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Hospitality in Islamicate Civilization: Futuwwa in Ibn Battuta's Travelogue

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Hospitality in Islamicate Civilization: Futuwwa in Ibn Battuta's Travelogue IBN HALDUN UNIVERSITY ALLIANCE OF CIVILIZATIONS INSTITUTE DEPARTMENT OF CIVILIZATION STUDIES MASTER’S THESIS HOSPITALITY IN ISLAMICATE CIVILIZATION: FUTUWWA IN IBN BATTUTA'S TRAVELOGUE AYSYLU SAETGARAEVA JUNE 2019 ONAY SAYFASI Bu tez tarafımızca okunmuş olup kapsam ve nitelik açısından, Medeniyet Araştırmaları alanında Yüksek Lisans Derecesini alabilmek için yeterli olduğuna karar verilmiştir. Tez Jürisi Üyeleri: KANAATİ İMZA (Unvanı Adı ve Soyadı) Prof. Dr. Recep ŞENTÜRK (Tez Danışmanı) Dr. Nagihan HALILOĞLU Prof. Dr. Alparslan AÇIKGENÇ Bu tezin İbn HaldunÜniversitesi Medeniyetler İttifakı Enstitüsü tarafından konulan tüm standartlara uygun şekilde yazıldığı teyit edilmiştir. Tarih Mühür/İmza AKADEMİK DÜRÜSTLÜK BEYANI Bu çalışmada yer alan tüm bilgilerin akademik kurallara ve etikilkelere uygun olarak toplanıp sunulduğunu, söz konusu kurallar ve ilkelerin zorunlu kıldığı çerçevede, çalışmada özgün olmayan tüm bilgi ve belgelere,alıntılama standartlarına uygun olarak referans verilmiş olduğunu beyanederim. Adı Soyadı: AYSYLU SAETGARAEVA İmza: ABSTRACT HOSPITALITY IN ISLAMICATE CIVILIZATION: FUTUWWA IN IBN BATTUTA'S TRAVELOGUE SAETGARAEVA, AYSYLU MA in Civilization Studies Thesis Advisor: Prof. Dr. Recep ŞENTÜRK June 2019, 116 Pages Hospitality is a familiar and valued ethic across times and civilizations. It has been worked upon as an ethical concept by ancient and modern philosophers. Hospitality is also a very broad term, starting with its familiar every-day usage and extending to topics such as migration, refugees, the other, the stranger and moving on to include the modern commercial hospitality sector. My aim is to take a holistic look at the concept of hospitality in the Islamicate civilization, in its normative and practical dimensions. This involves normative dimensions of hospitality in Islamic thought and the practical dimension, which is a case study of the great traveller Ibn Battuta’s travelogue in terms of the hospitality that he was received with along his vast journeys. The normative dimension includes hospitality in primary Islamic sources of the Quran and the Sunnah, which provides the base for all Islamic ethical system. Moreover, it also includes the codification of Islamic ethics with the formation of futuwwa thought and organization in the ninth century Islamicate world. Here, I look at the principles of futuwwa in the futuwwa books, akhism and and zawiyas. In the practical dimension I want to answer the question of how these hospitality norms were applied in real life Islamicate civilization, a case study to look at the overlap between the normative and the practical. The time range set for the practical dimension is Marshall Hodgson’s “Middle Periods” of the Islamicate civilization (950-1500 A.D.). These were flourishing times of Islamicate civil networks and institutions. The aim in this part is to look at how some of these institutions embodied the ethical notion of hospitality in their practices. In order to analyze this, I chose Ibn Battuta’s travelogue as it is considered one of the most important books representing the society and the living conditions of the time. In this part I analyze Ibn Battuta’s travelogue the Rihla, in terms of his experiences of being hosted as a traveller around the Islamicate world. Keywords: Futuwwa; Hospitality; Ibn al-Sabeel; Ibn Battuta; Travelogue; Zawiyah. iv ÖZ İSLAM MEDENİYETİNDE MİSAFİRPERVERLİK: İBN BATTUTA’NIN SEYAHATNAMESİNDE FÜTÜVVET SAETGARAEVA, AYSYLU Medeniyet Araştırmaları Yüksek Lisans Programı Tez Danışmanı: Prof. Dr. Recep ŞENTÜRK Haziran 2019, 116 sayfa Tarihin farklı çağları ve medeniyetlerinde misafirperverlik oldukça meşhur ve önem verilen bir değer olagelmiştir. Antik ve modern filozoflar tarafından ahlaki bir kavram olarak ele alınmıştır. Bununla beraber misafirperverlik gündelik hayattaki kullanımının dışında göç, göçmenler, öteki, yabancı gibi kavaramlara alakalı olup; bunun da ötesinde günümüzdeki ticari konaklama sektörüne kadar uzanan oldukça geniş bir kullanım alanına sahiptir. Bu çalışmadaki amaç İslam medeniyetindeki misafirperverlik kavramını normatif ve pratik boyutlarıyla bütüncül bir bakış açısından ele almaktır. Normatif boyut İslam düşüncesi üzeriden; pratik boyut ise meşhur seyyah İbn Battuta’nın seyahatnamesindeki yolculuklarında karşılaştığı misafirperverlik örnekleri üzerinden incelenecektir. Misafirpervelik normatif açıdan, İslamın temel kaynakları olan ve Islami etik sistemin temelini oluşturan Kuran ve Sünnet baz alınarak incelenecektir. Buna ek olarak normatif kısım on dokuzuncu yüzyıl İslam dünyasındaki fütüvvet düşüncesi ve teşkilatının oluşumu sürecinindeki ahlaki değerleri kapsar. Bu kısımda fütüvvet kitaplarındaki temel ilkeler, ahilik ve zaviyeler incelenmektedir. Pratik kısımda ise, örnek bir çalışma üzerinden bu misafirperverlik kurallarının İslam medeniyetinde gerçek hayatta nasıl uygulandığı sorusuna yanıt aranmaktadır. Pratik boyut için belirlenen tarihi dönem Marshall Hodgson’un İslam medeniyetinin “Middle Periods”u olarak tanımladığı 950- 1500 yılları arasını kapsar. Bu dönem İslami sivil ağların ve kuruluşların gelişip yaygınlık kazandığı bir zaman dilimidir. Buradaki amaç bu kuruluşların misafirperverliği uygulamalarında nasıl içselleştirdiklerini incelemektir. Bunun için dönemin toplumsal yaşam şartlarını en iyi şekilde temsil eden kitaplardan birisi olan İbn Battuta’nın seyahatnamesini ele almaktayım. İbn Battuta’nın Rıhle’sini, İslam dünyasının önemli bir seyyahı olması açısından kendi misafir ediliş deneyimleri üzerinden analiz etmekteyim. Anahtar Kelimeler: Fütüvvet; Misafirperverlik; Ibnü’s-sebil; Ibn Battuta; Seyahatname; Zaviye. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my deep gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Dr. Recep Şentürk for his invaluable guidance throughout my journey in MEDIT and EDEP. I would also like to thank Dr. Nagihan Haliloğlu and Prof. Dr. Alparslan Açıkgenç for being in my thesis committee and providing their insights. I am also grateful to my sisters and teachers in EDEP for being a family and support. Last but not least, I am deeply grateful and indebted to my family for their unconditional support throughout my MA journey and beyond. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................ iv ÖZ...................................................................................................................................................v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................ vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................ vii INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1 SECTION ONE : Normative Foundations of Islamic Hospitality ............................................. 20 1.Hospitality in the Quran, the Sunnah and Early Islamic Scholarly Tradition ........................... 20 1.1. Pre-Islamic Arab Hospitality ................................................................................. 20 1.2. Hospitality in Quranic Narratives. ......................................................................... 27 1.2.1. Hospitality of Ibrahim ................................................................................... 27 1.2.2. The Prophet Lut and his Guests .................................................................... 30 1.2.3. The Prophet Musa, Khidr and the Inhospitable Village .................................. 31 1.3. The Host and Guest in Islamic Tradition: Encouragement on Hospitality, Rights and Obligations, Etiquette. ................................................................................................... 32 1.3.1. The Importance and Encouragement on Hospitality in the Prophetic Tradition………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………33 1.3.2. Etiquettes of Hospitality in the Prophetic Tradition ...................................... 34 1.3.3. General Rights and Obligations of a Guest in Prophet Sayings ...................... 35 1.4. The Stranger in Islam: Ibn al-Sabeel ...................................................................... 37 1.5. Examples from Early Islamic History: Hospitality of Cities, Taif, Medina and Abyssinia ....................................................................................................................... 42 1.5.1. Examples of Taif and Abyssinia ..................................................................... 42 1.5.2. Hospitality of Medina and its People: the Example of the Hijra ..................... 44 2. Codification of the Hospitality Ethic: The Rise of Futuwwa Literature and Futuwwa Organisation: an Example of an Islamicate Network that Embodied the Notion of Hospitality . 49 2.1. Defintion of Futuwwa, Fata and Fityan. .................................................................. 49 2.2. Definitions of Akhi, Akhiya and Akhi Organizations ................................................. 53 2.3. The Historical Development and Institutionalization of Futuwwa and its Transformation into Akhism in Anatolia......................................................................... 54 vii 2.4. Roles and Dynamics of Futuwwa and Akhi Organisations. ....................................... 56 2.4.1. Ibn Battuta on the Akhi Fityan ............................................................................ 58 2.5. FutuwwaBooks: Kitabul Futuwwa, Fütüvvetname
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