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The Rise of the Victorian Actor Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:25 09 August 2016 ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS: VICTORIAN THEATRE Volume 1 THE RISE OF THE VICTORIAN ACTOR Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:25 09 August 2016 This page intentionally left blank Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:25 09 August 2016 THE RISE OF THE VICTORIAN ACTOR MICHAEL BAKER Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:25 09 August 2016 First published in 1978 This edition first published in 2016 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 1978 Michael J.N. Baker All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-1-138-92272-3 (Set) ISBN: 978-1-315-68102-3 (Set) (ebk) ISBN: 978-1-138-92903-6 (Volume 1) (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-68108-5 (Volume 1) (ebk) Publisher’s Note The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent. Disclaimer The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and would welcome correspondence from those they have been unable to trace. Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:25 09 August 2016 The Rise of the Victorian Actor MICHAEL BAKER Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:25 09 August 2016 CROOM HELM LONDON ROWMAN AND LITTLEFIELD ©1978 Michael J.N. Baker Croom Helm Ltd, 2-10 St John’s Road, London SW11 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Baker, Michael The rise of the Victorian actor. 1. Theater and society - England - History I. Title 301.44*4 PN2594 ISBN 0-85664-542-7 First published in the United States 1978 by Rowman and Littlefield, Totowa, New Jersey Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Baker, Michael. The rise of the Victorian actor. Bibliography: p. 225 Includes index. 1. Theater and society - England - History. 2. Actors England. I. Title. PN2049.B34 792\028’0941 77-25403 ISBN 0-8476-6033-8 To my parents Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:25 09 August 2016 Printed and bound in Great Britain by Redwood Burn Limited, Trowbridge & Esher CONTENTS Acknowledgements Abbreviations Chronology Introduction 13 1. The Stage and the Professions 18 2. Actors and Ethics 44 3. The Actor’s Community 62 4. The Decline of the Actor’s Community 82 5. The Position of the Actress 95 6. Working Conditions 109 7. Establishing a Profession 139 8. The Actor Arrives 160 Notes 175 Appendix I: Tables Showing the Principal Biographical Details of Three Generations of Actors and Actresses who Appeared on the Stage in the Period 1830-90 200 Appendix II: Family Trees of Some Typical Victorian Theatrical Dynasties 220 Appendix III: Increase between Censuses in the Recorded Numbers of Actors and Actresses in England and Wales, 1841-91 255 Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:25 09 August 2016 Bibliography 226 Index 241 This page intentionally left blank Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:25 09 August 2016 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This book first began as an Oxford B. Litt. thesis which was completed in 1976, and though additions and revisions were necessary for the purposes of publication, it nevertheless remains substantially unchanged. As such, it is perhaps natural that most of my thanks should go to those associated with the thesis stage of its preparation. I am therefore particularly grateful to Dr Bernard Richards of Brasenose College, who supervised my work from afar and showed un­ failing interest and enthusiasm over a number of years despite the problems created by my move to a full-time Job. I would also like to thank Dr Brian Harrison and Dr Stephen Wall at Oxford, and Mr George Rowell of Bristol University. Each proved a source of help and guidance at different times. There are many friends to whom I owe a debt of gratitude for putting themselves out on my behalf or for the stimulus and support they provided. I would mention in particular Serena Newmark, Roger Holdsworth, Andrew Purkis and Stephen Hickey. Finally, I must acknowledge the great contribution made by my parents, whose quiet encouragement at all times was invaluable to morale and ultimately therefore to the completion of this work. ABBREVIATIONS Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:25 09 August 2016 I refer throughout the book to three Select Committee Reports on the theatre, in 1832,1866 and 1892. The full titles of these Reports are somewhat unwieldy, so after the first reference I have abbreviated them, putting ‘Select Committee Report’, followed by the date and the rele­ vant question number. Thus the Report of the Select Committee on Theatrical Licences and Regulations,/tor/. Papers, 1866, XVI, Q. 2924 becomes in abbrevi­ ated form: Select Committee Report, 1866, Q. 2924. This page intentionally left blank Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:25 09 August 2016 CHRONOLOGY The following table provides a conspectus of the period, relating the theatre to other important events of the time. Dramatic works appear under the year of their first performance. 1831 Garrick Club founded. Law Society formed. Madame Vestris takes over the Olympic (till 1839). 1832 Select Committee on Dramatic Literature. Parliamentary Reform Act. 1833 Death of Edmund Kean. Dramatic Copyright Act. Bulwer Lytton’s Theatrical Reform Bill debated. Factory Act (‘Children’s Charter’). Oxford Movement, Newman et al., Tracts for the Times (till 1841). 1835 Dickens, Sketches by Boz, first series. 1836 Dickens, Sketches by Boz, second series. Debut of Helen Faucit. First train in London. 1837 Accession of Queen Victoria. Debut of Barry Sullivan. Carlyk, French Revolution. Ben Webster takes over the Haymarket (till 1853). 1838 Anti-Corn Law League (Manchester). The Era started. Death of the popular showman ‘Old Wild’. Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby. Beginnings of Chartism. 1839 Unsuccessful parliamentary resolution to abolish theatrical res­ triction in Lent. Chartist riots. General Theatrical Fund established. 1841 Punch started. Carlyle, Heroes and Hero Worship. Bradshaw’s Railway Guide. Cook’s tours. 1842 Canterbury Old Stagers formed. Mudie’s Circulating Library. 1843 Theatrical Reform Act. Browning’s ,4 Blot on the \Scutcheon. Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:25 09 August 2016 Macaulay, Critical and Historical Essays. Raskin, Modem Painters (to 1860). 1844 Factory Act (restricting hours for women and children). 1845 Newman turns Roman Catholic. Methodist tract The Sinnerfs Friend reaches 140th edition. 1846 Repeal of the Corn Laws. Railway boom. 1847 G.H. Lewes,Ranthorpe (theatrical novel). Ten Hours Factory Act. 1848 First Royal Command Performances at Windsor. Geraldine Jewsbury, The Half-Sisters (theatrical novel). Dickens, Dombey and Son. Public Health Act. Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood formed. Revolution throughout Europe. 1849 Macaulay, History o f England (to 1861). Household Words (ed. Dickens). 1850 Beginnings of music-halls. Tennyson, InMemoriam. Death of Wordsworth (Tennyson succeeds as Poet Laureate). Thackeray, Pendennis. Society for Promoting the Employment of Women formed. 1851 Great Exhibition. Macready retires. Helen Faucit retires. Charles Kean takes over the Princess’s (till 1859). Elizabeth Lynn, Realities (theatrical novel). 1852 J.L. Toole makes his debut. Albert Smith starts his one-man shows at the Egyptian Hall (till 1859). 1854 Dickens, Hard Times. 1855 Debut of Marie Wilton (later Mrs Bancroft). Cambridge Amateur Dramatic Club founded. Madame Celeste scandalises as Harlequin. Daily Telegraph and Saturday Review start. The Dramatic Eques­ trian and Musical Sick Fund Association established. 1856 Debut of Henry Irving. La Traviata scandalises. 1857 Matrimonial Causes Act (on divorce). Thomas German Reed starts his Gallery of Illustration entertainments (till 1873). 1858 Dramatic College instituted. British Medical Association establi­ shed. Frith, Derby Day. Dickens begins his Public Readings (till 1870). 1859 Charles Kean retires. Darwin, Origin o f Species. Death of Macaulay and Leigh Hunt. Samuel Smiles, Self-Help. All the Year Round (ed. Dickens). 1860 Boucicault’s Colleen Bawn initiates the ‘long run’. Windsor Strollers formed. ComhillMagazine (ed. Thackeray). 1861 Charles Fechter in Hamlet. Debuts of Squire Bancroft and William Kendal. Death of the Prince Consort. Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:25 09 August 2016 1862 Debuts of Ellen Terry and Charles Wyndham. George Eliot, Romola. 1864 Adah Menken plays Mazeppa at Astley’s. 1865 Bancrofts take over the Prince of Wales (till 1880). Tom Robertson, Society (Ours 1866, Caste \&61,Play 1868, and School 1869). Swinburne, A talan ta in Calydon. Pall Mall Gazette and Fortnightly Review started. Lecky, History o f the Rise and Influence o f the Spirit o f Rationalism. 1866 Select Committee on Theatrical Licences and Regulations. Henry Morley, Journal o f a London Playgoer. 1869 Arnold, Culture and Anarchy. J.S. Mill, On the Subjection o f Women. Irish Church disestablished. 1870 Death of Dickens. Entry to the Civil Service by competitive examination. Debut of Alma Murray. Elementary Education Act. 1871 Death of Tom Robertson. Purchase of Army Commissions abolished. George Eliot,Middlemarch. Abolition of religious tests at Oxbridge. Trade Unions legalised. Irving triumphs in The Bells. Attempts to disestablish the Anglican Church. 1873 Death of Macready, Mill and Bulwer Lytton. Pater, Studies in the Renaissance.
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