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The Chronicle Novel Op Compton Mackenzie 1937-1945 a Study Op the Four Winds Op Love 1179 UNIVERSITY D'OTTAWA ECOLE DES GRADUES THE CHRONICLE NOVEL OP COMPTON MACKENZIE 1937-1945 A STUDY OP THE FOUR WINDS OP LOVE by John A. MacPherson Thesis presented to the Faculty of Arts of the University of Ottawa in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Tf.we>JO..„. V / Antigonish, Nova Scotia, 1966 UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UMI Number: DC53810 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI UMI Microform DC53810 Copyright 2011 by ProQuest LLC All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 UNIVERSITE D OTTAWA ECOLE DES GRADUES ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis was prepared under the supervision of Doctor Alphonse P. Campbell of the English Department of the University of Ottawa. The writer is indebted to the executive officers of St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, for their interest in this project and for a leave of absence from professional duties which permitted its writing. For the considerable assistance of the librarians of the University of Texas, McGill University, Harvard Univer­ sity, St. Francis Xavier University, and the Ottawa Public Library, the writer is grateful. UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE DOTTAWA ECOLE DES GRADUES CURRICULUM STUDIORUM John A. MacPherson was born June 1, 1931* in Windsor, Ontario. He received the Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, in 1953. The Master of Arts degree was received from the University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, in 1955. The title of his thesis was Chaucer's Moral Vision; A Study of the Seven Deadly Sins in The Canterbury Tales. In 1957 he received the Diploma in Guidance and Counseling from Boston Univer­ sity, Boston, Massachussetts. The Certificate of Advanced Studies was received from the Shakespeare Institute of the University of Birmingham, Stratford-upon-Avon, England, in 1958. The title of the thesis was The Medieval Characteris­ tics of King Lear. In 1961 he was elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts. UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA - SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDI ES UNIVERSITE DOTTAWA ECOLE DES GRADUES TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page INTRODUCTION v I.- BIOGRAPHICAL PROFILE 1 II.- THE THEATRE OF YOUTH 21 III.- THE PLAN OF THE FOUR WINDS OF LOVE 3B IV.- THE FIRST PART OF THE EAST WIND OF LOVE ... 60 V.- THE SECOND PART OF THE EAST WIND OF LOVE ... 71 VI.- THE FIRST PART OF THE SOUTH WIND OF LOVE ... 91 VII.- THE SECOND PART OF THE SOUTH WIND OF LOVE . 106 VIII.- THE WEST WIND OF LOVE 117 IX.- WEST TO NORTH 136 X.- THE NORTH WIND OF LOVE 150 XI.- AGAIN TO THE NORTH 164 CONCLUSION 182 BIBLIOGRAPHY 196 Appendix 1. ABSTRACT OF The Chronicle Novel of Compton Mackenzie, 1937"194£. A Study of The Four Winds of Love. 213 UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE DOTTAWA ECOLE DES GRADUES I INTRODUCTION In his celebrated two-part article on "The Younger Generation", which appeared in The Times Literary Supplement A (London) in 191^, Henry James selected nine writers as representative of certain new tendencies in the novel. He carefully distinguished the younger men - Hugh Walpole , Gilbert Cannan, Compton Mackenzie, and D.H. Lawrence from their older contemporaries, Joseph Conrad, Maurice Hewlett, John Galsworthy, H.G. Wells, and Arnold Bennett. James was of the opinion that "two or three" of the latter group were "sufficiently related to the still newer generation in a qua. si -parental way."2 Of especial interest is the inclusion of Compton Mackenzie in this selection of representative modern authors, because at the time of writing Mackenzie had published only two and a half novels: The Passionate Elope­ ment (1911 )> Carnival (1912), and the first volume of Sinister Street (1913). James cited only the latter two in his review,-' but owing to their promise, he tentatively exempted Mackenzie from some of the strictures he had passed on the other writers.^* Giving over the final portion of his essay to an analysis of Mackenzie's two books, he accounted him perhaps the most complex and promising of the younger men; he was attracted by the brilliance of the "rounded episodes" in Sinister Street, but he also believed the best augury for UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE DOTTAWA ECOLE DES GRADUES INTRODUCTION vi the future of Mackenzie's developing sense of style was his care for expression.5 Time has not proven James's estimation of the signi­ ficance of these novelists. Today only Conrad, Lawrence and Wells appear of major importance, and yet James was not alone in estimating the potential achievement of Compton Mackenzie so highly. Frank Swinnerton says of the period immediately before and after World War I: It became a favourite pastime for critics to compile lists of young novelists destined for greatness. Gradually it was established that Mackenzie, Cannan, Walpole, Forster, Lawrence and Beresford were the coming boys.6 Richard Church, too, has observed that it was Mac­ kenzie in particular who came to be regarded as the spokesman of his generation - that generation of Oxford and Cambridge youth who went to war in 1914. Following the war, during the 1920's, although Mac­ kenzie continued to write popular novels, his critical reputation plummeted, and he was generally dismissed as a writer of entertaining light novels or tiresome serious ones who had signally failed to live up to his early promise. Despite this evaluation, however, he still commands a signi­ ficant reading public, both for his fiction and non-fiction. Almost every year from 1911 to 1960 has seen the publication of one or more new books by him.8 It is true, on the other hand, that he has never enjoyed in North America the popular UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE DOTTAWA ECOLE DES GRADUES INTRODUCTION vil success he has had in the British Isles, although his second novel, Carnival, was well received and made his name known to the American reading public. All twenty-six of his novels published down through 1934 were issued in American editions, but since then, only selected books have appeared. Dodd, Mead, and Company brought out his long novel The Four Winds of Love in eight volumes between 1937 and 1946; how­ ever, only three of the twelve other novels he wrote from 1936 to 1960 have been published on this side of the ocean. ^ Because of the general absence of critical interest in much of his work since the 1920's, most serious discussion of him has centered upon his early novels. Sinister Street (1913-14) remains his most memorable and influential work. Mackenzie has described its theme as "the youth of a man who presumably will be a priest. ^ More importantly, it is the detailed yet poetic evocation of the childhood, school and college life, and final preparations for maturity of an upper-class Englishman of the pre-World War I generation. Mortimer R. Proctor in The English University Novel says: It was . the first penetrating and compre­ hensive attempt in literature to evaluate the profoundly significant effects of university life upon the undergraduate. And more than that, it Is in Sinister Street that the university novel at last emerged with Its answer as to what a univer­ sity should be.'' Sinister Street has remained in print from its publication to the present time,''2 and has been read, at times UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE D OTTAWA ECOLE DES GRADUES INTRODUCTION viii surreptitiously, by several generations of English students. It has spawned countless imitations, of which perhaps the best-known American example is F. Scott Fitzgerald's This Side of Paradise.1^ indeed, so well known has it been that it is used for casual illustration in such specialist studies as Gilbert Norwood's Greek Comedy'1k^ and C.S. Lewis's The Alle gory of Love.15 But if Sinister Street is his best-known work, it is just as true that Mackenzie has had almost fifty years of varied writing experience since he wrote that book. By the end of 1961 he had published eighty-three volumes, not including his stories for children. He has written poetry, drama, novels, essays, literary and musical criticism, biographies, histories, memoirs, children's stories, short stories, and travel accounts. There is a similar variety among his forty-three novels: he has written historical romance, comedy of manners, the realistic novel, the senti­ mental romance, the life novel, the picaresque, the farce comedy, the religious novel, the humorous satire, the novel of adventure, the discussion novel and the Balzacian sequence novel. Because of the great amount and variety of his work, Mackenzie does not readily fit into any convenient pigeon­ hole for critical labeling. Eric Moon once observed: "The critics have never known quite how to classify Compton UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE DOTTAWA ECOLE DES GRADUES INTRODUCTION ix Mackenzie as a novelist."1" Sheila Kaye-Smith further sums up the critics' dilemma saying: The modern critical tendency is all for com­ parison and classification, but what are you to do with a man who one year writes a trilogy founded entirely on religious experience, and17 the next produces a serial for a penny daily.
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