Breecia Crawford Ryan Fishbaugh The College of Charleston celebrates their new Sigma Patrick Davis Daniel Creech Nicole Kwasnaza Pi Sigma inductees. Photo courtesy of College of 26 Radiations Fall 2018 Charleston. Initiates List 2017–18 Samantha Koch Illinois State University Troy Nemeth Alexander Heilman Luther College Ross Kunzi Manuela Burek Cameron White Lewis University Benjamin Davidson Kimberly Suran Michael Giocolo Juniata College Stephen Hiller Nicholas Hentges Matthew Underhill Tyler Jenkins Laura Early Jackson Waters Jacob Schulz Nikhil Watsa Phillip Kovarik Colin Weber Alison Earnhart Linfield College Tyler Wheeler Alex Mraz Marcus Lee Lycoming College Richard Pelphrey Renjie Kang Grove City College John Maclay Ryan O’Dowd Gaelen Brown Michael Thompson Torrey Saxton Shannon Coriddi Courtney Sunday Kent State University James Seeley Gustavus Adolphus Mona Alshehri William Shannon Michael Elkins Zachary Temple Melissa Shea College Jonathan Unger Andre Antoine Troy Taylor Clark Hickman Kelsey Bittinger Lucas Wilkins Brandon White Louisiana State Nathaniel Wilston Elise Le Boulicaut Thomas Cook University - Baton Rouge Matthew Mehrkens Indiana University of University Pennsylvania Kenyon College Manon Bart Hailey Nelson Matthew Carney Margaret Carey Christopher Jacobs Kelly Neubauer Collin Adamson Thane Bonnett Ian George Justin Champagne Manhattan College Ryan O’Neil Austin Hulse Rebecca DiTusa Linh Nguyen Eli Sontag Nicholas Dzuricky Esteban Garcia Frank Peiris Edward Facundus Michael Pryor Ryan Sullivan Caroline Popiel Kyle Hamer Kevin Treb Brenden Glover Marietta College Kathryn Hagood Jordan Potter Ivan Hidrovo Xuan High Point University Kyle Rose Benjamin Lane Matthew Lees Marquette University Spencer Ader Brandon MacGregor Patrick Shaw Adam Majoria Thomas Boudreaux Bryce Wedig Khang Pham Dominic Battaglia Sky Semone Sophia Cieslicki Erin Brady Brandon Vought Kettering University Vaibhav Rajora Kyle Corcoran Richard Tuminello Andres Damian Indiana University Nomin Batkhuyag John Kempf Zackary Hutchens Noah Beauchamp Louisiana Tech Jordan McClung Purdue University - Fort Gabriel Dias Duarte Wayne John Bonhomme University Machado Noah Novembre Dylan Brewer Joshua Joffrion Nolan Roth Zachary Agnew Max Mattappillil Anderson Miles Megan Harlow Darrian Mills Thomas Retzloff Alan Vasquez-Soto Melissa Mikolowski Evan Norris Noah Worley Skyler Mills Justin Simon Lewis Ostermeyer Josephina Wright Sarah Pazos Alec Tauer Hofstra University Panayioti Panayi Joshua Wylie Jaron Williams Alexandre Dangay Tyler Yuzwalk Mary Baldwin College Andrew VonGunten Loyola Marymount Abigail Carinder Ali Hyder Kutztown University University Robert Watson Indiana University - Clara Liddick South Bend Cayley Eppler Kabir Buxani Shari Moody Hope College Christopher Freitag Jack Hovanec Angela Cardamone Dalana Salyer Else Amanda Rensmo Johnathan Leece Adam Saybolt Luciano Manfredi Console Corinne Weeks Yong Chul Yoon Erin Saunders Colton Sterner Daniel Dijamco Anna Wright Houston Baptist Alexandria Weesner Bethany Tirrell Jingyuan Du Elizabeth Touchstone Shane Farley Massachusetts College of University Tanner Wesp Liberal Arts Metha Chea Jeffrey Yoder Jason Turdo Ryan Taus Ethan Wallace Jordan Darling Katherine Chu Ithaca College Loyola University - New William Fines-Kested Trent Clark Alex Bredikin Lafayette College Orleans Christopher Gamble Amanda Johnson Annie Cooney Ethan Garvey Abigail Alton Evan Kalinowsky Elnora Nguyen Colleen Countryman Lamar University Andrew Brinsko Jonathan Nguyen Victoria Cinnater Massachusetts Institute Megan Holman Carlos Caballero of Technology Howard University Thy Doan Mai Le Alek Hutson Sandrine Ferrans Coleman Green Drew Bent Odunayo Ayegbajeje Jacob O’Brien Nicolas Nikoloutsos Lee Bernick Naomi Haddock James VanDeventer Benjamin Ofiel Ariel Hall Anna Smith Lotta-Gili Blumberg Tell Lott Jacksonville University Suzanne Wheeler Cyuan-Han Chang Viet Tran Sergio Aponte Lawrence Technological Loyola University Hannah Diehl Idaho State University Courtney Purcell University Maryland Haoyu Guo Patrick Bond Magyanis Ruiz Patrick Carzon Kylee Sullivan Joseph Lin Legacy DeShazo James Madison Mary Cody Tony Lemos University Mark Kocherovsky Alec Lepisto Robert Given Kylie LeBlanc Illinois Institute of Rodney Hodges Karlene Robich Technology Patrick Maxwell Shane Storks Daniel Bafia Jessica Mayer Lawrence University Alexandra Detweiler K P John Mangian Ian Gustafson Michael Padgett Lucas Myers Bryan Hendricks Kaitlyn Porter Julian Garrido Tomasini Emma Kaufman Aaron Swecker Benjamin Tomhave Noah Samuelson John Carroll University Lebanon Valley College New graduates from The College of New Jersey Varrick Suezaki Taylor Clark Eric Alleman celebrate walking across the stage. Photo courtesy of Ricardo Monge Neria Leah Boyer Zvacanti Teschuh. Fall 2018 Radiations 27 Initiates List 2017–18

Ian MacFarlane Southern State Muhlenberg College Northern Arizona Tyler C. Summers Chitraang Murdia University Daniel Buckwalter University Briana L. Young Jack Spilecki Connor Ames Travis Crawford Emilee Bovre Portland State University Vickie Wang Steven Beebe Meredith Jones Ethan Goff Kevin Dimmitt Duncan Wheeler Grant Cornwell Leen Madanat Miles Knight Sayantani Karmakar McMurry University Jill McDonald Murray State University Jay Kueny Isabel Rodriguez Alexandria Mendoza Toby Pederson Jacob Hall Adrian Luna Mianqing Yang Tanner Rosenberg Presbyterian College David Winski Jaren Hill Emily Mitchell Missouri University of Hayden Johnson Amy Sanderson Mercyhurst University Providence College Erin Conley Science & Technology Jesse Tapp Northwest Nazarene Brett Ballard Dylan Weaver University Nicole Boyd Joseph Johnson Liam Reilly Bailey King Alyssa Bennett National University of Hannah Anderson Katheryn Yomes Brendan Boggs Singapore Stephen Hall Radford University Anzumaan Chakraborty James Ang Scott Hunter Michael Hess Messiah College Deni Cikota Kaleb Burch E Chee Chau Northwestern University Ramapo College of New Jacob Cook Lisa Goh Eric Anderson Jersey Daniel Ma Dominic Dalba Alexander Sredenschek Chong Ming Binghao Guo Alexander Clark Reagan Dugan Muhammad Naradipa Grace Lu Lindsey Gray Metropolitan State Nicholas Ernst Lim Pin Julie Malewicz Steven Hofmann University of Denver Kyle Foster Zhi Jian Daniel Tay Benjamin Moy Jelena Pjesivac-Grbovic Stephanie Dehlin Aaron Lemmerman Ang Wee Lin Joyce Doug (Harold) Pinckney Patrick Rehain Patrick Langer Cameron Lerch Jonathan Yeo Ava Polzin Rajat Sainju Rebekah Moline Brady Martin Eric Van Camp Aaron Musselman Joshua Maxwell Nebraska Wesleyan Randolph College Joshua Plarina Kyle McMillen University Occidental College Andrew Hayden Kevin Polinski Micheal Morrow Drew Marolf Eli Berg Katie Jones Trenton Radford Nicholas Parris Morgan Nishida Kade Cheatham Thinh Pham Matthew Strickland Austin Powell Jared Pohlmann Ian Convy Matthew Williams Ryan Corkrean Miami University Ashley Pruett New Institute of Randolph-Macon College Kevin Renick Mining and Technology Ethan Heffernan Ty Anderson Zeeshan Ali Nan Ma Avnika Bali Sarah Skinner Tyjal Dewolf-Moura Brynn Browning Elizabeth Triller K. Fox Ben Sappey Ashleigh Bryant Dharma Raj Basaula Chandler Smith Matthew Brigham Alex Warhover Megan Hein Elen Khachatryan Sebastian Hendrickx- Trenton Warner James McLeskey Adam Eaton Moravian College Wanchen Zhao Robert Krueger Katherine Bahnck Rodriguez Dorothy Parry Jayson Rook Ariana Caiati Nekeisha Johnson Ohio Northern Rensselaer Polytechnic Tiago Schaeffer Matthew Conners Ryen Lapham University Institute Audrey Short Fouad Haddad Andres Ortiz Trevor Kaufmann Philip Charles Tyler Thurtell Jewel Haik Henry Prager Bradley Lockhart Thomas Donlon Chong Kai Wong Shane Hansen Emma Schmidt Alexander Lutheran Andrew Fucarino Bryan Harvey New Mexico State Bryan Peck Mallory Gaspard Michigan State Matthew Sibila University George Heim University Griffin Heier Arij Alruwaii Brian Luxton Chase Brooks Ohio University Eric Johnson Megan Davis Vaughn Tempesta Zoe Burns Ana Bucki-Lopez JiaZhao Lin Jonas Hallstein Nicholas Vinansky Oscar Jaramillo Perez Grant Merz Stephen Majeski Dylan Mankel Morehouse College Sean Tierney Katelynn Nichols William Marshall David Pham Keith Anderson New York University Brandon Niese Juliana Mendes Joseph Seitz Jeffrey Butler Patrick Anker Alexandra Semposki Quientin Morrison Jordan Stomps Caleb Davis Hillary Gao Ryan Tumbleson Drake Niedzielski Margaret Voetberg Diego Garcia Kimberly Mishra Ohio Wesleyan Aaron Ouellette Christian Griffith Michael O’Brien University Isabelle Peck Middle Tennessee State Jonathan Pizzo University David Holden Roy Rinberg Colin Hawes Gillern Maguranye Javan Mark Tahir Amanda Jewell Kyle Rego Jaron Hengstenberg Vera Titze William Smith Khensu-Ra Love El Sidney Wolin Diego Venegas Vargas Justin Samples Kelly Wurtz Raymond Wu Millersville University Oregon State University Ashton Sullivan Yvonne Zagzag Mattia Carbonaro Rhodes College Ken Brubaker Yi Song Cory DeLong Mount Holyoke College North Carolina State Genevieve Connolly Drew Martin Naomi Brandt University Alexander Eisenhauer Roanoke College Lucas Staub Grace Cai Andrea Bowdon Kaylin Gopal Zacary Croft Katie Cashin Nicholas Castanho Aaron Goschie William Lambert Minnesota State Ashley Cavanagh Kyle Connelly Jin Kiatvongcharoen David Moreau University Moorhead Jem Guhit Elizabeth Davis Nikita Rozanov Roberts Wesleyan Jane Glanzer Shion Kubota Jake Geiser Penn State Erie - The College Samuel Holen Sue Shi Jack Lynch Behrend College Karl McNulty Andrew Louwagie-Gordon Anna Thackray Coleridge Nash Aidan Shafer Dylan Langharst Emma Thackray Benjamin Shugg Jonathon R. Schrecengost Tamia Williams Nicholas Teeter 28 Radiations Fall 2018 Initiates List 2017–18

Rochester Institute of Russell Lochrie San Jose State University Skidmore College Lujia Wen Technology Noor Muzammal Alexander Cabot Spencer Adams-Rand Zitong Zhao Alexander Chiba Andrew Nunez Alexander Colebaugh Seth Loomis Stockton University Matthew Delfavero Joerenz Tabanda-Bolina Devin Cunningham Akaylia Morgan John Bebel Daniel Gysbers Dominic Tran Robert Eimerl Claire Mundi Jessica Bolich Bryanne McDonough Antonia Vinci Chase Goesling Adam Nash William Campagnolo Rifet Musedinovic Reid Vorbach Jiahao Jiang Sebastian Strong Patrick Cocola Rockhurst University Jack Ye Angelica-Lorraine Lee Dante Tobar Charles Dell’Orto Mikaela Bell St. Lawrence University Steven Li Slippery Rock University Miriam Saad Chad McDermott Zac Crenshaw Jackson Burdett Amanda Holskey Stony Brook University Eden Fitzgibbons Ryan Fletcher Luis Rosales Siordia Melanie Hook Stephanie Striegel Alexander Adhyatman Clare Goldkamp Zeyu Lu Cameron Welsh Emily Biermann Sierra Grissum Shannon Welch Luke Wenger St. Mary’s College of Christopher White Abigail Bishop Lucas Handlin Maryland South Dakota School Michael Campana Jason Jerrell Corey Crandall Santa Clara University Mines & Technology Kristina Finnelli Hunter Roberts Kathleen Ortel Eli Bonadies Stefan Aviles James Glazar Nitin Sekar Ryan Rhoades Morgan Gillis Brady Bos Alexandra Kravchuk Trace Shapiro Jonah Salehi Jackson Sage Michael Montalbano Jessica Kurlander Ryan Sparks Zach Steffen St. Mary’s University Michael Thompson Mingde Li SUNY Geneseo Toan Tran Seattle University Douglas Tiedt Xueqi Li Gunnar Brown Katherine Cox Layne Tieszen Yogesh Mehta Kristen Churnetski St. Michael’s College Aaron Fish Daniel Tronstad Edwin Ramilo Malcolm Colson Michael Boyd Rose Marie Haynes Jace Waybright Abraham Spitalny Ian Costley Alex Brushwein Christopher Riley Gabriel Wieczorek Shawn Thompson Lauren Farrell St. Olaf College Seton Hall University South Dakota State Elliot Tuck Helena Van Nieuwenhuizen Michael Geiler Daniel Kindem Brandon Barnville University Jackson Hebel Daniel King William Cockerell Jace Waybright Yiting Wang Duncan Ho Gabriel McAndrews Michael Patullo Eric Wu Robert Holcomb Brian Nevins Southeast Missouri State Crystal Young Olivia Rodgers University Taylor Jackson Benjamin Wollant Susquehanna University Sarah Mandanas Zhifei Yang Sewanee: The University Arham Chowdhury of the South Jordan Duncan Unique Divine Edward Murphy St. Peter’s University Andrew Steely Kevin Palmisano Brenna Bierman Sam Fincher Hugo Iglesias Tristan Carlson Samantha Hasler Hareem Zain Praveen Wakwella Adam Zandani Timothy Williams Matthew Donaldson Tyler Howard Texas A&M University - St. Vincent College Bryan Walker Nicole Masters Commerce SUNY Oneonta Lauren Bittner Ben Nielsen Lauren Balliet Kevin Knox Shippensburg University Mitchell Bredice Bradley Smith Heath Parkinson Brianna Douglas Hannah Olds Joseph Marcinik Austin Patek Thomas Head Nathan Rutherford Anthony Vecchio Siena College Emilia Schempp Deanna Rogers Andreas Stolzer Teresa Yuhas Hunter Agnew Blake Trickey Cristo Sanchez James Agostino Nathan Scarcelli SUNY Plattsburgh Salisbury University Southern Nazarene Maxwell Arieda Austin Vent Alex Hepburn Glen Ansted University Tomoki Noguchi Samantha Bergami Jacob Bardzell Mitchell Braun McKayla Benner Texas Lutheran Almas Purisic Jesus Cruz University Zoe Wolters Buerkle Southwestern Oklahoma Jack DeRycke Jolene Cobb State University Emily Churchman St. Anselm College John Ebner Eamonn Conway Cameron Cinnamon Colton Kubena Eamon Bean Sylvia Edward Zachary Goodsell Daniel Gassen Daniel Morales Michael Breen Samantha Koehler Jesus Lopez Emily Trail Texas State University Noah Collins Jacob Lapinsky Noraya Pettiway Luis Bichon Emily Dupuis Ian McCann Stephen F. Austin State Megan Poremba University Clint Boldt Shane Earley Tyler McGraw Charles Premo Gabriel Mestas Richard Hume Taylor Portier William Ash Ian Smith Chase Johnston Elora Smith Stephen Jaskelevicus Andrew Ward Shannon Sweet Kerrianne Marino Gail Welsh Hector Ochoa Texas Tech University Spencer Tibbitts Victor Ortiz Hira Farooq Matthew Olsen Ayden Whitehead Dmitry Turovtsev Michael Ryan Ryan Willey Dane Phillips Eric Garcia Brian Valtin Alexandra Gordienko St. Bonaventure Sam Houston State Stetson University Simpson College Vlad Luta Kamal Lamichhane University University Michael Hite Samila Muthumuni Aidan Wilson Matthew Breeding Jared Vanasse Nicholas Joslyn Zachary Watson Jigesh Patel St. John’s University Kebur Fantahun Taylor Jurgensen Mahsa Servati Abigail Calvelo Quinten D. Jackson Nicolas Rey-Le Lorier Stevens Institute of Gregory Skillman Justina D’Costa Andrew Loewes Cole Sigler Technology Sueli Skinner Ramos Alexis Estrada Jaime Navarrete Kristina Smith Nicholas Ordonez Zhixing Wang Domonique Johnson Caleb Zavala MacKenzie Randle

Fall 2018 Radiations 29 Initiates List 2017–18 The Citadel - The Ben Nissan University of Cincinnati Blake Hipsley Darren Stroupe Military College of South Rayleigh Parker Ammar Bayyari Max Trevor Jacob Warshauer Carolina Benjamin Zager David Luria University of Maryland - University of North Alexis Edwards Union College Owen Tyoe College Park Carolina at Charlotte The College at Brockport Mark Mininberg University of Colorado Jeffrey Davis Austin Bloom - State University of NY John Schlater Denver Alison Duck Daniel Furr Matthew Merchant Cameron Yang Njood Alsaihati Brady Easterday Fatemeh The College of New Union University Richard Bludnick John Evans Hadavandmirzaee Jersey Alexandra Bodnar Michael Burgher Meghan Fickett Nikita Nikulsin Kyle Barrie Christian Brown Jennifer Evans Nathan Fredman Joseph Obeid Nicolas Bolle Tylman Michael Kathryn Harris Michael Greklek-McKeon Gabriel Palermo William Braverman Grant Wise University of Sarah Kerr University of North Daniel Lay Geena Elghossain United States Air Force Connecticut Georgia Bryan Miner Jonah Cerbin Matthew Marks Taylor Baker Academy Joseph Saliunas Ian Reed Jordan Armstrong Huifeng Chen Laura Chambliss Terance Schuh Chrystina Christodlous Sarah Weatherly Ryan Duke Simon Ferrel Sarang Yeola The George Washington Francis Hallada Sam Cutler Benjamin Hawkins Jacob Franklin Peter Zhou Seth Iwan University Philip Rich Mark Zic Sophia Donovan Lucy Zimmerman Harrison Hall Kirk Roberts Sylvain Guiriec Mark Johnson University of Minnesota University of Northern United States Military Chengzhang Li Aliza Beverage Jack Hirschman Academy at West Point Iowa Michael Lujan Brenna Robertson Aaron Thomas Aaron Anderson Bilger Richard Sadlon Breidenbach Rohan Patil Rachel Dodaro Brent Anderson Sarah Schrup Meagan Sundstrom Constant Chin Mason Clendenen Haley Duke Eric Viklund Jacob Christy The Johns Hopkins Dominick Giovannelli Joseph Tibbs University Blake Hansen University of Dallas University of Mount University of Notre Christian Cosgrove Nolan Hedglin Joseph Griesbauer Union Dame Stephen Dempsey Aaron Horikami Alessandra Marchi Ian Dilyard Connor Bagwell Anthony Flores Jafr Kazmi University of Dayton Morgan Hamilton Levi Biasco David Glass Spencer Klehn David Braun Joshua Leiter John Charters Austin Granmoe Jonathon Ng John Kunkel Erin White Michael Dimen Kelsey Ishimoto Thomas Ottman Gina Lucia Joseph Winiecki Michael Foley Karl Osterbauer John Roll Matthew Mircovich Peter Young Gregory Greif Spiros Reda Zain Shaikh William Poston University of Nevada - John Johnson Cassidy Speller Samir Streatfield Hadley Smith Las Vegas Luke Maillie Adam Strickland United States Naval University of Evansville Scott Eierman William Morgenlander The State University of Academy Euan Freeman John Kearney Allison Olshefke New York at Potsdam Benjamin Dunphy Brendan Ninneman David Zagaceta Kaitlin Salyer Lauren Brace John Faucher Sarah Richie University of New David Shaw Gregory Hyer Sean Russell Hampshire Dervis Vural The University of Elizabeth Wildenhain Scranton Anthony Schlitt Chosila Sutantawibul Emma Clarke Andrew Charway Christian Sorenson Kathryn Wolfinger Lars Luxem University of Pittsburgh Nicholas Chaump Andrew Tamez University of Houston Kellie McGuire Nicholas Corrado Yutong He Jesse Kemmerling University of California Anthony Martinez Kyle Morman Ryan Kaufman Joshua Toth - Davis Donnie Munford Ronny Nguyen Thomas Behrs Jacob Rose Thomas Myron Ritrosky Jessica Montone Towson University Alison Swanson Kaelyn Seeley Catherine Asaro University of California Leonel Varvelo Stephen Blama - Irvine Brian-Tinh Vu University of New University of Puget Sean Christie Christopher Franco University of Kansas Mexico Sound Bailey Conrad Tamase Aquino Mario Balcazar Ryan Gibbons Matthew Fergoda Kevin Cooper Brandon Rawson Pierce Giffin University of North Jessamyn Hosken Alexander Kaufman Max Coplan Donald Trinh Zachary Olson Carolina Wilmington Matthew Biggs Nicolas Rothbacher David Houston University of Central Taylor Plattner Sabrina Searfoss Charles Robertson Amanda Ceroli University of Richmond Florida Eric Goetz Timothy Szekerczes Kevin Fernando Arthur Vollbrecht Rhiannon Flynn Nay Zaw Aung Win Francis Walz Bejan Ghomashi Thomas Woodruff Ryan Jeffers Chris Zimmerman Jacqueline Jensen University of Louisville Hassan Mason Trinity University Zainulabedin Khan Samir Kusmic University of North Andres Cano Botero Gabriel Zighelboim Jamal Khayat University of Maine Carolina at Asheville Trung Ha Truman State University Eric Markowitz Andrew Cundy Callie Clontz Jeremy Hartse Miles Thies Joshua Pollock Benjamin Waterman Samantha Creech Cecile Skoryna Kline Jesse Randall Louise Fisher Chase Lindemann Tufts University Zacchaeus Scheffer University of Maryland - Cory Friedman Rudolph Mayrhofer James Miller Baltimore County Trevor Jenkins Morgan McCarthy Jonathan Minoff Benjamin Zidek

30 Radiations Fall 2018 Initiates List 2017–18

Fiona Nichols-Fleming University of the University of Wisconsin - Virginia Military Institute West Chester University Tri Nguyen Sciences River Falls Thomas Baham Austin Hardt Bo Peng Brett Conti Begad Elmelligy MacGregor Baxter Olivia Harris John Piotrowski Gopal Goberdhan Ethan Furois Skylar Birdie Gabriel Seymour Andres Olalde Ruiz Stefan Hofmeister Anthony Gordon Douglas Burkhart Amy Smock Ava Sauer William McWatters Jacob Hanson-Flores Eryn Daman West Virginia University Genevieve Schroeder Karla Miletic Josh Hunt Carisa Kunkle Mikal Dufor Adam Stenson Alyssa Petroski John Incha Joshua Stacy Rodney Elliott Samantha Tetef Austin Vantrease Zachary King Virginia Polytechnic Andrew Jemiolo Andrew Van Avery University of Toledo Andrew Larson Institute and State Matteo Luisi Jean Wolfs Joseph Derkin Virginia Lee University Nihan Pol Jiejiong Wu Nicholas Dulaney Kyle Lueckfeld Yichul Choi Rishmali Sooriyagoda University of San Diego Scott Legeza Cavan Maher Nicholas Ekanger John Stenger Chad Kishimoto Juan Lopez Haley Nielsen Matthew Henriques Derek Thompson Kathryn Regan Nathan Szymanski Sara Noble Hayden Hollenbeck Benjamin Woods Nathan Wildenberg Eugene Wackerbarth James Windsor David Jackson West Virginia Wesleyan University of South University of Vermont University of Wyoming Byungwoon Lee College Florida Jared Benson Noah Cowper Zeshen Li Alessandro Armenia Christopher Car Codie Cottrell Logan Jensen Stephen Loffert Alexander Bradley- Jason Cardarelli Katrina Czar Gabriel Miller Bradley Lundgren Popovich Charles Mentzer Emily Louis Jareth Roberts Matthew Lynch Austin Jarrell Adam Petrucci Danielle Schurhammer Moira Miller Emma Rickels University of Tennessee - Kaila Nathaniel Joshua Tenney Knoxville University of Virginia Ursinus College Quentin Altemose Nicholas Smith Zachary Whiting Brandon Barker Siddarth Ajith Deheng Song Grant Bruer Jesse Alloy Ethan Haldeman Western Kentucky Leah Jarvis Andrew Walker Samuel Feldman Nick Anderson Lacey Wright University Kevin Kleiner Nick Clifford Xinyue Kang Trason Carter Katrina Raichle Fan Zhang Kat Reynolds Margaret Doyle Hao Zou Byron Grant Justin Scott Peter Farris Lauren Turet Devon Loomis Taylor Stevenson Jesse Han Utah State University Wake Forest University James Pierce Richard Stockinger Andrew Jiao Dane Adams Robert Bradford Zachary Thomas Robin Leichtnam Thomas Bradshaw Terra Colvin University of Texas - Wheaton College Boyang Li Garron Brian Melanie Ferreri Austin Spencer Gales Sierra Barone Robert Claassen Robert Pazhwak Lance Burton Jenny Ruda Kristen Schumacher Preston Childers Hamna Haneef Joel Foran James Lee Elizabeth Tan Griffin Glenn Brian Seymour John Hansen Pedrom Zadeh Peter Haugen Amy Medford Widener University Josey Hanish Jacquelyn Sharpe Billy Lemke Panagiotis University of Washington Bo Johnson Robert Johnson James Sowa Dan Miller Koutsomitopoulos Tanner Bambrick Cole Teander Chandler Kinch William Jewell College Thomas Lilieholm Nolan Flannery Lucas Tommervik Emery Reed Bobby Ho Jared Lambert Abby Christensen Phillip Lundgreen Colin Tyznik Matthew Martel Rylee Ross Yotam Ofek Cenji Yu Gerardo Salazar Thalya Paleologu David Maughan Caeley Pittman Lauren Schwartz Daniel Primosch Bronson Naegle Washington & Jefferson Justice Taylor Benjamin Shaw Deepesh Verma Qingyuan Ren College Wofford College Trystan Smith Tanner Warner Brannon Boyd University of Texas - David Aguillard Preston Went Sethin Burier Dallas Vanderbilt University Greg Boeshaar Lelia Arefnezhad Gracy Frost Turner Bryant Pedro Brea University of Washington Matthew Kraeuter Thomas Bruce - Bothell Nicholas Belsten Brian Claytor Miguel Moravec Matthew Prezioso Jennifer Copps Moutaz Haq Erdene Enkhzaya Vince Rose Andrew Marder Erin Hill Oishik Ray Lillian Fant Louis Schatzki Akira Yamashita Sebastian Luce Ben Micklich Guohao Huang Caitlin Zeher Matthew Marriott Keaton Ufheil Carolyn Martsberger University of Texas at Daniel McKnight Minh Vu Washington University in Sheldon Newman San Antonio Jeanie Zeng St. Louis Jake Phillips Daniel Angel Jomardee Perkins Cheng Qian Villanova University Nathan Gartlan Michael Ralph Chad Dixon Emily Ramey William Ronan Katherine Montoya Tija Tippett David Greene Giannina Guzman Stella Schindler George Salley Emil Krisnan Penafiel University of Wisconsin - Zachary Weinstein Hunter Wages Aldo Sepulveda Eau Claire Elizabeth Johnson Liam Jones Zuohan Xiahou Steven Zides Julio Urquidi Matthew Lehnen David Zhang Nicholas Lydeen Thomas Longo Xavier University University of the Samantha Miller Joseph Michail Wayne State University Maggie Burlingame Cumberlands Nicholas Reid Vincent Mutolo Siddharth Kundal Ryan Caliguri Steven Novack Demetrios Papakostas Jake Miller Patrick Gemperline Jacob Smith University of Wisconsin - David Stilwell Mohsen Mokhtari Enrique Hernandez Abby Walker Platteville Jefferson Toro David Moutard Anthony Plochocki Samuel Belling Connor Williams Eric Stimpson Joshua Young Wangcheng Xu Timothy Susman Joseph Wieske Fall 2018 Radiations 31 Radiations American Institute of Physics 1 Physics Ellipse College Park, MD 20740

32 Radiations Fall 2018