Dawn of Victory BREAKTHROUGH at PETERSBURG MARCH 25-APRIL 2, 1865

Dawn of Victory BREAKTHROUGH AT PETERSBURG MARCH 25-APRIL 2, 1865

by Edward S. Alexander

FOOTNOTES

Prologue

Quotes about the April 1, 1865 artillery barrage are from: Jones, Evan R. Four Years in the Army of the Potomac: A Soldier’s Recollections. London: The Tyne Publishing Company, 1881, 193.

Hewitt, William. History of the Twelfth West Virginia Volunteer Infantry. Twelfth West Virginia Infantry Association, 1892, 204.

Rhodes, Elisha H. “The Second Rhode Island Volunteers at the Siege of Petersburg, Virginia.” Personal Narratives of Events in the War of the Rebellion, Being Papers Read Before the Rhode Island Soldiers and Sailors Historical Society, Volume 7, Number 10. Providence: Snow & Farnham, Co., 1915, 32-33.

Roe, Alfred S. The Ninth New York Heavy Artillery. Worcester, MA: Published by the Author, 1899, 227.

Brandt, Dennis W. From Home Guards to Heroes: The 87th Pennsylvania and Its Civil War Community. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2007, 224.

Walker, Aldace F. “The Old Vermont Brigade.” Military Essays and Recollections: Papers Read Before the Commandery of the State of Illinois, Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, Volume 2. Chicago: A.C. McClung and Company, 1894, 206.

Kelly, Michael. April 1, 1865 Diary. Michael Kelly Papers, MS 79237, Connecticut Historical Society.

Chapter 1 – On to Richmond

Quotes in this chapter are from: Grant, Ulysses S. July 22, 1865 Report. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Volume 46, Part 1. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1894, 11.

Hay, Clara S., ed. Letters of John Hay and Extracts from Diary, Volume 1. Washington, DC: Clara S. Hay, 1908, 190.

Grant, Ulysses S. to George G. Meade, April 9, 1864. John Y. Simon, ed. The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, Volume 10, January 1-May 31, 1864. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1967, 274.

Gallagher, Gary W., ed. Fighting for the Confederacy: The Personal Recollections of General Edward Porter Alexander. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1989, 419-422.

Chapter 2 – Petersburg Besieged

Quotes in this chapter are from: Wise, Henry A. June 12, 1864 Dispatch. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Volume 36, Part 2. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 317.

Porter, Horace. Campaigning with Grant. New York: The Century Co., 1906, 210.

Chapter 3 – Winter Quarters

Quotes about the Union winter encampment are from: French, George O. to Dear Friends, December 14, 1864. George Oscar French Civil War Letters, 1864. Vermont Historical Society.

Perry, William W. “Story of One Soldiers Life, War of 1861 to 1865.” William W. Perry Diary, #338, East Carolina Manuscript Collection, J.Y. Joyner Library, East Carolina University.

Houghton, Henry H. “Recollections of the War: A Personal Account of the Civil War.” Bound Volume 400-04, Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National Military Park.

Roe, Alfred S. The Ninth New York Heavy Artillery. Worcester, MA: Published by the Author, 1899, 214.

McKinstry, Willard. “A Second Visit to the Peninsula.” The Fredonia Censor, June 4, 1890.

Folwell, William W. “Civil War Diary.” University of Minnesota.

Morey, Charles C. to Dear Mother, March 17, 1865. Stuart Goldman Collection, U.S. Army Military History Institute.

Quotes about the Confederate winter encampment are from: Ammen, Samuel Z. “Maryland Troops in the Confederate Army.” Thomas Clemens Collection, U.S. Army Military History Institute.

Caldwell, J.F.J. “Reminiscences of the War of Secession.” Yates Snowden, ed. History of South Carolina, Volume 2. Chicago: The Lewis Publishing Co., 1920, 830.

Morrison, James L., Jr., ed. The Memoirs of Henry Heth. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1974, 192-193.

Tower, R. Lockwood. Lee’s Adjutant: The Wartime Letters of Colonel Walter Herron Taylor, 1862-1865. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1995, 207.

Welch, Spencer Glasgow. A Confederate Surgeon’s Letters to His Wife. New York: The Neale Publishing Company, 1911, 111.

Dunlop, William S. Lee’s Sharpshooters; or, The Forefront of Battle. Little Rock, AR: Tunnah & Pittard, Printers, 1899, 234-240.

Lawing, Mike and Carol, eds. My Dearest Friend: The Civil War Correspondence of Cornelia McGimsey and Lewis Warlick. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2000, 189-191.

Hemphill, Robert R. “An Old Letter.” The Medium, Abbeville, SC, October 11, 1900.

Matteson, J.W. “April 2nd. 1865-95.” The Medium, Abbeville, SC, April 2, 1896.

Wright, Stuart T., ed. The Confederate Letters of Benjamin H. Freeman. Hicksville, NY: Exposition Press, 1974, 56-61.

Newman, Mark. “The Old Forty-Ninth Georgia.” Confederate Veteran, Volume 31, 181.

Maides, Joseph F. to My Dearest Mother, February 18, 1865. Joseph F. Maides Papers, 1862-1865. David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University.

Weston, James A. “Thirty-Third Regiment.” Walter Clark, ed. Histories of the Several Regiments and Battalions from North Carolina in the Great War 1861-’65, Volume 2. Goldsboro, NC: Nash Brothers, 1901, 576.

Hammond, Harry to My Dear Emmy, March 20, 1865. Hammond, Bryan and Cummings Family Papers, South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina.

Quotes about the picket line are from: Siegel, Alan A. Beneath the Starry Flag: New Jersey’s Civil War Experience. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2001, 219.

Hammond, Harry to My Dear Emily, March 27-29, 1865. Hammond, Bryan and Cummings Family Papers, South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina.

Roe, Alfred S. The Ninth New York Heavy Artillery. Worcester, MA: Published by the Author, 1899, 218.

Kelly, Michael. February 15, 1865 Diary. Michael Kelly Papers, MS 79237, Connecticut Historical Society.

Miller, William J. “My Experience as a Soldier in the Confederate Army.” Winthrop University Archives.

Perry, William W. “Story of One Soldiers Life, War of 1861 to 1865.” William W. Perry Diary, #338, East Carolina Manuscript Collection, J.Y. Joyner Library, East Carolina University.

McLaurin, William H. “Eighteenth Regiment.” Walter Clark, ed. Histories of the Several Regiments and Battalions from North Carolina in the Great War 1861-’65, Volume 2. Goldsboro, NC: Nash Brothers, 1901, 59.

Porter, Charles. “On Picket in Front of Petersburg.” The National Tribune Scrap Book: Stories of the Camp, March, Battle, Hospital and Prison Told by Comrades, Number 1. Washington, DC: Published by the National Tribune, 1909, 103.

Bicknell, George W. History of the Fifth Maine Volunteers. Portland, ME: Hall L. Davis, 1871, 340-341. Chapter 4 – Jones Farm

Quotes about the Fort Stedman planning and assault are from: Gordon, John B. Reminiscences of the Civil War. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1903, 389-394.

Anson, Charles H. “Assault on the Lines of Petersburg, April 2, 1865.” War Papers Read Before the Commandery of the State of Wisconsin, Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States. Milwaukee: Burdick, Armitage & Allen, 1891, 85.

Walker, James A. “Gordon’s Assault on Fort Stedman, March 25th, 1865—A Brilliant Achievement.” Southern Historical Society Papers, Volume 31. Richmond, VA: Published by the Society, 1903, 23.

Meade, George G. General Orders No. 13, March 26, 1865. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Volume 46, Part 3. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1894, 174.

Quotes about the March 25th fighting around the Jones Farm are from: Perry, William W. “Story of One Soldiers Life, War of 1861 to 1865.” William W. Perry Diary, #338, East Carolina Manuscript Collection, J.Y. Joyner Library, East Carolina University.

Griffin, Z.T. “In Front of Fort Fisher. The Assault of the Sixth Corps on the 25th of March, 1865.” National Tribune, November 21, 1889.

Nevitt, C.R. “One Day’s Work of Fifth Wisconsin in Front of Petersburg, Va.” Report of the Proceedings of the 5th Wisconsin Vol. Infantry. Eighteenth Annual Reunion, held at Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Tuesday, June Seventeenth, Nineteen Hundred and Four.

Wright, Horatio G. March 25, 1865 Dispatch. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Volume 46, Part 3. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1894, 139.

Fenn, Austin to Dear Wife, March 20-26, 1865. Fenn (Austin) Papers, 1864-1865, 199.155, Pearce Civil War Collection, Navarro College.

Benson, Susan W., ed. Berry Benson’s Civil War Book: Memoirs of a Confederate Scout and Sharpshooter. Athens, GA: The University of Georgia Press, 1992, 177.

Fletcher, Stephen C. March 26, 1865 Dispatch. Regimental Order Book, 1st Maine Veteran Infantry, 1864-1865. Record Group 94, Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, Book Records of Volunteer Union Organizations, Civil War, National Archives.

Hall, Edwin C. to Dear Father, March 26, 1865. Jeffrey D. Marshall, ed. A War of the People: Vermont Civil War Letters. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1999, 290.

Morey, Charles C. to Dear Mother, March 26, 1865. Stuart Goldman Collection, U.S. Army Military History Institute.

Hardeman, Jno. “In the Trenches Near Petersburg, Va.” Macon Telegraph, April 19, 1865.

Gilson, George G. March 29, 1865 Diary. Kathy Crowell, ed. The Onondagas: A History of the 122d Regiment, New York Volunteers. Fayetteville, NY: 1998.

Grant, Ulysses S. March 25, 1865 Dispatch. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Volume 46, Part 3. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1894, 113.

Hyde, Thomas W. Following the Greek Cross, or, Memories of the Sixth Army Corps. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1894, 248.

Stevens, Hazard. “The Storming of the Lines of Petersburg by the Sixth Corps, April 2, 1865.” Papers of the Military Historical Society of Massachusetts, Volume 6. Boston: Military Historical Society of Massachusetts, 1907, 417.

Quotes from the March 27th fighting around McIlwaine Hill are from: Dunlop, William S. Lee’s Sharpshooters; or, The Forefront of Battle. Little Rock, AR: Tunnah & Pittard, Printers, 1899, 250.

Benson, Susan W., ed. Berry Benson’s Civil War Book: Memoirs of a Confederate Scout and Sharpshooter. Athens: The University of Georgia Press, 1992, 179.

Haskell, Sondus W. to Dear Mother, March 30, 1865. Lewis Leigh Collection, Book 5. U.S. Army Military History Institute.

Quotes about intelligence gathering and the picket line are from: Griffin, Z.T. “In Front of Fort Fisher. The Assault of the Sixth Corps on the 25th of March, 1865.” National Tribune, November 21, 1889.

Benson, Susan W., ed. Berry Benson’s Civil War Book: Memoirs of a Confederate Scout and Sharpshooter. Athens: The University of Georgia Press, 1992, 178-179.

Perry, William W. “Story of One Soldiers Life, War of 1861 to 1865.” William W. Perry Diary, #338, East Carolina Manuscript Collection, J.Y. Joyner Library, East Carolina University.

Hammond, Harry to My Dear Emily, March 27-29, 1865. Hammond, Bryan and Cummings Family Papers, South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina.

Quotes from the March 28 River Queen Conference are from: Sherman, William T. Personal Memoirs of Gen. W.T. Sherman, Volume 2. New York: Charles L. Webster & Company, 1890, 326-327.

Chapter 5 – Lewis Farm and White Oak Road

Quotes about the March 29th Battle of Lewis Farm are from: Chamberlain, Joshua L. The Passing of Armies: An Account of the Final Campaign of the Army of the Potomac, Based upon Personal Reminiscences of the Fifth Army Corps. Dayton, OH: Morningside Press, 1992, 47-48.

Nevins, Allan, ed. A Diary of Battle: The Personal Journals of Colonel Charles S. Wainwright 1861-1865. Gettysburg, PA: Stan Clark Military Books, 1962, 508.

Quotes about the Confederate line rearrangement on March 29 are from: Caldwell, J.F.J. The History of a Brigade of South Carolinians First Known as “Gregg’s” and Subsequently as “McGowan’s Brigade.” Philadelphia: King & Baird, 1866, 269.

Lankford, Nelson D., ed. An Irishman in Dixie: Thomas Conolly’s Diary of the Fall of the Confederacy. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1988, 75-76.

Union quotes from March 30-31 are from: Porter, Horace. “Five Forks and the Pursuit of Lee.” Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, Volume 4. New York: Century Co., 1887, 710.

Grant, Ulysses S. Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant, Volume 2. New York: Charles L. Webster & Company, 1886, 440.

Meade, George G. March 30, 1865 Dispatch. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Volume 46, Part 3. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1894, 311-312.

Jones, Melvin, ed. Give God the Glory: Memoirs of a Civil War Soldier. Calumet, MI: Greenlee Printing Company, 1997, 154.

French, George O. to Father, April 1, 1865. George Oscar French Civil War Letters, Vermont Historical Society.

Morey, Charles C. to Mother, March 31, 1865. Stuart Goldman Collection, U.S. Army Military History Institute.

Quotes about the March 31st Battle of White Oak Road are from: Calkins, Chris. History and Tour Guide of Five Forks, Hatcher’s Run and Namozine Church. Columbus, OH: Blue & Gray Enterprises, 2003, 46.

Caldwell, J. Fitz James. “The Fight at Gravelly Run. A Thrilling Story of Deathless Deeds.” The Anderson Intelligencer, March 1, 1883.

Caldwell, J.F.J. The History of a Brigade of South Carolinians First Known as “Gregg’s” and Subsequently as “McGowan’s Brigade.” Philadelphia: King & Baird, 1866, 273.

Chamberlain, Joshua L. The Passing of Armies: An Account of the Final Campaign of the Army of the Potomac, Based upon Personal Reminiscences of the Fifth Army Corps. Dayton, OH: Morningside Press, 1992, 72.

Warren, Gouverneur K. February 21, 1866 Report. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Volume 46, Part 1. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1894, 816.

Chapter 6 – Dinwiddie Court House and Five Forks

Quotes in this chapter are from: Freeman, Douglas S. Lee’s Lieutenants: A Study in Command, Volume 3. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1944, 661.

Porter, Horace. “Five Forks and the Pursuit of Lee.” Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, Volume 4. New York: Century Co., 1887, 711.

Grant, Ulysses S. Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant, Volume 2. New York: Charles L. Webster & Company, 1886, 445.

Porter, Horace. Campaigning with Grant. New York: The Century Co., 1906, 439-443.

“Annual Reunion of Pegram Battalion Association in the Hall of House Delegates, Richmond, Va., May 21st, 1886.” Southern Historical Society Papers, Volume 14. Richmond, VA: Wm. Ellis Jones, Printer, 1886, 19.

Sheridan, Philip H. Field Orders, April 1 ,1865. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Volume 46, Part 3. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1894, 420.

Chapter 7 – The VI Corps Prepares to Charge

Quotes in this chapter are from: Porter, Horace. Campaigning with Grant. New York: The Century Co., 1906, 442.

Grandchamp, Robert. The Boys of Adams’ Battery G: The Civil War Through the Eyes of a Union Light Artillery Unit. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc., 2009, 15.

Jones, J.W. The Story of American Heroism: Thrilling Narratives of Personal Adventures During the Great War as Told by the Medal Winners and Roll of Honor Men. Springfield, OH: J.W. Jones, 1897, 616.

Hyde, Thomas W. Following the Greek Cross, or, Memories of the Sixth Army Corps. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1894, 250-251.

Rhodes, Robert H., ed. All for the Union: The Civil War Diary and Letters of Elisha Hunt Rhodes. New York: Orion Books, 1985, 225.

Soule, David E. “Recollections of the Civil War.” New Milford Gazette, July 12, 1912.

Wright, Horatio G. April 22, 1865 Report. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Volume 46, Part 1. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1894, 903.

Brogan, John. “Front of Petersburg: Statement of a Man who was among the Pioneers on the Night of April 2, 1865.” National Tribune, July 6, 1893.

Currier, John M., ed. Memorial Exercises Held in Castletown, Vermont, in the Year 1885. Albany, NY: Joel Munsell’s Sons, 1885, 21.

Safford, Darius J. “From the 11th Regiment.” Lamoille Newsdealer, May 3, 1865.

Martin, W.J. “The Eleventh North Carolina Regiment.” Southern Historical Society Papers, Volume 23. Richmond, VA: Published by the Society, 1895, 55.

Rousculp, Solomon. “Petersburg: The Part Taken in the Action of April 2 by the 126th Ohio.” National Tribune, June 18, 1891.

Cordrey, Francis. Memoirs. Genealogy Center, Allen County Public Library.

Truex, William S. April 14, 1865 Report. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Volume 46, Part 1. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1894, 982.

Wright, Horatio G. April 1, 1865 Dispatch. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Volume 46, Part 3. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1894, 423.

Best, Isaac O. History of the 121st New York State Infantry. Chicago: Published by Lieut. Jas. H. Smith, 1921, 210-211.

Barnes, C.F. “Petersburg: A Boy’s Experience in the Terrible Charge of April 2, 1865.” National Tribune, July 23, 1883.

“Portraits of Heroic Civil War Pictures to Adorn Chautauqua County Courthouse.” The Buffalo Courier, December 17, 1911.

Brewer, Abraham T. History of the Sixty-first Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers 1861- 1865. Pittsburgh: Art Engraving and Printing Co., 1911, 138.

Chapter 8 – The Vermonters Break Through

Quotes in this chapter are from: Wright, Horatio G. April 22, 1865 Report. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Volume 46, Part 1. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1894, 902-903.

Brogan, John. “Front of Petersburg: Statement of a Man who was among the Pioneers on the Night of April 2, 1865.” National Tribune, July 6, 1893.

Bartlett, Jacob S. “The War Record of J.S. Bartlett, A Private in Company E – First Regiment of North Carolina Volunteers, from Yorktown to Appomattox.” Southern Historical Collection, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Chapman, Craig S. More Terrible Than Victory: North Carolina’s Bloody Bethel Regiment 1861-1865. Washington, DC: Brassey’s, Inc., 1998, 291.

Barnhart, Lorenzo D. “Reminiscences of Lorenzo D. Barnhart.” Pamplin Historical Park.

Barnes, C.F. “Petersburg: A Boy’s Experience in the Terrible Charge of April 2, 1865.” National Tribune, July 23, 1883.

Rhodes, Robert H., ed. All for the Union: The Civil War Diary and Letters of Elisha Hunt Rhodes. New York: Orion Books, 1985, 225.

Smith, Walter W. to Dear Parents, April 3, 1865. Walter Wallace Smith Papers, 1861- 1879, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University.

“Our Army Correspondence.” Vermont Phoenix, April 28, 1865.

Gould, Charles G. to My Dear Bob. July 8, 1882. Pamplin Historical Park.

Wiggins, Octavius A. “Thirty-Seventh Regiment.” Walter Clark, ed. Histories of the Several Regiments and Battalions from North Carolina in the Great War 1861-’65, Volume 2. Goldsboro, NC: Nash Borhters, 1901, 670.

Kimberly, William P. April 2, 1865 Diary. Pamplin Historical Park.

Hyde, Thomas W. April 15, 1865 Report. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Volume 46, Part 1. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1894, 976.

Brewer, Abraham T. History of the Sixty-first Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers 1861- 1865. Pittsburgh: Art Engraving and Printing Co., 1911, 138.

Swinfen, David B. Ruggles’ Regiment: The 122nd New York Volunteers in the American Civil War. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1982, 63.

McGregor, James. April 16, 1865 Report. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Volume 46, Part 1. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1894, 965-966.

Mark, Penrose G. Red, White, and Blue Badge: Pennsylvania Veteran Volunteers. A History of the 93rd Regiment, known as the “Lebanon Infantry” and “One of the 300 Fighting Regiments” from September 12th, 1861 to June 27th, 1865. Harrisburg, PA: Aughinbaugh Press, 1911, 323.

Stevens, George T. Three Years in the Sixth Corps: A Concise Narrative of Events in the Army of the Potomac, from 1861 to the Close of the Rebellion, April 1865. Albany, NY: S.R. Gray, 1866, 434.

Chapter 9 – Expanding the Breech

Quotes in this chapter are from: Christian, David A. “Reminiscences of Confederate Army Life.” Pamplin Historical Park.

Barnes, C.F. “Petersburg: A Boy’s Experience in the Terrible Charge of April 2, 1865.” National Tribune, July 23, 1883.

Perry, William W. “Story of One Soldiers Life, War of 1861 to 1865.” William W. Perry Diary, #338, East Carolina Manuscript Collection, J.Y. Joyner Library, East Carolina University.

Rhodes, Robert H., ed. All for the Union: The Civil War Diary and Letters of Elisha Hunt Rhodes. New York: Orion Books, 1985, 226.

Woodbury, Augustus. The Second Rhode Island Regiment: A Narrative of Military Operations in Which the Regiment was Engaged from the Beginning to the End of the War for the Union. Providence, RI: Valpey, Angell and Company, 1875, 344-345.

Haines, Alanson A. History of the Fifteenth Regiment New Jersey Volunteers. New York: Jenkins & Thomas, Printers, 1883, 301-302.

Beyer, Walter F. and Oscar F. Keydel, eds. Deeds of Valor: How America’s Heroes Won the Medal of Honor, Volume 1. Detroit: The Perrien-Keydel Company, 1901, 508.

Kimbrough, J.S. “From Petersburg to Hart’s Island Prison.” Confederate Veteran, Volume 22, 499.

Best, Isaac O. History of the 121st New York State Infantry. Chicago: Published by Lieut. Jas. H. Smith, 1921, 210.

Brogan, John. “Front of Petersburg: Statement of a Man who was among the Pioneers on the Night of April 2, 1865.” National Tribune, July 6, 1893.

Hamblin, Joseph E. April 15, 1865 Report. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Volume 46, Part 1. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1894, 931.

Wiley, Kenneth, ed. Norfolk Blues: The Civil War Diary of the Norfolk Light Artillery Blues. Shippensburg, PA: Burd Street Press, 1997, 216.

Olcott, Mark and David Lear, eds. The Civil War Letters of Lewis Bissell: A Curriculum. Washington, DC: The Field School Educational Press, 1981, 361.

Keifer, J. Warren. April 14, 1865 Report. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Volume 46, Part 1. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1894, 992.

Eichelberger, Grayson M. Memoir. Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, U.S. Army Military History Institute.

Cordrey, Francis. Memoirs. Genealogy Center, Allen County Public Library.

Roe, Alfred S. The Ninth New York Heavy Artillery. Worcester, MA: Published by the Author, 1899, 228.

Keifer, J. Warren. Slavery and Four Years of War: A Political History of Slavery in the United States Together with a Narrative of the Campaigns and Battles of the Civil War in which the Author took Part: 1861-1865, Volume 2. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1900, 194.

Chapman, Craig S. More Terrible Than Victory: North Carolina’s Bloody Bethel Regiment 1861-1865. Washington, DC: Brassey’s, Inc., 1998, 291.

Snyder, Charles M., ed. “A Teen-Age G.I. in the Civil War.” New York History, Volume 25, Number 1. Cooperstown, NY: New York State Historical Association, January 1954, 27.

Lineback, Julius A. “Extracts from a Civil War Diary.” Southern Historical Collection, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Vaill, Theodore F. History of the Second Connecticut Volunteer Heavy Artillery, Originally the Nineteenth Connecticut Vols. Winsted, CT: Winsted Printing Company, 1868, 159.

Jones, Evan R. Four Years in the Army of the Potomac: A Soldier’s Recollections. London: The Tyne Publishing Company, 1881, 194.

Chapter 10 – Death of A.P. Hill

Quotes in this chapter are from: Hill, G. Powell. “First Burial of General Hill’s Remains.” Southern Historical Society Papers, Volume 19, 185.

Venable, Charles S. “Further Details of the Death of General A.P. Hill.” Southern Historical Society Papers, Volume 12, 186.

Tucker, G.W. “Death of A.P. Hill.” Southern Historical Society Papers, Volume 11, 567- 569.

Mauk, John W. “The Man Who Killed General A.P. Hill.” Southern Historical Society Papers, Volume 20, 350-351. Chapter 11 – The Sweep to Hatcher’s Run

Quotes in this chapter are from: Harder, William H. Memoirs. Tennessee State Library and Archives.

Abbott, Lemuel A. Personal Recollections and Diary 1864. Burlington, VT: Free Press Printing Co., 1908, 266.

Jones, Melvin, ed. Give God the Glory: Memoirs of a Civil War Soldier. Calumet, MI: Greenlee Printing Company, 1997, 154.

McComb, William. Memoirs. Eleanor S. Brockenbrough Library, Museum of the Confederacy.

Tanner, Franklin to Mr. A. Barter, April 16, 1865. New York State Military Museum and Veterans Research Center.

Hall, Edwin C. to Dear Parents, April 9, 1865. Jeffrey D. Marshall, ed. A War of the People: Vermont Civil War Letters. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1999, 299.

“Last Charge of Lee’s Army.” Confederate Veteran, Volume 5, 565.

Manson, H.W. “Story from the Ranks.” Confederate Veteran, Volume 1, 68.

Damon, George B. April 10, 1865 Report. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Volume 46, Part 1. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1894, 990-992.

Rousculp, Solomon. “Petersburg: The Part Taken in the Action of April 2 by the 126th Ohio.” National Tribune, June 18, 1891.

Snyder, Charles M., ed. “A Teen-Age G.I. in the Civil War.” New York History, Volume 25, Number 1. Cooperstown, NY: New York State Historical Association, January 1954, 27.

Roe, Alfred S. The Ninth New York Heavy Artillery. Worcester, MA: Published by the Author, 1899, 228-230.

Martin, James D. “Story of the Surrender of Robert E. Lee.” The Franklin County Historical Review, Volume 12, Number 2, 1981, 76-77.

Jones, J.W. The Story of American Heroism: Thrilling Narratives of Personal Adventures During the Great War as Told by the Medal Winners and Roll of Honor Men. Springfield, OH: J.W. Jones, 1897, 467-468.

Ammen, Samuel Z. “Maryland Troops in the Confederate Army.” Thomas Clemens Collection, U.S. Army Military History Institute.

“Maj. A.M. O’Neal to His Wife.” Confederate Veteran, Volume 18, 88.

Goldsborough, W.W. The Maryland Line in the Confederate Army. Baltimore: Press of Guggenheimer, Weil & Co., 1900, 148.

McNeilly, J.S. “A Mississippi Brigade in the Last Days of the Confederacy.” Publications of the Mississippi Historical Society, Volume 7. Oxford, MS: Printed for the Society, 1903, 42.

Love, D.C. The Prairie Guards: A History of Their Organization, Their Heroism, Their Battles and Their Triumphs. Columbia, GA: 1890, 18.

Bynum, George W. to Dunbar Rowland, August 1, 1916. Mississippi Department of Archives and History.

Hollyday, Lamar. “Maryland Troops in the Confederate Service.” Southern Historical Society Papers, Volume 3, 136.

Michie, Peter S. May 12, 1865 Report. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Volume 46, Part 1. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1894, 1165.

Egan, Michael. The Flying Grey-haired Yank; or, The Adventures of a Volunteer. Philadelphia: Hubbard Brothers, 1888, 386.

Sloan, John A. Reminiscences of the Guilford Grays, Co. B, 27th N.C. Regiment. Washington, DC: R.O. Polkinhorn, Printer, 1883, 112.

Graham, James A. “Twenty-Seventh Regiment.” Walter Clark, ed. Histories of the Several Regiments and Battalions from North Carolina in the Great War 1861-’65, Volume 2. Goldsboro, NC: Nash Brothers, 1901, 455.

Harris, Thomas M. April 10, 1865 Report. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Volume 46, Part 1. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1894, 1221.

Chapter 12 – Forts Gregg and Whitworth

Quotes in this chapter come from: Venable, Charles S. “Further Details of the Death of General A.P. Hill.” Southern Historical Society Papers, Volume 12, 184.

Dowdey, Clifford and Louis H. Manarin, eds. The Wartime Papers of R.E. Lee. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1961, 924-925.

Davis, Jefferson. April 2, 1865 Dispatch. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Volume 46, Part 3. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1894, 1378.

Foote, Frank H. “Front of Petersburg: The Confederate Defense of Fort Gregg, Va., April 2, 1865.” National Tribune, May 1, 1890.

Greene, A. Wilson. The Final Battles of the Petersburg Campaign: Breaking the Backbone of the Rebellion. Knoxville, TN: The University of Tennessee Press, 2008, 284-303.

Conerly, Buxton R. “How Fort Gregg was Defended.” Confederate Veteran, Volume 15, 505.

Kennedy, Geo W. “Defending Fort Gregg: A Johnny Reb’s Story of the Surrender on April 2, 1865.” National Tribune, May 15, 1902.

Wetzel, M. “Fort Gregg: A One-Armed Comrade’s Description of Its Capture.” National Tribune, August 21, 1890.

Ware, Charles W. “Fort Gregg Again! A Voice from Illinois Regarding Its Capture.” National Tribune, February 19, 1891.

Bartlett, Napier. A Soldier’s Story of the War; Including the Marches and Battles of the Washington Artillery and of Other Louisiana Troops. New Orleans: Clark & Hofeline, Book Printers, 1874, 218.

Maxfield, Albert. The Story of One Regiment: The Eleventh Maine Infantry Volunteers in the War of the Rebellion. New York, Press of J.J. Little & Co., 1896, 315.

Owen, William M. “The Artillery Defenders of Fort Gregg.” Southern Historical Society Papers, Volume 19. Richmond, VA: Published by the Society, 1891, 70.

Garrison, A.A. “Saw General Lee at Petersburg.” Confederate Veteran, Volume 16. 1908, 541.

Benson, George W. “My Last Fighting and Prison Life.” Pamplin Historical Park.

Gallagher, Gary W., ed. Fighting for the Confederacy: The Personal Recollections of General Edward Porter Alexander. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1989, 515.

Cushman, A, Jr. “Condensed Letters.” National Tribune, April 30, 1885.

Chapter 13 – Grant and Lee Under Fire

Quotes in this chapter from: Abbott, Lemuel A. Personal Recollections and Diary 1864. Burlington, VT: Free Press Printing Co., 1908, 273-274.

Badeau, Adam. Military History of Ulysses S. Grant, From April, 1861, to April, 1865, Volume 3. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1881, 516-517.

Jones, Richard L. Dinwiddie County: Carrefour of the Commonwealth. Richmond, VA: Whittet & Shepperson, 1976, 255-256.

Porter, Horace. Campaigning with Grant. New York: The Century Co., 1906, 447.

Cockrell, Monroe F., ed. Gunner with Stonewall: Reminiscences of William Thomas Poague. Jackson, TN: McCowat-Mercer Press, 1957, 111.

Barber, Merritt. April 15, 1865 Report. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Volume 46, Part 1. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1894, 970.

Cooke, John E. A Life of Gen. Robert E. Lee. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1883, 446-448

Hean, B. Frank. April 15, 1865 Report. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Volume 46, Part 1. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1894, 964.

Hyde, Thomas W. Following the Greek Cross, or, Memories of the Sixth Army Corps. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1894, 258.

Chamberlayne, C.G., ed. Ham Chamberlayne—Virginian: Letters and Papers of an Artillery Officer in the War for Southern Independence. Richmond, VA: Press of the Dietz Printing Co., 1932, 308-309.

Kursheedt, Edwin I. to Sarah Levy, December 28, 1864. Edwin I. Kursheedt Letters, Manuscripts, American Jewish Archives, Hebrew Union College.

Chapter 14 – The Fall of Petersburg

Quotes about the Confederate withdrawal are from: Lee, Robert E. April 2, 1865 Dispatch. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Volume 46, Part 3. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1894, 1379.

Sutton, Thomas H. “Additional Sketch Eighteenth Regiment.” Walter Clark, ed. Histories of the Several Regiments and Battalions from North Carolina in the Great War 1861-’65, Volume 2. Goldsboro, NC: Nash Brothers, 1901, 76.

Morrison, Marie E. “Manuscript concerning the evacuation of Petersburg, 1902.” Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia.

Quotes about the Union entrance into Petersburg are from: Wright, Horatio G. April 2, 1865 Dispatch. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Volume 46, Part 3. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1894, 481-482.

Ditty, Erie L. Memoirs. Stearns Family Papers, Virginia Polytechnic University.

Hartranft, John F. July 3, 1865 Report. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Volume 46, Part 1. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1894, 1063.

Wixson, William T. “First Flag in Petersburg: The Colors of the 1st Mich. Sharpshooters Thrust Thru the Face of the Town Clock.” National Tribune, July 4, 1907.

Collier, Charles F. “Story of the Evacuation of Petersburg, by an Eye-Witness.” Southern Historical Society Papers, Volume 22. Richmond, VA: Published by the Society, 1894, 71-72.

Swinfen, David B. Ruggles’ Regiment: The 122nd New York Volunteers in the American Civil War. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1982, 63.

Agassiz, George R., ed. Meade’s Headquarters 1863-1865: Letters of Colonel Theodore Lyman from the Wilderness to Appomattox. Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1922, 340.

Safford, Darius J. “From the 11th Regiment.” Lamoille Newsdealer, May 3, 1865.

Peck, George B., Jr. “A Recruit Before Petersburg.” Personal Narratives of Events in the War of the Rebellion, Being Papers Read Before the Rhode Island Soldiers and Sailors Historical Society, Volume 2, Number 8. Providence, RI: N. Bangs Williams & Co., 1880, 42.

Grant, Ulysses S. Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant, Volume 2. New York: Charles L. Webster & Company, 1886, 459.

Rolfe, Eugene W. to Dear Father, April 2, 1865. “Letters and Diary of Private Eugene William Rolfe.” http://vermontcivilwar.org/units/ar/rolfe.php.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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