THE Ó FIAICH TREASURES CARDINAL TOMÁS Ó FIAICH MEMORIAL LIBRARY & ARCHIVE FROM THE COLLECTION OF THE Ó’FIACH LIBRARY THE Ó FIAICH TREASURES CARDINAL TOMÁS Ó FIAICH MEMORIAL LIBRARY & ARCHIVE FROM THE COLLECTION OF THE Ó’FIACH LIBRARY presubscribers

A B C D E F Abraham Exalted Father Baird Bard or Minstrel Cadman Warrior Driscoll Interpreter Earl Nobleman Fabian Bean Farmer Adam Man of Earth Baldwin Princely Friend Calvert Shepherd Dudley Residence Name Eaton From the Riverside Fairfax Fair Haired Addison Son of Adam Barclay Meadow of Birch Trees Caldwell Near a Cold Well Duncan Dark Skinned Warrior Ebenezer Rock of Help Falkner Falcon Trainer Adler Eagle Barnaby Prophet Caleb Faithful Durwin Beloved Friend Edan Fiery Flame Farley Distant Meadow Adley The Just Baron Nobleman Calvin Bald Dwayne Field or Meadow Edgar Fortunate Spear Farrell Man of Valor Adrian The Dark One Barrett Bear-Like Carrick Rock Dwight White or Fair Edric Prosperous Ruler Felix Prosperous Aedan Born of Fire Barry Marksman Carl Farmer Dylan Faithful, Loyal Edmond Guardian of the Riches Fenton From the Flat Lands Aiken The Oaken Bartholomew Warlike Carlton From Carl’s Farm Driscoll Interpreter Edward Happy Protector Ferdinand Adventurous in Life Alan Handsome One Basil King-like Carney Warrior Dudley Residence Name Edwin Valuable Friend Fergal Brave and Couragous Alastair Defender of Men Benedict Blessed Cadman Warrior Duncan Dark Skinned Warrior Efrain Guardian of the Mists Fergus, Strong and Virile Albern Of Noble Valor Benjamin Son of Right Hand Calvert Shepherd Durwin Beloved Friend Egan Ardent Ferris Iron Worker Albert Noble, Bright Benton Moor Dweller Caldwell Near a Cold Well Dwayne Field or Meadow Egbert Formidably Brilliant Finbar The Fair Albion White or Fair Bernard Stern Bear Caleb Faithful Dwight White or Fair Egerton The Edge Fitzgerald Son of Gerald Alden Wise Guardian Bert Bright Calvin Bald Dylan Faithful, Loyal Driscoll Egil A Sting Fleming Originating from Flanders Aldis From the Old House Bevis Bowman Carrick Rock Interpreter Elbert Nobly Brilliant Fletcher Arrow Maker Aldrich Old Wise Leader Burgess Citizen of a Town Carl Farmer Dudley Residence Name Eldon Respected Floyd The Hollow Alexander Great Protector Burton Fortress Carlton From Carl’s Farm Duncan Dark Skinned Warrior Eldwin Sage Friend Forbes Prosperous Alfie Form of Alfred Byron Bear Carney Warrior Durwin Beloved Friend Elijah Highest Forrest Woodsman Alfred Supernaturally Wise Baird Bard or Minstrel Cadman Warrior Dwayne Field or Meadow Elias Jehovah is God Foster Bird Catcher Arnold Strong as an Eagle Baldwin Princely Friend Calvert Shepherd Dwight White or Fair Elliott Close to God Fox Cunning Arthur Follower of Thor Barclay Meadow of Birch Trees Caldwell Near a Cold Well Dylan Faithful, Loyal Driscoll Ellery Cheerful Francis Free Arvel Wept Over Barnaby Prophet Caleb Faithful Interpreter Esmond Protective Grace Frank Free Man Atwater From the Waterside Baron Nobleman Calvin Bald Dudley Residence Name Ethan Constant, Firm, Strong Frasier Strawberry Atwood Forest Dweller Barrett Bear-Like Carrick Rock Duncan Dark Skinned Warrior Ethen Endurance Frederick Peaceful Ruler Aubrey Ruler of the Elves Barry Marksman Carl Farmer Durwin Beloved Friend Eugene Born of the Yew Tree Freeman A Freeman Austin Helpful Bartholomew Warlike Carlton From Carl’s Farm Dwayne Field or Meadow Evan Young Warrior Falkner Falcon Trainer Avery Elfin Ruler Basil King-like Carney Warrior Cadman Warrior Dwight White or Fair Everett Wild Boar Farley Distant Meadow Axel Man of Peace Benedict Blessed Calvert Shepherd Dylan Faithful, Loyal Driscoll Ezra The Helper Farrell Man of Valor Albion White or Fair Benjamin Son of Right Hand Caldwell Near a Cold Well Interpreter Elijah Highest Felix Prosperous Alden Wise Guardian Benton Moor Dweller Caleb Faithful Dudley Residence Name Elias Jehovah is God Fenton From the Flat Lands Aldis From the Old House Bernard Stern Bear Calvin Bald Duncan Dark Skinned Warrior Elliott Close to God Ferdinand Adventurous in Life Aldrich Old Wise Leader Bert Bright Carrick Rock Durwin Beloved Friend Ellery Cheerful Fergal Brave and Couragous Alexander Great Protector Bevis Bowman Carl Farmer Dwayne Field or Meadow Esmond Protective Grace Fergus, Strong and Virile Alfie Form of Alfred Burgess Citizen of a Town Carlton From Carl’s Farm Dwight White or Fair Ethan Constant, Firm, Strong Ferris Iron Worker Alfred Supernaturally Wise Burton Fortress Carney Warrior Dylan Faithful, Loyal Ethen Endurance Finbar The Fair Arnold Strong as an Eagle Byron Bear Eugene Born of the Yew Tree Fitzgerald Son of Gerald Arthur Follower of Thor Evan Young Warrior Fleming Originating from Flanders Arvel Wept Over Everett Wild Boar Fletcher Arrow Maker Atwater From the Waterside Ezra The Helper Floyd The Hollow Atwood Forest Dweller Forbes Prosperous Aubrey Ruler of the Elves Forrest Woodsman Austin Helpful Foster Bird Catcher FROM THE COLLECTION OF THE Ó’FIACH LIBRARY foundations of Foundation and Opening of the Cardinal Tomás the library Ó Fiaich Memorial Library & Archive ardinal Tomás Ó Fiaich, of , died 8 May Mowlam unveiled a plaque recording the official opening of the library/ 1990. In his will, dated 30 November 1989, he asked his archive. Mrs Primrose Wilson also unveiled a plaque, recording the as- Csuccessor to authorize the committee of Cumann Seanchais sistance given by the Heritage Lottery Fund. Ard Mhacha, the Armagh Diocesan Historical Society, to make suit- Present also were Most Rev. Luciano Stirero, Papal Nuncio to Ireland, able arrangements for the accommodation and care of his historical Archbishop Seán Brady, who gave the address of welcome, Arch- papers and library. Tomás Ó Fiaich was associated with the founding , Dr Samuel Hutchinson, General Secretary of the of the Society, 17 May 1953, and was editor of its journal, Seanchas Presbyterian Church, the Rev. David Kerr, President of the Methodist Ard Mhacha, 1954-1977. In response to his will a charitable trust was Church, Dean Proinsias Mac Giolla Earnáin, Mr Seámus Mallon, MP, established by Cardinal Cahal Daly, named ‘The Cardinal Tomás Ó Deputy First Minister Designate, Mr John Hume, MEP, recipient of Fiaich Memorial Library & Archive Trust’. A special committee set up by the Nobel Peace Prize, former history student of Cardinal Ó Fiaich, Cumann Seanchais Ard Mhacha appointed Fr Fergal Granell, OFM, representatives from Armagh City and District Council, the Southern Franciscan House of Studies, Killiney, Dublin, and Mr David C. Sheehy, Education and Library Board, the Department of Education, sport per- diocesan archivist, Dublin, to investigate how the cardinal’s books and sonalities and Mrs Deirdre Fee and close relatives of Cardinal Ó Fiaich. Pa nonsequatat ut pa deliquatum volent etur papers should be accommodated and form a nucleus for expansion. There was a varied gathering of churchmen, historians, representatives They recommended a purpose built library/archive with equal status to of local historical societies, donors and members of Cumann Sean- the two distinct professions; it would promote study and research and chais Ard Mhacha. The church leaders joined Archbishop Brady in the specialize in Tomás Ó Fiaich’s interests blessing prayer. in Irish history, especially ecclesiastical history There was high praise for Mr Paul Mongan and Mr Peadar Murphy of in Irish culture, especially the Irish language and Irish games P & B Gregory Architects, , who designed the beautiful building, in Irish-European links; and and for O’Hanlon Brothers, builders. In his speech Mgr Raymond in Irish-American links Murray, chairman of the library/archive management committee, paid a (now extended to Irish abroad generally) special tribute to trustee and friend Dr Micheline Kerney Walsh, former P & B Gregory, Architects, were appointed to plan the new building and director of the Overseas Archives, who left to the library/archive her a site in the vicinity of St Patrick’s Cathedral was graciously granted vast collection of French/Irish, Spanish/Irish material. Some years by Cardinal Daly on behalf of the Archdiocese of Armagh. The new later, under the presidency of Dr Art Cosgrove, University College, foundation was to be free and independent and open to the public, Dublin, donated the remainder of her collection to the Ó Fiaich Library/ but it would accommodate the Armagh Catholic diocesan archives Archive. Mgr Murray thanked among others, Mr Andy Morrow, SELB, and would serve long-term diocesan needs. A diocesan collection, Mr Gerard Lyne, National Library of Ireland, Mr Anthony Malcom- donations from companies, institutions, and individuals and a most son, Public Records Office of , and Professor Mary generous grant from the British Heritage and Lottery Fund enabled the McAleese, Pro Vice-Chancellor of Queen’s University, Belfast who building to go ahead. Subsequently some financial aid was received recommended the establishment of the library/archive and gave it from government in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. The unreserved support. Ms Fiona Trainor provided background music committee was greatly indebted to Mr Séamus O’Hara, Belfast, who on the harp and Pádraigín Ní Uallacháin sang the Cardinal’s favourite drew up the trust deed and negotiated the grant from the Heritage Lot- song Úr-Chill an Chreagáin. Mr John Hume gave the address at the tery Fund. dinner celebration. Author and friend of Cumann Seanchais Ard Mh- Fittingly on the Eighth of May, 1999, the ninth anniversary acha, Róisín Ní Mheara-Vinard travelled from Austria for the occasion of Tomás Ó Fiaich’s death, the library/archive was opened by Dr and, again emphasizing Cardinal Ó Fiaich’s interest in early Irish links Marjorie Mowlam, Secretary of State, Belfast, and Dr James McDaid with Europe, Dr Peter Ochsenbein, librarian of the Stiftsbibliothek, St TD, Dublin, Minister for Tourism, Sport and Recreation representing Gallen, Switzerland, crowned the day with an illustrated talk on the Irish the Taoiseach Bertie Ahern. Both addressed the guests present. Dr treasures in the famous St Gallen Library. Cardinal Tomás Ó Fiaich, 19?? FROM THE COLLECTION OF THE Ó’FIACH LIBRARY irish sport

The collection of material on Irish sport in the Cardinal Tomás Ó Fiaich Memorial Library and Archive is one of the most impressive and popular aspects of the library’s holdings.

he primary emphasis in this collection is on native Irish Another special feature of the CÓFLA Gaelic games collection sports and pastimes, Gaelic games – hurling, shinty, is the large archive of old match-programmes, which includes TGaelic football, handball and camogie – and road bowls in All-Ireland and Ulster championship final souvenirs right back to particular. The range of hundreds of books available in the library the early 1940s. These are complemented by an extensive set of on these subjects rivals any other library collection. Gaelic games periodicals and numerous scanned photographs of GAA-related material Among the most valuable items held here are the minute-books of the Ulster Council of the GAA from 1917 to 1975. These are The focus on road bowls in the CÓFLA collection reflects the important not merely for sporting history, for they also provide long and unique history of this sport in the surrounding Armagh/ an insight into northern Irish nationalist perspectives through Tyrone area. Among the items of memorabilia relating to this the early years of partition. Alongside these are minutes of GAA game to be found in the library are the minute-books of An Ból- Central Council meetings and national congresses from as far Chumann, Ard Mhacha, from the 1960s and 1970s, and various back as the 1930s. books, programmes, photographs and trophies.

Equally, the collection contains many other GAA minute-books On a wider sporting front, there is a wealth of additional material. from which precious information on the history of local sport The library holds bound minute-books of the Youth and Sports and society may be gleaned: those of the Armagh County Council for Northern Ireland for 1962-65 (its inaugural triennial Board from 1933 to the 2000s; those of the Tyrone County period) and 1968-71, which are not available in any other public Board from 1926 onwards; a minute-book of Armagh Harps archive. From these records one may obtain information of great club from 1904; various minutes books of the Brian Oges significance on the first statutory body on the island of Ireland Gaelic Football and Hurling Club, Cookstown that was appointed specifically to deal with matters of sport and from 1907 onwards; and miscellaneous recreation, right across the sporting spectrum. records and items of correspondence from counties Down, Monaghan and The ever-expanding CÓFLA collection further comprises a large Cavan over the decades. number of books on sports such as athletics, association football, cricket, rugby union, golf, motor-racing, boxing, horse-racing and show-jumping.

Pa nonsequatat ut pa deliquatum

Pa nonsequatat ut pa deliquatum volent etur aborrup tasiminto ius, optios nulpa conserro doluptam harchic imporeris sunt, quiatur eperae. Itatias et esti berae doluptat vendae et essum in rersper ibusam, am aliasitem es eum hilluptate etur molorpori nonsedi id ex ese quam Pa nonsequatat ut pa deliquatum dellaut que maximin con nonsento velest que prepernat est volland FROM THE COLLECTION OF THE Ó’FIACH LIBRARY

County Championships & Patronage

n the early twentieth century the Ulster Council and county boards were usually struggling to make ends meet, and generally they could The McKillop Cup was originally presented to the winners of the county Inot afford to purchase fitting trophies for their competitions. Instead Gaelic football league, and the first team to win it was Crossmaglen Red they relied on generous benefactors to provide their trophies. One of Hands. In 1931 it was reallocated to the county senior football champion- the earliest and most outstanding examples of this is the McKillop Cup. ship, for which it remained the prize until 1995, when it was replaced with the Gerry Fegan Cup. Alongside it in the Ó Fiaich Library collection is William McKillop was born in Scotland, but his father was from Co. An- the MacOscar Cup. This rose-bowl-shaped trophy which was presented trim. He was elected as Nationalist MP for North Sligo in 1900. In 1906 in 1930 by the county chairman, Rev. H. MacOscar, for junior football he switched constituencies to run in South Armagh. Upon becoming a clubs in Ard Mhacha. candidate in Armagh, he offered this trophy to the county board of the GAA. He was duly elected unopposed. The presentation of this cup is There are several other notable old Gaelic games trophies too. The his only known connection to the GAA – although back in 1887 he had Owen Roe O Neill Challenge Cup was presented by Anthony Lucy, M.A. been on the committee that set up Glasgow Celtic FC soccer club – but – a London resident who had lived at Carrowcolman, Eglish, as a boy – even so it was not an unusual action on his part. Various MPs donated to the Presentation Brothers, Dungannon, for competition among local trophies for sport, such as J. B. Lonsdale, a Unionist Member for Mid schools in 1913. There are also several trophies belonging to the Ulster Armagh, who gave patronage to local soccer around the same time. Council. These include the original Dr McKenna Cup (1925), and the Dr Lagan Cup (which was the prize for the northern section of the National The cup is made of solid silver, weighs over 82 ounces, and as de- Football League from 1943 until the 1960s). [Medals?] There is also a scribed at the time, is beautifully chased in Gaelic chasing, in high relief, replica of the Sigerson Cup for inter-varsity football, which was originally with finely proportioned handles, in the form of a winged Hebes’. It is sur- presented in 1911 by Dr George Sigerson, a professor and native of mounted with the finely modelled figure of a Gaelic footballer with ball in Holyhill, near Strabane. hands, standing on a playing pitch clad in shamrocks. On one side of the cup is depicted a view of an old Irish round tower, with an Irish wolfhound COUNTY CHAMPIONSHIPS & PATRONAGE lying on watch and guard at base, and a sunset in the background. An McKillop Cup ancient Celtic cross and ruined monastery are also blended with the MacOscar Cup scene. The cup stands two feet in height and is mounted on an ebony OR O Neill Cup plinth with silver shields for the winners’ names. Sigerson Cup FROM THE COLLECTION OF THE Ó’FIACH LIBRARY defending the papal states

ntil the second half of the nineteenth century Italy did The idea of defending the Pope and the Holy See was obviously The volunteers arrived in Italy by different routes in the spring but he refused to do so, saying that he held the city for Pius not exist as a separate political entity Before that the have been a powerful motivating factor in persuading Irish men of 1860 and were quartered in different places in the Papal IX. Firing began shortly after eight o’clock, and, apart from a Uterritory was made up of a number of independent to join, while memories of the achievements of Irish brigades in States. Conditions were far from ideal – the accommodation brief ceasefire around eleven o’clock continued until eight in the states, e.g. the Kingdom of Sardinia and Piedmont, Parma the service of foreign armies in previous centuries would also was unsatisfactory, food apart from being unfamiliar was of poor evening. At this stage with his ammunition almost exhausted, Tuscany, as well as the papal States, while part of the north was have been an inspiration. As recruitment was in progress an quality, and pay was very low. Military discipline was new to the men worn out and several breaches in the walls, O’Reilly occupied by Austria. official statement from Dublin Castle appeared in the newspapers many of them and some were unable to accept the conditions decided to surrender. A representative of the Pope met the Italian reminding the public that entering the service of foreign armies and returned home. There were a few incidents of misbehaviour, general to seek terms. These were granted and proved to be In 1859 the army of Piedmont assisted by French forces and was illegal, with the result that the recruits had to travel as which the hostile anti-papal press exaggerated to blacken not very generous, the general speaking very highly of the bravery of Italian nationalists defeated the Austrians, and by the end of emigrants. only the reputation of the Irish but also the whole papal army. the Irish. As the garrison, now prisoners-of-war, left, the officers the year a number of the other independent states joined the Other problems which had to be faced were the short time were allowed to carry their swords. movement for unification. The Papal States were now facing The recruits numbered over one thousand and came from all required for training and the quality of the weapons, some of forcible incorporation into the new kingdom, their position classes of society. They included labourers, farmers, students, which were out-of-date. The Irish made their way to Genoa where they were imprisoned not being helped by the decision of one of the provinces, shop assistants and doctors as well as old soldiers who had for a short time. After their release they travelled by steamer and Romagna, to vote in favour of a provisional government under fought in other campaigns and members of the RIC. Among them War was declared on September 11th , but because of the by rail to Le Havre. From here they sailed to Cork, where they the Piedmontese king, Victor Emanuel. A variety of tactics was were a few Irish speakers from Kerry. superiority of the Piedmontese army, not only in numbers, but also arrived on November 3rd to an enthusiastic welcome. employed against the Papal States.- a vicious propaganda in military skills and experience, the outcome was inevitable. The campaign, encouragement of desertion among the papal soldiers The man who was given command of this force was Myles O’Reilly, Irish were involved in four different engagements – at Perugia, O’Reilly also was warmly received when he returned to Ireland. and of internal rebellion. An attempt was also made to do a deal author of this letter. He was born in Dublin in 1825, educated in Castelfidardo, Ancona and Spoleto. Everywhere the Irish fought He was elected liberal MP for in 1862. In parliament with the Pius IX. However, he considered it a solemn duty to England and awarded an LLD degree in Rome, where he became with great courage, which was favourably commented upon, even he looked after Catholic interests and gave particular attention maintain the authority of the Holy See over this territory, and he acquainted with members of the Catholic hierarchy. On his return by their opponent, and in some cases expressed disappointment to education. He resigned from parliament in 1879 when he decided to appeal to the Catholic world for support. to Ireland he took over the family estate in County Louth where when their officers decided that surrender was necessary. was offered the post of assistant commissioner for intermediate he was a very successful farmer. He was also a brilliant lawyer, education in Ireland. He died on February 6th 1880. In Austria there was an enthusiastic response from some nobles travelled widely and was keenly interested in educational matters, O’Reilly himself was based in Spoleto. He had units from six of Irish origin, among them General Count Nugent and Count but declined an offer from Newman of a chair in the recently different nationalities under his command, and had hoped to Charles O’Donnell. Nugent won the approval of the Emperor established recently established university. The invitation from have with him the other Irish who had been stationed at the other to recruit and train a battalion. O’Donnell, for his part, after an Pius IX to take charge of the Irish battalion was a difficult on for locations but this did not prove to be possible. Spoleto is a walled interview with the Pope and the Cardinal Secretary of State, was him as he had only recently been married. However, his loyalty to city built on the side of a steep hill. One of its features is the sent to Ireland to establish a military corps for the service of the the Church was the deciding factor in his decision. Rocca or citadel built in the fourteenth century; it is a very large Holy See. He travelled through the country making arrangements oblong building with six square towers surrounded by massive for recruiting, his efforts being greatly assisted by A. M. Sullivan, walls. This would be the focal point of the defence of the town. editor of the influential newspaper “The Nation” and J. F. Maguire, The attack took place on 17th September, the Piedmontese- founder of the “Cork Examiner”, and when he left Ireland plans Sardinian army being confident that the city could be taken in were well advanced for the formation of the Papal Battalion of two hours. Early in the morning O’Reilly was asked to surrender, Saint Patrick. FROM THE COLLECTION OF THE Ó’FIACH LIBRARY

Maps by John Speed

Ireland was mapped by several cartographers before the seventeenth As with many of the previous maps of the country there is little evidence century and the product of their combined efforts varied in scale, skill to suggest that Speed spent much if any time in Ireland. He readily and accuracy. A number of maps appeared in the second half of the admitted employing the work of previous cartographers in his own draft. sixteenth century and in the early part of the seventeenth, most notably Speed does, however, on occasion employ scaled drawings of his own that by Baptista Boazio c.1599. The accuracy of the detail contained in which by implication tells us that he had some level of familiarity with a these maps was much better for the southern and eastern coasts than number of settlements. It does not appear that this knowledge stretched for Connaught and Ulster. This was due in a large part to the hostile into the interior of the country. On the western seaboard he repeats an nature of these territories and the general absence of a serious attempt error common on Tudor maps of Ireland in that neither Galway nor Mayo to chart the western and northern coastlines. are given their true westernly extent. The north western coast, however, As the Nine Years War reached a conclusion and English forces exercised is much more accurate that previous surveys probably due to the post greater control over the lands of the defeated Irish chieftainships these war surveys in Donegal and the fact that the coastline had recently been previously uncharted territories opened up to new mapmakers. charted from the sea. John Speed began work not as a mapmaker by as a tailor in London. Among the interesting features of Speed’s map of Ulster is the inclusion He became interested in history and cartography and became highly of the sites at Tullaghogue as ye stone where O’Neill is chosen and regarded in this field by the 1590s. In 1612 he had a volume of maps Owen Maugh (Emain Mhacha) The ancient seat of the kings of Ulster. published under the title of Theatre of the Empire of Great Britaine. It is Both of these site were of historical rather than contemporary importance possible that as James I was by this time not only king of England Wales the latter having been destroyed by the English after the defeat of O’Neill and Scotland but also regarded as conqueror of Ireland that Speed at Kinsale in 1601. This is probably the first map specifically drawn to decided to include the latter in his atlas as a gesture of recognition. show the extent of the province of Ulster which Speed took to include ten counties including Louth.

Map of Ireland c.1610 FROM THE COLLECTION OF THE Ó’FIACH LIBRARY

Maps by John Speed

Ireland was mapped by several cartographers before the seventeenth As with many of the previous maps of the country there is little century and the product of their combined efforts varied in scale, skill evidence to suggest that Speed spent much if any time in Ireland. and accuracy. A number of maps appeared in the second half of the He readily admitted employing the work of previous cartographers sixteenth century and in the early part of the seventeenth, most notably in his own draft. Speed does, however, on occasion employ scaled that by Baptista Boazio c.1599. The accuracy of the detail contained in drawings of his own which by implication tells us that he had some these maps was much better for the southern and eastern coasts than level of familiarity with a number of settlements. It does not appear for Connaught and Ulster. This was due in a large part to the hostile that this knowledge stretched into the interior of the country. On the nature of these territories and the general absence of a serious attempt western seaboard he repeats an error common on Tudor maps of to chart the western and northern coastlines. Ireland in that neither Galway nor Mayo are given their true westernly As the Nine Years War reached a conclusion and English forces extent. The north western coast, however, is much more accurate that exercised greater control over the lands of the defeated Irish previous surveys probably due to the post war surveys in Donegal chieftainships these previously uncharted territories opened up to new and the fact that the coastline had recently been charted from the sea. mapmakers. Among the interesting features of Speed’s map of Ulster is the John Speed began work not as a mapmaker by as a tailor in London. inclusion of the sites at Tullaghogue as ye stone where O’Neill He became interested in history and cartography and became highly is chosen and Owen Maugh (Emain Mhacha) The ancient seat of regarded in this field by the 1590s. In 1612 he had a volume of maps the kings of Ulster. Both of these site were of historical rather than published under the title of Theatre of the Empire of Great Britaine. It is contemporary importance the latter having been destroyed by the possible that as James I was by this time not only king of England Wales English after the defeat of O’Neill at Kinsale in 1601. This is probably and Scotland but also regarded as conqueror of Ireland that Speed the first map specifically drawn to show the extent of the province of decided to include the latter in his atlas as a gesture of recognition. Ulster which Speed took to include ten counties including Louth.

Map of Ulster c.1610